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PDF Text
Text
5, No. 2
Volume
July, August 2006
June,
1776 to 1781
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
The Revolutionary
Historic Area
City"
S ee a. 2
2,
n
_
I MS
DAY
=
i r
Tm-
i •-_
r./...
,
J
;°
..
11,_
1
a
A
TO
OCTOBER
1I.
1781
A^
'
i•
[
Liberty was realized when the citi-
°
1
1
1
1776
with
accordance
from
his
ri,
Virginia
the
Richard
Lee
Henry
K
1
independence.
P
in
a
Williamsburg
Convention
a
7/
i
c
of Rights adopted in
Declaration
ti
adopts a constitution
for the new
i
14
commonwealth, establishing
a republican
government, and
as
Henry
by
On Thursday,
liamsburg
5: After terrorizing
in search of water
provisions,
Cape
on
August 5 and
reaches
New York
by
August
August
27: Battle of
Virginia
the
New York;
York
British
the
14.
and
New
ture
take
25- 26: Washington
Delaware
the
crosses
11: Battle of Brandywine
September
cap-
Brooklyn
its retreat to
France'
two
The victory
exceptions.
December
on
25,
proved
1776,
army could fight and surcelebrated British
townspeople
Burgoyne'
17,
defeat
s
at
That
1777.
hand.
s
It signed
Saratoga
a
on
tipped
victory
formal
alliance
with the United States in February 1778.
Recruiting soldiers for the Continental
17: British
Army remained problematic. Returning
Germantown;
to
Valley
October
Burgoyne
General
service
are
approved
sent
to states
Confederation
and
by
and little
rations
planter with
a
struggling
could mean condemning
a
his
solor no
family,
family
Assembly offered
poverty. The General
incentives to boost enlistments— first extra
ratification
and
6: France
1779.
The Cost
of Freedom!
of
out
Virginia
14, 1779:
never
was
extremely
voted for the draft
who
office
the next
met Congress'
of Virginians
stream
unpopular.
s
became
were
year. Although
quota,
a
steady
continentals.
1780
12: British
capture
Charleston,
before
Even
Carolina.
on
page
3
ropeans
French
the
dedaration
was
read,
putting out feelers to Euto replace lost British contacts. The
Virginians
Continued
were
were
eager
to trade
with Americans.
pent- up demand for manufactured goods
coupled with the risks of running a British
The
VIRGINIA
TODAY
blockade kept the cost of French goods high.
But for Virginians
there was a ready market
SNAPSHOT
for
AMERICAN
TOTAL
tobacco
by
vigilance
POPULATION [
2. 5
million
One Fifthmen,
and
by
Island'
6%
was
nearly every
or
indirectly
pledge of
oath ordered the
sign
A
a
oath
loyalty
a
national institution,
American
History, pg.
was corruption.
used as a synonym
for civic virtue;
interests
that
virtue
now
faced.
and
571
navy
increased
beginning
in
war
money was printed to cover these
Some delegates talked of raising
taxpayers
did not want higher taxes
captured
then
and
mustered,
Militias
British
against
disinterested"
terested,"
of
this
older
as a synonym
meaning
mean
for " unin-
indifferent
the characteristic
or uncon-
to
The
state.
identifyTories.
in
a
sacked
message.
structural
but they
regulars.
sent
was
British.
to
were
match
no
on
Finally,
May
1992,
pp. ] 04- 105.]
in Williamsburg
all
tabs
could
Lafayette
September 14, 1776
Late on the afternoon
the
on
do
tember
was
Cornwallis ranged
until July 4. Cornwallis
not
take
to
arms
up
cling with
paroled
making them promise
against the British. Tray-
British
overland.
were
which
at Yorktown
on
August
With the British in the
region
and
forag-
surrounding countryside, the militiamen of lower Tidewater were reluctant to
Their first priorities were protection
of their families and personal property.
muster.
The
resources
stretched
fleet arrived
with its
3, 000
soldiers
allied
French
in
of lower Tidewater
farther
ever
on
when
August
but
this
have
were
French
26. The
northern
and American
Williamsburg
the
the
and St. Simon' s
sailors
army arrived
September 28, 1781.
on
demand
time
for
things
was
high
different.
The
supplies
were
with real money— gold and silfor what they needed. The sense that
paid
a
major
would
surrender
impact in Great Britain.
Sup-
plies flowed into the greater Williamsburg
area from as far away as Maryland.
The war ended in 1783.
Virginia' s ecoproblems
persisted
well into the 1780s,
thing was dear— the General Assemhad become a constituent- led legislature.
one
George
Mason
was
not
pleased.
He
noted
many of these new delegates came from
families less socially prominent than those of
former burgesses.
They failed to
see
the
greater public good; rather they pandered to
the local voter. Or perhaps they truly represented their constituents' interests.
Submitted
by
ette,
2.
the
ing
Kevin
Kelly]
de
and
Francois- Jean
Chastellux,
rode
En
route
Washington
and
his
the American
commander
had
not
seen for over six years. As the three generals entered the old colonial capital, Lafay-
basic provisions strained the resources of the
region.
Cornwallis left Williamsburg, only to
reappear
general,
Chastel
Sep-
party rested for two days at Mount Vernon,
perhaps 1, 000
slaves
seeking their freedom, and nearly all
carried smallpox. The invaders' need for
the
de
of Friday,
Rochambeau,
into Williamsburg. They had left the allied
army at Baltimore and Head of Elk in hope
that shipping could be found to transport
the troops and save a tedious journey
mid- June, he swung his army
which
arriving in Williamsburg,
In
he occupied
French
Chevalier
through central
freely
14, Washington,
another
larger British force.
the
Virginia.
the
repudiated paper money
do the best way they could.
S. Wood,
General Washington Arrives
g
20,
continentals,
keep
to
Virginia
But
shadow
their
Assembly
York,
New
British
that
wrongly
prices. Williamsburg
believed an enforced set price would end the
inflation. By the 1780s both Congress and the
someone
The Radicalism of the American Revolution,
gen
Richmond
in
with 1, 500
Lafayette,
strong.
nomic
residents
imagine
g ire
Source: Gordon
the
joined with Arnold' s at
Petersburg. The combined army was 7, 000
believed the high prices were caused by merchants who either hoarded
goods or inflated
the
that disinterestedness
cannot
we
who is capable of rising above private
profit and private advantage and being
unselfish and unbiased when a personal
interest might be present."
