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Text
5, No. 2
Volume
July, August
June,
THE INTERPRETER'
The
2006
1774 to 1776
S NEWSPAPER
Historic Area
Revolutionary City"
MD
iif
r s. a .
ikNIS
DAYDAY
t^
COLLAPSE
See p. 2
See p. 4
OF ROYAL GOVERNMENT:
IA-
i
1774 TO 1776
i
JUNE
1774 TO
JUNE
1776
THE REVOLUTIONARY CITY"
Colonic;
auei plantations
in America
have
been, are, and of right ought to be subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial
Ne W S 11 n e
crown and Parliament of Great Britain.
r,
1774
31- June 22: Parliament
rebellion.
4r
Acts and the
Coercive
the
passes
s
26,
May
Dissolves
Dunmore
Governor
i
Assembly
the
September
r'A mac- .
of
1774: Enemies
5- October
Continental
meets
in
We are fighting fear the subjection, the unuorrditional submission of a country infinitely
more extended than our own, of which
every day increases in wealth, the natural
AA
26: First
Congress
strength, the population. Should we not sue-
I
Philadelphia
ceed. ..
26,
Raise High
1774:
the
r
41f
1775
A P nil
15
A p nil
A House Divided!
1775:
18: Paul
Revere' s
19: Battles
April
29,
e'
r
ride
of Lexington
the
i
North!
10: American forces
May
Fort Ticonderoga
capture
of Royal
Collapse
Lake
on
Champlain
10: Second
May
Congress
1775:
1 5:
June
Washington
appointed
Aug.
in
the colonies
November
Dec.
31:
open
17,
Proclamation:
III declares
Colonists
eral
Dunmore' s
defeated
are
at
Paine
publishes
Sense
evacuate
troops
at
and
June
held
open
boycott East
Independent
Congress
Free and
States!
4, 1776:
convention
July,
an
xiv- xv]
Continental
had
no
formed
was
1775
in the internal
modeled
authorized
to
towns
create
affairs
Continental
a
Virginia'
on
cities,
committees
November,
had established
The
s.
and
counties,
enforce
to
most Virginia
the
police the association.
intimidation to ensure
of
some
16, 000
More
than
1, 500
1,
were
and
were
it to
on
duty
voiced
1776]
He
so
much
free
into
L.
1"
Y'
of
1775
Otis, " The Rights
of the British
1764)
Kings are the servants, not the proprietors
of the people.
Thomas Jefferson, A Summary Review
of the Rights of British America, 1774)
the
for
colony
war.
General George Washington,
of the
reached
larly reported news of Dunmore' s raids in
the
Norfolk
region.
the
events
quieted
Virginia
and the
men,
truce
Dunmore
down.
and
a
response
Henry, with
marched
toward
governor fortified
for the lost powder was
the
Payment
the
to
week,
the next
immediate. Patrick
arranged and Henry
retreated.
was
short.
opened
the
On
June
General
1,
As-
sembly. The assembly was to consider Lord
North' s peace proposal. Then, in the early
and
morning hours of June 8, Dunmore
his family fled and took refuge on HMS
Fowey moored off Yorktown. Royal government
in Virginia
The
burgesses
liamshurg
before
had
one
such
raid
Dunmore
but
he
forced
was
would
to
remain
Norfolk,
abandon
in
Virginia
1:
fill
iftti:::_ .._
waters
until August 1776. By the end of 1775, the
Continental
number
had
Congress
of Virginia
incorporated
regiments
a
k
into the con-
tinental service.
In early 1776, Virginians had to decide
they were fighting for. Liberty and
what
ilh•_-_-..
1, 1i.-.L,.
4
Sense
mon
made
a
come
lingered
to
an
end.
awhile
for their right
also
powerful
case
that
in Wil-
returning to their homes.
Tv
s //
I/,"
01 f
George was America' s oppressor. To ensure
ties
the
f
f
King
of their rights and liber-
colonies
needed
to win
the
war,
4i'
would
But
no
Euro-
pean country would openly support
outraged,
in Lexington
suspected,
and
After
at Kemps Landing, Dunmore issued his
proclamation that offered freedom to rebelowned slaves. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of slaves joined Dunmore' s forces.
They wanted the right to elect their legislative representatives. Thomas
Paine' s Corn-
things
of 150
14, 1776)
to own property ( both land and slaves).
motion
events
January
items such as salt. The Virginia Gazette regu-
create
conspiracy
company
Streams of
to
was
again
spent
was
companies.
militia
Dunmore threatened
unless
news
1775,
1-- ]
fall
the
freedom, naturally, but
immediately
were
that
so
slaves
But
i)'tli ` _--,,
James
Colonies Asserted and Proved,"
Few people know the predicament we are in.
August 26, 1775.
on
of
and
the Palace.
1'r'
Ii%
A
opposition
counties
allow
set
Williamsburg,
*
Wi -
ended
tion
the continuation
a
s: 4:
rights
of our fellow subjects in Great Britain.
when all around one are wra ppep•
ed in sle
when
was
A,•
essential, inherent, and inseparable
notes
convention
printing £ 350, 000 in treasury
to pay for a possible war. The conven-
led to the removal of gunpowder from
the Magazine
in Williamsburg on April 21,
Concord
ti
were
Hearing that the convention had approved
Henry' s proposal, Governor Dunmore grew
When
absent
entitled to all the natural,
parliament. . .
The reflection upon my situation and that of
this army produces many an uneasy hour
third
The
conventions.
Convention
independent
own
Colonists
sick
or in any other of the British
dominions, is by the law of God and nature, by the common law and by the act of
authorized
1775.
1775
from David McCullough,
IFF'
1775
strong- arm tactics.
1775,
Patrick Henry electri-
March
In
Men
500
The
that
14, 000 fit for
than
Fewer
July
war
footing.
committees'
he called
Militia and Volunteer Troops
Boston,
They
compliance.
1774
months
coun-
of safety
employed
committees
to
their
England
their
on
of the
Congress declared Par-
role
and adopted
colonies
the
alarmed.
New
1775,
put Virginia
tablishing and restructuring the militia. It
created a central Committee of Safety to
Congress in Philadelphia
fied the Second Virginia
S ARMY
to
was
how best to
August
after
Continental
liament
VIRGINIA TODAY
OF
business
main
Convention
17,
July
on
First
to the
SIZE
Third Virginia
manage the colony between the meetings
association
generally quiet, but
WASHINGTON'
the
in Richmond
met
ITWO
new recruits marched into Williamsburg.
