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March and April 1774
3 No. 2
Volume
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
Have
Women
Williamsburg
You
See This
Face?
See p. 2
See p. 4
FilgikINSs
DAy
A
I.
4_
AI
if
04010w
4.
w:
4
1.
NO. 1 IN COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
I774
SPRING
CHARLOTTE SWEETENS COLONIAL TIE WITH BRITAIN
Newsline
TRACKING THE JOURNEY
March/ April
Nov 19, 1773:
1774
Boarded Duchess of Gordon
of Correspondence
Committee
Capt. Isaac Winn, 250 tons with
meets
about
March/ April
1774
Report of tithables
Nov
due
34
March
County levy collected
k.
i
;:;
i
3
April 10, 1774
General Court
y.
t
fi
to
Arrived in New York
I
U
Y
r
u
r1
u
U
meets
x
April 25- 26, 1774
Governor' s Council
r4
.'
Feb. 5, 1774:
w
Li
N.('
meets
,
V
a;
Governor' s Council
Jan. 2, 1774:
e
ti
bills
1774
Arrived
'
y
s ...
\',.
Feb. 14, 1774:
Arrived in Annapolis*
4
ii
1
TODAY
Feb. 24, 1774:
Le g al Status of Women
r.._
On the evening of February 26, your
of the news witnessed this capital
Women
its houses
cressets,
t_
Black)
legal identity
their husband' s
no
own
from
separate
property as an
a special marriage
of the] pledges of [ his] love." The
their
turned out to express
regard
g
contracts,
execute
deeds, write wills
Could not initiate
at
suits
common
law
possessed
personal
wives'
property
lands
acquired a life interest in
q
brought to the marriage
wives
Husbands
controlled
including
income
the
wives
family
estate
generated
lib,
Women
and
Spinsters
Widows ( White and
Free Black)
every
plainly evinced
legal
separate
into
contracts
icent (
in
countenance
crowd
the
who "
Could dispose of their
lying
satisfaction
indeed
as
more
could
be
not
extremely thankful for the kind
of the gentlemen who undertook
of them
agement
Enslaved
well
as
to
as
of
their
where
received
they
man-
mon
else
Council
seized
the
to
opportunity
and offered
him
grateful
danger disregard[ ed]"
gether with the hope that Virginia might
prove " so healthy and in every respect so
of
by
estates
London
in the
of the year past
19
Gordon,
Isaac
L.
Winn,
of
will
six
of her
from such
an
in
cherubs,
arduous
order
journey,
your
smile
in
the
Women
of
City
from
her
people, to-
happy
house preside, And sweet
round your fire side."
GOD SAVE THE KING.
Note:
re-
Allquotes
By
A
taken
from
content
il
c
r .
March
Submitted
thepoem
3, 1774,
by
p. 3
Phil Shultz
Enslaved
2,,(.*
ci
n
0y
K!
fc
9,
G)
x
r*%
V;
x
•,
-- — _ _ ,
CELEBRATION BACKFIRES
Amidst the general satisfaction which
reigned at York, on account of her ladyship' s
arrival, an accident happened that gave
great pain to all present, and particularly, it
is said,
to
Lady
Dunmore.
r
it occasioned
which
Were invisible to the law (
as
a kind of friction,
communicated
ceived
considerable
damage;
face,
most
dreadful
manner.
Mr.
Minnis
much hurt in the thigh, and otherwise
was
tern-
bly wounded. Captain Lilly was also bruised
about the eye, though slightly. Two Negroes
that assisted were dreadfully mangled, one
of them having lost three fingers off his right
his
eyes
are
burnt
so much
in the face,
hurt,
that
it is
thought he will never recover their use. For-
Practice of Religion in Virginia
tunately, none of their lives are despaired of.
Virginia
1774
the arms,
and eyes, of Mr. Archer, being bruised in a
were
children)
to the
powder, and the above gentlemen being
very near the gun when it went off, they re-
and
Indian Women
Mr. Thomas
Archer, and Mr. Benjamin Minnis, being extremely active in managing the cannon, but
by ramming the rod too violently against the
hand; the other is much
f
American ='
and American
'.
as is supposed,
and Nancy Milton]
journey
r
A
=
a
iron within,
Gazette ( Rind),
Virginia
Lady,"
Love,
Brotherly
whence
government
of a
applause
to
mained in that city for near to a month.
The first week of February found our
Lady
s
agreeable" that their residence here may be
long and happy." May health and joy still in
corn-
On Wednesday, January 2, in the
one
of the coldest winters in
mander.
b'--
Y ." iV iC L.t i:',.- -
quickly reached
Lordship'
November
r
our fair city and so it was that when" Noble
Charlotte" arrived at seven in the evening
she was feted with a grand welcoming ceremony. Our mayor, aldermen and Corn-
the
Duchess
T. C' ti.
a
His
on
.
7
express their satisfaction in the felicity of
by departing
r
arrival in the town of York
26, "
February
from the York inhabitants,"
endeavors
the
Children
Whose idea was this?!
then
Nos
their
Bitter Winter, North Atlantic
cannon salute and every mark of respect
well
everyone
from the ship Annapolis
in the harbour."
number
News
on
attended."
Philadelphia,
African
in
0 charming group! So blooming,
and so
fair"— embarked on board a yacht, the
same
yet the goodness of Lady Dunreadily excused it saying that she was
recover
deeds
execute
lov'd
loud Lord"
Feb. 26, 1774:
Arrived in Yorktown
Y'
of Colonel Lloyd." On their de parLure, they were complemented with a discharge
of 21 guns from the battery and the
memory, the Duchess of Gordon arrived in
New York Harbor after 44 days at sea. The
identity
and be sued
enter
the
p
Y
property
which though not the most magnif-
works"
Countess and
Could
for
affection
andgenuine
and pleasure in
welcoming them." The festivities continued
nights
later with a display of firea few
middle
sue
in
We have it
the best authority that
her ladyship began this odyssey and " all
Unmarried
Could
"
on
Femes Soles
Could
Baltimore
having been honored by that city for
11 days, Lady Dunmore and her bairns—
as
while
who
Enjoyed
to
After
expected)
i
her
on the 14th day of February eager to soon
they escorted her party to
where your lov' d Lord presides"
Ladyship
the Palace"
make
Husbands
took
be reunited with her
town
general
Her
settlement
Husbands
illuminated
shops
plain"
Dunmore,
Charlotte Stewart Murray, lady
of our Governor, and her" lovely offspring;
six [
without
Could not
and
and
bonfires
all to" Hail, Noble Charlotte!"