Cornwallis' s army
bly
understanding
made
most
early January, 1781. His 1, 200 troops were
there to stay. In late March, Major General William Philips, with nearly 2, 000
troops, joined Arnold. In April and May,
they raided up and down the James River.
but
People
lost
describes;
the
males
ordered
again
Arnold,
Benedict
problem
Virginia
have
cerned. Perhaps we cannot quite conceive
winter of 1781, for a good reason.
of the monetary system, many Virginians,
in July 1779,
like those in Williamsburg
directly
56-
a
Not
Gordon Wood. The American
A
British
and delegates heard their
benefited from it."
Revolution:
the
However,
payable with paper, as a way of retirlarge amount of circulating currency.
Virginia
population:
enslaved
white
to
signers
g
was
1777,
adult
to the
alliance
Cornwallis would have to
ing
s
of
summer
ver—
the
more
taxes,
York' s population:
14% enslaved
occa-
when General
ordered
French
expenses.
New Jerseys population:
8% enslaved
Slavery
the
Assembly
and
slaves:
BUT
Rhode
In
out.
General
created public expenditures
at levels unheard of in the colonial era. More
Southerners
New
called
Again
However
40%
were
"
s
back the currency. As long as the paper
was accepted,
it held most of its face value.
children
of population
Most slaves were held
France.
to
enslaved
Virginia had the most
in
1778 coupled with a monetary crisis drove
prices skyward. In late 1775, Virginia funded
the war with paper money. It had few assets
people
500, 000
women,
1776]
August
fought in
g
most adult townsmen,
draft, which
a
Many delegates
an alliance.
in
was
there
For example,
for
the
war
though
Virginia,
scares.
eastward
turned
South
departed
of the
money, then land in the west. When not
the assembly
volunteered,
called
enough
United States form
May
virtue
thus put an enormous
ing. Even most educated people now use
fleet carrying British troops entered
1777,
the bay in August
the militia was
to
for
1778
February
For
pay.
15: Articles of
November
Congress
diers told tales of poor
Saratoga.
surrenders at
sional
eral,
The
we
Dunmore
verylittle
eastern
in
war
his army retires
Forge for the winter.
at
July
near
at
for the
set the tone
were
October
is defeated
October 4: Washington
The
s
army
1776 and
in August
General
After
1776,
Howe'
Continental
vive.
3: Battle of Princeton
was
indepen-
won.
decreased.
Washington'
at Trenton
the
January
of
There
of Trenton
that
north.
the
River; Battle
777
celebration
realization
the
Pennsylvania
December
and
cofe
the
enlistments
Heights
City
in Wil-
months,
previous seven
recruiting of soldiers had gone well. But
troubling news about the invasion of Canada
reached Virginia during the summer
Island,
Long
The
cheers.
by
During
through
sails
Declaration
the
publiclyread
was
dence would have to be
and
Virginians
Dunmore
to
tempered
25,
July
of Independence
P
of
1776: A Declaration
Independence!
August
men—
assumed
Dr. Johnson defined disinterest as being
superior to regard of private advantage;
not influenced
by private profit." Today
Citizens at War
Thomas
Jefferson.
25,
was
it better conveyed the increasing threats
Congress
drafted
Independence
July
often
1
from
of
Declaration
accepts the
, tin,
governor.
4: The Continental
July
I
it
burden on individuals. They were expected to suppress their private wants
and interests and develop disinterested
ness— the term the 18th century most
l
ai ,'
citizens.
citizens,
1
Patrick
chooses
7
because
women,
Republicanism
4
Ai
Convention
virtuous
independence
r
America.
June 29: The Virginia
and independent
they were never independent— had to be
free from dependence and from the petty
interests of the marketplace. Any loss of
4.
4
i
9
first
the
passes
active,
To be complete
a
u
i
12: The Virginia
r
w-r
`•
3
I, i
k-
never
I
r
moves in Congress to declare
June
of equal,
1li' !,, .
I
1
that is, willing to sac-
rifice their private interests for the sake of
the community, including serving in public office without pecuniary rewards. This
virtue could be found only in a republic
f
J. '
4':
Convention,
'`.
zens were virtuous,
l*
Newsline
instructions
r
'
Republicanism
THE REVOLUTIONARY CITY"
j
June 7: In
ill, .
CITIZENS AT WAR: 1776 TO 1781
(
1776
DUNE
p. 4
inSee
pi.. ,.
"
although
ill with
fever,
rushed
out
to greet the commander in chief and embraced him, according to St. George" flicker,
with an ardour not easily described."
French and American troops hastily lined
up for a salute. That evening the officers
attended a grand dinner, highlighted by a
French band playing a popular tune from
Andre Gentry' s contemporary
opera Lucille.
The party broke up around ten o'clock,
one observer recording, " after mutual congratulations and the greatest expressions of
joy." But undoubtedly Washington found
the greatest pleasure that night in the news
that de Grasse had chased the British fleet
away and that de Barras had arrived with
Rochambeau' s siege guns and heavy equipment from Rhode Island.
The French navy supplied ships to bring
Washington'
from
s
and
Maryland.
Rochambeau'
Units
soon
s
troops
began
arriv-
ing at College Landing and others came to
Jamestown
and
to Burwell' s and
Tredell' s
landings on the James River. Contrary
winds continued to impede movement up
the river
and
kept some
soldiers
on board
ship for fourteen days. By September 26,
however,
General
Viomenil,
who
Lincoln
had been
and
Baron
left in charge
de
of
movement, reached Williamsburg with the
last contingents. Tivo days later the army
set out on the last leg of its journey to
Yorktown.
Submitted
by
Kevin
Kelly]
�1776 to 1781
TRANSFORMATIONS
DECLARING . . .
J
TA
4
-
-
We,
yy
1
I::
of
therefore, the Representatives
p
United
the
FOLLOWING . . .
States of America,
.
tl.
+'
*•
BELIEVING . . .
