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Text
January and February 1774
3 No. 1
Volume
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
RAISING
41
RAISES
up_
i
3,
f
4______
NI /7
C/
7
p
If
I ANS
DAY
r
N
JANUARY AND
Ain
itk-,/
4_.,
flii.,/
i.,,
i , --,::
J ;: .
l- =
i ,,
IT TAKES TEA TO TANGLE
FEBRUARY 1774
CAIN!
1.--r
NO. 1 IN COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
NEW YEAR!
HAPPY
MILITIA
r• .,
CALAMITY!
NEW YORK,
Newsllne
MR.
December 30, 1773
Douglas,
and
the
rived at Charleston,
5, 1774
January
the
t
night
and reveling" with
dinners, balls or a special cake
P
in enjoyment
January 6, 1774
Epiphany or Twelfth
January 6, 1774
New York
with
t:
j
4
AS S
in
Dunmore
gant Theater.
Last night, about eleven o' Clock a
It was so sudden,
'••
x,.
P, -
on
•
]
A
board
January 7, 1774
Williamsburg
Hustings
Court
January 8, 1774
Hillary Term begins at the
of William and Mary
January 14, 1774
James City Country Court
January 21, 1774
York
Court
County
January
King
ry'
t
r•_ -
if`^
meets
se
i
Dateline:
of
Visiting in
Norfolk and
the "
Virginia
Time
Gazette ( Purdie
Thursday,
`
la 1`_ . '
threatened
and Dixon),
January
27, 1774
TRAVEL WARNING:
country"
into
transformed
being
giant teapot expressly for the
a
We
fortunate to
were
boarded the tea
We
ships.
the
make
of
acquaintance
his story at the point
joined
the
where
Day
day
and
before
we
its way to the
beginning of Lent and fasting,
marked by the tradition of feasting on pancakes
of
stroyed
the
same
time,
all the hatches and take out all the
open
immediately proceeded to execute his
so as thoroughly to expose
orders,
arrived at the
Sublime
Porte,
September 17.
although
known
to be a pacific Disposition, and al
Armies are not very favorable, yet is
immoveably
determined
to carry on
board all the
to
of tea
chests
first
than comply on a single Article pro-
Dart-
posed by Russia concerning the Independency of the Crimea, or even to
admit Russia to have any part thereof
ships(
in her
and throw them overboard,
cutting and splitting the
have been told that
reporters
damaged
or even
no
other
chests
lowed
with
Possession;
Russia
of the Black
for if this was
would
Sea,
al-
soon be Mistress
in Consequence
of
effects
property
on
board the three
ships
was
which
the Ottoman
Throne
in Con-
stantinople would be as unguarded as
that of Warsaw, if not as that of Corde-
sica. Thus,
Russia
insists
upon what
the Porte will not comply with; so
the tea.)
save
rather
wharf. . .
we
them to the
tomahawks,
These
day
to
at the
which
we
of the water. In about three
hours from the time we went on board, we had thus broken and thrown overboard every tea
chest to be found on the ship, while those in the other ships were disposing of the tea in the
same
way, at the same time. ( From a Memoir of George Hewes)
our
the
First
Beaver)
Eleanor,
dered...
The
February 28, 1774
Ash Wednesday:
made
THE
though the Reports from the Turkish
that
as soon as we
promptly obeyed... .
the commander of the division. . .
ordered me to go to the capwere on board the ship. . .
tain and demand of him the keys to the hatches and a dozen candles. ...
We then were or-
mouth,
27, 1774
Tuesday:
group
CONSTANTINOPLE,
the War as long as possible,
immediately dressed myself in the costume of an Indian . . .
and were immediately ordered by the respective commanders
14, 1774
St. Valentine' s
steeped
of the band of" Indians"
a member
of
ships.
Virgin
the
brewing
of Ceylon and Darjeeling tea. This tea, belonging to the East India Company,
in the cold waters of Boston Harbor and provided drink only for the fishes.