candles
whole
not
from
next
colony of Maryland. Her ladyship then set
off for Annapolis, arriving in that port city
and FreeSix
his arms" she' ll meet his " fond reward."
to " Welcome
to the
the Countess of
7:_
individual
with light
ablaze
with
Could
south
narrators
city
Married
Had
yacht of Colonel Lloyd to a 21gun salute from the shore battery
and a 21- gun salute from the
Annapolis lying in harbor
Virginia
Century
Femes Coverts
1 .:
Departed for Yorktown on the
A, +'
SNAPSHOT
in 18th-
in Philadelphia*
Feb. 12, 1774:
Arrived in Baltimore*
Q
M
VIRGINIA
19, 1773- Jan. 2, 1774:
d
r:'
meets one to three
days. House of Burgesses fails
April20,
in London
London to Portsmouth to New
York City— winter North
Atlantic Passage of 44 days
g
Y
1774
pass fee
18 crew)
t.
Gazette (
Rind),
Thursday, March 3, 1774
2004
Were defined as the taxable property
of their
Had
masters
no access
protection
of
Religious
to
legal
family
marriage
from
sale
or
separation
Held
culpable
a crime
Were
a
denied
against
freedom
Complete
religious
freedom
a
away
jury trial if
Unification
of Church of
Separation
of church
and
state
Required
church
attendance
church
tax
and
Worship and church
attendance
voluntary
felony
the right
a white
to
testify
person in court
OUTRAGE
IN FINCASTLE
WILLIAMSBURG,
if they
or ran
Were denied the right to
accused of
not
England and Crown
legally
committed
toleration,
or
Non- Protestants
political
denied
participation
Political participation
members
by
of all faiths
March
17.
By a gentleman just arrived from New
River, in Fincastle county, we are informed
that about 40 families were lately murdered
on the Okonees by the Indians. Captain
Russell, from the same county, who a few
days ago came to this city, reports, that the
people are in the most dreadful consternation, on account of the outrages
committed
by those savage people.
Virginia Gazette ( Rind),
Thursday, March
17,
1774
�March and April 1774
2
LIFE
f
MONEY
fi
a
as .
r
0--
A-
tip
w
.
-
2
WILLIAMSBURG, March 10.
following
THE
pened
last Saturday
Negro
Men,
were
William
Mr.
were
Negro
a
Junior,
s,
Tobacco:
either
Corn:
of
found
March
and
make
hills,
make
beds
water
lay
lth
the
re-
28th
Prepare
nure,
be SOLD,
10th
Please to give the following a place in your
paper, and oblige
morning is extremely pleasant
the
country full of flowers &
branches full of lovely singing birds.
the
Orchard: Plant peach, nut and fruit trees,
ready money, at public auction, if not sold
before, THE houses and lot where I live, situated
in
s,
the
merly
Williamsburg,
with
Esq.:
kitchen furniture,
An
Y of the
a
above
household
the
cart,
of all those
turn
lambs,
for
ton
purchased
sale, by apply
breed
sale,
wean
sturgeon,
fish for
horses,
fillgullies,
and
Other: Fence
spring, I beg the favour
have accounts unsettled to
build
N. B. The
green bricks
exceedingly
for any gentleman in want of
private lodgings.
Virginia Gazette ( Rind),
arrived the Justitia, Captain Gray, with
of 150 healthy SERVANTS, men,
and boys; among
them
and
carpenters,
cabinetmakers,
are
smiths,
FOR THE
hairdressers,
ters,
bakers,
mantuamakers,
weavers,
Problem
wet
Preservation
all household
drying
furnishings
tiles. Blankets
Fireplaces
weather.
to
easier
labourers.
Leedstown
The
will
sale
felled
trees
Harvesting
in
Spring
1'' '`'-
early
but
Colds,
were
green peas,
vegetables. (
Lower
hu
well
Er
'
making of
as
ketchups,
syrups,
instant of March, and
until all
continue
are
credit
will be allowed, giv-
ingbond, with approved
pp
security, to
Y
THOMAS HODGE.
sold. A
reasonable
Gazette ( Rind),
Virginia
March
Thursday,
Run
from
away
10, 1774
Friday the 25th
of February, a half Indian
fellow
who
JACK
formerly
and
was
•
property
the
Colonel
1
himself
calls
BROWN,
"-.
it',
v
a
blow, has lost
which
some
of his teeth before,
is extremely
fond of liquor, speaks very plain and bold,
and I imagine will endeavour to pass for a
free
man,
be rotted
to
seem
as
he
once
made
for three years, and went
acter. He had on a Negro
breeches,
an
out,
elopement
an
that
under
jacket
cotton
indifferent shirt, and
blue stripped saddlecloth.
All
char-
and
rappers
masters
of
hereby forewarned from taking him
of the colony. Whoever brings him to
or confines
him, in any of his Majesty' s
sels are
out
me,
gaols,
so
that I
get him, shall be
handsomely
AUGUSTINE LONGAN
Virginia
Thursday,
Williamsburg,
Gazette ( Rind),
March
10, 1774
March 8, 1774
Strayed from my plantation at King' s Creek,
about two years ago, a large red and white
bull, without horns, of the Guernsey breed,
he has been seen at several plantations in
e
April
16—
February
A 40-
seer,
at
being
to
my
over-
said plantation.
WILLIAM
Virginia
Gazette,
16: Ash
sermon
nence
and
40
Rind, March
PASTEUR
10,
1774)
with
European
Goods.
r '..
in Ballast.
eggs,
butter,
Anglican
at Bruton
Parish
and
service
Church
and
cheese
Ship Venus, John Wilson from Port Lewis,
with 2500
on this
first Sunday after the full moon
For
lard.
parsons in colonial VirBlair of Bruton
James
next
or
from
Cleared Outwards.
the vernal equi-
after
of Salt.