.
W
in General
mr
Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude
of our intentions, do, in the Name, and
11Piltr
ir4666,
of the
Colonies,
ib=
by Authority
t.
14 - '
Colonies
solemnly
these United
Right ought
declare,
are,
and
f
Allegiance
all
i
connection
political
E,
1111.
14/
1
to be Free and Independent
L
that
41
411"-
111-
111.1.
between them and
the State of Great Britain,
1
I
of
they are Absolved from all
to the British Crown, and that
States;
II
Y
of these
good People
publish and
That
'
i
r'
t
is and ought to
4fpr,
be totally dissolved; and that as Free and
all0
Independent States, they have full Power
r
fiances, establish Commerce, and to do
r '
other Acts and Things which
1,
the
read
new
is
Independence
of Williamsburg.
few
weeks
of Rights and
their
other
sacred
for
and
Was this hyperbole?
because the
September 15,
In Desperate
our
Barbry
it
No
leigh
self
evident,
all
that
created
equal"
q
ate
straits,
for
exchange
that these
phia
In
news
colonies
South
officially
States; that they are
to the British
from all Allegiance
and Independent
Free
Absolved
Crown, and that all
political
days later,
approval to
an
to
teen
leaving
are
colonies
country. Ever
III declared America
in "
the
mother
ended.
declaration,
of
and avowed
of ravishing
that the end is worth all the
citizens,
our
only
delegates
celebrated
The
created equal"
institute
not
George
against
charges
III—
his American
against
abuses
more
than
social
compact
between
these
thirteen
colonies.
the
justify
We have become
cast.
lies
What
people.
Blood has
a
list of
long
of the
a new
ahead,
nation,
we
of implementing
this
As our representatives
States of America
citizens
of this
declaration
of this
declared
new
is
new
must
nation
civil
new
sta-
of African
and
considered
were
the
outside
most
separate
did not
the
create
Thirteenth
the
ended
tution
In
over.
United
1920,
in 1924
divine
each
Providence,
Americans
we
right to
affirm
other
our
of
protection
performed
drivers,
as
its
won
the right to
Act
Citizenship
to
state
States.
and
vote,
allowed Native
in federal
vote
in
vote
1865,
In
since.
slavery in the United
individual
In
mutually pledge to
Lives, our Fortunes, and our
we
the
elections (
elections
were
decided
states).
this
declaration
sacred Honor."
has become the universal
credo
Historian
the
John
armies
Army
ing
of
war,
received
the
food
The
and
troops
a
same
bread
g
I
1
t
'!,,',, ! ,
H
a
per week.
cider,
molasses
9
Y,
A
a
r,
1
eriarargairatirisom.
commerce
Holland
asleep. A
while
satire
of England
shown
as a cow,
the
its horns
general decay of British
most
View
picturesque
being
sawed
a view
° '
even
their
or
of
the
full
army was"
all military
on
for them.
are
on
clog
method
,,••..
commerce
off by
of the
due to the
war
state
America,
being
Nation
milked
by
with General Howe
in America.
maker,
of the
This
black and
is
one
white
of
line
the absence
nine
one
of the Declaration
of
of church-
of Rights,
of Rights,
Virginia
true
Mason
churchman:
This
conscience."
power or institution
of
reasonable-
politics. " Toleration"
that is, some higher
was allowing
individu-
als to follow their consciences- a privilege
that could be revoked at any time. Madison
had the satisfaction of seeing a compromise
or
revision
of article sixteen
adopted
that re-
placed" toleration" with" free exercise of religion," but the Declaration
beer,
spruce
in the Declaration
pearance in Virginia
implied condescension,
equivalent,
of Rights cannot
be said to have disestablished
gallons
hundred
In
did
soldiers
rations,
the
men
England
in
Virginia.
Consequently,
not
especially
move."
welcomed
August
wrote, "
upon
in
have
or
pregnant,
1777,
the
the
clergymen.
General
the Church of
Dissenters
took
the
children,
it to
the
corps,
to
officers
than
commanding
"
he
was "
obliged
to
give Provisions
Continued
on
to
page 3
men
like Jefferson
establishment
Declaration
of Rights
exercise?"
and
For
the right
in
one,
alto-
1776
to
"
non- Christian
to abandon
belief altogether. Characters
army entirely of these persistent females
who
performed any number of" necessary"
war,
free
beliefs
the
admitted later in the
dismantlingthe
Virginia
every reasonable
in their power to get rid of all such
tasks. As Washington
would
passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious
Freedom ( first introduced in Williamsburg
in 1779) in 1785 would be a long one.
What gets lost in the enthusiasm over
use
He
not absolutely
necessary.
."
however, to find it impossible to rid
Nor
gether. But the road from adoption of the
are
are
was,
they regularly sent petitions'"' '
and Madison be satisfied with anything less
multitude
every movement. The ComChief therefore earnestlyrec-
brigades and
r,-
of Philadelphia
popular and most copied prints of the period. [ Unknown
engraving, England, 1778]
the
that
receive
mander
as
France and Spain assist. In the distance
on
'
r
A
The
based
Three
the
ommends
c
that
to the House of Delegates, beginning with
its first meeting at the Capitol in October
1776, demanding everything from an end
to mandatory church taxes to legalization of marriages performed by dissenting
who
w.
found
sounding statement did not go far enough
for James Madison, the youthful delegate
from Orange County making his first ap-
of women in particular, especially those
1
slaves
Keep in mind
need
r+
le
of
day,
per company
George Washington
1
that
in Baptist and Pres-
conventional
a
dictates
Continental
was
quart
per
Virginians;
wording at face value, but they also knew
that they were still subject to rules and
regulations put in place in colonial times.
Not
4 ,)
to
vegetables,
One
religion;
All men should enjoy the fullest toleration
of the exercise of religion according to the
"
except
men
per day. One pound
day. Three pints of peas
man
per
of
pounds of candles
men per week, for
to
guards.
Twenty pounds of soft, or eight pounds of
hard, soap for one hundred men per week."
M1
Y
r
nurs-
women
one
when
4
The
the
as
issued
or
of different religious
exercise
was
dollar per bushel for peas or beans.