I
of
TURNS RED
England port city, your narrators of the news happened upon a most
occurrence!
At Griffin' s Wharf on the evening of the 16th of December, we
this New
45 tons
the
state
Candlemas
Shrove
considerable
EXTRA! EXTRA!
2, 1774
February
a
BLACK SEA
they will meet in Williamsburg
and stay four days
Mary/
February
_ •-
I-
1
'
with
the Safety of the whole City.
Boston
extraordinary
witnessed Boston Harbor
from
Purification
r .
r
x
king' s
the
of the Capitol fire in
lowerparts of
February
for
I, Martyr:
1774
Merchants
`!
N
meets
1747
1,
t.~
i _ -' ;".••" :
execution
February
I
y
and raged
such amazing Violence, that His Excellency the Governor, His Lady and
Daughter, being in bed, barely escaped with their Lives. So rapid was
P
P
the Destruction, that every Article of
Property fell a Sacrifice to the insuperable Ranging of the Flames, which
December 1773
Commemoration
Anniversary
4Y
1•' s y' '
. i it
,
J4,
r
College
30, 1774
Charles
yj j
j
1104r-
meets
Fire broke out at Fort George
in this City.
0.
I;
Carolina,
Prospect of Success in a new and ele-
t`
arrives
South
where they have a very favorable
dreadful
r!
Lady
y'
I
Day
of Gordon
The Duchess
/-
are all ar-
j
IC
i
Twelfth Night: " Spend
American
Company of Comedians,
But just what occasioned such a destructive outburst on the part of these Bostonians?
that another
Campaign
is resolved
Season
Well, to hear the colonists tell the story, it was all about taxes. In the fall of this year 1773,
which, by all Appearances, will
A
14, 1774upon,
Boston' s North End Caucus, an organization
led by silversmith Paul Revere, voted to oppose
finish the Struggle on one Side or the
Easter Sunday and the end of
the sale of the tea with" their lives and fortunes."
other.
Lent
It started with the lbwnshend Duties back in' 67, in which Parliament levied import du
Virginia Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
ties on glass, paint, lead, paper and tea. After heated protests from the colonists, Parliament
Y
Thursday, 27, 1774
rescinded the Tbwnshend Duties, except the tax on tea. Why was the tea tax retained? lb make
Lenten
April
a point: Parliament still has the authority to tax the colonies whether the Americans like it
V I RG I N I A TODAY
or
SNAPSHOT
The
Over?
s
Party'
Colonies Await Britain' s Reaction
The Boston
December
Andnot
what about
the
Duties,
Tea
Party
Party
Enter
for England
verge
for the company. It had a staggering 17 million pounds of
warehouses,
and the colonists weren' t buying any of it, rather pre-
of May
colonies
tea at
at
bargain
a
1773, which
rate
that
granted
would
the
undersell
East India Company a monopoly to
the smuggled tea. This is good,
even
Cheaper in America than in England!
rates!
So, what's the problem with these provincials? Well, the problem, according to some of
the colonists, was the retention
of the three- penny tax per pound of tea that was originally
part of the Tbwnshend Duties.
in Dover,
First
England
News Arrives
the
only worsened
the Tea Act
right? India
19, 1774
January
News Arrives
on
valuable influence in India.
sell tea to the
Boston
was
ferring the cheaper smuggled tea from the Dutch and Danish West Indies. The crown was
predisposed to save the East India Company from going under because of the company' s
December 22, 1773
Ship leaves
crisis
unsold tea in its London
16, 1773:
The Boston Tea
Act? By early 1773, the East India Company
the Tea
of bankruptcy because of mismanagement and corruption among its employees. With the
Americans' refusal to buy British products because of the Stamp Act and the Tbwnshend
on
in London
this
minister
was
aware
that
Americans
and their thrift to sweep away any
Was he wrong!
addiction
a
Lord North
are
minor
tea
great
scruples
drinkers.
