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PDF Text
Text
The Gunpowder Incident
Volume 4 No. 3
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
Gunpowder
Prelude to
Incident
Independence
DAY
in Historic Area
Dates
April 18
to 24, 2005
Dates in Historic Area
May 9 to 15, 2005
NO. 1 FOR COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
SPRING
1774
THE GUNPOWDER INCIDENT
Newsline
REVOLUTION
AMERICAN
44"r`
sp1"
r
r'
issue
format,
focuses
the content
on two
specific
events. They are two of the most
important events to take place in Williamsburg during the march to Revo-
j '
i'-r`--
our usual
of this
TO THE
LEADING
EVENTS
Unlike
lution
and independence.
From April
y _,
4-
10
February
11* Al:
French and Indian War ends with
t
19 to 25, the Historic
.
ming will present the story of the
Gunpowder Incident; from May 10
to 16, programming will focus on the
Meatyof Paris
the'
F
tiffs,
7
October
of 1763
Proclamation
nial westward
3=
-
Prelude
sue
ends colo-
.
%
Area program-
'
to
Independence.
We
hope
you find these documents useful in
your efforts to support the program-
migration
1764
ming and enrich the experience of
n_
April 5
our guests.
a•-
Parliament passes the Sugar and
t
Acts
Currency
1
AN UNEASY
STANDOFF
1765
March 22
Parliament
111111
Act
Stamp
the
passes
After Governor Dunmore promised to
the colony' s gunpowder if it were
lipreturn
1766
March 18
4
Parliament
and passes
Stamp Act
Declaratory Act
repeals the
the
needed
PIP
June 29
Townshend
the
passes
1,-.- :
6.,:
p.
Acts
1768
rA
troops
are
In
sent to Boston
more,
1770
two
March 5
April
12
for the
except
repealed,
are
duty
hero
Parliamentpasses
December
successfully
brief
a
waging
brokering a treaty with the
Among the corre-
and
Indians.
Tea Act
the
all
Tea
Party
1774
which
March 31- June 22
Parliament
and
was
Coercive
the
passes
the
from
exportation
Act
Quebec
First Continental
Congress
meets
to " take
or
order,
the
instructing
all
effectual
most
for arresting, detaining and
any Gunpowder, or any sort
securing
of Arms
or
Ammunition
be attempted
1775
Colonies,
to the
measures
in Philadelphia
arms
the
governors,
letter from Lord Dartmouth,
a circular
governors
September 5- October 26
of
all colonial
sent to
was
Secretary
England
Accompanying
ammunition.
be
to
which
may
into the
imported
Province
of Lexington
Battles
and Concord
April20
Gunpowder
Incident
Williamsburg
Five Men Inform
Bur-
Benjamin
and
Waller
among
the House
Randolph
John
five men who told
of Burgesses about
members
the
Gun-
powder Incident:
the next
to the
Day
Doctor
Pasteur
came
said Waller' s House, and informed
him of the Governor'
s
include
to
the
Threatening
and
detaining
Virginia
rumors
Gazette in January 1775, along
of a slave uprising and Dunto
more' s
Gunpowder Incident
That
Public Magazine.
the
them
to the
alarmed,
was
numbers
that
Slaves, and
lay
the
lbwn in Ashes,
and that the Governor had desired him
to
this
communicate
his
Dedaration
Magistrates of the City, for that
not an Hour to Loose. That
to the
there
was
these
Dedarations gave the said Waller
Inhabitants of the lbwn
other
and the
uneasiness.
great
terwards
Waller' s
that
liberty
he
lency
Days af-
his Excellency came to the said
House on some private busiwhereupon
ness, ...
the
That several
was
that
to
to
his
lordship
very sorry to tell his Excelhe had lost the Confidence
of the People not
taken the
he said Waller took
mention
Powder
so
as
much
for
having
for the declaration
of raising and freeing the said
made
Slaves to which he answered that he
forbid the
prodamation attempting
meeting of the Second Virginia Convention
at which Patrick Henry gave his" liberty or
death" speech), prompted town volunteers
to
keep
a
watch
on
the
Magazine. At length,
however,
they grew negligent, and on the
evening of April 20 the guards were not to
be found. Dunmore took advantage
of this
security lapse. At about 4 in the morning of
April 21, he dispatched Lt. Collins of H. M.S.