One pint of milk per man per day. One halfpint of rice, or one pint of Indian meal per
at
free
sixteen
per-
of fish,
flour per
beans per week,
always
i"
a
laundry,
as
followers
or
per week.
one hundred
'
women
originally set in 1776: " One
of beef, or ;/ of a pound of pork or
pound
one pound
Declara-
religious freedom in Virginia was still years
away in 1781. For his original draft of article
standard
men
fr
language
contributed
These
cooking.
ration
Virginia
Back Story: In spite of the" free exercise"
Continental
the
rations
their
of
American
hole in the social fabric.
all
Like
states, "
it
formed typical duties such
of
4, (
Rees
tasks that
some,
toward
in Virginia;
servants
followed the troops throughout
for
the
based support for the needy left a gaping
soldier' s welfare."
or
i,. .
sell
who
of
life
byterian messages of equality before God;
that a continuing connection between
church and state was still a real possibility
a
performing
and,
ones
personal
of
the
Matter
layer
religious
era
comfort and strength
community of men.
and their accompany-
just
women
children
the
U.
preceding
not
was
Numbers
man
of freedom.
i'
sutlers(
that
for African
or
groups
operation
provisions to the army),
or slaves, and laborers.
the
a
that parish churches barely made room
enlisted in the army
as well. They
not
were
to
Amendment to the Consti-
women
the
ever
country and around the world,
the language of equality expressed in the
the
on
who
trains"
in
or
upon
the
from mere toleration
views
to
groups
several
were
layer
about
Revolution:
for the allotment of alcohol.
rights
with
reliance
men
these
Land,
discloses
tion of Rights has moved Virginia away
The
typical
Faith"
Virginians
Amen-
armies.
not
Promised
information
and
baggage
as "
There
cluded from their
by
firm
to
contraband."
of
men,
often
ing,
a
is that " for the support of this Declaration,
a
referred
were
"
to the
republic.
was
free and equal society at the
grounds
nation's birth, it served to inspire those ex-
for
not.
and what
remained
did
women
or
majority
enslaved,
if the declaration
But
a new
know
the vast
men,
peoples
His Majesty and
Thus,
the die is
1776,
political
same
Native Americans
that
In
rights.
Americans
as
are
did not imply the Foundshould
all Americans
the
enjoy
tus
subjects—
termination
equal
seven
already been shed and, I fear,
lives will be lost before the great task
more
as
have
new
twenty-
camp follower"
the 18th century. Most
believed
Fathers
ing
all
phrase "
men
who
term "
of
UNFINISHED BUSINESS
make a law to tell you
what to believe or where to
of the
Continental (
the
but essential
When any government threatens the safety
and happiness of its people, " it is the right
of the people to alter or abolish it, and to
government."
declaration
lists
is
children
both
con-
worship."
the
were
church
care
followed
They
and Regimental ( British)
can)
see
This
means.
and
supported
the
can
our
in Philadelphia have taken that fateful step.
This
see
Revolution?
will be no state
then
camp followers"
the "
were
women,
these
of deliverance."
day
our
Who
this
maintain
all the gloom I
light and glory. I
rays
reconciliation
was
to
us
and
in a
that nobody can ever again
watch them die. . ."
we
of
and support and defend
laundry. We
future
want to make it the law
the camp
women,
Baptist preacher
for the
Here in Virginia they even
"
her food in
offers
there
The
for many when he
the toil and blood
spoke
aware
and in desper-
for work.
American
Yet through
states.
King George
open
well
am
Southall
his hopes
netted to the government, like the Church
of England had been. A young soldier confronts him with questions of faith in the
face of war and world- changing events.
to the townspeople
appeals
for the wounded
starvation.
and treasure it will cost
thir-
embrace
Adams
John
said " I
provides
these
since
Independence
My fellow
recourse.
the
any possibility of
Rebellion,"
was
that
candid world why
a
despair and
mers,
Bedraggled
she
We do their
that
the
Independence would be won only through
a
long, bloody battle of winters and sum-
on July 4, Congress gave its
extraordinary document, the
of Independence,
Declaration
reasons
Princeton—
where
followers . . . cook their food.
printing of the decwith the signers' names included.
laration
is and ought to be totally dissolved." On July
2, 1776, Congress agreed to the separation.
lino
and
Renton
at
Congress authorized
and the State of Great Britain,
tween them
was
Carolina.
The
protect the signers from
18,
not until January
of George Washington' s
wake
victories
be-
connection
it
in the
1777—
hang together. Or most
all hang separately."
effort to
retaliation,
now
are
shall
we
an
Ra-
the
away by
She was
Southall.
James
assistance.
assuredly
has just reached this
city from the Grand Congress in PhiladelIncredible
at
turned
about
new society where all citizens are equal,
camp follower whose soldier husband
was captured
in the siege at Charlestown,
had actually created their own blacklist
for the British government. Perhaps Benjamin Franklin
summed it up best when he
are
work
Hoy, seeking
is initially
said, " We must all
men
An African American
talks
a
men
We hold these truths to be
1780:
Circumstances!
Tavern,
tavernkeeper,
once
had
Scene:
The Promised Land, or A Matter of Faith
Scene:
The
knew full well
signers
The
Scene:
The
they had put pen to paper they
committed treason. In essence these
that
state.
fortunes,
our
Bob Doares
by
September 28, 1781:
BUSINESS
lives,
our
honor."
not,
was
own
a constitution
Honor."
Photograph
each
The
Virgin-
after
have adopted
representatives
Declaration
the
and our sacred
of IndeUpon signing the Declaration
pendence, Thomas Jefferson's final words
required everyone
to " mutually pledge to
1776:
of
a
only
s
a,•
we
1
Bob Doares
of Independence!
citizens
the
arrives
Providence,
4
RISKY
Declaration
to
news
ia' s
by
Scene:
The
of divine
protection
our Fortunes
July 25,
I
mutually pledge to each other our Lives,
Photograph
A Declaration
P ,.