The various county committees gathered
war provisions and tried to procure scarce
winter
SNAPSHOT
When
exile.
readying
By late
from Gordon Wood,
The flight of the governor forced those Virginians still loyal to the king to reconsider
their options. Many felt they had to go into
1.
stop all British imports on November
Seven delegates were elected to attend the
ties
Chronology
1775)
Every British subject born on the continent
of America,
Government
to
City"
programs
Pole
Liberty
Most
Congress
of Independence
The American Revolution, pp.
26,
THE CONFLICT!!!
The'
of freehold-
meetings
exports
Association
Continental
Revolutionary
Parliament,
r
of
number
a
association.
The
Wilkes,
October
and
withhold
of
approves the
Declaration
John
The convention passed ordinances establishing a professional
army and rees-
protest the closing of Boston Harbor. They
also elected delegates to the convention.
At
The
1776: Resolved:
15,
i, •
gen-
a
1.
August
on
the
in September 1774.
Boston
July
to meet
to
and inhabitants to decide
ers
Slaves!
to
Company
convention
During
to
May
reassembled
goods and called for
the
Mar. 17: British
burgesses called
the
burgesses
the
counties
1776
Common
Virgin-
show
and agreed
rebellion
1775:
Liberty
10: Thomas
for Boston,
To
India
Quebec
Jan.
1774.
Raleigh Tavern
George
King
19,
day
action,
17: Battle of Bunker Hill
23:
a
which
Act,
of fast and prayer on June 1. After
Dunmore
dissolved the assembly for that
Continental Army
June
support
for
is
of the
commander
ia' s
Port
for the Tea Party, reached
punished Boston
Virginia
by May
The Citizen Soldier!
George
of the Boston
News
Continental
convenes
15,
May
will follow and the grandeur of the British
empire pass away
SIDES OF
an
from
The Gale
1775:
`"
AL
i
Pole!
Liberty
we shall be considered as their most
implacable enemies, an eternal separation
I
October
Blows must decide whether they
are subject to this country, or independent
King George III, 1774)
Quebec Act
Government:
Act, 1766)
The New England colonies are in a state of
r
111- ,
March
Declaratory
-.
rebels.
that
take
allies.
rAr
tow
If the goal was to create an independent
nation,
maybe
back the
new
a country like France
united colonies.
would
A second reason many Virginians supported independence was that Virginia
would
become
it
the
was,
real
lacked
state.
As
and the Commit-
conventions
of Safety
tee
constitutional
a
legitimacy.
There
troubling signs in the spring of 1776.
Slaves still ran to Dunmore. Tenant farmers
were
on
the Northern
Virginians
mon
good.
ernment
Neck
were
restless.
Many
put self- interests above the comBut others believed that a gov-
based
on
a
written
constitution
THE
GENERAL
NEW
WASHINGTON
He [ Washington]
carried
himself
like
a soldier and sat a horse like the perfect
Virginia
gentlemen.
It was the look and
bearing of a man accustomed to respect
and to being obeyed. He was not austere.
There
was no hint of arrogance. "
Amiable"
and " modest" were words frequently used
to describe
him, and there was a softness
in his eyes that people remembered. Yet he
had a certain
distance
in manner that set
clearly spelled out its power and limits
could reclaim order. When delegates to the
him off from, or above others.
Fifth Virginia
his officers, ' lest you subject yourself to a
want of that respect, which is necessary to
support a proper command."'
that
the
a
Convention
wrote"
finnis" in
old house journal on May 5, they knew
had been born.
new age
Submitted
by
Kevin
Kelly
Be
easy. . . but not familiar,'
David McCullough,
1776,
he advised
pp. 42- 431
�1774 to 1776
THE CENTER DOES NOT HOLD !
RUNNING . . .
DISSOLVING . . .
ENLISTING . . .
11
r.1'
J!'
--
tl
i
t.,.-
.„
i
a
s
Dana
by
Metheny
26,
May
of Government:
Fnerniec
Dissolves
Lord Dunmore,
the
of Burgesses
for protesting
Harbor by the British
closing of Boston
government. The burgesses
the
plans to intensify
their
Association,"
an "
East
India
Lord
by
copy of it in hand on
Thursday, May 26, when he summoned
the burgesses
to the Council chamber to
disband
have
by drafting
Order of
boycott
Way!"
Y
of Burmid-
the
marks
in
scene
was
a
response
some
private,
to
public—
As in any
preceding days.
good play, the dramatic tension of this
climax
spawned subsequent actions
on
taken
the
part of the real- life players, culminating in a grand, final act staged at Bruton
Parish Church on June 1.
the
That
Boston
ade
its
British navy was to blockHarbor, cutting off the city from
day
trade.
the
passed
Parliament
which called
Acts,"
called
colonists
for
the " Coercive
for the destruction
retaliation
the
measure (
this
Intolerable
theta "
in
Acts")
of East India
tea by Boston
patriots disguised as Indians
in their" tea party" of mid- December 1773.
19, the Virginia
On May
General Assem-
bly was in spring session when the Williamsburg newspaper reported the British
ministry'
intentions
s
toward
Boston.
Bur-
gesses' plans to hold public manifestations
of support for the citizens of Massachusetts
day
the
on
Dunmore
dissolve
blockade
the
the
began prompted
his prerogative to
exercise
to
s
colony'
only elected
body
of
composed
chronology of events that follows
a difference ten days can make!
The
what
On
called
and
Jefferson
Lee,
23,
Monday, May
cal burgesses,
Francis
Thomas
by
Richard
Henry
Lee, Patrick Henry,
Lightfoot
and several
group of radi-
a
together
including
perhaps George
others (
Mason
among them) met secretly at night in the
Council chamber to plan a resolution for a
of
day
and prayer
fasting
June
on
1,
the
ef-
fective date of the Boston port closing.
Jefferson and the others felt they needed
to justify
the calling of such an event by
legislature,
the
the
since
fasting
days
crown.
public
of the
Among
Council
the
the
John
chamber,
of
proclamation
was
prerogative
hooks in the
Rushworth'
s
his-
tory of the 17th- century English Civil War
provided plenty of precedents for national
days of fasting proclaimed by the Puritan
Parliament under Oliver Cromwell. In the
of
absence
frequent
monarch ( Charles I had been
a
beheaded)
the
of
use
admonish
Puritan
the
fasting
British
legislators
made
proclamations to
to pray for its
nation
passage through the turbulent times.