to
have defended himself in
been attacked.
case
he had
to
palace,
in
Governor
a
supposed
was
deposited
John Dixon
They escorted
in this
justly
so
to the
the
on
action
Palace
city' s
the
con-
colonists'
Needless to say, the governor' s explanation
not received
was
favorably. hide-
force
from Hanover
Richmond,
miles
of
outside
of
150
of these
s
15
Ordinary,
Eventu-
Williamsburg.
was needed
Massachusetts
S. Wood,
Revolution:
The American
A History( New York: Modern Library
Lion, 2002), 52- 54
By
beginning
the
ish government
of
1775
the
Edi-
and
payment. Henry then offered the services
of his armed men to protect the colony' s
treasury in Williamsburg.• fYeasurer Robert
at
Brit-
supplements
coincidence
that
efforts
they
or
are
to
be
Independent."
subject
to
The British
thus built up its army and
navy and began restraining the commerce
first of New England and then of the other
colonies. .-.-.
By April 1775 fighting had broken
out
in Massachusetts. Since the British government had long assumed that Boston was
the
center
of the disturbances
in America,
it believed that isolating and punishing that
all
port city would essentially undermine
Colonial
resistance.
The Coercive
Acts of
to
disarm
the
two colonies leading the protest against
the ministry occurred at almost the same
time
was
sation.
the
What
topic
of
would
feverish
happen
Governor
action.
convernext
Dunmore
When
was
began
he learned
that the independent companies gathered
at Fredericksburg might march on Williamsburg, he again let it be known that
he would carry out his threats of April 22
nover
County.
1774 had rested
this
on
and
assumption,
British military actions of 1775 were
a logical
of the same asextension
the
sumption.
it
The British government,
thinkdealing only with mobs led
break up their bases, and to reassert royal
authority in the colony. On April 18- 19,
1775, Gage' s army attempted to seize rebel
whether
and
city. He also began to fortify the Palace. It
is likely that he sent his wife and children
to safety aboard H. M. S. Fowey when he
line. As early as November 1774, George
III had told North that " Blows must de-
Country
government
were
if the troops
Nicholas
politely refused the offer,
and Henry returned with his men to Ha-
ing
by
the
and
Pressmen
Carter
already preparing for
military action. By this time North' s supporters and the king himself saw no choice
back in
but force to bring the colonists
cide
Lexington
19.
Gazette
to take decisive
On May 4, Carter Braxton,
patriot, met Henry with the
return.
back to
broadsides were printed. The surprising
actual
simply
was
the night,
and sent them
April
anyone' s guess
Meanwhile,
moderate
Incident
through
militia
on
ally intermediaries negotiated payment for
to secure
its
the powder but were unable
a
Gunpowder
rode hard
awakened,
County, just north of
Doncastle'
to
of the
Fredericksburg with a letter urging calm.
During their return trip, they may have
passed a post rider racing eastward.
Sometime late Friday night, April 28,
or early Saturday morning, the rider galloped into the city and stopped at the
several printing offices to convey distressing news: British troops had fired on the
Concord
gentlemen volunteers
throughout
mustered
ready to march on Williamsburg
to force a return of the gunpowder. Patrick
men
news
reached them on Monday, April 24. After
a day' s debate, the volunteers decided to
send three riders to Williamsburg to see if
the capital needed military assistance. The
Peyton Randolph assured the men that no
spokesmen.
a
a
on
corn-
and
presented
Henry marched
came
Randolph
it."
upon
alarming
arriving in the capital at 1 P. M., April 27.
by
tion
when
messengers
magazine
slave
uprising, justified his acsaying that he " had removed the
Powder lest the Negroes might have seized
fear of
most
was
their
Dunmore, playing
cerns.
The
April 27. A number of independent
The crowd
delegation
the
Randolph
where
as
to
from the
of what
restoration
for the country' s defense."
calmed and chose Peyton
mayor
city
and
readiness
demand
arriving.
panies had been drilling at Fredericksburg
whole
exasperated;
themselves
got
convey
Burwell' s
urgent in-
quiries about Williamsburg' s plight began
came
within
heard about Lexington
Gordon
he
did say so and made no secret of it and
that he would do that or any thing else
at
of Carter's Grove.
much
and
to the
repair
As if that were not enough,
to
were
moored
As the Gazette reported, " the
if himself his Family or Captain Collins
insulted, he would declare liberty
were
to the
this side
Ferry, just
They
schooner
Collins,
raise the royal standard,
slaves, and reduce Williamsburg to ashes.