Lark, John Fulton,
Piscataway, in Ballast.
Sunday, April 3: Easter Sunday
on
Bushels
April 4. Brigantine
day.
2:
in the desert.
nights
held divine
Blair
tion. James
of solemnity and absticommemorating Jesus' fast of 40
March 11. Brig Innermay, William Laughton,
nox)
Festival
for
resurcommemorating Jesus'
from the dead. One of the four
rection
a year the Lord' s Supper was adParish
Church.
at Bruton
ministered
times
22.
Byrd II and Philip Fithian both
attending church on Easter
William
the sacrament.
Fithian
with
7700
Bushels
of
Ship Bowman, Humphery
Taylor,
for Glasgow, with 459 Hhds. of Tobacco,
mentioned
and receiving
Cadiz,
Wheat.
2 Hhds.
of Rum,
and
12, 000
Staves.
24.
Schooner
Richmond,
Eppes
Gree
girls and boys in the parish on
He also read
Sundays in Lent.
further observed that" this being EasterSunday, all the Parish seem' d to meet to
nough,
S
for
Piscatawaywith
13
Barrels
of
Pork,
of
prayers at the church every Wednesday
and Friday during the Lenten season.
gether High, Low, black, White all come
were
out." Servants and slaves
usually
Flower,
800
to
the
from labor
exempted
Friday, March
25:
Lady Day/
of Mary
Annunciation
Set apart
ation (
to
as a
that
Mary
on
the
by
Angel Gabriel
would be the
she
Jesus. John Blair and
accounts
Monday, April
memorial of the annunci-
declaration)
this
others
mother
of
settled their
The"
included
day
Easter
1774,
Easter
It
fights and
was
other
a
25.
with
throughout
Bushels
of
of
of
Indian
Wheat,
Pease,
4
35
Hides
12 Kegs
of Rum,
Wine, and 4 Hhds.
of
1 Pipe
of
of To-
bacco.
Sloop Virginia Packet, Charles Jones,
for Antigua,
popular time for cock-
amusements
Bushels
Madeira
Mon-
enjoyed
slaves
Barrels
Leather,
in colonial Virginia
Easter
30
Bushels
referred to the two- day
the
holiday
Corn,
Easter.
Monday
Monday. On
Fithian
cockfights.
day.
4: Easter
holidays"
Easter
during
8
with
2700
Bushels
of
Indian Corn.
28.
ShipSpeirs,
John
Dusk,
for Cadiz,
p
Saturday, March 26: End of
coupled with a
the colony, sometimes
Term at the College ofwith
4287 Bushels of Wheat and
9
Hilary
ball.
1400 Staves.
William and Mary
Sunday, April 10: First Sunday
4.
April
Sloop Savage, Francis Haynes, for
Sunday, March 27: Palm Sunday
after Easter called " Low Sunday"
St. Vincent' s, with 700 Bushels of
Commemorates Jesus'
last and fatal jour
in Virginia
Almanacks
Corn,
ney to Jerusalem. As he entered the city,
populace spread their garments and
branches from palm trees in his path.
the
Monday, April 11: Easter Term at
the college begins (
the
after
Thursday, March
Thursday
Thursday before
31:
Maundy
the sacrament
instituted
as
of
day
the
Lord' s Supper and mandated
ebration
first Sunday
Monday
after
Easter)
remembered
the
Jesus
the
its cel-
The
Williamsburg
day
for
one
charter
designated
of the authorized fairs to
and
in the city. Public events
fairs were staged on this day elsewhere
be held
Set
aside
beneficial
as a
Good Friday
memorial of the
effects
good"
of
crucifixion
because
Jesus'
in the
colonies
as
103
Bread,
Linda
The Interpreter,
Rowe,
Spring 2003
Hhds.
13 Bar-
of
Bacon,
Oatmeal,
and
35, 000 Shingles.
Cadiz,
Corn,
Rogers, Robert Benson,
with
and
1000
5367
Bushels
of
Staves.
Ship Royal Exchange, John Stevens,
for London,
bacco,
2
with 488 Hhds. of To-
Hhds.
and
2
Barrels
of
Ginseng, 1 cask of Drugs, 1 Cask of
spikes,
sufferings,
of Flour,
2
of
Barrels
Snakeroot,
well.
of the
namely the carrying away of the sins of
the penitent
by his death and resurrec-
35 Barrels
of
Brigantine
Saturday, April 23: St. George,
saint of England
martyr, patron
this
in perpetuity.
1:
rels
for
Easter,
of Jesus. Called "
delivered
40--NV '
Liverpool,
from
elm
14
..
I°
ok-
day period
any person that will inform me where he is,
so that I may get him, or TWENTY
SHILLhis
2„
7
Lent ( exact dates each year
depend upon the date of Easter)
Friday, April
upon
t-,
c.
>%
Wednesday, February
Wednesday
Warwick county, where I suppose he now is.
I will give a reward of TEN SHILLINGS to
INGS
s')
marmalades, jellies and jams and
Yd
cx
K`
of
ves-
7
Ship Jean, James Young, from Potowmack,
• ,
ul. :" ;
G
years old, 5 feet 6 inches '
high, is pretty light of sort, his nose is
crooked, which appears to have been done
i
N,1;;,_:.;-.
SACRED AND SECULAR CALENDAR
echism
he is about 40
Goochland;
N.
ginia, including
Parish Church, taught the Anglican cat-
of
John
A
4.4 -
t" y
Many
,,
of
Bolling
1` '
1
ki _
4
Entered in the Upper District of JAMES River.
milk,
r
I'-.
f' _ '.
`,
candying flowers.
inseason
the Lenten
many centuries,
from red meat,
eluded strict abstinence
on
scriber,
S
4.