The language of these Puritan
Proclamasafe
Lions
in
decidedly
was
more
flavor than that of
earlier
revolutionary
such decrees
rally the people behind
arch in times of danger, such as
to
made
French and Indian
fervor
of
burgesses.
the
War.
Puritans
Based
on
burgesses " cooked
up"
the
mon-
during
the
The revolutionary
suited the radical
these
precedents, the
their
resolution,
explained
action.
He
put it.
On Tuesday, May 24, the conferees
had colonial treasurer, Robert Carter Nich-
House
known for his piety), introduce in the
their proposal for a solemn Day of
and Prayer, includFasting, Humiliation,
ing a procession from the Courthouse
to
the
have
voice,
Church.
The
with
resolution
seems
to
perhaps one dissenting
though Jefferson later called the vote
passed
unanimous.
in
ter who has fallen
November
tended
to
inflame
have
an
the
damaging
in-
by
from meeting in
the burgesses
met
the
next
in
27,
May
Apollo
Lion
They
commodities.
an
attack
to
compel
on
made
threatens
other
East
wrote "
That
sisters
to "
Person
His
colonies,
and
of all,
able
of the
whole
such
the
wisdom
upon
to
the
in
general
those
united
time to time
America
call would be answered
This
when
the
ters
Congress met in Philadelphia
in the fall
of
Meanwhile,
1775.
planned
to
in
bur-
formalize
to
specified
that
nonim-
in
Williamsburg
in
of
the
the
week,
have been
to
able
that
sations
Despite
ball
took
night,
and
his
stepped
hall
Oh,
place.
on
eavesdrop
Friday
events
as
the
to
conver-
of
burgesses
in the presence of the
had been ejected from it
who
day before!
By Saturday, May
the
just
the
spreading
liamsburg.
ters
hack
were
gesses
across
the
pulpits
in
Virginia'
more' s
"
word
28,
about
for
and
the
29,
in
slaves
them.
Lion
the
Before
Dunmore'
half the
and
women
For
seized
Virginians
the
Holton
Virginia,
that " As
early as
had begun liter-
patriots."
finalized
excepted,
morning of Wednesday, June
who were
in town and
the burgesses
1,
most
the
at
of the
surrounding
ten o'clock
at
whence
the
sion
Speaker
Mace"
addressed
Tory
Price,
conduct
the
Courthouse,
in
Parish.
chaplain
Randolph "
and
solemn
procesIn the church,
of
House,
the
Gwatassembly. Thomas
master
of the grammar school
the
Continued
on
page
4
he
and
Richard
Dunmore'
s
Henry
unparalleled
s
has,
from
a
few
Scotch
d Dunmore,
Llor]
extensive
poor— faced
good
Men
has
consequence,"
of all
is in-
war
time
rich,
separation
1
in
everyeng
and
middling,
from loved ones,
armies close to towns and farms.
A Citizen Soldier" focuses on the Hoy
family that had fallen on hard times even
before the war. Although Alexander Hoy
is a carpenter
in
of some skill and is known
the community,
he
has accumulated
debt that makes it increasingly difficult
for him to make ends meet.
At the same
time that he seeks a way to provide a living for himself, his wife, and two young
daughters,
Alexander
senses
that
he
is
shirking
fighting
his responsibility if he leaves the
to other men. In spite of the
dangers
to which
it will expose
the Hoys,
enlistment could place much needed cash
in Barbry' s hands and give Alexander a
renewed sense of purpose in the fight to
secure
independence,
a
cause
which
he
supports.
Back Story: With prices spiraling upward, shortages
of household
necessities
such as salt, and the absence of the family
member
brought
or members
in crops, ran
who customarily
shops, or did the
piecework and odd jobs that sustained
families in peace time, women left on
their
own,
especially
straightened
armies
close
ones
in
circumstances,
already
faced
bleak
on
to
the
move
farms
and
battlegrounds
towns.
and
Confiscation
and destruction of property, not to menLion bodily harm to wives and daughters
left alone, only added to the distress of the
possibility of death, capture, or serious injury to fathers, husbands,
on
the
home
front
and sons. A war
brought
women
face
For poorer women like Barbry, the peelitical beliefs and passions that took their
husbands and sons off to war sparked con-
siderahle resentment.
Barbry was not alone
on this
score,
as is evident
in the words of another woman in similar
circumstances
who was " troubled
to think
that he should love to be going so notch in
the war and
leave
me with
helpless
chil-
dren
in very poor circumstances."
Many
women railed against recruitment
officers,
accusing them of luring their husbands
away, which is precisely what recruiting
was designed
to do!
Nonetheless,
even
united every Man in that large
Archibald
Cary agreed. " The
most
a
neutrals
Virginia,
Proclamation
from
the
Peyton
Lord
in
Colony."
had
them
to the Bruton
Thomas
kin,
led
said "
Lee
of Williamsburg and
countryside
assembled
citizens
into
Dunmore'
argues,
loyalists
the
being
governor. Through-
their
for the coming Wednesday. On Monday
and Tuesday, May 30 and 31, organizers in the capital
city and in the counties
On
fear of
patriots and having a black regiup of their " runaway" slaves
argues
plans.
were
made
turned
their
states
serving with the British army as well as
the loss of their own slave property terri-
out
}
in
Women—
in her lament
subjects
Fast-
slaves
ran
actually
Soldier"
carnage for the first time.
children.
white
as
that
slaves
Citizen
to face with the sheer horror of battlefield
Proclama-
s
great majority of runaway
men, but interestingly
Holton
spring 1775, free
ally to demonize
scheduled
Founders,
found that the proclamation
many ways a disappointment"
Pied them. Holton
Day of
Prayer
leaving
while
A
prospects. A war on home ground meant
masters
patriot
Forced
Proclamation "
Humiliation,
ing,
s
of
ninety- nine percent
who did not accept Dun-
Wil-
from their
Governor'
offer
in
was
that
minis-
in
events
On Sunday, May
Virginia announced
resolution
many burlocales
own
been
offer
behind.
ones
Holton,
s
for
ment
their
s
manumissions.
of life
loss
and
out
points
that
in the
their minuet
an
the
with
slaves
only
capture
of the House
wife
all
families and loved
were
the Governor
Bacon'
people to he freed
when
legislation
1723
since
families
eration.