Virginia,
with
gesses about the
to
free the
seamen
half barrels of gunpowder from
15
remove
pendent companies,
for the most part,
on' s
were
to
under
your Government." ( It
is certainly possible that any of the colonial governors could have stretched this
cursecuring of arms and ammunition
rently stored within their colony.)
The letter, published in Purdie and Dix-
in
was able
he would
squad of 15 to 20
a
instruction
April 19
The
with
Magdalen
Williamsburg
awaiting his return was a copy
of his Majesty' s Order in ( privy) Council,
dated October 19, 1774, which forbade
16
Boston
Acts
to
spondence
10
May
totaling
the
returned
Ohio country
1773
militia
with
colony' s
protect
in the Ohio region. In
claims
after
campaign
tea
on
a
Dun-
went west
to
men
he
Lord
1774,
governor of Virginia,
divisions
of Virginia
December,
duties
of
summer
nearly
interests and
Massacre
Townshend
of
the
2, 500
Boston
Randolph
came to Captain Foy or Lieutenant
June 8
British
Peyton
to disperse, an uneasy calm settled over
Williamsburg. It did not last. The next
day, Saturday, April 22, the governor deliberately let it be known that if any harm
1767
Parliament
and
persuade the city'sindependent company
that
was
few
a
instigators,
seditious
therefore
ordered
its
General
Gage, to arrest the rebel leaders, to
arms
and
ammunition
town northwest
induding
in Massachusetts,
commander
the
stored at Concord,
of Boston. Colonial
silversmith
a
scouts,
Paul Revere,
rode
hours
of
miles
40
outside
marines
ington,
militia
one
but
knows
shots
who
minutemen—
between
and British troops
the
were
colonial
exchanged
and later at nearby Concord,
the British found only a few supplies.
there
to
fired first at Lex-
where
action,
however,
news
ar-
Williamsburg.
ordered
and
that
sailors
a
be
Immediately
detachment
of
dispatched
to
the Palace. They arrived at 10 A. M., May
4. Furthermore,
Captain
Montague
of the
Fowey threatened to bombard Yorktown if
his men were attacked.
Only a compromise
Lion.
the
countryside—
No
this
Dunmore
of
the
and Concord.
rived that Patrick Henry and an independent company of 150 men were only 15
tween
arms.
of the
On May 3 Dunmore issued a proclamation urging all Virginians to submit
dutifully to the laws of the land. Within
of the advancing redcoats, warned
patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel
Adams to flee, and roused the farmers
ahead
30 miles
Carter
Braxton,
worked out beRichard
Corbin,
and Patrick Henry to pay for the missing
gunpowder diverted a military confrontaNevertheless,
Dunmore
could
not
resist one parting shot: on May 6 he had
Henry virtually outlawed. In less than a
month,
the colonists'
world
had changed.
Submitted by Kevin Kelly]
�Spring 1775
SPRING
1775
PRELUDE TO INDEPENDENCE
Newsline
VOTE WHEN?
THE FIFTH VIRGINIA CONVENTION
LEADING TO THE
EVENTS
WHO GETS TO
ANIERICAN REVOLUTION
Resolved [ in Philadelphia]
1775
1776- 1830: THE VOTE
this
American
forces
capture
giances to
Fort Ti
10
May
With
Second Continental
Congress
these
and John Adams, the real
Jefferson
tion
Washington
appointed
of
Continental
the
the
was
from
III declares the colo-
George
in open rebellion
December
defeated
at
ries of
evacuate
Boston
was
May15
Convention
declaring
resolution
passes
the colonies
free and independent
of Great
The
Virginia' s resolution to the
CoConvennventiontion
at
fifth Virginia
developunder
f Rights
the
Congress
Virginia
adopts
Independence
P
into the House
4
July
to
of Inde P endence
Declaration
the
6
Virginia
Convention
for
constitution
new
ing
1776, John
Page
Lee, " I think
is
Treasurer,
pushed
that
independence.
