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Volume 3 No. 5: November
2004
Dunmore' s Proclamation
THE INTERPRETER'
I ANS
DAY
ProclamationAM
Dates in Historic Area
November 15- 21, 2004
NO. 1 IN COLONIAL
See p. 2
1775
March 25
second
Virginia
Convention
British
by
Henry delivers his "
death" speech
me
give
of
support
liberty
me
WILLIAMSBURG
See p. 2
The following excerpts from John Pinkney' s
or
leaders used the newspaper to deter slaves from
joining the British.
sail-
Lord Dunmore' s cruel policy begins
at length to be discovered by the blacks,
March 23 in
into a posture of defense."
April2l
Acting
Dunmore'
under
led
ors
by
Lt.
of
Collins
take 15
from
Williamsburg
se
during
beating
magazine
early morning hours. Drums
alarm bring
most
of the
the
twho have lately deserted from him to a
HMS
to the market
square,
but Peyton
t"
Dixon persuade the crowd to send
delegation to the Governor' s Palace to
John
the
r
a
of
the
Fredericksburg,g
vous
there
The
before,
morning,
102-
man
At
Dunmore
Yorktown.
at
Governor'
Palace
s
They
after
the
Congress
May 24
Williamsburg
General As-
Virginia
sembly.
June 1- 2
first
of the General Assembly
session
1774
May
since
Dunmore
in
meets
Williamsburg.
in
it
summons
to
response
news of Lord North' s conciliatory proof February
posal
to
which promised
the colonists
if they would
tax
agree to
tax
v
NB
aS
,
iJ
'
4(
41
lii. Lot
By His Excellency
27,
themselves.
the
of the
of the
Colony
His MAJESTY' S Lieu-
and Dominion of Virginia and Vice Admiral
same.
A PROCLAMATION.
I
have
ever
disagreeable
most
entertained Hopes,
GREAT- BRITAIN and this
but
that
Colony,
an
Accommodation
without
have taken Place
might
compelled
my Duty to this
absolutely necessary Step, rendered so by a Body of armed men
firing on His MAJESTY'S Tenders, and the formation of an Army,
being
by
now
assembled,
and that Army now on their March to attack His MAJESTY' S Troops and destroy the well
disposed
tors,
A
]
dard.
say, to repair to [
considerable
number
at first went to
him, but upon their masters taking the
oath of allegiance, they were immediately
told they must return. Some runaways,
remained,
STANDARD,
thereby
of Life,
or
be looked
become
upon
as
Traitors
to His MAJESTY'
S Crown and Government, and
liable to the Penalty the Law inflicts upon such Offences; such as forfeiture
of Lands,£ rc.& c. And I do hereby further declare all indented Servants,
ment, which,
or
Williamsburg late Saturearly Sunday to be greeted by the
in
Colony
order,
to
and
a
able
and
to
November 30, 1775.
An honest
proper Sense of their Duty, to His MAJESTY' S Crown and Dignity. I do further
all His MAJESTY' S Liege Subjects, to retain their Quitrents, or any other
mob
November,
a
are
storms
and
exchange
assembly
The
magazine.
the
governor
again
former
restored to this at present most unhappy Country, or demanded
salutory Purposes, by Officers properly authorised to receive the
GIVEN
off NORFOLK,
my Hand on board the Ship WILLIAM,
in the SIXTEENTH Year of His MAJESTY' S Reign.
Although appearing to be on the verge
for the
of apologizing to the assembly
spring- gun incident, Dunmore
of town with his family about 2
the American
Rebel Against Rebel':
Revolution,"
ed. Kevin
out
A. M.
Source: Woody Holton, "'
Enslaved
save
the
KING.)
Virginians and the Coming of
of the Old Dominion,
in Virginia Reconsidered: New Histories
R.