March 1 I. Brig Jackie, Dudley Thompson,
days
sub
the
—
n
spring
summer
at
16th of this
the
Wednesday
on
t-
_
makes
to
It,
I
drying preferdrying.) Some
bottling of fruits and vegetables as
cured."
easily
as
etc. Drying of fruits,
and
herbs
diary,
few intermittent Fevers
a
SHIPPING
tex-
with chimney
such
crops
asparagus,
able
de Sequeyra noted in his
Dr. John
In the
printer,
commence
Rind),
I
midity
"
covered
and
re-
HEALTH
a copperplate printer, a gardener, a surveyor,
a dyer, a tanner, and many other tradesmen;
there are also many farmers and other country
Gazette (
and bed rugs stored.
joiners,
a
Virginia
Thursday, March 10, 1774
boards.
Much
from
schoolmas
sempstresses,
impart?
Quit the substance for the shade.
shoemakers, tailors, bricklayers, perukemakers,
Real happiness
Love' s the sweetest, dearest pleasure
To the human heart convey' d:
Those who give up love for treasure,
Housekeeping/ Gardening/ Food
ditches,
clean
spring, especiallyoak; easier to rive
wood, bark used in tanning process.
1774
upwards
women,
bark
move
convenient
JUST
during
Carpentery and tanning:
Thursday, March 10,
The deluded parent's heart:
But can worldlypomp, or riches,
p
P
all
SPRING!
TRADES
Making and burning bricks:
place is deemed
above
Thirst of Wealth too oft bewitches
violently hard from
which again moderat-
GET READY
wood to town
cart
roads,
BUILDING
BOLSAMS
ELIZABETH
with
Spring cleaning: Thorough washing down of
will be given.
or
A SENTIMENT
with
tend
and
calves
young
and adjust them immediately; such as
fail, may depend that they will be put into
a lawyer' s hand, as longer indulgence neican
day
afternoon
ing it set in to raining & rained
hi
night. ( George Wasngton)
fish,
seine
blowing
the northwest
and lambs, sell
calves
castrate
kill
manure,
come
ther
Cool in the
make butter, shear sheep, kill mut
c.
maybe
the
who
and
Heap
lambs,
separately, before the day of
ingto the subscriber. As I intend to leave the
colonyearlyin
in the forepart of the
Warm
showers.
beeves, deliver
and
and colt,&
mare
articles
29th
cart
wind
Livestock:
for-
was
trees,
to town
cider
of the late Nathaniel
residence
Walthoe,
and
fruit
graft
grapevines,
back street, next to Mr. Blovet
the
on
Pasteur'
A Constant Customer
Fithian)
for
3d of Mayensuing,S
the
on
fail, As no Indul-
Mrs. Rind,
turnips
To
Per-
RO. C. NICHOLAS, Treasurer
This
bages, plant potatoes, pumpkins,
1774
1774
April 1774
plow and ma
peas, beans, cab
carrots,
16,
all other
gencies can be given.
first day we
rooms without any fire. ( Fithian)
garden,
sow
March
and
General Court, without
vastly mild; it is
have in all our
warm &
the
wheat to ships or town
Vegetables:
is
day
The
Fithian)
Philip
us (
OFFICE,
Inspectors,
sury, are desired to discharge their Respective
Balances in the Course of the Approaching
robins
around
several
sons whatever, who are Arrear to the Trea-
finest morning we have had yet:
and bluebirds singing all
The
Wheat: Thresh and glean, plow fallow, cart
on
THE
1774
fields,
out
plant, weed,
manure,
1
plant
Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
Wednesday, March 23,
brush,
Cut and burn
Gray' s
over
Monday full of Water, and the two Men taken
up by Dragging, but the Woman is not yet got.
Virginia
seed,
sow
hills, weed and
manure
at
Woman
was
beds,
Prepare
TREASURY
WEATHER
valuable
in Surry, in a small Canoe,
overset or sunk, and all of
drowned; for the Canoe
them
SPRING FARMING
hap-
Cocke,
Mrs.
to
putting
Brown'
Creek, to Cobham
they
As two
Night:
belonging
Swan's Point,
Accident
melancholy
9900 Staves,
and
8 Hhds.
140 Hand-
and
1 Cask
of
Deerskins.
Virginia
Gazette ( Purdie&
Dixon),
Thursday, April 7, 1774
�1
3
March and April 1774
CRIME
1..
FORUM
ii
4 -
-
j
IF1
a ,
n
L..
,
i
1
i,
it ,
11.
IIIII
M
I
P;
VA-
ming in the Department
tory Development.
Cli
InfirMWIESJIM
Margot
The spring
the
Create
time
comes
their
from
way
It' s
the
once
time
imagination and
inspire
make
of town
have
we
fire their
to
them
•
the
to
learn,
to
•
to
would
has for her
girl
a
would
feel
she
boys feel about it? What
the
be different
in their
lives if
own
g and to test
nin
ter
their
that
heard and what
voices
was
that
you
know
You
students.
draw
can
on
to connect
it' s been
as
you have been able to capture
just long enough to focus
when
attention
idea that
be,
with
resonates
the
with
will
placed under the care
of four disparate and stubborn guardians,
and the poor girl cannot marry without the
of
consent
Egyptian,
chant
an old
and
the
will
an
Totus
bring
teachers
their
bring
they aspire to
don' t know it yet!
parents
three
four
to
mately give them a sense of empowerment
to build their own future. They are honor-
ing
with
us
We
time
to
relate
erate
on
•
to
a
0
events
a
is
A
N
with
The discussion
things
that
Witch
to
the
the
ran
had
they
trades
to
family
N
a
M
that
me
visit to
theirbt family
of their best
strength
The
K
V
E
L
the
scenes
public
who
HUTCH !