He counted
they might have about
token tax.
paying
That is why those " Mohawks" ( purportedly organized by Sam Adams) in Boston took
matters
into their own hands and destroyed the tea with the dreaded tax. The next day, John
Le',
1'
i
r, ,<
Adams ( Sam's lawyer
l
v
'
3 Cargoes
II• 4AW
N. j,'
1``•
\ -
i
i-='•"
There is
i
_
mire.
so
No
human
item,
beef,
no
no
order,
or
being,
bushel
letter,
no
no
of wheat,
or a
Ambrose,
no
information,
side
no
of
idea,
instruction of anykind moved
faster" than the speed
land
manufactured
ship
over
the
Undaunted
of
a
seas. [
horse
over
Stephen E.
Courage, 52]
were
wrote
in his
diary
that
emptied into the Sea. This is the most magnificent moment
of all.
Dignity, a Majesty, a Sublimity, in this last Effort of the Patriot, that I greatly adpeople should never rise, without doing something notable and striking. This Deof the Tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, so intrepid and inflexible, and it must have
important Consequences, and
Perhaps
ert y
?
cousin)
Tea
a
The
struction
WC ''
of Bohea
so,
Mr. Adams,
but
so
just
lasting,
that I
can' t
but
consider
it
as an
Epocha in History.
how will Parliament respond to this destruction of prop-
As Mr. Adams asked himself:
measures
Individuals,
We
or how.
don' t yet know, Mr. Adams, what Britain's
you may find the response" intolerable."
Submitted by your
NEIGHBORHOOD
WILLIAMSBURG, February 24.
LAST Monday, about two o' Clock, a
smart
roving
reaction
reporters
will be to Boston'
s
tea
party but
Phil Shultz and Nancy Milton]
Shock
of an Earthquake
felt at Westover,
was
the Seat of the Hon
ourable William Byrd, Esq; which
shook the Dwelling House very
much. It was likewise felt in this City
the same Day by a few People, and on
Wednesday Night following there was
a violent TYemour
of the earth. And
by a Gentleman from Richmond we
learn that the shock was severely felt
in that Town, at the same Time it was
observed
at
Westover,
accompanied
by a loud Noise like Thunder; and at
Petersburg and Blandford the Motion
of the Earth was still greater, many
Houses
have
been
moved
consider-
ably off their Foundations, and the
Inhabitants
run out
man
will the Ministry take, in Consequence of this?— Will they resent it? Will
they dare to resent it? Will they punish Us? How? By quartering Troops upon Us?— by annulling our Charter?— by laying on more duties? By restraining our Trade? By Sacrifice of
What
SHAKIN' UP THE
so much
of Doors.
says,
that
alarmed
The same
the
as to
Gentle-
Earthquake,
he
heard, had been much greater up the
Country.
Virginia Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
Thursday,
February
24, 1774
�2
Winter 1774
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIILLL
1.•
i
hibu
1:
Connolly,
to
attempts
raise
him.
arrest
he returned
afterward,
Released
with
which he renamed Fort Dun-
Fort Pitt,
Virginia governor and Council
military support for him, and in
1774 he appeared
with an armed
The
more.
authorized
April
t
Whitehall
-'
1]
t
_
1.
P.
3
3
4
t
l ",
iNk
t
Pump,
to
revive
ti
line engraving ( England,
white
after the Boston
shortly a
Britannia' s vitality. John
Magazine
4
`,..
--
and
black
maker
unknown
trying
supporters
11
.
Nri,,-.),
i,
Ir':
5 +-
Printed in Westminster
and his
Ilk
Ii.''''''- '
i//
i'
1,
The
t,;
i.
,
shortly
force to take
a
I I,•, .*:,.•'' ,
11,
41,!:',
)
1
I
Pitts
at
militia
Virginia commission, Penn-
a
under
Dr. John
representative,
s
t'
Y
y
sylvanians
over
rAt
'
24
Dunmore'
burgh
t_
14.,.
1',
i (
BOUNDARY DISPUTE
When
74,, ,,,-.;,,, ___ :.'