Independent
States may of right do. And for the support
of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on
a4«
The
411
I'
to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Al-
t
religious
in " The Prom-
ised Land" speak approvingly of the phrase
mutual duty of all to practice Christian
forbearance, love, and charity towards
Continued
on
page 3
�1776 to 1781
WAR
FORUM
r..
w
i
t
t
f
Y
Tt„
i
`
}
A
1
err
A REVOLUTION
,./'.,
ON
THE STREETS
On
15,
May
1776,
Virginia'
resolutions.
Continental
Congress
the
declare
colonies
dependent
were
and to assent to
states,
forming
a
deaths
and
draft
to
were
colonies
the
and the work of
Independency"
new
framing
Education
the
to
our
to
Great Britain
and
had
of America'
aims
in
pledged
s
1778
not
was
until Gibraltar
recovered,
was
ques-
government,
they prepare
themselves
some
participate
local and national? How should
Regiments,
these
or
1776 before dawn
on a
there
of
a"
storm. . .
terrifying
as vicious as any
living memory," ninety British ships
sailed into the narrows and by noon " a
Spain to humiliate
forty pieces of artillery had landed and
rapidly and smoothly assembled in perfect
Britain,
in
fully equipped army of 15, 000 men and
Bour-
neither
bon monarchy really wanted a strong and
independent American republic. Spain, in
formation
particular, feared the spread of republicancolonies
ism among its South American
and
sought
Mississippi
to
its interests in
protect
was
Revolution:
as
a
sprinkle
the wards
disinfectant)
three
far better
trained,
better
disciplined,
than his American counterpart was be-
yond question,
with
on
Furthermore,
the redcoats were in far better health over
all. Proper sanitation was part of British
army life, and discipline in this regard
was as strictly enforced as any aspect of
the daily routine. Even after their long
vin-
four times
or
as the commanders
both sides well appreciated.
tients' hair daily, change linens, sweep out
egar(
Loyal-
plain."
better equipped, and more regularly paid
86- 87.
the hospital,
the adjacent
That the rank- and- file British regular
the
Library Chronicles
Library, New York,
A Modern
History,
on
ists greeted them by the hundreds.
Valley.
Gordon Wood, The American
A
the
summer
a
encampment
on
Staten
Island,
the British troops, as their officers noted
and deliver dead patients' belongings to
were not allowed
master. Nurses
day,
Service."
22,
great danger of American interests getting lost in the machinations of European
powers. Despite the desire of France and
to
perhaps to the Enemy,
of the oldest and best Soldiers In the
1776
magnificent clear morning, after a night
was
Book, The Modern
Desertion,
by
22,
On August
Continued from page 2
in
Women
extra
loose
government
is
what
had
France
Britain
1799. The United States
since
France
the
proper form of republican
and right balance of powers be
tions:
with the
Following . . .
monarchy to
shift
from sub
fundamental
raised
fisheries
peace with Britain. But
bound to Spain against
separate
the
momentous
citizens,
concerning
boundaries
and its
a
since
ally, France, and with the aims of France' s
ally, Spain, which had been at war with
The
times.
others
Newfoundland
the
be reconciled
to
and
territorial
s
to
straightforward.
and
clear
make
of
generations
own
of sovereignty from
people, the
jects
successive
down
Americans
transfer
on
objective
rights
meaning and legacy of those three resolutions, their impact on the lives of people
Revolution,
who lived through the American
and influence
was
this
America'
for
the
independence from Great
nation—
But
had begun.
government
for Citizenship" addresses the
republican
new
the
Britain—
rights
had declared"
Virginia
a constitution.
of
declaration
a
to
relative
Despite
and cementing foreign alliances. Meanwhile
hack in Williamsburg, the convention' s delegates
was
population.
end of the war, the peace
of
still had to be won. The main objective
whatever
the
war
country, more
tary deaths— nearly 1 percent of the population, second only to the Civil War in
at the
necessary for
of
confederation
costly for the new
than 25, 000 American mili-
long
The
three
propose that
free and in-
to
themselves
Congress considered
measures
August
conven-
passed
representatives
s
OF NEW YORK
Advance of the Enemy" by A. W. Thompson]
fifth
the
meeting in Williamsburg
tion
BRITISH INVASION
repeatedly, were in excellent health, in
tween its different branches? In what waysstriking
contrast to the reports of rampant
to be absent without permission of their suarmy were allotted provisions; in return
in the conduct of
should citizens
illness among the rebels.
freedoms?
is
new
price of
he
eternal
liberty
was
wrote
true,"
in 1782,
role?
we
Our
infallible,
an
come
corrupt,
Many of
our
these
us today. "
invites guests and
ship"
us in the
the
never-
the
the
new
for
sources
about
and
that
schools
of
forums
and
conferences
new
re-
and
regular
between
times
our
designed
to
and
(
in
the past and present,
and the late 18th cen-
vitally important today.
Horn
James
of Research and
Director
O' Neill Director
of the Rockefeller
Continued
Newsline. . .
September
Library
from
page I
In Desperate
1780:
15,
Circumstances!
25:
flees
British
to the
Arnold
Benedict
after
for
spying
Cornwallis' s troops
are
from
forced
to
North Carolina.
I 78 1
17: Battle of Cowpens,
January
"
of Confederation
her
In
April
20,
The British
followers."
the
April
20,
of Guilford
to
She
Freedom!
health and
those
of
morale
women,
'
camp
the
soldiers."
way for women to earn money
with the Continental Army was
Another
rations
sick
the
nursing
and
wounded.
On to Yorktown
challenged
ups
Washington
The
at
Yorktown, Virginia
Revolutionary City"
Chronology
The American
Events
from Gordon
Revolution,
pp.
Wood,
xv—
xvii]
the
to
the
cannon
locksmiths,
either because
heat
of the
during
of a wound
out
the
battle,
the
carpenters,
took
American
hatters,
had been
or small- town
origins
counterparts."
Source:
David
McCullough,
g
New York,
Schuster,
Simon&
1776,
2005,
pp. 156- 157, 166- 167.]
Margaret Corbin, wife of artillery man
stepped
bakers,
and weavers— who
of the battle.
position at the
unskilled
blacksmiths,
they were not greatly different from their
his place and assisted in firing the cannon
with the rest of the crew for the remainder
John Corbin,
country-
farmers,
tradesmen—
for
glory. In their rural
or the extreme
day. Mary immediately
young
recruited, not pressed, into service, drawn
by the promise of food, clothing, and
steady, if meager, pay along with a chance
at adventure, perhaps even a touch of
New Jer-
swab
to
sponger
collapsed
John
were
were
and
cordwainers,
Regiment
sey, on June 28, 1778, Mary hauled water
barrel.