A
WMV
Ft
c
u
V
NSON
L
the
for Murder; John Owen from
Surry, for Grand Larceny; Thomas Shaw
from Fauquier, for a Rape; William Thompson from Amelia, for Burglary: All acquitted
by the Grand Jury—
William Patterson, from
Lunenburg, for passing counterfeit paper
q
Currency: Acquitted—
Elizabeth Castle, from
wife
Pi
to
E
s
P
I
PHANY
the
will opby His-
H
slaves,
a
Tea
about the
versus
7
Did
9
Oh my
Feme covert
15
in
of
case
bad
Religion month
17
Indian troubles
18
Evangelist
19
and
one
free
legwork
the
removes
Church
this
to
there
required
this
of free
adults
21
Robert Carter Nicholas
1
Mayor' s
Caused
DOWN
sidekicks
the
gunand resistreets
Followed
Indians
mishap
Lady Ds
at
8
Widow' s
Moses
had mixed
right to
Independence( May
reactions
portion
to this
of husband'
10 Type of jeme sole
11 Special display for
12
the governors
History Month
Free blacen' sk
Free black
16
Not
a
women
free of
legal possibility
Majestys
of
John Earl of
Lieutenant
Virginia
and
then
and
were
consideration
sworn
was
and examined
heard
and the
on
it is the opinion
whereof
in his defence
of
the whole ct that the sd Hannibal is guilty
of the felony aforesd in manner and form as
above agt him is alledged and it appearing
was at a ct of Oyer&
in the hand
for the same
the record
of wch conviction was produced in ct he is
now
denied
the benefit
of the
act and
this
s
estate
lady
after
1769
dered that the sherif cause execution
of this
judgment to be done on Tuesday the
twenty second day of this instant March.
The sd Hannibal is valued by the ct at seventy five pds. current money.
The minutes of these proceedings were
signed Dudley Digges.
York
CountyJudgments
g
1772-
in Virginia
and Orders
74):
529.]
1776)
Play
The
Fifth
Virginia
Resolutions
Convention
and
the
for Independence
Williamsburgeg was
experiences
xpe
May
ever.
Programming
Support of Boston! ( May
30: In
1774)
who
go out every day to
and the folks behind the
support them.
24-
The Resolution for Fasting, Humiliation
and Prayer,
is
the Raleigh
Tavern,
the As-
the beginning
of the
sociation
and
American
Revolution
in Virginia
o
meeting almost all of you in January during
our
program rollout
together,
tion
we
of the
can
family
continue
sessions.
the
Working
great
tradi-
Establish
that
allows
occur
a
program- planning schedule
annual program planning to
12 to 18
months
in
advance.
Create
programming that will be diverse
and fresh for guests and interpreters but require fewer resources.
Centralize
program planning for
first- person characters,
evening, juvenile and special programsites,
all
trades,
Our spring themes afford us exciting op
portunities to validate our approach to
2005 programming.
experience.
goals of program planning for the
rest of the year and 2005 are:
Spring
will give
us
111
III
a
taste of focused programs from 1774, 1775
and
1776. As
approach
we
these
special-
U:
focus programs, we will work closely with
the departments
Interpretation
of Historic
and
Sites,
Historic
Interpretive Tl-aining to
produce programming
U.
details in a timely
fashion.
Looking forward to working with you.
See you in the Historic Area.
Robin Reed
20 ...
it
being demanded if he had any thing furthey to say he sd he had nothing. Therefore
it is considered by the ct that he be hanged
by the neck until he be dead and he is
thereupon remanded to gaol and it is or-
20 Time to prepare the beds
3
General
burnt
basis
unfortunate
Honourable
his
Terminer held in James City Cnty the 4th
day of Dec. last convicted of felony and
Joseph
attendance
in the cnty of York eight TUrkies of the value
of twenty five shillgs of the goods and chat-
that the sd Hannibal
woman
Pilmore part of
Church of England movement
13
16: Prelude
vestry
arrival
powder from the Magazine,
dents of Williamsburg take to the
May 10-
of
type
2
Gunpowder Incident ( April
Dunmore
the
darlin' Clementina
4
19- 25:
of
that the sd
day of February
last w/ force and arms at the Psh of Bruton
sd Hannibal
divorce
to
and be informed
Hannibal the thirteenth
nesses
there on Valentine' s Day
alternative
to understand
King his crown and Dignity to wch the sd
Hannibal upon his arraignment pleaded
not guilty and of his trial put himself upon
the judgmt of the ct whereupon divers wit-
MERCHANTS
Virginia
was set to the bar and Be-
najmin Waller attor for our Lord the King
comes into ct and gives the justices aforesd
carry away agt the peace of our Lord the
T
Lady Dunmore
Ambler, and
Reynolds gent justices
S
N
Y
on
slave
Jaquelin
there found feloniously did take steal and
ACROSS
New
of church doctrine
one
David Jameson,
A
G
M
V
of faith.
or
day of March 1774 for the trial of Hannibal
a Negro man slave belonging to James
Shields for felony
Governor
N
E
EARTHQUAKE
0
D
N s
o w
held at the
Courthouse in the town of York the eighth
g
Dunmore
S
or
Boston
argue
At a Court of Oyer and Terminer
tels of the right
MOD
0
debates with
the
traditional
argue
g
Governor
of the keys to that support. I enjoyed
one
C
uB
E
I
1775)
of the Historic Area is the
people— the folks
meet
and
matters
April
Booth and talking to the characters. I saw
father later in the day, and he explained
one
GAGE
S
NR
N
s
0
to
scenes
D
N
Special Themes
about
gamut of all of the
enjoyed
from Cry
to
V
T
black, talk about assisting a slave who
has run away from a nearby plantation
and is hiding in Williamsburg.
the
to
husband
Light interpretations
experience.
buildings
B
V e
a
I_
0
14
to
reaction
and
that
Williamsburg
from Bedford,
The sd Hannibal
L
N
1775
developed
Randolph
P
John
in
Nicholas
few years ago, I was sitting on a cruise
ship in the middle of the Pacific wearing a
Cry Witch cast T- shirt. I overheard a young
Colonial
from Isle of Wight, for Manslaugh
Present: Dudley Digges, Thomas Nelson Jr.,
Sam Miller]
by
A
N
purchase of cloth for a ball gown.
Samuel
Carter
Henley and Robert
•
A
conversation
histrionem.
si
D
Party.
•
PROGRAMMING
their
date
T
bring-
appropriate
1774,
Street
corn
a
0
scenes
appropriate
scripts
on
M
COERC
C
These
events
portrayed-
characters.