1-.::
imiiiiiiiik
January
VA,
bi.)( 4 :- disg!,, —..
11.
MONEY
r
r
1774).
Tea Party, this print has Lord North
Wilkes, as a friend to the colonies,
!=
.
7y1
Vir '
protests North's attempts at reprisals for the Tea Party. Colonial Williamsburg collections.
to defy the Westmoreland
County
Court of Pennsylvania. He agreed, however,
COMMERCE
not to interfere with the court' s routine opJohn
to
commissioners
at
Penn
with Dunmore
negotiate
but
Williamsburg,
sent
immediately
Evolution
Driving
if it did not bother him. Alarmed,
Governor
reached
they
the Colonies
in
Entered in the Upper District of
JAMES RIVER
January 17. Britannia, George Rapall, from
17 70
no
Salem,
America:
Becoming
Cambridge,
1776 (
Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of
Virginia,
1973) [ need page number].
The
and
Massachusetts,
Harvard
London,
before
Revolution
Press,
University
Anglicans in Virginia.
America
mainland
s
settlements
mainland
Africans, although
TEA PARTY
BOSTON
of
society
colonies.
YESTERDAY
the
17, 1773
December
than
Body
had
we
Miles round,
twenty
Step
taken that
the
of
The
a
the Teas
Rotch
Mr.
that
was
by
Pass
the
in the
little Time every Ounce of
Board the captains Hall, Bruce
on
Coffin,
without
a
immersed
was
least Injury
the
to
Scene. We conceived it
in
the
Bay,
private Prop-
erty. The Spirit of the People
all Parties,
casion
surprised
the
every
for reit
Moment
Doors,
a
obtain
Street, and in
and
and
practicable
for his Ship
Number of People huzzaed
could not
Castle,
was
Teas.
out
turning
known,
Country coming
of this inwhich,
Express,
teresting
obliges
af-
to
Duty
ford you the most early Advice
Event
by
departing immediately,
viewed
who
our
Oc-
this
on
us
to
in
ows
colonial life everyit cast only curious shadmainland colonies as late as
whereas
where,
greater Meeting of
the
ever,
in from
was
a
By 1770 slavery had
reshaped
profoundly
Boston,
in 1680 most European
English.
the
1670. As early as 1720 cities of real urban
complexity emerged from the meanest and
simplest
of towns.
farmers
perous
Modest
happily,
some
market
less
some
as
thrust
increasingly
into international
selves
well
as
prosthem-
economies,
Eighteenth-
so.
never
mainland
s
replaced
the
typical
mechanisms
rudimentary
of the seventeenth-
of refined
rise
religious
and trades. A
crafts
pluralism
old
the
overran
ortho-
that
five
trans-
important
international
and
transatlantic
supported
a
ways.
of
modern
economies
domestic
vigorous
Their
production.
ahead to the large-
politics
trade
looked
participatory pollThey exhibited the
scale
societies.
for power, control and
penchant
authority over both humanity and nature
modern
few limitations
brooked
or
questions
about their propriety. And they displayed a
religious
pluralism that dwarfed the mild
diversity
European
ern
17 Hhds.
and 9 Quintals
Hhd.
And
Rum,
Gazette ( Purdie
found in any early mod-
nation.
con-
Tierce
of
Molasses,
4 Dozen
Axes,
50 Weight
and Earthen
Ware.
Cleared Outwards
January 17. Virginia, Alexander
for Glasgow,
Thompson,
with 473 Hhds.
of Tobacco,
and 15, 500 Staves.
Donald, Thomas Ramsey, for Glasgow,
with
538 Hhds.
of Tobacco,
and
18. Canadian,
mouth,
William
with
Abbott,
7766
Bushels
for Falof Wheat,
and 428 Barrels of Flour.