almost
willingto
many VirginOn April 12,
Richard
to
wrote
Henry
every man, except the
dedare for IndepenP
any doubt about
local sentiment regarding the issue, on April
24, 1776, the freeholders
of James City
In
dency."
there
case
was
and agreed
met at Allen' s ordinary
instruct their delegates, the said Treasurer
County
to
Carter Nicholas and William Nowell,
Robert
to " exert
ability, in the next
utmost
your
Convention, towards
dissolving
the
con-
between America and Great Britain,
flexion
nor
as
it
soon-
final form of the document).
vote
ofas
against
congress
In addition to
a
common
shall
The
of the
not be de-
Congress
shall
have
to vote
shall
30, 1870.
XIX
The right of a citizen
States
of the United
not
be denied
or
abridged by the United States or by any
State on account
of sex.
Congress shall have the power
to enforce this article by appropriate
Virginia' s first elected governor. A new
united
to be joined by others
soon
a
to vote
ratified March
state,
under
XV
of citizens
Amendment
ment, the Convention chose Patrick Henry
sim-
2.
an
establishing a republican form of govern-
Pendleton stated
States
Section
the
on
of Chusing
power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Passed February 27, 1869,
felt that the
who
of Virginia should
Regulations,
nied or abridged by the United States or
by any State on account of race, color,
or previous conditions of servitude.
had
of
objections
The right
to- be
proceed
House
a
1776,
1.
United
the
Sev-
the "
neither
adjourn,
Edmund
totally, finally, and irrevocably." There
outside
Edmund
early April, captured letters to Governor Eden of Maryland,
revealing that a large
invasion force was on the way, provoked a
In
outrage
There,
chamber.
the
over
Jefferson,
Thomas
freeholders
6,
for the
constitution
such
Amendment
legislation.
foe,
Passed June 5, 1919,
ratified August 26, 1920
had been born.
and reentered
building,
the
as
t
1
Pendleton,
al
it
several days the delegates
next
such
matters
.
4, + 4
1*
-. '
s
"
t.;"
. •
_.:
t~
deliberated
fate of loyalists.
the
as
to the
saw
and
of Virginia
administration
x,
only ConOver the
the
was
in the Capitol.
to meet
vention
i
t
the fifth Virginia Convention. Chaired by
NICHOLAS' DILEMMA
ians toward
absent
a
or alter
as to the Places
the room, joined with a second group wait-
commonwealth
general
commonwealth (
ply that they" let that body die."
The former burgesses then filed out of
adopts a
the
Business,
Burgesses."
was
due to
Members met, but did
approveseral
Continental Congress
g
adopted
make
Section
fifth Virginia Conven-
July
on
Places and Man
Senators.
future
such
federal Bill of Rights;
the time the
RIGHTS
4. The Times,
except
of Rights of Man and the Citi-
dispersed
tion
on
middle
May6,
Y
Monday,
Law
in the United Nations Charter.
a lack of quoof the morning of
1776, about 45 men filed
About the
rum.
ringing
in the early days of the French
Revolution; and, more than a century and a
half later, the Statement on Human Rights
in
voting
1830.
and Representatives, shall be prescribed
in each state by the Legislature thereof;
but the Congress may at any time by
issued
zen,
had
that
in October 1775 and
reconstituted
never
for
Resolution
of Burgesses
House
been adjourned
Continental
Jul
a
the
as
until
ner of holding Elections for Senators
liberty and the
influence
to
was
Dedaration
speech
met
It contained
to
By
Convention
the
During
well
documents
famous
action
Section
of Rights to be
of individual
Declaration
crisis.
Virginia
heels of
the
for unified
provided
The fifth
2
the
to
in Richmond),
Convention
impending
e
of George Mason
leadership
second
the
and generally
Virginnia
the
variety
no
the
the new constitution,
did not change
VOTING
of Inde-
self- government as
as a pioneering statement of religious freedom that
owed much to James Madison. The Virginia
in Philadel-
that met
congresses
a
That
under
EVOLUTION OF
Convention's
finished.
yet
in America.
statements
right
infant
The U.S. Constitution
Virginia
first Dedaration
the
adopted
an
representatives
promoted by Patrick Henry' s
Give me liberty or give me death"
June
the
performed
they elected
first
Congress
of
policies;
Conventions.