They
laborers,
Mary McCauley, fol-
of Monmouth,
Battle
the
majority
Ireland.
Revolu-
of her husband John, an artillery man.
During
great
men from rural England, Scotland, and
roles and
of the
lowed the Seventh Pennsylvania
in to fill her husband' s
cannon
he
after
killed
was
Continued from page 2
Believing . . .
at the Battle of Fort Washington in 1776.
She assisted
with sponging
for life. She
disabled
though
Even
could
nurses
and
did
receive
regular
pay and remain with the
army throughout the war, the job itself carvied special dangers. They were constantly
to
highly infectious diseases like
dysentery, and various " camp
cleaned- up after patients
diseases involving " bodily fluid
They
other
also
and loading.
allowed
1775
was
for every ten pahospitals. The salary
nurse
one
in Continental
two
dollars
supervised
of July 27,
resolution
month.
a
other
received
Matrons (
nurses
double.
those
and assisted
1776, Con-
In
gress raised the pay to four dollars a month
and in 1777, to eight dollars a month.
Rules and
Direction
for the bet-
created in 1777 to
care
receive
were
rah Sampson
dressed
after
hands
required
use,
and
wash
to
pots
new
stay
as
clean
soon
patients,
and
sober,
as
possible
wash the
faces of old patients, comb
pa-
t_
A.
Y
'
1•9 s.
other
and Anna
Marie
conceal
to
as men
woman
4
pension.
women,
like DeboLane,
her husband
and Anna
their
retired
each other"
both awarded
were
Deborah
extraordinary
instance of
heroism
by discharging
the
ful and
gallant
General
religion
female
ited
an
Virginia
duties of
a
the
in
garb, and with the
performed extraordi-
Danyluk
to the
decision.
They had
and
offered
They
worked
to
army
(
hard
and
on
a
to
make
families,
and
in
serve their country. They worked just as
hard and suffered just as much as the men
to
they worked beside. Despite Abigail Adams'
the ladies,' many
famous plea to' remember
contributions
women
appropriate
age
and
the
fighting
of Revolutionary War
It is only
have been forgotten.
now
sacrifice,
to
remember
honoring
their
them
as
cour-
well
as
they supported."
Submitted by Rose McAphee]
men
Bracken,
until
The
for
supporting the army and its cause. Some
broke traditional gender roles in order
at all.
born
1818,
and
in
its
England)
members
from
saw
meetinghouse
was
no more heard from after the Revolution.
addition
even
John
years. The Presbyterian
danger.
living
a
beliefs
edifice— Bruton Parish Church— for many
that
journey
hardship,
their
difficult
a
for all faiths, as well as the right to
the church through a lean period of fewer
parishioners, strained finances, and loss of
some church land. Moreover, Williamsburg
continued to have only one large church
offered
who
made
in the " Christian"
Brushortly to be called Episcopalians).
ton Parish Church had the same minister
1773
give up the security
to
embark
discomfort,
themselves
Women
states, "
services
as
ued as loyal members of parish churches
(
nary military service, and received a severe
wound at the battle of Germantown."
their
of Rights
For another, many Virginians contin-
the
in the
soldier,
squarely
hold no religious
faith-
to
According
Assembly, Lane, "
soldier."
war,
revolutionary
courage
of a
Said
the
p `
corner. It will take passage of Jefferson's
statute in 1785 to guarantee freedom of
exhib-
That
0
in the Declaration
keeps Virginia
pension for
legislature
a
The Massachusetts
services.
.
voluntary, rather than state- enforced, support for one' s fellows. But that language
Deborah
Virginia.
to
'-
who
identities in
their
fight for their country. On discovery of her real identity, Deborah was honorably discharged. After the war, Lane and
era
chamber
F
veteran' s
to
order
of the
were
disabled
a
There
United
empty
i
I
soldiers
1779. Corbin was the first American
to
regulation
They
for disabled
4
iy
mem-
Congress
that
and was also granted a stipend of$ 30 and
a lifelong pension of a soldier' s half- pay in
ter
of
of the military Hospital
States" described nurse' s duties.
original
an
Regiment
of home
Congressional
was
ber of the Invalid
the
surrenders to
gender
in support
tion. One woman,
participate in battle. Nurses were in high
demand and there was a constant short-
The "
19: Cornwallis
traditional
arms
declared, "
and Victory!
Oct.
While the dregs of society did indeed count among the king' s troops,
and faced punishments if they did.
There were some women who actually
army preferred female nurses to males
because it freed able- bodied, healthy men
The
who
of Faith
28, 1781:
of female"
great
surgeons)
September
the
camp
Unfortunately for
explains, "
of
with
Danyluk
Kaia
pains to avoid having prostitutes in camp. They believed the presence of
women
of' ill- repute' was detrimental to the
went to
tients
p
Land, or A Matter
2002.]
Service
s
aspect
another
reputations
A
The Town is Taken!:
Running
3
evacuations."
Occupy Williamsburg!
1781:
no.
followers' had the stigma of prostitution atcached it. In reality, very few women engaged
in that activity in the American army. In fact,
commanding officers of the American forces
North Carolina
1781:
vol. VIII,
Army, historian
about
writes
with
Courthouse,
The
of the Conti-
Updated
58.
Women'
paper
Revolutionary
fevers."
ratified
Battle
51-
pervising physicians, surgeons, or matrons.