John and Bella, Andrew Green, for London,
with
Staves,
308
Hhds.
of Tobacco,
Elizabeth,
John
Sampson,
with
Hhds.
of Tobacco,
459
for
1
In this letter, Pleasants, a Quaker and the press
of the Virginia Abolition Society, discusses
the fact that the other 12 colonies were also faced
with the problem of how to end slavery, with
Benezet, a resident of Philadelphia.
tdent
C ;. ,. .:,:
I: :, ‘
i
i
think
I
Phisition
the
handled
has
altho
of Slavery in a masterly manner,
he may have very little reato expect to share with his antagonist
son
I
Council
than
have been
William
and John, William
Langdell,
Gazette (
Purdie
and Dixon),
others
unlikely
pass
thy
no
our
for I
Governor ( and its not
also)
has
such laws. I just
this
Illustrative
Documents
thought
of the History of the
Slave Tirade to America (
suppose
S. Hein&
William
Buffalo, N. Y.:
Co., 2002)
4: 161.
Mortar
(
should
mixed
with
be
that
Like Lethe,
fatal
to the Love
of Fame."
Dr.
Young
Can Posterity believe that the constitutional
Liberties
were
on
the
of North America
given up for Tea? Is this
otick Plant necessary to Life? Or does
ushered
extravagant
into Europe,
Encomiums
our
imaginary)
A. D.
a
general
great
prevail
to
a
1679,
of Cornelius
by
It
the
Ben-
to
The
State of Health
Revolution
is dwindled,
and disordered,
reverse.
by
it;
so
has
un-
that
our
and become puny, weak,
such a Degree, that were
Century
meager
more
we
should be
Pigmies.
PHILO- ALETHEIAS
Virginia
Gazette (
Purdie
and
Thursday, January
Dixon),
13, 1774
more
I
what
receive
agreeable
Trees felled during this time
to be stronger.
Carpentry and Joinery: Fewer daylight
hours; if working by day, less work
done.
Painting: Rain and snow of winter put end
to painting outdoors.
ex-
him, the apmen.
I
sencible
to
sev-
eral petitions to the King and Parliament
may have the desired effect, but I fear there
sufficient
to
is not virtue and resolution
forgo
Tyranny of
it with amazing Rapidity,
spread
reduced
it? Just the
Dutch Physician.
a
though the
it to
upon
it may, he will
of Judicious
probation
highly approved and sincerely wish the
ex-
being
Health depend
as
pect will be
how I tremble at the baneful Name!
or
withstand
a
present (
interest in the
wicked and destructive
one
and
tho
of
prohibit
the
further
in N. York)
does
thou
not
Cart cider to town
Bob Doares, Kevin
that
taking place at a future
all concerned in the Trade
notice
so as
might
have
of such law, would not be (
companied
with
pertinent
when
reasons)
ac-
more
Rowe,
Linda
Lorena
Calves
Phil Shultz
Freedman,
rights
otherwise noted.
Haul out manure
are
property of
Foundation,
beds and sow tobacco
Ditch and fence fields
Cut firewood
production
reserved. All images
The Colonial Williamsburg
Kill hogs and fatten beeves
Prepare
editor
2003 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All
born
Hunt ducks and seine fishing
Stem and prize tobacco
Walsh
Mary Ann Williamson, copy
Diana
and lambs
Pen and feed cattle
Production:
that
period
Bakari
Kelly
Carl Lounsbury, Rose McAphee
Nancy Milton, Lou Powers
of
Acts of the Colonys making all free after a
term of Servitude like other forcertain
eigners
Plant fruit trees
Arnold, Harvey
Laura
Im-
think
Sow early vegetables
Willis
Contributors:
in
portation of Slaves by an imposition of high
Dutys, has been frustrated ( as I find is the
case
Clean, grub and ditch meadows
Anne
of the papers containing the address
to those Mercht., to the Printer,
to
Thresh wheat and cart to town
Margot Crevieaux Gevertz
advice
Assembly
CALENDAR
Gather, husk and cart corn
Clear, manure and plow fields
Training
Editors:
a
I have sent
and doubt not they will shortly appear
the attempts
our Gazette and as it seems
our
is a publication of the
of Interpretive
false and
continuation
Trade.