IWo
girl exclaim to her parents, " Look,
guy is in that witch play we saw in
Williamsburg." That was the beginning of a
Bullard,
ter: GuiltyJohn Conner, from New Kent,
for Manslaughter: Guilty—
Amos Jenkins
her
subjects
6
patriot
create
teenage
Murder;
mer-
tricking
o
or religion.
resolution.
real- time
from basic
Loyalist
Y
magic!
long
agit
P
H
con-
St
in these discussions
goal
Dutch
of Mrs. Centlivre' s
mundus
E
such provocative
a
thus
PANCAKES
along Duke of Glouceswill involve two or
Examples:
focused and up to the task. It' s
our very special
brand of
are
to
far greater than any
paper could truly convey.
a mission
description
job
steward,
Answers to the last puzzle
scenes
crowd of guests, involve them in
and provoke them to
scene
lives of the
they are counting on
the spark that will ulti-
light
for
New Kent, for Child Murder: Acquitted.
marriage
or
students
Bedford,
William
streetscape
slaverypolitics
year being
1776— and to
children,
help
to
us
their
Colonel
her hand
win
Submitted
engaged in animated
the
of curiosity. When
stirring
to
edy shall commence in April,
yet to be determined.
toric Research
staff working with Public
of opportunity when there' s a
HistoryDevelopment staff.
PP
Y
P
look, aquestion,
a movement— something5
a
hero,
Our
Quaker and
a
windows
shows
all.
them
guardians into offering their consent. Will
succeed?
the colonel' s daring scheme
conversation
ing
if they themselves
So this spring, let' s be on the lookout for
those" teachable moments," those fabulous
that
will of her whimsical
the
Fainwell, is determined
think about the issue at hand before
their
on
play
by
who,
hapless
a
concerns
late father, has been
scenes
about
a
stage
areas
familyissues,
to attract
who
even
The
heiress,
storywe
season,
will
we
The interpreters'
good day
a
colonies.
of the most popular
to the American
one
brought
ever
N. B. Performances
characters
versations
way to making this possible?
The subject of women in society is just
one of the many topics you will find in this
issue
Be-
the
program planfor 2005.
our strategies
Street. These
more
the
paved
Centlivre,
sanna
comedies
critical to the
advance
major
daily,
in high- traffic
18th- century Williamsburg
in
each
In
play in society today that the students hope to see in the future? How might
make
in
will, in the coming season, perform a
new
play, viz. A Bold Stroke for a Wife, by Su
from
Guilty—
Micheal Wheatley, from Williamsburg for Grand Larceny: Guilty—Henry
ans
STREETS CAPES
would
women
thinking
Peppers,
Williamsburg' s own Company of Comedi-
SPRING 2004
how
times
the
Orange, for Horsestealing: Guilty—
Catherine
is to inform the public that Colonial
This
HIGHLIGHTS FOR
place in society was still the way it was in
1774? Are there changes in the roles that
they
daily1774
of
goal
our
achieve
woman' s
a
our
to take their Thais, viz. John McClure, from
CAREGIVERS
future
own
it? And
about
con-
and
today. What would there be to look forward
to for a girl in 2004 if things hadn' t evolved?
How would
we
leaders
1776. Relating to our seasonal
focus for 2005, these events will allow us to
have had of their lives then
and the dreams
Besides
on other events
1773
century. There is much here for students to
ponder in comparing the expectations
women
CLEVER COLONEL
CONS CONTEMPTIBLE
by
developPurdie and Dixon, Virginia Gazette,
the
assumingguises
of a French fop, an
ment of the Revolution in Virginia betweenApril 21, 1774.)
lives
the
that
of the world
one
quality.
Programs for 2004 will be day- to- day ing
Y
Y
terpretations driven by the historic events of
1774.
of Becoming Americans Today
of women in the 18th
edition
celebrates
be
Ensure
focus
around them.
This
and demonstrates
to
public history.
Create programs that reflect
coming Americans themes.
to teach
question, to think, to challenge,
each other and to get involved with the
events that mold their lives and the lives of
those
His-
and
Saturday, Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday last, the following Criminals
were brought to the bar of the general Court
varied
is
that
programming
correct
tinue
of animated
schoolchildren
end
one
It' s
again.
Williamsburg
sounds
families and
as
other.
is here
Colonial
with the
alive
chatter
Crevieaux- Gevertz
season
when
of Public
enough to give repeat guests a slightly
different look for each visit seasonally.
Create programming that is historically
front. . .
Letter
On
Create programming that is compelling
enough to inspire ticket sales.
7 `'
PUNISHMENT
iii-911111111
17
N
4
Alt,
aV
P
I
t.
f
I
AND
ENE
�March and April 1774
4
WOMEN' S
Christ Church, Lancaster
RELIGION
County
r
HISTO
rs ,
4,,, '
e
1
1
lli
MONT
1
HISTORY
0I
4:
MONTH
R
A_..,', .
It'
16
Yet
MARCH 2004
of March
weekend
This
year one
Women' s History Month) will be devoted
to noting the arrival of a lady who, though
any stretch of the imagiexemplified all of the best that an
by
not American
nation,
18th- century
Dunmore.
Lady
to
woman
her
to
a
in life— be
estate,
free
expected
role
any
high born
she
were
Indian
households
allowed, perhaps even ento fight for their rights and
that
couraged,
men
foundation
which to balance the
on
led to and through
that
as
Religion in
Observed
nationally
American Life Month, April will bring daily
tury America. Several days each week, var-
programs on religion to the Hennage Audischolars highlight
torium. Each Wednesday
various aspects of religious life in 18th- cen-
views
olution.
1753
Act of Parliament
Kristen
by
Spivey]
1760
Anne Wager
widowed.' IWo very different Williamsburg women and their lives are examined here.