and
able
to make the
given the opportunity
choice
of uncertain freedom at the risk
bur-
arrived in
who
February.
through
prohibiting
Now
gesses' meeting at the Raleigh Tavern, had
earlier
been picked for a ball at the Capitol
in honor of Lady Dunmore,
are
since
has such
1676
Woody
the
Ne-
were
building, taking advanduring his westday of
in
Virginia
passed
s absence
the
hereby
Servants,
s rare actions
against the Shawnee
campaign
of Life,
And 1 do
c.
impossible for enslaved
allow Virginians
time to prepare for
cutting off trade. Though it is not certain,
we think that the First Virginia
Convention
Ironically, May 27,
S Crown
forfeiture
all indented
Except
would
ern
be looked
of freeing individual
slaves
from petitions who had demonstrated " meritorious service," it had been
of goods would begin August 10, 1775.
nonexportation
The delay in implementing
in the Capitol
every
thereby become liLaw inflicts upon
as
Council'
tion
of Dunmore'
the
made.
the
of goods and slaves would begin
November
1,
1774, and that nonexporta-
tage
ar-
to resort to
or
patriots and they "
to bear arms. Not
are
Rebellion
portation
met
and
scene "
brought
MAJESTY'
of Lands, &
declare
willing"
in Convention in
meet
August
which
Association,
the
when
Arms,
him.
unaccustomed responsibility for family
sustenance, food shortages, high prices,
and outright danger when the fighting
they joining His MAJESTY' S Troops ..."
For enslaved people belonging to" rebels," Dunmore
offers freedom if their mas-
the
from
may
require."
Continental
gesses
of
interests
which
measures
re-
groes, or others, ( appertaining to Rebels,)
free that are able and willing to hear Arms,
deliber-
to
congress . . .
general
to His
such
Offences;
further
on
a
and
orders "
STANDARD,
Penalty
confiscation
meet
bearing
Government,
ommended . . .
ate
S
Traitors
as
be applied. And for
this purpose it is recappointing deputies from
the several colonies of British America,
to
of
capable
MAJESTY'
rights
to
The
What
Lord Dunmore
martial law." He
execute
arbitrary taxes,
all British America,
on
his Proclamation,
In
he is too old and that the
tensely personal and represents the plight
of
offer?
gues that in order to restore peace and order
in the colony it is now necessary for him
to
ruin
united
the
unless
our
submission
attack
an
and
of
one
the
There
that
is all we have.
of freedom?
chance
one
ya' ll gon do
we all free?"
What
in
times, and his
Mr. Hoy. No! I' ll not be
giving you to the army. You
the
endanger
governor
will happen if they are captured
turned to their masters?
nonimporta-
and
also
and
honor his
day, Friday,
a
against tea
families
the
Capitol,
the
session
themselves to
association
India
Will
the
crown,
Raleigh Tavern.
at the
pledged
they
extralegal
Room
and
lives for this
their
Church.
Barred
homes
their
in future.
the
the
or
consider
their rebel masters. Should they leave
t say so explicitly, it must
him that the House had taken
usually taken
action
to
receptive
people
measures
crown' s representative,
1775:
people gather
royal governor' s offer of freedom to slaves
who will take up arms
with him against
he didn'
galled
17,
Liberty to Slaves!
populace with their
the
on hard
family can' t survive without
Proclamation:
c
Enslaved
his
burgesses
that the
making
further
to
is
Dunnzore:
he
for
concerned
Scene:
The
weekend,
reasons
Soldier!
g
wife, Barter Y, engage in a public argument
about his enlisting in the Army. His wife is
such
Dartmouth
the
suspected
as
Jefferson
olas (
I
upon
over the following
Dunmore
Williamsburg
representatives.
shows
highly
accordingly."
letter to Lord
a
Although
this
May 15, 1776:
A Citizen
Alexander Hoy, a 30- year- old carpen-
dissolved
In
House
The Scene:
published by
conceived
House,
reflect
late spring of 1774. Placed in its historicontext,
the
dissolution of the House
some
of Burgesses,
Paper
a
ENLISTING
and
Speaker
his Majesty
and the Parliament of Great Britain; which
are
cal
in
hand
Your
as
resolution,
decisions—
Mr.
of the House
my
point of a series of events that occurred
in Williamsburg over a ten- day period in
portrayed
said: "
makes it necessary to dissolve you; and you
Make
Dunmore
in
a
He
them.
Gentlemen
Wayfor
of the
had
Photograph by Dana Methent'
dil
I'
their
Company goods.
dismissal
25 probably saw
printed broadside
the fasting measure. Gover-
Dunmore
Terms
protests
your Governor,
gesses
announce
agreement to
an
Make
The
Assembly
the
royal governor,governor, antownspeople
that he has dis
House
the
of the
nor
Governor Dunmore
`
May
appearance
announcing
1774:
ter
Wednesday,
the
The Scene:
solved
e .}-
9
1
t
i
Photograph
to
ti+,
1
‘,. _,,,,, ,
d.,.
pounces
n
i
Barbry
Alexander' s decision
bravely
to enlist
accepts
once she un-
derstands that he has made up his mind.
She sends him off with words of affection
and encouragement
even as her apprehen-
sion mounts over how she will provide for
herself and her two young daughters. We
are
left
to wonder
how
she will
fare,
but
resent
we can suppose that she might continue to
pointing a dagger to their Throats,
hands of their Slaves."
find work that taps her skills as mistress of
wrote;
white "
ranks
thru the
Following
alist
members
Dunmore'
of
the
Carter
joined
patriots. [ See
Forced Founders,
actions
two
loy-
Governor's Conn-
cil, Robert
the
and
s
William
Byrd
Woody
pp. 156- 160]
Submitted by Anne
III,
Holton,
her own household, simple though it may
have been. Women wove cloth, altered and
repaired
nursed
uniforms,
bandages,
soldiers.
and
Armies
on
the move usually had a few paid positions
for women
Willis]
made
sick and injured
that
made
use
of these
Continued
an
same
page 3
�3
1774 to 1776
p
44. .
yj. ,'
FORUM
r/..'