AGRICULTURAL
Becoming AMERICANS TODAY
Department
unless
be
less
work in winter.
hint for
Donnan, ed.,
winter
months because of moisture, often no
Timbering:
consideration.
Elizabeth
in
water), but good bonding difficult.
Plastering: Difficult to work in winter
to
instructions
drop
Manufacture:
the thanks of the Affrican Company, but let
Race
for
Salem, with 118 Bushels of Wheat, 550
Bushels of Corn, and 40 Bushels of
harder
byDuties
aprohibition
told
the
subject
dergone
of
Wine, and 6800 Staves.
Mortar
Ending Slavery
effectually to put an end to it, and be more
likely to be approved by the King and
PLEASANTS TO ANTHONY BENEZET
1!
Fashion
Bristol,
2 Pipes
BUILDING TRADES
Benezet Suggests Solution for
I'
etekoe,
8000
and 800 Feet of Plank.
Brickmaking: Clay dug and left to break up
with frost, no burning.
Bricklaying: Difficult to work in cold and
damp weather; threat of frost in bricks
and improper binding of mortar; bricks
should be covered to prevent freezing.
J
was
15, 500
Staves.
and Dixon),
FEBRUARY 2, 1774— ROBERT
of
of Pot
Thursday, January 6, 1774
NlipS
Point
11
Beans.
Thursday, January 6, 1774
TEA!
Rum,
Iron, 15 Hhds. of Salt, and sundry
Virginia
Virginia
of New England
of Fish.
1
of the Committee
order
Six
Hhds. and 8 Barrels of New England
dude.
By
of Raisins,
3 Dozen of Axes, 4 Barrels of Mackerel,
Wooden
settlements
change
in
modern
prisingly
religious
vigorous
the
They became ethnically and nationally diverse,
not homogeneous.
They developed
that
New patterns of produccentury colonies.
the
tion and consumption accompanied
in
appeared
nineteenth- century America and
emerged as surBut the colonies
Europe.
tics
Coffee,
overwhelmingly urban, and
not driven by or beset with the
technological
formed
predecessors scarcely could have
prehended it. Complex, sophisticated
tics
important
completely
of
IWo characteristics
never
and
polipolitical
an
not
were
course. '
Britain'
massive
that
com-
Casks
were
were
they
and planters
century colonial merchants
created and inherited wealth so vast that
their
was
eighteenth- century
s
colonies
modern
were
20
Polly, John Gillason, from Salem, with 1
modern,
settlers
in
modern
already
a polyglot
population of English,
Scots, Germans, Dutch, Swiss, French and
contained
Hot Flash
Here, then,
ways.
Britain'
2000), p. 2
By 1770 Britain'
and
of the Puritans in Massachusetts
doxy
Butler
Jon
with
Casks of Spanish Wine, 180 Weight of
agreement.
John E. Selby, A Chronology of Virginia and
1763- 1783
the War of Independence,
a
3ys91,,, _%. --
band
erations
d
@
-
and cart to town
Build roads and saw timber
Slaves hired out
seeds
�3
Winter 1774
FORUM
Oaiks --,
l
4. „,_',;....,
t1444'..`
-'''
A-‘,.
Awirt,
11110 / '
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t ,
jr
t
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1
9
I
ill'
4.
in
tillik*--•
w'
t
,
COOK' S CORNER
rjr.
ir si.
F'
Food has been associated
r
y_ .
f~--
1 ,:
S*" -•*'
=
a"
1i'
WINTER 1774
wariz= 1ffisin_Letter
front . . .
Winter
Margot
As
Crevieaux-
prepare once again
of life in Williamsburg
story
of
1774,
Gevertz
still focused
are
the
the
during
of Becoming
material to sup-
this
edition
Americans Today provides
plement last year' s information.
we
tell
to
we
winter
So
while
of the Boston
news
on
Tea Party, for example, there are references
to broaden the discussion and relate to issues
face today.