Hardwick and Warren
and
R. Hofstra (
Charlottesville, Va.:
University of Virginia Press,
2003),
183.
foolish
enough
intended
After
transferring to the Magdalen, Lady
Dunmore and her children sail to England
June
on
29,
on
quarters
up
Dunmore
while
board ship
takes
Norfolk.
near
t
10
June
The
General
Assembly
1//
rejects
Lord North' s conciliatory proposal. The
Continental Congress
takes similar action
i
arM/
Virginia
July
on
rs
A0//
0
AAAAA.
0.
0101I' 0
31.
June 15
Washington
George
lected
chief
in
accepts
of
sachusetts,
July
The
ing
third
in
on
Army.
June 23
for Cambridge,
he
arrives
John'
s
Convention,
Church,
for the annual
establishes
for
if he
first to set his
own free.
Virginia Gazette ( Pinkney),
December
December
1775— ACT
VII.
9,
1775.
An ordinance
for establishing a mode of punishment for the
enemies to America in this colony.
And be it farther ordained, That if any slave,
or slaves, shall be hereafter taken in arms
against this colony, or in the possession of
an enemy, through their own choice, the
committee of safety shall have full power
and authority to transport such slave, or
slaves, to any of the foreign West India islands, there to be disposed of by sale, and
the money arising from such sale to be laid
out in the purchase of arms and ammuniapplied to the use of this
colony, as the committee of safety shall
judge most proper; and in case such slaves,
so taken in arms, or in the possession of
an enemy, cannot be transported with
convenience to this colony, the same shall
be disposed of for the use of this colony, or
returned
to the owner
or owners
of such
slaves, or otherwise dealt with according
to an act of assembly for punishing slaves
committing capital offences, as the cornmittee of safety may judge most proper.
Provided always, and be it farther ordained,
That the owner,
he
shall be paid, by the treasurer of this colony
for the time being, the full amount of such
sale, or value of such slaves, after deducting
2.
an
11-
Richmond,
or owners,
of such
slaves,
which said valuation shall be made by the
commissioners in each county aforesaid,
and certified to the committee of safety,
who shall thereupon grant their warrant,
directed to the treasurer for payment of the
s:
of its
committees
member
under the
meet-
election
and local county
of Safety
him,
He
Mas-
July
on
believe
the expenses and charge of transportation;
Virginia
St.
delegates
tee
commander
August 26
provides
and
be
day, and
where
se-
unanimously
to
Continental
the
the next
leaves Philadelphia
17-
is
Congress
by
to
to do so, he ought
tion, or otherwise
Yorktown.
at
Fowey
slips
7th Day of
DUNMORE
GOD
HMS
the
recriminations
June 8
goes aboard
of them for their
same.
under
incident.
over the
negro ( Caesar, the famous
g
barber of York) being asked what he
thought of lord Dunmore' s setting negroes
free, said, that he did not know any one
require,
Taxes due or that may become due, in their own Custody, till such Time as Peace may be
Two
from their utter ignorance
Virginia Gazette ( Pinkney),
bear Arms,
shotgun
triggered by a spring.
slightly wounded. An outraged
public condemns Dunmore as a wouldbe assassin, and on Monday another
blast of
kept
confiscation
are
magazine
day
were
of fire arms, he knows they will do.
willing
4Negroes, or others, ( appertaining to Rebels,) free that
they joining His MAJESTY' S Troops as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this
Several young men break into the pow-
der
but these
constantly employed in digging entrenchments in wet ground, till at length the
severity of their labour forced many of
them to fly. Those that were left behind
have made several attempts to get off, but
such is the barbarous policy of this cruel
man, he keeps these unhappy creatures
not only against their will, but intends to
place them in the front of the battle, to
prevent their flying, in case of an engage-
Subjects of this Colony. Tb defeat such reasonable
Purposes, and that all such' Thaimay be brought to Justice, and that the Peace, and good Order of
this Colony may be again restored, which the ordinary Course of the Civil Law is unable
to effect; I have thought fit to issue this myProclamation,
g
g
herebydeclaring, that until the
aforesaid good Purposes be obtained, I do in Virtue of the Power and Authority to ME
given, by his MAJESTY, determine to execute Martial Law, and cause the same to be executed throughout this Colony: and to the end that Peace and good Order may the sooner
be restored, I do require every Person capable of bearing Arms, to resort to His MAJESTY' S
began their
issued a proclaI of rebels, as he
to
and their Abettors,
3-
June
the [
inviting
pleased
however,
Right Honorable JOHN Earl of DUNMORE,
and Governor General
tenant
unlawfully
s
on
returns to
over the
preside
but
president
JohnHancock
Randolph
when
con-
hilalphia. Peyton Rand
by
i'
Jr~
AS
elected
agade
not
4
,.-
day,
second Continental
The
t',
between
again
to
°
motion
is
te
debate
violence subsides.