not
was
created
thus
s
rights
next month, under the guidance of Fairfax
County delegate George Mason, that body
phia, arranged economic embargos of British goods, organized
military preparations
Richard Henry Lee presents
Members
become
to
king'
the
Conventions
general
the
Continental
House
the
allow
contest
of functions:
June 7
British
the
by
The Dedaration
pendence was
But the fifth
for the Tea Party. It
to the burgesses that Dunmore
born the Virginia
was
Britain
July
to
arena
be closed
to
was
Despite
for Independence to Phila-
Congress.
work
enacted,
Virginia Statutes at Large, 1762
Vir-
the
the result.
retribution
obvious
would not
Fifth Virginia
nental
House of Burgesses in May 1774 for
officially supporting the city of Boston,
port
ministry in
his support
for the consideration of the second Conti-
argue
further
or covert,
sake
delphia, and on June 7 the colony' s senior
delegate, Richard Henry Lee, presented it
se-
the
whose
to
opposition
of unanimity.
Thomas Nelson Jr. delivered
for the
the
Quebec
March 17
troops
called Conventions to
meetings
a
in
competency
In the end, he added
delegates
in
floor
the
resolutions,
contest."
with Great
continuing dispute
Britain. Governor Dunmore had dissolved
1776
British
"
taken
it
sole
age of twenty- one, recusant, convict, or
any person convicted in Great Britain
or Ireland, during the time for which he
is transported, or any Negro, mulatto or
Indian, although such persons be freeholders, shall have a vote, or be permit
ted to poll, at any election of burgesses,
or capable of being elected."
the
openly questioning
of America in so arduous a
the
ginia Resolution
gathered
and that
Britain
be
feme,
portions of each. Only
Robert Carter Nicholas is known
have
to
but
were
elected
had
Virginia
parliament of Great
Treasurer
revolu-
and atti-
sentiments
1774,
August
across
over
31
Colonists
IN VIRGINIA
And
by incorporating
was
minds
and military actions
of this transition.
results
Since
August 23
vies
end
the
of Bunker Hill
King
to represent
such declaration.
of the populace
1765 and 1776. The Dedaration of
Independence
June 17
in
change
in the hearts and
tudes
Armybetween
Battle
or
crown
to
and
We say consummated
not begun since, for such notables as Thomas
convenes
George
Colony
Revolution
the
words
the
upon
consummated.
June 15
commander
dependence
or
they give the assent of this
Lake Champlain
conderoga on
appointed
delegates
the
unanimously
body
colony in General Congress be instructed to propose to that respectable
to declare the United Colonies free and independent states absolved from all alle
10
May
that
i•
3t
Their
fi
e
t
7
r
_'
r
i `
real purpose, however, was to discuss and
vote
on
declare
to
a motion
independence
4
I.
a
from Great Britain.
The Convention
self into
of the
a committee
Archibald
upon
120-
the
periodicallyresolved
of independence.
much for
not
was
as
it
VIA.
>-
y,.
rt'
"`
a
T'
1, " \.
i:
so
what
considered
three
separate
had
1
x7,
s
1
t.
t;
1
I .
II
a
t'
b .
f
si
us.
resolutions
and on May 15 unanimously
Pendleton
rl
g
e:
',,
1-
was
1.
r
=,
r. .
r y'''
'
•
.
form it would take. The Conven
over
tion
version
question
independence
i
a
and
chair
the
The debate
against
or
the
debated
4
,
r
where-
whole,
Cary took
body
man
go
it-
I..
4
approved a
cobbled
together
irk`
less
was
certainty, however, about what Nicholas'
would be. Although he
response
sionate
supporter
considered
of American
opinion
was
that the
was
means.
A
man
pashis
differences
with Great Britain could be settled
drastic
a
rights,
less
by
known for his" strict-
veracity and honour," he would be
likely to vote against his conscience.
est
in May, it
for independence for
When the Convention
debated
two
a
resolution
days before
finally
las" demonstrated
despising
tion.