They were forbidden to steal from patients
Wounded in the arm and chest, she became
March
15:
1995),
Spring
smallpox,
March
en-
Army. Published in
Continental
the
Continental Soldier ( Journal
exposed
Articles
in the
soldiers
The proportion of Women which ought to be
allowed. . .": Female Camp Followers with
South Carolina
1:
coffee
from John U. Rees,
Excerpted
age.
retreat
and
bread,
to
7: British General
October
and
to the
gallon pot)
through
for more than a year.
them
a
and
September
beef,
carried
en-
tury, and thereby underline why the ideas
and principles of the American Revolution
remain
have followers
to
nental Line),
the Foundation will help people make the
between
duties
soldiers'
prepare meals. At Yorktown in 1781, follower
Sarah Osborn mentioned that she" cooked
gage the public in wide- ranging discussions
moment,
about questions of contemporary
connection
it necessary
tent. There
a
to
the
when
occasions
made
civics
emphasize
history,
usually performed by the
of six, the same number
was
messes
ward
the
took
officers.
citizen
website,
citizenship
solely for
usually assigned
men
were
priperformed
others
men,
It
women."
trenchment."
of
responsibilities
lessons
the
of
join
to
public
ship. In the development of new programs
for " The Revolutionary City" and Historic
a
in
soldiers
for Citizen-
conversation
ending
and
rights
Area,
Cooking
the
people careless."
fundamental issues still
confront
the
washed
women
some
service
same
a
Education
while
manly for enlisted
the
permanent reliance?"
he predicted, " will [ might] be-
rulers,
follow
to
chose
of " wash
that
was
mary
is evident
as
are
yet secured against [ tyrannical laws] by
spirit of the times. . . But is the spirit of
people
role
It
vigilance. "
that "
who
they were expected to perform some sort
of service to benefit the troops. Their pri-
people safeguard or achieve their
Jefferson had little doubt that
How might
the
for their
Anyfemales
"
black
Baptist
congregations
of
Moses and Gowan continued to grow, but
The Promised Land" closes with a poignant reminder that there is a dark side to
the joy and hope the people in this scene
slavery: when will it end? And
display—
they might have added—
unti/ it ends, slavery
stands to trump the benefits of" free exercise"
for the African American
Baptists
in
Williamsburg. White Virginians remained
quick to associate slave religion with rebellion and to keep laws on the books to keep
it in check for years to come.
Submitted by Linda Rowe]
�1776 to 1781
ENGAGE ! PROVOKE!
DELIVER!
II
INTERPRETATION
INTERPRETATION
tr
00
I.
JJ
4111Ir I
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efr
i
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i
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d ,
I,
111111*._
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lulu
U
1 1 =
The country is
lives and livelihoods
and
war
at
The
everyone' s
affected
are
by
events
the
are
Geddy'
The
sequently,
occurring at an ever increasing
story doesn' t only exist in " The
Revolutionary
City," but in all of the His-
HISTORIC SITES
of
will
guests
how
system
Engl
owthegave ishrise colonialto decades of
governmentdissent in
growingnot
the American
to
mation
radical
into
a
a
and transfor-
revolution
new
colonies,
nation.
gentlemen
Great Court.
RALEIGH
What
stories
rested
often
Raleigh Tavern
liamsburg.
was
decoration
within
role of the
governor.
however, the function
the
itself changed
s
appointed
little
special
The
tavern?
until
Everard
the
interpretation
and
the
on
impact
their
Everard
Mr.
on
was
sell
to
commissioner
was also
given to runaway
place in Wil-
their
played
Lord
affected
by
the
pardons
if they returned to
slaves
masters.
Wythe House
The
Wythe'
people who labored, played and plotted at this popular Williamsburg establishment. Experience the revolutionary events
in
staff interprets Mr.
Fifth Conven-
s
and signing The Declaration
of Independence. Guests learn of the combined
Step into the shops of the 18th- century
working trades of" The Revolutionary City."
War
brings great changes.
Explore how
tion
and
adapted
women
work and lives to meet the
and
establish,
to
slave efforts
sustain,
promote a gentry lifestyle and how
that lifestyle was affected by the Declara-
APOTHECARY
Visit
the
Apothecary
for
their
In
challenges.
learn
of
facing
while
due to
medicine
of medical
portation
Britain.
offered
George
the
his
con-
Act
of
all
for
produced by
silversmith'
a
found
fineries
hand.
s
Dunmore'
have
tion
in the
James
extravagant
the
Lord
slaveholder,
talents
militia,
James,
As
a
Proclama-
s
his
The
Randolph
House
staff
explores
how the British occupation of Williams-
burg in 1781, was the opportunity for
the Randolph slaves to be " gone to the
enemy." These
enslaved
had to make a decision
men and women
to remain
with Mrs.
Randolph or to join the " baggage train"
of over a thousand former slaves seeking
immediate freedom under the authority
and protection of Cornwallis' army. Guests
experience the story of enslaved AfricanVirginians' ethical dilemmas by exploring
their
choices,
decisions,
and
the
conse-
quences they faced no matter what deci-
business,
Guests
and
Wythe and
as
well
and
officers.
house guests
that took place
imagine the discussions
officers,
his
of this original
as
other
his
student,
Thomas
George Washington,
men
his
of influence.
of
effects
the
move,
where
better support his growing family.
The
Magazine staff interprets
from
and
1776
beyond.
emphasizes
terpretation
and
tiered army
three-
a
as
an
expedition
of
drilling
recruits
in Vir-
war
and form-
the
after
Interactive
government.
events
Third- person insuch events as the
opening military action of the
ginia, the Battle of Great Bridge,
ing
war
patriot' s household in the family' s
in 1778, to Dinwiddie
County
James Geddy takes up farming to
this
on
dour
the
see
readily
collapse
of
experiences
training
program
offered.
are
The Courthouse
The
staff
explores
the
of Great
civic
and enslaved
Hopes
duties
Plantation
of white
citizens
1781
and the
people in
consequences for their families. Through-
out the war years, enslaved people could
choose to join the British or remain with
their masters.
Some
enslaved
males
could
choose to serve in the American military,
as substitutes for their masters, in exchange
for their freedom.
In
1781,
Benjamin
Val-
entine performed his civic duty in the
militia, leaving his wife, children, and enslaved people behind. What role did Sarah
Valentine play in protecting their home
while
her
husband
was
at
war?
Guests
presents the " Committee
of Safety," an interactive first- person
program that interprets the role of
experience the daily activities of a rural
Virginia plantation even as the war raged
of Safety to commission
the
command the troops, to appoint
Mr. Powell did quite well as he, too, be-
Committees
officers,
to
equip and feed them, to pay the
military expenses of the state, to imprison
its hostile inhabitants, to hear appeals from
to
agents
the
Court,
Admiralty
from
the
County
Courts of Inquiry, and from Courts Martial.