Anne Ashby was a most unusual black woman, while Elizabeth Hay' s life more closely folof a
It is important to remember that regardless
lowed the norm for a white woman.
married or widowed— she never was included as
woman' s status— free or enslaved,
single,
full
Black
Children
Silver
1773
as
1774
known):
free
enslaved
black
and
wife
free black
Ashby'
mother;
and
widow;
marriage
life
s
wife,
mother,
in second
wife
Anne
woman,
un-
dramatically
was
possible. The fate of Anne Ashby and
her two children is not known. However,
not
they were free
slaved because
1774
Anne
Presbyterians
during
parents. In 1769, her
unknown
See Enslaving
both
master
by
Book,
Resource
free
lived
As
an
bidden
ties
to
to
vulnerable
her and her
the
as
Anne,
Anne
was
of Matthew
his
of
her
family
and subjecting
lives to the will of her
children' s
wife
mother
for-
was
recognized
and
Ashby
enslaved
three
the
and Mary. Matthew was a free
race who lived in Williams-
John
man
of mixed
burg
and worked
surviving children from Samuel Spurr for£ 150. After he
Anne, and
wife,
ELIZABETH HAY( March 5, 1729/ 30- 88):
free,
wife,
slave
purchased his family as his own slaves,
Matthew petitioned the Governor' s Council
widow,
mother,
and
stepmother
1758, when Elizabeth
years old,
Anthony
the
legally
her
With
Elizabeth
of Barbara (
6)
and
An-
has been
1767),
marriage,
permitted
in
Council,
The
without
Mary
of "
action,
meritorious
service,"
that" the
said Anne, John, and
deserving
were
of their freedom, and
d that the said Matthew
order'
was
unusual
most
a
mention
determined
it
and praying that he may be
let her and his Children free."
Ashby
have leave to manumit and set them free."
this
By
free black
legally recognized as
Ashby and the mother
woman
newly freed
their two
The
Mary.
Anne became
manumission,
of Matthew
wife
marriage
was
marriage
for free Virginians.
a
and
and
Anne
taxable
as
of
laws governing
the
invisible to the law but
the
legal
now
protected by
longer identified
a
John
children,
therefore
was
and
property
covert
feme
no
under
legal identity and authority of her husband. The children, too, attained legal stathe
tus. The
and
no
had control
family
s
1771,
two
a
to
fear
to
separation.
freedom
securing
feme
widow (
the
sole)
to
courts
for his
Anne
legal identity"
sue
was
allowing
for debts,
deeds and dispose
execute
contracts,
writing a will.
By January 30, 1772, Anne had married John Jones, again changing her legal
of her
status
by
estate
from
feme
sole
to
feme
covert.
Using his
authority as her husband, Jones advertised
in the Virginia Gazette, " my Wife Anne and
of
myself cannot agree in the Management
Affairs."
our
Jones
then
forewarned "
all
from giving her Credit on Account,
I will not pay any of her Contractions
Persons
as
after
the
date hereof. The Debtors
sired to
to
of
members
of
number
the
household
the
five of
children,
enslaved
The
included
a
attended
whom
Bray School.
1770, three years
died
the tavern, Anthony
after
after
difficult
feme
Elizabeth
illness. At his death
came
a
and
sole
assumed
pendent legal identity. As
could sue others for debt,
tracts,
posing of her
Under
a
feme
sole,
into
write
a
will dis-
own
property.
of Anthony Hay' s will,
appraised at£ 1778. 11. 10 1/ 2,
valued at £ 800)
slaves
his debts.
cover
The
was
to
balance
of
would go to Elizabeth for the
education
of their large family.
proceeds
support and
portion would have been
of the value of the estate.
Elizabeth'
s
that
Claiming
to
she
con-
the terms
the
estate
be-
inde-
an
enter
deeds and
execute
purchasing
a long and
care
for her
own
20
more
children
sixth
and two
sold the Raleigh and
acres
to James
an
Southall.
and Carter,
fine Waiting Boys,
Washers."
The widow
some
good Cooks, [ and]
purchased two slave
Sarah, and
residence
As
was
the
Mary
women,
bring
their
Accounts against the
and cabinet shop
husband
could do little
a
widow,
Anne
became
under
the
and her
intolerable,
law. Divorce
secshe
was
institutions
made
on
Elizabeth
Hay
that
not Boston,
Philadelphia,
of American Protestantism.
sacralized
to
church and
more
than
colonies'
denominations
The
victim
newly
before,
and
ever
the
to
an
buildings
synagogue
organized
more
serve
tions
turn, these
In
groups figuratively and literally
the landscape. They constructed
religious
far
effectively
the capital
the
increase
population growth.
ushered in— or fell
evangelical
revivalism
that
own
ity,
American
Indians
some
Africans
turning
endured
undermined
their
underwent
turning to Christian
against it with violence.
some
awakenings,
a
holocaust
spiritual
traditional African
religious
and
survived,
an
extensive
as a
married
she
woman.
The tax
continued
to
Christianization
shape
both
American
the
African
1680 and 1770
religious
society
American
Christianity
itself.
colonists
In
and
short,
be-
transformed
the
Nicholson Street property until her death in
1787 at age 58. The Hay children
prospered
as adults.
Virginia
suspends
for Anglican
tax
church.
patterns laid down in the
AND VESTRY
New York:
Giroux, 2003), [
Churches. . .
Farrar,
Straus
and
need page number]
also served as the focus of
temporal power. Attendance at Sunday
services was required of all by law, and all
heads of households were taxed to support
the church. The church' s governing body,
the vestry, had quasi- public functions, ineluding unusual police powers. The churchwardens naturally kept an eye out for those
who
neglected
to
attend
services.
These
miscreants were reported to the county
court( reporting was simple because vestrymen usually served as the county justices as
well) and fined, with the proceeds going to
the support
of the church.
Since
churches
seven
doned children, churchwardens
ways
alert
for
the
births
of
were al-
illegitimate
children who might become an expense for
the church. The wardens hauled the moth-
ers into court, where they were duly fined.
The churches, formally and informally,
were depots of local gossip, news, and official pronouncements.
Runaway slaves could be " outlawed,"
meaning that they were henceforth outside
the protection of the law and could legally
be killed with impunity, because they had
ceased
to exist as far as the law was
cerned.
Notices
customarily
church
identifying
nailed
where
outlaws
to the door
all would
con-
were
of the
see them and
where they became sharp symbols of the
distinction
between
the
saved
and
damned.
teenth century, creating the religious pluralism and vitality long since identified as the
very soul of modern American culture.