MONEY
y,
r
ft<,
14.-' '
VPii;:i••`
rip
good
the
on
River
m\
7
Your
last year at this time
consistently high.
above
numbers
are
and
support
your
g
1
programming throughout the
g
g
new
Historic
year is
this
attendance
professionalism
for the
Area,
The
including "
ary City,"
grateful.
from
Colonial
a
has told
us
that
experiences that
take
connect them to
human
ence
our
what
Williamsburg
today' s
audiences
stories
presented
mosphere
that
passionately
told in an at-
and provocatively
them
encourages
be
to
ac-
participants in their learning. We have
all worked hard to do exactly this, and we
have instituted a very successful start. But
rive
all need to
we
intensify
ming
that
Lions
of
of
a
ment that
a
and
to the
expecta-
our guest experience
to
of engagement, authenticity,
elevates
level
new
presenting program-
changing
guests. We must build on the
dynamic, interactive environ-
our
creation
on
appeals
and
our momentum,
sustain
focus
our
this
Tavern,
where
in
the
called
general
general
which
measures
interests of America
sentiments
of
one
the
still
burgesses
a
convention
I,
August
to
ings of' Freeholders
endorsed
and
Boston'
hailed,
Some
for
s
idea of
the
Council
the
a
s
northern
and,
city
directed
to
Now
The
that "
Revolutionary
City"
up and running, and complementary progranuning spanning the years from 1774
through
1781
the Historic
look
is taking
Area,
with
the content
place
fresh
Today and
align
to
new
our
throughout
a
time
Americans
Becoming
at
it' s
take
for Day
rind articles
of scripted
I
Citizens
enrich
and
our
extralegal
convention
A
highlighting
connect
guests
the Historic
As
and
the
Area
in
helping
end of
one
another.
your thoughts
welcome
for making Becoming
and useful tool
karts Today a relevant
our interpreters.
Amer-
suggestions
Have
a
for
It
hard
army of
work, hard work
was
being
the
to
common
with tools, they could drive a yoke
or' hove up' a stump or tie a proper
knot as readily as butcher a hog or mend a
handy
oxen
pair of shoes. They knew from experience,
must
of them, the hardships and setbacks
of life. Preparing
Rare
nature.
seen
was
someone
It
was
for the worst
the
the
different
nationalities,
makeup,
Many
or
the
toil in
noteven
fifteen
were
of
ways
physical
of
condi-
missing teeth or fingers,
or scarred by past wars
smallpox
all- toothe
army and an
of every shape
different colors,
different
talking, and all degrees
Lion.
never
first American
men
common
eighteenth
less
hazards of life and
cenntr .
Some
were
Y
but smooth- faced boys of
David McCullough,
1776,
the
dian
Wood, The American
Gordon
p. 25 and 34]
Humphery
Fulton
William
Con-
12
in
Taylor, for
Hbds.
Richmond,
Of Tobacco,
12000 Staves.
Eppes Greenough,
13 Barrells of Pork,
of Flour, 800 Bushels
Corn,
Bushels
30
Bushels
of Pease,
Kegs
4 Hides
of Rum,
1
of In-
of Wheat,
35
of Leather,
Pipe
of Maderia
Wine, and 4 Hbds. of Tobacco.
24. Sloop
Revolution:
Virginia
for Antigua,
A History, A Modern Library Chronicles
Book, The Modern Library, New York,
Packet,
Charles
Jones,
with 2700 Bushels
of In
dian Corn.
28. Ship Speirs,
47- 48.
John
Dusk,
with 4287 Bushels
aged
fund
a
she saw
by
in
others
Continental
The
states
drive
April 4.
of
price
menfolk
served
Officials
ments.
of
survivors
also
soldiers
their
out
enlist-
sought to provide for
killed in the war and
returning home. The first
of
pension law following the Declaration
Independence
was
passed by the Confor injured
tinental
It
men
Congress
on
August
for half- pay for
men
injured during
provided
enlisted
the
duration
the
26,
1776.
officers
the
and
for
war
of their disabilities.
war
During
of these pensions
payment
mainly to the individual states,
not
until
the
newly
1789
picked
were
they
federal
was
and
up
by
all
their
for Cadiz,
of Wheat
and
did
for
Treasurer
state
not
specify
an
of Oatmeal,
draw
absence,"
those
mother
free black
£
of John Ashby (
Mathew
Ashby)
Cadiz,
nor
Virginia
nephew
1400
Regiment,
of
London,
reduced
The
Virginia
real
collected
of Drugs,
legislature
order
to
raised
1777
meet
by
an
several
Hoy' s
situation,
General Assembly sought to
the pot for potential enlistees in
quota of troops to he
For example,
in May
the
Virginia.
of
act
caries sfor}
subsistence
thvisioe
of
said
Assembly
countycourts
n andrt
the
could,
all
wives,
of the
ing
children,
an
expenditure
expectations
of
Cask
of Snakeroot,
Gazette [ Purdie &
9900
Dixon],
7*
A.
prove very burdensome to the
if
people of this commonwealth,
longer admitted," repealed most of the
must
f
hi
greatly exceedthe legislature,
good
1
i
only " such allowance not to exceed
one barrel of corn and fifty pounds of net
pork for each person, annually."
Barbry and
women
like her would need
71Ira1 ,' I,tl,gi;,
t
•
j(
I
I
former acts. Thereafter county courts
" upon proof to them made" by the wives,
k-
J'
1`
f
W
WSWt
I
i,
LOno' Strip
a
0
o
t
t \ ;
1
_
Nw•I '-
sdc-.
_
c
is
children
as
the
Revolution
ran
course.
Submitted
by
Linda
Rowe]
.,
F ' -=
their ingenuity to maintain themselves
t
nd their
and
2
April 7, 1774
parents, and families of the soldiers
and of the United States" have
the
and
publickall
comfortable
1
Virginia
state
created
the
other
and
wives,
that
at
of Tobacco,
and 4 Cask of Deerskins.
vide
for Barbry
specific
for
and
its generous offer in October 1779. Noting that provisions for the support of the
sweeten
More
Benson,
of Corn,
Staves, 140 Handspikes, and 8 Hhds.
power.
reconsidered
the Virginia
government.
with 488 Hhds.
buying
parents, and families of " any soldier now
in actual service" that they cannot mainwere
authorized to prolain themselves
created
Robert
5367 Bushels
Hhds. and 2 barrels of Ginseng, 1 cask
York County Court. With such
an amount Barbry could
pay a year' s rent
with a little left over, although inflation
inevitably
103 Barrels
1000 Staves.
from
12
of
13 Barrels
35, 000 Shingles.