Committees of Safety throughout the coldde- facto governments in the
time of great change
and upheaval.
vies
served
as
nonim-
from
supplies
pos-
that Mr.
headquarters
as
Washington
rooms
Jefferson,
the
They learn
home
between
and
of healthcare
of
of Independence.
Wythe
can
shortages
war
foundry
of the local
takers
such
the
secure
and
sible
few
for their
use
ready
royal
to
tion
master
challenges
of
time
a
and
luxury serand laboring
a
Nonimportation
the
support
rights
helping
his involvement in Virginia'
HISTORIC TRADES
these tradesmen
As
British goods, James Geddy' s business faltered and his profits dwindled. Unlike his
brothers, William and David, who found
of British Americans through
s role
and freedoms
Raleigh.
out at the
of
household.
s
as
household
colonial
a
a
their
of 1774
Everard'
Mr.
staff
volunteer
associations
lived and worked there? Meet
played
also
changes,
House focuses
the
that
these
and
usage
changed
Dunmore' s property and welcomed a new
neighbor
in Governor Patrick Henry. The
stayed there? Who
Who
there? Who
only the
the Palace but
The
TAVERN
life like in
was
of the Revolution
events
business
family.
James
on
family
of its prisoners,
on
decisions
of
nearby hill in the Capitol'
a
how the
the Palace
Virginia through the
on
of
his
during
vice
under
the
also
s
interprets
had
war
very
may
put
sion they made.
of
the capital moved to Richmond.
to further tests.
and his
Guests visiting the Public Gaol will investigate crime and punishment
in colonial
fate
family,
Despite
GAOL
whose
us.
the
wartime
government,
home of Patrick Henry, his
and staff. Guests come to understand
is
Palace
of
leading
demands
the
Capitol,
the
with
explore
is much changed, but despite
The Palace
CAPITOL
discover
Come
toric Area.
the
silversmith
that
staff
House
Geddy
consequences
rate.
tours
1441H. '
1,
zi --
rj
27-:
mg— r
THE REVOLUTIONARY CITY"
During
y'
1
1.
THE HISTORIC AREA
1-- -)
IIIIIIII
_
iN"'
CITIZENS AT WAR
—
Ili! J1
k
iv
Ti
iw
j
N
MO
—
i.
7114,
around
them.
came a citizen at war. He was named to the
Williamsburg Committee of Safety and also
profited nicely from army contracts, building barracks and supplying wood. War and
independence changed his and his family' s
life. One underlying theme amongst those
changes
must
responsibilities
Great
always
be
remembered—
family life goes on, no matter what. The
day- to- day, season- to- season realities and
still
had
to
be
met.
The
Powell House site is an excellent venue to
portray how much things changed and yet
II
UUUU••••
GUNSMITH
remained
®
the same.
sess and maintain their own weapons. Step
Much is happening throughout Williamsburg, no matter the place or time
of day. Guests are able to put their entire
experience into perspective as they explore
into the Gunsmith'
the past come to life.
Whether they
the
chose
the
a
fowling
piece or rifle,
1776 had to pos-
of 1774-
militiamen
workshop to discover
s
and
technology
expertise
necessary
accommodate
this requirement.
MILLINER
AND MANTUA-
Submitted by The Historic Area
to
into the
Step
shop of
fashion
makes
and
the
Revolutionary
who
for the
accessories
and
women,
the
cover
the
ladies.
newly
maker,
Stay
arrived
a
who
creates
suitable
Becoming AMERICANS
•
TODAY
®.
is a publication of the
U.....••••••
and dis-
while
goods
I
whole
family,
every sort of gown for children, babies,
Mantua-
Department of
to
Interpretive
season.
11111
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
with
and
needles
shears,
wield the tools of their trade to
Anne
the tailors
clothe
citi-
ACROSS
and
soldier
1
SILVERSMITH
From
the
fine
hollowware
silver
equals
This
the
dust
on
the
sterling
and
money in relation to the
all Virginians before and
floor to the
discover
shelves,
equals
sterling
upheavals
12
how
faced
formed
was
defeat
at
war
She
16
WIGMAKER
Step
15
into the shop of the peruke maker and
what the fashion- conscious mem-
bers of society have
as on their heads.
on
their
minds
as
well
preceded
the
defeated
in
here
October
17
3
army
Captured and sacked
A result of a British blockade
5
This listed
27
Bob Doares,
Richmond
charges
King
against
took
her
fallen
husband'
s
the
6
the
Dela-
8
to "
camp
place
at
New
Jersey
I{ evin Kelly Rose McAphee,
Dana Metheny, Nancy Milton,
George
Linda Rowe and Phil Shultz
on
the
banks
of
9
often
This
1865
wrongly
attributed
amendment
to
Article
slavery in U. S.
16 of the
Virginia
Rights
promoted
the
exercise
Constitution
of
this
of
French
He
Production:
1776
Henry Lee moved
general
who
in Congress
this
fought
in
Williamsburg
impede
Cornwallis'
Beth Lawrence, copy editor
Diana Freedman,
production
Washington
could
do
movement
13
Declaration
Richard
with
11
free
The Virginia Convention adopted this on
June 29,
River
Stigma
town
Rex Ellis, Jim Horn
in 1781
III
ended
18
Contributors:
an
4
Washington
followers"
discover
Service provided by women who accompanied
Battle of Monmouth
by
time.
2
Forge
was
ware
during
for
Valley
Burgoyne
black Baptist preacher
with France in 1778
1777
14
Willis
DOWN
Williamsburg
battle
silver
on
This
10
alike.
A
7
zen
Training
Editors:
TAILOR
Armed
Team]
II•
MAKER
Milliner,
City Planning
Signing
through
the
constituted
little
to
Virginia
Declaration
this
s
of
p 2006 The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation.
All rights reserved.
Independence
All images are property of The Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation, unless otherwise noted.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 5, number 2, June - August, 2006
Description
An account of the resource
1776 to 1781.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2006