Becoming AMERICANS
TODAY
is a publication of the Department of Interpretive Training
Editors:
Margot
Anne
Crevieaux- Gevertz
Willis
Contributors:
Bob Doares, Carl Lounsbury, Rose McAphee, Sam Miller, Nancy Milton
Robin Reed, Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz, Kristin Spivey, Lorena Walsh, Bill Weldon
Production:
records
hold
sys-
took root that would in the next century re
and
not
that
temn. But some traditional African practices
Nicholson
was
di-
vided many of them and, in some cases, es
that
of proselytizing
tablished
patterns
characterized American culture for two cen
tunes.
new
provided support for orphans and aban-
congrega
nearly as financially comfortable as she had
been
indicate that
If the rift between
groups mastered this
through powerful new de
bidder for their
highest
an
Religious
Nineteen slaves were also sold, including" a
very good Cabinet Maker, a good Coachman
1680 and
By 1770
Revolution. . . .
chaos
America (
far
became
religion
century colonies from New England to the
Carolinas.
of
of Delegates
Henry Wiencek, An Imperfect God: George
Washington, His Slaves and the Creation of
Har
array of European denomi
and sects peopled the eighteenth-
nations
tween
of the
renounced the will.
Elizabeth
stepchildren,
The executors then
additional
needed
she
a
Mass.:
unprecedented
outpaced
In
Revolution
The
rich between
and
nominational
to-
Street.
said Estate."
and
day-
varied
in Virginia.
session
CHURCH
2000), 185- 186.
Press,
American
the American
potential
oversee-
and the
children
in their work at the tavern.
de-
are
make
be enabled
desired
Ashby, deceased
to the Es-
to
addition
operate
running of her household, Elizabeth, as
the wife of a tavern keeper, undoubtedly
supervised a large number of skilled slaves
speedy Payment, that I may
to pay the Creditors, who are
of Matthew
tate
ing
day
of her
care
be sold to
separate
enter
Raleigh Tavern. In
the
when
granted
access
the
lives
tragically on April
Matthew
died less than
after
her
inetmaking
life changed
years
family. As
a"
their
over
and began to
business
his property(
including 20
longer needed
Anne'
15,
Charles, Betsy, Nancy and Sarah.
In 1767, Anthony Hay gave up his cab-
Colonial
more
America:
Cambridge,
yard University
and
she
1776 (
but
the Angli-
Freeing Religion Resource book, 350- 351
itiner
AMERICAN
Becoming
before
a
became
about
4). ' Ibgether,
about
Jon Butler,
with her husband.
one
marriage,
stepmother
of
became
she
marriage
death
the
after
religion
in Williamsburg
RELIGION
cabi
Williamsburg
Hay
Upon
wife.
covert—
feme
married
she
netmaker
for their freedom,
to
First
support
Pilmore, Methodist
COLONIAL
was about 28
Joseph ( b. July
thony had seven children:
1758), George ( b. 1765),
Anthony ( b.
since
Joseph
Elizabeth Hay was the daughter of Margaret and Joseph Davenport Sr., members
of a prominent
family in Williamsburg. In
Thomas (
a
Episcopacy
1772
Rights
into the open.
1776
tower
debate begins
ant, preaches
had
claiming, " she [ Anne]
faithful and diligent Wife ever
estab-
of Burgesses
Church
of
exercise"
House
1771
Mary
Ann
is
By tradition, date of the found
ing of the black Baptist church in
Williamsburg. Moses, followed
by Gowan Pamphlet, preaches to
slaves in secret at first, then gradually brings the congregation
Dart-
Religion
Parish
Bruton
owner
two
their
1776
s
added
his first
carpenter.
legally purchased his
1769, Matthew
In
and
as a carter
for
Committee
1769
about
children,
found
fished in the House
was
separation
Nevertheless,
master.
Anne
woman,
legally, leaving
marry
1769
Street.
Nicholson
on
enslaved
Queen'
in New Jersey
Congregationalists
603- 605]
Samuel Spurr, a Williamsburg brickmaker
who
found
Reformists
of
does not disestablish
mouth College in New Hampshire
Virginia
Declaration
can Church
College ( Rutgers)
1769
slaves
adopted. Article 16 guarantees
receive
en-
taken
actions
Dutch
1766
for
dies; BraySchool
Wager
Virginia
1776
permission
Williamsburg house as
use
Church
closed
lege ( Brown University)
1765
Bluff
Prayer
mistress
Baptists found Rhode Island Col-
Ashby in 1769.
Matthew
personally and legally,
her lifetime. She was born a slave of
transformed,
than
rather
persons
of the
their
Day of Fasting, Humiliation and
with
1764
to
birth and death dates
ASHBY(
their
Bruton Parish controversy involving Samuel Henley
1771-
meetinghouse
ANNE
present
and discuss
experiences.
Parson' s Cause
of society.
member
Newport,
in
1763
came
a
natu-
in Williamsburg
established
During her lifetime a woman' s legal status changed as she married, had children and be-
matters
founded in South Carolina
for
School
Bray
WOMEN IN 1774
TWO WILLIAMSBURG
interpreters
on religious
Rhode Island
helpmate and motherhood.
hearth,
character
1773
built
Synagogue
1754
permits
of Jews
ralization
Submitted
ious
RELIGION TIME LINE 1753- 76
events
American Rev-
the
tierswoman. A woman' s sphere was that of
home,
APRIL 2004
liberties. Women's lives formed a strong
fron-
or
part of society
benevolent— or
a
whose (
they found themselves.
governance
laws enacted
Although
they lived under
without their consent, they maintained the
of
or
much
as
under
not)
to
appropriate
enslaved,
or
be—
to
strive
Society
adhere
station
low
could
woman
women
as the men
Williamson,
copy
editor
co 2004 The Colonial Williamsburg
Diana Freedman, production
Foundation.
All rights reserved.
All images are property of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, unless otherwise noted.
the
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 3, number 2
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2004
Description
An account of the resource
March and April, 1774