Rogers,
with
Haynes,
Bushels
Ship Royal Exchange, John Stevens, for
enlisted
who
700
of Flour,
and
Brigantine
funds.
amount
35 Barrels
Francis
with
of Bread, a Hbd of Bacon,
support
industry
their
Savage,
Vincent' s,
Corn,
who
soldiers
poor
own
during
in the Sixth
while
their
Ashby,
was
the
of
Sloop
for St.
did it cap claims, leaving county justices
to match support to apparent need. Sally
Virginia
and the in-
mindful
the
on
The act
her stead.)
Congress
were
in
it that the effort
to
by
themselves
too
was
parents,
cannot
Jef-
Martha
effort.
war
of Governor Jefferson,
wife
undertake
to
left
everyone,
pitted by
had
that
man
second
die . . .
army of
and size
and
was
John
Innermay,
with 459
8 Barrels
September 1774."
travel
to
of enlistment for those left at home
lot. They were familiar with adversity and
making do in a harsh climate. Resourceful,
of
the First Continental
especially
opted
women
other
funds toward
dividual
accustomed
men
an
Port
for Cadiz, with 7700 Bush-
for Piscatawaywith
from town and
press, which convened in Philadelphia
camp. ( Women of greater means at home
spearheaded clothing drives and collected
IN
OF 1775
Lark,
2 Hbds. Of Rum, and
and the newly created
committees
of the colonies—
along with the units in which their husbands served performing similar tasks in
undertaken
SUMMER
from
of Salt.
in Ballast.
Brigantine
23. Ship Bowman,
Continued from page 2
and
skills,
ill
S ARMY
Wilson
els of Wheat.
li-
closed
or
ranged
Enlisting
herself, but
WASHINGTON'
Po-
Staves.
ferson,
summer!
great
crisis,
credi-
issued
11.
Laughton,
provincial congresses to a general congress
the
with
of
moments
from
Cleared Outwards
various
for
dots from
to
we
always,
interpretation,
suggestions
the
in
colonies
Brigantine
March
militia,
between
taxes,
supervised
governments
county
assembly had established
other
to correspond
committee
Young,
Bushels
from Piscataway,
23. Schooner
The
shadow.
the
Eu-
John
with 2500
Glasgow,
became
regime
Lewis,
the
new
gained legitimacy.
until the old
another
Dudley
with
James
26. Ship Venus,
of the people
We will also
programming
and offering
sites
and content
understanding
Area
to circumvent
after
Revolutionarya
background
Historic
on
will
legislature—
Jackie,
Liverpool
in Ballast.
Royal governors stood by in helpless
as new informal governments
These
gradually grew up around them.
began to form
government
royal authority on one issue
shadow
towack,
amazement
had been
moreover,
of the previous
one
You
into the heart
being portrayed.
events
focus
at
of " The
scenes
red
a
War."
that takeyou
City," providing
to
and
Government"
Two, "
whom,
members
offerings.
The first revised issue is really made up
a blue one for Day One, " Collapse
Royal
of
most
bly—
from
25. Ship Jean,
courts.
had
meetings
Brigantine
ropean Goods
of the
organized
levied
debtors,
and
tenses,
generally chosen the same representatives
and the assemfor both the convention
of twoof
before it met. Since local
sion
11.
Thompson,
in Virginia
in many
1774,
intervened
trade,
and
tors
inadvertently handed his opponents
advantage
by proroguing the new ses-
an
responsibility
for
sentiment
The Revolution
appointments,
managed
assembly in early August,
for it as well. Again the gov-
ernor
is
March
regulating various aspects of Amerivoters,
life. Committees
manipulated
can
new
elections
as
JAMES RIVER
also
colonies local associations were controlling
and
supplies
Dunmore
persuaded
the
Entered in the Upper District of
Fairfax,
April 4.
trade.
on
funds and
n
SHIPPING
ex-
and Stafford— had
end of
the
By
1
a. -_,
4
own
differences
some
restrictions
voted
beleaguered
the
Virginia'
as
with
-
'" •
4, ;;„
1783, The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation,
1989.
1775-
inhabitants'
other
cause
albeit
meetings
held
and
Dunmore,
counties—
Selby,
\\
r 9i" _____ _
met,
convention
British grew."
E.
i;,:
most expedi-
committee
the
John
will be
t
0d
Z..\, :,
of
once more adopting that strategy against
the rest
about
one
given their committees
of enforcing a boycott
of the colony. In towns and
of the counties
meettwo- thirds
from
1,
y`t
=
4
their
"
response
P
enthusiastic
tF:,
4
1
of the
proposal.
the
consider
received
as
Norfolk,
Frederick,
on December
from Virginia
Norfolk,
some
1774.
of the rights of the
the time the
least five
at
l tc,
present. . . Alarming sit
and ' to take such steps
effectual,'
plained. By
about
committees
shall appear
as. . .
and
ent
in the vicinity summoned
on
to meet in Williamsburg
1774,
call
The
colonies,
urging a halt to exports to Great
as
well as imports. Twenty- five
Britain
the
of America'
affect
to Britain
Alexan-
communicate
for. .. the establishment
earliest
proposals for a Continental Congress. . .
A few days after the meeting in the Raleigh Tavern, a circular letter arrived from
Boston
to
on
by
formed
meetings,
uation
was
followed
4,
it-
first,
letter
Williamsburg.
Fredericksburg,
April
trade
acted
towns
circular
as
correspondence
may from time to time
resolution
day
the legislature
port
the
Dumfries,
county
require.'
This
s
and Portsmouth,
united
the
Virginia'
same
dria,
aside from
received
having
meeting of colonial delegates
on
congress. . .
to deliberate
annual
an
a'
British imports and
against
ciation
arrived.
adjourning to the Raleigh
they formed another asso-
by
governor
convene
Gevertz
Crevieaux-
Margot
organization
to
disallowed.
formal
little
11
longer permitted and the next year when
all exports
oppo-
self until the call for a ban on British
when
Letter from
had needed
in Virginia
the
otherwise
members
again
previous December. . .
of the House of Burgesses thwarted the
the
in detail,
excellence.