venes in
s+
After
violence.
May 10
The
march, lord Dunmore
a
a plea from
news
the
of
colonel Woodford' s command
w.
battles of
the
committee
board HMS Fowey
return to
threat
rendez-
the men reluctantly
of the meeting, Lady
and her children seek refuge
disband.
on
of
bringing
executive
issue all
the
t
ice
Williamsburg.
Randolph to avoid
Peyton
men
on
news
in Fredericksburg
'".
r•;
4,
company in
and Concord had arrived. By
arrive
three horsemen
back
Lexington
7
6
march
to
night
600
,`
rlitti,°'
volunteer
about
were disposed of to defray his lordship' s
expences; and others, such as he took any
dislike to, he delivered up to their masters,
to be punished. Since the troops under
r. ,
r
fl
call from Hugh Mercer,
to
response
commander
o--`,
yo '%
April 29
said, he sent to the West
Indies, where these unfortunate creatures
4-.
t'
but peace prevails.
slaves,
is confidently
,.,'
protest peacefully. The next day the enraged governor publicly threatens to arm
a
such was his baseness, some of them, it
Ran-
dolph, Robert Carter Nicholas and Mayor
In
IN.
population
the
a
considerable number. When his lordship
first went down to Norfolk he gave great
encouragement to unwary negroes, but,
half- barrels of powder
Magdalen
the
20
s orders,
Henry
COLONIAL LEADERS
USE THE PRESS TO
DISCOURAGE SLAVES
put the colony
on
to
a resolution
risks?]
Patrick
forces.
Give
What are the
Freedom to Slaves of
meets
in St. John' s Church, Richmond, to avoid
interference
Sounds Good !
Dunmore Offers
Newsline
The
S NEWSPAPER
Freedom
P
Dunmore' s
1775
Commit-
chairmanship of
Cont.
on
page 2
value of such slave as aforesaid.
Slaves captured
Williamsburg.
attempting
to
join
Lord
Dunmore
were
often
held
at
the
Public
Gaol
in
William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes
at Large ( Richmond,
Va.,
1819- 1823),
9: 101,
106.
�Summer and Autumn
1781
6.
41 •ff:4
2
FORUM
4
1
is
Africans
immediate
saw
for freedom
in
ish quickly
exploited.
governor, Lord
dom to slaves
British
In
1775 Virginia'
would
who
._
so 4 A
r
44
SAY'
George Washington' s cousin Lund man-
x`..
x _,
to Washington
4
slaves
Virginia, 1853.
Africans to
their
and joining an " Ethiopian
despite overwhelming
planter
it
win
by deserting
1764
and
about Dunmore' s Prodamabe
secure
unless
white
la
he could not envision
slaves seek-
ing their liberty without instigation from
especially after three to
five generations inside slavery, and Dunand the British induced almost a
more
thousand
would
sweet,"
freedom,
was
between
borers gave them ideas about escaping.
While he acknowledged that " Liberty is
1, 49)
1978301.
Vernon
tion and speculated that the plantation' s
Lewis Miller' s " Miss Fillis and child, and Bill, Sold at publick Sale."
(
Mount
1785. Early in December 1775, Lund wrote
0 ''
i
un-
planter support, not to abolish
slavery, so that Africans remained pawns
But
in revolutionary
freedom
politics.
dermine
aged
i
4 I ,• '•
s
the
to
NEWS
4
free-
support
intended
Dunmore
cause.
offered
Dunmore,
v.