He
un-
his
it. Nicho-
adopting
his title to popularity by
vote for the revolu-
son-
A DECLARATION
good
people
of
OF RIGHTS
in the
Virginia
made
exercise
by the
of their
powers, which rights do pertain to
and their posterity, as the basis and foundation of government.
in- law Edmund
Ran-
Article III. The Government is,
for the
be, instituted
sovereign
or
Article VI. That Elections of Members to
serve as Representatives of the People, in
ought to
Benefit, Pro-
common
and Security
tection,
them
of the People, Nation,
Assembly, ought to be free; and that all
Men, having sufficient Evidence of perma-
or
met
it" and did not
was,
VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS: LOOK FAMILIAR?
Article
equally
I. That
free
and
all
men
are
by
independent,
Nature
and
have
certain inherent Rights, of which, when
State of Society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive, divest their
Posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life
they
enter
into
a
community, of all the various Modes and
Forms of Government, that is best which is
nent
wrote, "
dubious
of the competency
arduous
a contest." Imme
with his country" and allowed
be appointed a member of the
himself
to
committee
charged with writing a declaration of rights
and a plan of government for Virginia.
Submitted
by Cathy
with the
and
wants,
and at all times
amenable
to them.
Becoming
Suffrage,
any Government
inadequate or contrary to
of the Commua Majority
whenever
found
these
Article IV. That
is entitled
but
to
AMERICANS
exclusive
Training
Crevieaux- Gevertz,
Judge to be
or
from
Bob Doares, Cathy
Oppression,
Hellier, Kevin Kelly, Rose McAphee,
Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz
Nancy Milton
2005
All images
are
editor
Diana
Freedman,
graphic production
Williamsburg Foundation. All rights reserved.
ColonialWilliamsburg Foundation, unless otherwise
The Colonial
property
of The
Judicative;
may be
separate
restrained
by feeling and participating
noted.
the
from
the
Burthens of the People, they should at fixed
Periods,
be reduced to a private Station, reinto that Body from which they were
originally taken, and the Vacancies be supplied
by regular Elections, in which all or any Part
of the former Members to be again eligible, oI
ineligible,
as
the
Laws may direct.
or criminal
of his Accusation,
with the Accusers
to call for Evidence
to
and Wit-
in his Favour,
that
no
Man
be
deprived
of his
Liberty except by the Law of the Land, or
and
that
Repre-
Consent he cannot be found guilty, nor can
he be compelled to give Evidence against
and
and
of their
of his Vicinage, without whose unanimous
himself;
executive
or that
and to a speedy Thal by an impartial Jury
hereditary.
turn
Production:
Susan Q. Bruno, copy
the
thereof
Members
Contributors:
nesses,
Legisla-
Article V. That the legislative,
or deprived
VIII. That in all capital
be confronted
Emolu-
Offices of Magistrate,
Consent
the Cause and nature
neither
the
be taxed
Prosecutions a Man hath a Right to demand
of Men,
descendible,
being
not
distinct
Anne Willis
set
separate
Powers of the State should be
Editors:
Margot
or
or
own
Article
Privileges
tor,
TODAY
of Interpretive
Man,
no
and cannot
sentatives so elected, nor bound by any law
to which they have not, in like Manner,
assented, for the public Good.
from the Community,
in Consideration of Public Services,
or
which
of the Department
Attach-
their
be
shall
ought
is a publication
and
istration, and,
mens
Hellier]
with,
of their Property for public Uses without
means
Article H. That all power is vested in, and
from, the people,
consequently derived
are their trustees and serthat magistrates
Interest
ment to, the Community, have the Right of
purposes,
nit, hath an indubitable, inalienable, and
of acquiring
liberty
indefeasible Right to reform, alter, or abolish
of America in so
and possessing property, and pursuing and
after the vote was
taken, however,
it, in such Manner as shall be judged most
diately
obtaining happiness and safety.
to the public Weal.
Nicholas stated that he " would rise or fallconductive
dolph
common
of producing the greatest Degree of
Happiness and Safety, and is most effectually
secured against the Danger of Maladmincapable
the Judgment
[
Note:
of his Peers.
These protections
were
not given
to enslaved people in Virginia;
individuals
Courts
continued
enslaved
to be tried in lesser
of Oyer and Terminer
without
the
benefit of a jury.]
Article
XII. That the Freedom
of the Press
is one of the greatest Bulwarks of Liberty
and can never be restrained but by despotic
Governments.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 3
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2005
Description
An account of the resource
The Gunpowder Incident