Thank you for being an integral part of
exciting, interpretive adventure.
but
sessions,
sition
crave
journeys and
on
them
guests
experi-
between
as-
sembly for declaring a day of fast in support
of Boston after that city' s famous Tea Party
those
research into
Extensive
am
dismissed the
Lord Dunmore
When
for
Revolution-
wonderful and I
have been
extremely
want
March
1774 when imports from Britain are now
so
First
percent
the
Draught
VIRGINIA' S SHADOW GOVERNMENT
many of our guests
and foremost let me
see
to
far this year. Our
and
the Bitter
Swallowing
from
Consider how the economy of Virginia
will radically change once the Associariot of 1774 takes
from Rex Ellis
street.
sixteen
Doctor
The Able
thank all of you for what has been a sea of
changes
in the direction of our visitation
so
"'
s.
Letter
It' s
It
interesting to note the shipping
P
activity forcthe Upper District of James
c—
r?;
i1
p
`.
--_-'
r'`,
s.
�4
1774 to 1776
THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT
The Historic Area before " The Revolutionary City"
household slaves. On one day of the week,
volunteers lead young guests in an inter-
''
voice was nonetheless
T^- '
nial and continental
J
-'.
members
and
tutor
to
had
been
asked
the
excused
Price'
governor' s eldest
to do the sermon
understand
changed
page '
I
son,
S
Journal
of the House
with
righteous
answered, "
will
I
but
of Virginia'
noted
simply: " Went
Church
to
and
nature
ten' s
ill
the
Talk to
to
and the effect of the
sad
engage
like
was
shock
a
and
man
every
his
on
solidly
attempt
quash
to
solidarity with
home had the
of
Thus
center."
burgesses'
the
by
Boston
of
An extract
ten
on
June
years,
and
in
in
Prayer
19: "
July
Never
have
Virginia
I
are
a
hats
ent
of
of
happening
day
s
t
bu
of this trades
newspaper
Dunmore is
Governor'
the
look at
a
The
the
Area
differ-
MANY
take
s
outside "
and inside
upon
Revoluon
sites
the
pleased with the burproclaimed a Day of Fasting
gesses, who have
and Prayer. Guests
the
realize
is the focus
of this interpretive
to '
the
remember
predicament
-
k,•:.`
hear Divine Service. What
event,
be
a
God knows. ..
which may
she
depends
as
has
instructions
with
The
litia
a
d
SUMMER
ages.
staff interprets the mi
and the development
system
Guests
companies.
pendent
"
of all
children
Magazine
are
participate in the program in the
recruits,"
drill in formation, and
demonstrations
of musket
or
Tobacco:
of inde
invited
to
of
role
witness
fir-
cannon
ings. Third- person interpretation of events
such as the Second Virginia
Convention' s
fall
of arming the militia of each
in defense of the colony and the
county
Gunpowder Incident
offered.
are
of" Order in the Court," a thirty- mininteractive first person presentation of
court cases casting several members
of the
sions
ute
audience
court
as
officials,
de
or
plaintiffs,
chiefly
England,
on
her
on
Trade.
than
her. You
without
can
possess, and I will most cheerfully comply
with whatever may be thought for the
General Good, though it will be considSo much for
erably to my disadvantage.
public Affairs, I fear I shall turn Politician,
I
always
dislike in
Submitted
by
Female."
a
Bob Doares]
C( '-.;.
living
board
on
off Norfolk, he
waters
on
was
still
a
the
governor and making decisions that affected
the lives of every resident of Virginia.
They
learn of the
see,
as well
my Sister, I talk like an American,
I may; she has been kinder to me than my
native Country; to her I owe
every thing I
a character
ship in the
every
England
of ordinary citizens. It is this system that
patriots seek to protect even as the rule of
from the Palace
family
"
from England
came
past winter" and the lifestyle that
enjoyed at this official residence. On
this
just
they
occasion
member
guests may find Lord Dunmore or a
of his council in discussion, but the
of the interpretation is to put the
loyalist view into perspective.
thrust
main
royalist
or
The
Mr.
family
that
Everard
Everard' s
1774-
House
staff
in the
role
political
Through
1775.
documents
the
share
use
the
interprets
crisis
of
of primary
he
concerns
guests
has about this " unhappy dispute," about
his brother John back in England
and
what
it could
mean
how Dunmore'
s
if
war
function
of
the
courthouse
as
a
govbased on
and community center
the English system of law and participation
ernment
royal governance
Guests
to
Virginian'
falters.
Randolph
the
will
House
story of enslaved African
ethical dilemmas, their choices,
the
experience
s
decisions and consequences in 1775 during
Dunmore' s Proclamation by understanding how
slave
the
dynamics
changed
American
of their
during
Revolution.
slavery and
chattel
the
and
master
and their domestic
relationships
activities
Plant and replant, weed, manure,
town, cut, bind, and stack, sell straw in
town,
thresh
Concepts
At Great Hopes
Plantation
mul-
the
the
the
events
of fall 1775,
Gunpowder
from
Proclamation,
such
the
as
unrest,
slave
and
Incident,
Dunmore'
s
of rural
perspective
tons
owner
Benjamin
decisions
their
and
Valentine
affected
the
calves,
kill veals
for sale,
and
veal
for
sale,
wean
calves,
make butter
August:
Kill beef for sale to ships,
tons, veals and shoats
kill mut
for sale, sell wool,
separate sheep, choose cattle for fattening, make butter
Fishing
Housekeeping/ Gardening/
Food Preservation
Summer
Housekeeping
Doors
and
windows
kept
open
for
most
ventilation. Mosquito netting added to bedsteads for protection from insects. Gauze
covers to protect looking glasses and expensive pictures. Carpets and window curtains
removed
and stored. Furniture
to passage
enslaved people and their middling plantation
sow,
July: Kill beeves for sale to ships, kill mitt
creat-
tidepartmental staff interprets the impact of
and
make butter
of political
slavery clashed,
tread
June: Shear sheep, kill muttons
of the
crisis
slavery for the twenty- four enslaved people
and widow Elizabeth Randolph.
affected the
for seed,
plow and harrow in
Vegetables: Sow turnips, plant peas and
potatoes, sow vegetables, weed peas
and pumpkins
August:
Orchard:
Make cider, gather
Peaches, make peach brandy
work
ing the American paradox of liberty and
breaks out, and
Proclamation
FARMING
worm, top, and sucker.
In August top, gather seed, begin cutting
Corn: Plow and hoe ground, plant and re
plant, weed with plows and hoes, and
cart last year's crop to town
Wheat: Cart last year's crop to ships or
for sale, wean
the
the
June 8, 1775. Despite his
thing within herself
that is necessary and convenient. . . and
can
do much better without
England,
America
British
himself and his
and Exporta-
heavy
from
"'
authorization
ministry, he
removed the gunpowder from the Magazine.