4'
_
A
Brit
the
1..
_,
opportunities
that
revolution
' ' '\
white
LORD DUNMORE/ S SLAVES
men.
Enslaving Virginia Resource Book, 168.
Dunmore's Proclamation
slaves
in the proclamation he
issued in November 1775. The governor carefully worded his proclamation to offer freedom
and who were able- bodied.
only to those slaves who belonged to his political opponents
audaciously delivered three petitions for
freedom to General William Gage. Slaves
Under the terms of the proclamation, Dunmore' s own slaves could not join his" Ethiopian
Regiment." An entry in Purdie' s January 12, 1776 issue of the Virginia Gazette noted that
his much dreaded proclamation- declareg
masters
Brigade"
control
of the
in St. Andrew Parish in Georgia
rebelled
in
1774,
Carolina
created
those
three
to
Provincial
in
creatures
as
The
of
terrified
when
ticularly
Virginia
they
about the "
aphors
Parliament and
heard
rumors
more]
in
rumors
running away to
slaves
employing metslavery" of America to
Edmund
king.
slaves
Carter resolved
in his
dreamed
planter
fears about
deep
1776 he
about"
reveries.
In
the smallest
July
runaway people.. . most
wretchedly meager and wan" who hid in
and then returned to seek Carter' s
a cave
never
pardon. Carter' s actual runaways
returned, however much he dreamed
to
had
fled
from
the
in Canada,
taking
refuge
to
northern
by
through
correspondent, that
a
one
caused
In December 1775 John Pendleton" Ordered that Colonel [ Patrick] Henry be at Liberty
Mulatto
a
not.
or
slave
Entries
of the governor' s slaves were evacuated
with the British from New York in 1783. Sarah stated that she left the Palace in 1776. Roger
in the Black Loyalist
indicate
Directory
that three
Scott claimed that Dunmore freed him before he left Williamsburg and Catherine Scott did
not note when she left the governor.
Purdie' s July 14, 1775 issue of the Virginia Gazette noted that" All his Lordship' s domeleft the palace, and are gone, bag and baggage, to his farm at Porto Bello,
from town." The rest of Dunmore' s slaves were at the Palace in early January
now
1776 when the colony' s leaders moved to secure the property that he left at the Governor' s
Theydecided "
that
be allowed
noperson
to
reprisal
p
make
the
on
p p ty
property oflord Dun-
more, in this colony, for their property seized by him, or the navy, without the order of this ConvenOn February 22, 1776,
Crump received an appointment to
in the Inventory formerly ret' d, and
Benjamin
tion."
"
Powell, Richard
examine
Morris and Lieutenant Goodrich
several
the
Freedom
(
to
to All Indented
Servts
S• Slaves
the Property of Rebels) that will repair
to his majestys Standard- being able to
be under
the Slaves,
ran away in 1775. It is possible
Gunpowder Incident in April 1775
the
Response
Our Dunmore has at length Published
should
s slaves
by
Washington' s
effect it will have
upon
those sort of people I cannot tell- I think if
there was no white Servts in this family I
with.
of the turmoil
1775— Lund
bear Arms- What
day
lordship
Fredericksburg,
give direction to the Keeper of the public Gaol for the discharge of James
belonging to Lord Dunmore." It is not known if James ran to join Dunmore
Palace.
slaves
informed,
are
passed
to
planter captivity. Nor were Carter' s
alone.
By the end of the Revolution,
some
we
overseer,
s
they would. Better to starve free and die
to
than submit again
in the wilderness
thousand
an
blue jacket, and says he ran away from the palace at Williamsburg." The account of
clothing indicates that he worked in the fields at one of Dunmore' s plantations.
a
Robin'
5
six miles
colonies,
with
of the same year. William Mitchell described him as" a likely negro man
feet 7 inches high, slender made, has on an osnabrug shirt, blue breeches,
in August
run
have
eral
seen
so
advantage
named ROBIN,
sticks
sev-
his standard,
to
right to intermeddle
Robin took
that
about
slaves
repair
negroes,
However, it is known that at least five of Dunmore'
that the
The
magnified."
be
also
way to his Berkeley plantation; so that it should seem his
very generous to his own bondmen as he wished to be to those who
the property of others, but whom neither he, nor even his august master, have
were
and
Pendleton
flock to [ Dun-
and hoped
abundance"
Africans
par-
were
that "
were "
Landon
planters,
can
property
their
on
has not been
any TYoops that may be sent
with coercive Orders."
specter
freedom
own
last week,
well
oppose
amongus
were
slaves
at
should
as
of his
two
keep
to
awe
that
opinion
s slaves
slaves
alive.
Congress
regiments "
troop
mistaken
burned
s
his Berkeley County plantation did not know about the proclamation:
for emancipating such
lord Dunmore's late proclamation
NOTWITHSTANDING
Dunmore'
before
whites
and
captured
South
The
as
several
killing
were
they
Boston
countryside.
Dunmore'
Effects in the Palace, contained
no apprehensition
however
about
I am determined,
that
if any of them Create any confusition to
make
Er [ an]
is at words
example
of him,
here says there
Sears
who
is not a man of
them, but woud leave us, if they believed
they coud make their Escape Tom Spears
Excepted- Er yet they have no fault to
find[.] Liberty is sweet.
W. W. Abbot, et al., eds., The Papers of
George Washington.
Revolutionary
War Series,
vol. 2 ( Charlottesville, Va.: University
Press of Virginia,
1987),
479- 480.
Newsline
Cont. from page 1
Edmund Pendleton to act as an executive
body between sessions.
August 23
King George
III proclaims
the American
colonies in rebellion and calls on loyal
any or what part are
escaping
p gsubjects to help suppress the insurrection.
missing." Powell and James Southall viewed and appraised" such articles of furniture at the
and life
few heading for the wilderness
Alexander Purdie' s Virginia Gazette prints
palace as the General [ Lee] may want ( which will be considered purchased by him) and
among the Indians. Most faced uncertain
the proclamation on November 10.
make report to the comm' ee" on April 2nd of that year.
futures. But they were free.
September 30
A squad of men from HMS Otter seizes
Enslaving Virginia Resource Book ( Williamsburg, Va.: The Colonial Williamsburg
Jon Butler,
America: The
some
the
states,
a
report to this
Becoming
Foundation,
Revolution before 1776 ( Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University
The Negroes
over
going
are
become
AT THE PUBLIC
have divers quarters found
Governor and secured,
we
to
the
too
numerous
as
Gaol
our
is at present very insufficient;
We therefore wish they may be sent for—
there are 14 in Confinement,
restored,
upon
TODAY
of the
consent
14,
1775
Lou Powers,
Spivey,
Lorena
Walsh,
and confined
taken
Tbwn of Hampton be sent to the
pub-
Committee of Safety do
so many of the Captive Slaves as they
think necessary to be emploied in
that the
working in the lead Mines.
editor
copy
Diana Freedman,
Ordered
2004
The Colonial
All
Foundation
Williamsburg
rights
that
reserved
All
images
Colonial
unless
are
property
of
Williamsburg Foundation,
otherwise
noted.
remain
orders.
said
Slave to the West Indies
That
Mines."
design
or
Lead
frustrated
was
of Dick " before
death
additional
raids
on
October
20
October 24
Determined
to
the Committee
Regiment
move
against
Dunmore,
of Safety decides to send
into action
instead
of Patrick
such
by
Step
was
Encouraged by the success of his recent raids, Dunmore sends Capt. Matthew
Squire with five ships to burn Hampton.
A barricade of sunken vessels before the
town delays them long enough to allow
reinforcements from Williamsburg to arrive and drive off the attackers.
November
Robert L. Scribner and Brent Tarter,
Vol. 5,
Independence.