They come to understand why he removed
We expect there will
to Importation
Stop put
tion,
will be the
1
77_ _
Congregation as was this DayassembledLivestock:
in which he found himself when, followingfendants. This programming g demonstrates
P g
to
E
children'
The Courthouse presents several sesLord
Palace,
too
none
patriot,
collapses.
s
e;,?-
story
and junior interpreters return to the site to
history
Historic
are
royal governance
that
At
its
hook
the
the
hook. Let'
the
City"
tionary
and
is
City"
whole
on
is
what
seen
silversmith'
a
orientation. In this particular site we are
that
many acres,
interpretation. " The
hangs its hat, but there
wide
my Residence
so
large a
since
ever
the
of Fasting,
reprinted
was
England,
Manchester,
a
on
in the Day
and
Humiliation,
which
letter purportedly writa" Lady of Williamsburg"
participated
who
andyou
encompass
styles
Revolutionary
Wil-
a
by
1
enough
big
them
into a colonyof civil disobedience.
manifestation
is
enough to
liamsburg happening
days
y
the
programming
broad
a
as
since
liamsburg
s
consequence
began
what
the
that
of
act
sending
unintended
transforming
Dunmore'
y
think
to
these
anyone
goes by
that name takes
place only between 2: 30
and 4: 30 each afternoon. Or does it? Wil-
of electricity, arousing
placing him erect and
Congress.
house interpretation
The
admonished
likely
colony
of
advancement
this
only thing happening in Colonial Williamsburg' s Historic
Area is " The Revolutionary
City." That is
thro' the
conventions,
staff interprets
House
scope
day."
Y
Of the people across Virginia, it was
reported that they " met generally, with
anxiety and alarm in their countenances,
day
Third
movements
within
the city preceding
fall of royal governance. James Geddy,
Y
zen
and
fasted all
lifestyle
that Mr.
a
i
by highlighting James
Y
Geddy' spersonal involvement in those citi
f
!
depth
that
English
to the Continental
and the social
And he
not
the
events
and
First
s
destroyman's family.
also
wicked?"
the
theill
that
Genesis 18,
on
destroy it for
Washington' s diary for
George
sake."
day
record
sermon
23 and 32: " Wilt thou
verses
of
Geddy
based his
and how
was directly connected to including being a:.
member of the Committee of Safety, Clerk
,/
and delegate
citing a " disorder of the
words do not survive,
butThe
s
how
because
himself,
breast."
from
of the Wythe household
the ideas of the day in law, science, and
government influenced their lives. Guests
will
Continued
heard in local, cold-
halls. The Wythe House
staff interprets the personal life stories of
L
i
Dissolving
INTERPRETATION
you decorate this original home?
At the Wythe House guests are introduced to one of the quiet patriots whose
k
M-•
Spaces— How will
program:' Trading
active
INTERPRETATION
often moved
to enjoy cross- ventilation.
Gardening and Food
how
interdependent
Preservation
relationship of master and slave and the
Revolutionary
for
struggle
freedom.
Their
relationship is contrasted against the gentry' s
appeal to middling farmers like Benjamin
Valentine to join the Revolutionary move
ment with promises,
including property
rights such as slave ownership. Guests expethe
rience
III
MIME
daily
of
activities
a
rural Virginia
plantation and the necessity of land and
slave labor through
experiencing the work
Make wine, sugar Preserve fruits, dry fruits
in oven because of humidity; picking and
drying of beans, carrots, onions, melons,
artichokes,
etc.
In hot weather, raw meat spoils rapidly and so must be cooked and eaten up
quickly, thus only smaller cuts of meat are
served
in
summertime
The
story of how Benjamin
to
prominence as
how he made his
building
a
III.
IIIIIernment contracts
interpretation
at
Powell
rose
contractor
and
tol and Gaol.
reputation
is the
on
o
public govbackbone
of the
Powell
the
married
He
Burwell
the
powerful
ties
I
began and the
a
man
who
Her
husband
1
Congress
met
Congress
adopted
was
Virginia
11
These began
12
Independent
14
Archaic
16
Epicenter
Virginia'
replace
the
royal
for
for"
5
plain
Printed
notice
This
of liberation
this
government
shot
heard
round
the
8
Britain'
This
jured
World"
17
s
Coercive
Acts
were this
act
of
this
Day
to colonists.
was
9
was
He
House.
Word
intended
by
Washington
to
describe
on
Lake Cham-
Fasting
outlawed
General
George
Congress
in Virginia
to
assist
in-
17th- century English
independent
the
day- to- day,
before difficul
daughter married
present
declared
Capitol.
at the
in the Capitol
herself
a
free
learn
that
responsibilities
state.
Guests
season- to- season
realities
guests young and old to participate in the
that keep the household together.
activities
Department of
Interpretive
The interpretations,
activities,
and
sto-
historian
of army life
Number of Virginia delegates
to
1st Congress
Training
Editors:
Margot
Cr
neWix
Gevertz,
Anne Willis
Contributors:
Bob Doares, Rex Ellis, Jim Horn,
Kevin Kelly, Linda Rowe,
Rose McAphee, Dana Metheny
Nancy Milton, Lou Powers,
and Phil Shultz
Production:
Beth Lawrence, copy editor
Diana Freedman,
production
ries in the whole of the Historic Area presage
Scourge
15
other
in
of running a household
must still be met. Junior interpreters
invite
The dissolved House of Burgesses met here
13
used
fort
family
daughter
soldiers
10
DOWN
2
of
slaves
in 1723
humility"
the "
to
Americans captured
6
model
s
companies
usage
of
4
here
to
freedom
day
and
and
This offered
one
in the Hall
sat
the
7
whole
Becoming AMERICANS TODAY
is a publication of the
was named keeper of the Keys of the Capi-
3
the
of agriculture, gardens, carpentry, livestock,
and the ongoing construction on the site.
III
ACROSS
unless
animal will be eaten in a day or two.
the
events
that
are
carried
forward
in
The Revolutionary City."
Submitted bythe Historic Area
Revolutionary
City
Team]
2006 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All rights reserved.
All images are property of The Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation, unless otherwise noted.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming American Today, volume 5, number 2, June - August, 2006
Description
An account of the resource
1774 to 1776.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[2006]