Henrye
y
Virginia
Ruffinappeared [
Jr.][ ]
of
Committee
Er
Safety]
before
claimed
a
negro man named Joe, now in the public Jail, who with 5 others belonging to
himself
Er father went off in
boat to go
to Lord Dunmore, but before they reached
the
expedition
escape
land, Er
leaving
was
Er found
the
soon
brought to this
he declared
as
means
others
repented
to
make
Mulberry
of
his
Is-
his
army
defeat
several
November 16
of Virginia
who are in rebellion against the crown
Press
46, 127,
for the
Bicentennial
Independence
140,
and to fight for the king; about
1973- 1983),
Virginia accept the offer in late 1775 and
144,
239, 240.
800 in
1776.
December 13
Last
In an attempt to stop slaves from desert-
29, 1775
night
Monday
in town, from
arrived
Hampton, under a strongguard
p
and white prisoners,
coupled
committed
who
were
since
which
a
vessel
to
was
the
drove
33 black
together,
publick jail;
ashore
near
a
taken up on land Er
Mr. Ruffin thinks him
after
City;
at
and
and
hundred militia at Kemp' s Landing.
Lord Dunmore' s proclamation offers freedom to slaves willing to desert owners
Commission,
December
24, 1775
of Arms
15
Dunmore
Record( Charlottesville, Va.:
to
Mr. Edmund
The Clash
Fourth Convention, 1775- 1776,
University
at
eds.,
The Road to
Virginia:
Revolutionary
A Documentary
Colonel [ Patrick]
him, this Slave
The
the
give direction to the Keeper of
public Gaol for the discharge of James a
Mulatto slave belonging to Lord Dunmore.
Liberty
the
g P
graphicproduction
conduct
and 21.
Henry' s First Virginia Regiment, largely
because of Henry' s military inexperience.
the
1775
December
December
Williamson,
man
After a series of raids, the British sally
out again in the vicinity of Norfolk and
October 25 27
the
Production:
Mary Ann
his
in the public Jail
he is to
the
Bill Weldon
to publish
taken."
shall
Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz,
Kristin
slaves
Rose McAphee,
Milton,
negro
Note:
lick Gaol in the City of Williamsburg.
Ordered,
Kelly,
another
According to Ruffin, the CommitDick,
tee of Safety " refused to discharge"
intending as a Terrour to others to send
lick Gaol in the City of Williamsburg.
cause
Bob Doares, Kevin
the press
Col. William Woodford' s Second Virginia
till further
at the
Contributors:
uses
his being delivered at present,
Ruffin does not desire him to be
Ordered, that the Slaves taken and confined
Ordered, that the
Anne Willis
claims
at the Town of Hampton be sent to the pub-
TrainingDecember
Crevieaux- Gevertz
also
of Imprisonment.
charges
to
Mr.
as
delivered,
of Interpretive
Editors:
the press of printer John Holt of Norfolk.
October 12- 21
in the public Jail named Dick, but as he
incorrigible the Committee cannot
appears
December 13, 1775
BecomingAMERICANS
GAOL
his paying
Mr. Ruffin
Er
Nancy
356- 359.
also
penitent S• wishes to have him
which the Committee allow of
Sincerely
Hampton]
Carl Lounsbury,
see
own Virginia Gazette until spring.
December 4, 1775
Margot
358;
Dunmore
SLAVES
Department
1998),
Press, 2000),
239- 240.
is a publication
whether
comm' ee
Hampton,
in the late
a
voyage
pirating
snow
storm,
going on
to the Eastern Shore for
provisions, which had on board 14 whites
and two black.
Virginia Gazette( Purdie),
supplement.
ingtheir owners, the Virginia Convention
g
promises
to pardon all slaves who return
to their masters within 10 days.
December
31
Gen. George Washington,
revising an ear-
Tier decision, orders recruiting officers to
accept free Negroes in the American army.
Source: John E. Selby, A Chronology of
Virginia and the War of Independence 17631783 ( Charlottesville,
Va., University
Press of Virginia, 1973),
17- 25.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 3, number 5, November, 2004
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2004
Description
An account of the resource
Dunmore's Proclamation, 1775