Y
One such reference is the
decries the harmful
article
of
effects
on
2
p.
drinking
Who in the community, upon reading
Virginia
Gazette of January 13, would
tea.
the
have been concerned for the future of their
health and
physical
have
would
who
seen a
warning for the future of the colony? This is
a handy topic to engage
guests in conversalevels in
different
tion at
variety of
a
venues.
And what of foreign
affairs? In
reading
bep. 1 about the campaign
tween Turkey and Russia over the Crimea,
we can ask: Who would have discussed the
the
article
on
in the town? Who would
situation
have
had any concerns about the outcome? How
does this compare with how different people in our country today relate to what is
in the rest of the world?
on
going
This
Today
of
edition
Americans
Becoming
highlights
also
special
our
All
ities.
weekend
in the
weather
cated and shaped
but
IN
compli-
colonies
life and life' s
family
activ-
blast and watched
winter' s
anxiously as their supply of firewood dwindled. In Williamsburg, as elsewhere
in the
colony, the
resigned
citizens
themselves to
root
cold
nights.
was
a
dark
in
more
winter
prevalent
haunted
were
byres-
piratory and other illnesses. Dr. deSequera' s
Diary describes the illnesses of Winter
The Winter
1774:"
produced
Colds,&
some
Bilious Peripneumonies; After the Inflamaremoved
was
Service, but
gentle Purges were of
attended with Expecto-
when
Purges
the
rations;
left, &
were
plentifully Pectoral Decoctions
ice."
In
were
there
Williamsburg
for the ill and
dying;
were
Without
times
threat
of infection from injuries
constant
was
an-
some
The
no
at
making care most hard
lighted places that were
Prudent wives and
clean.
the
serv-
hospital
all people
members
Families
sick
of
ports
and Falmouth.
had
often
same
time,
in cold
and
difficult
keep
prepared
mothers
un-
to
Bristol,
During the cold
Williamsburg residents
litical future.
reached
weeks
of
January
pondered
their
po
Party
6,
1774,
it occurred
Concern
the
De
on
about
future
relationship with Britain con
officials
sumed merchants and government
as they discussed Britain' s possible reaction.
and
At the
ment
dren
same
time there were great exciteand curiosity among adults and chil
in town about Lady
Dunmore' s
anticipated
her
six
in Williamsburg
arrival
with
children.
Submitted
by
for
our
The Department
P
looks forward to
wishes
guests.
of Interpretive Rainingg
rP
workingwithyou
and
and all the very best in 2004.
one
Colonial
2004,
will
Williamsburg
focus programming in the year
While this is certainly well- traveled
once
again
1774.
for
ground
mined.
wealth to be
a
with
Staying
year will
is still
there
us,
allow
1774 for the coming
to do several important
us
moving on to new interpretive
would make difficult. First, we
things that
territory
need to build in planning time, so new programs can be developed, researched and rehearsed 12 to 18
months
Second,
use
we
can
before production.
2004
11th Still
good
a
Wind
deal of ice
south
at
day— at
Y
gh
night
west,
upon
fresh &
the
as
a
to
time
ex-
cold
shifted to north west
all
again
Burgesses'
of
with the House
began in Virginia
tion
May 24 decisionto declare
s
trees
are
this
s
In
2005
we
years by season
seminal
events
are
so we
in
to
planning
take
can
ation
Anne Willis]
of
food
the
is
be 1774 because
of
like the
events
news
Boston Tea Party, the arrival
Dunmore and most
her
summer
corn,
staple.
resolutions
adopted
being
by
the
Virginia Conven tion, the Virginia
of Rights, the
and
Constitution
Henry
In the
tee
the
election
first
meal
fall
we'
emergence
of Safety
ernment,
as
the
commander
ll
move
the
arm of govof Patrick Henry as
of Virginia' s armed
forces, Lord Dunmore' s
lamation
This
time
move
can
emancipation
procand the Battle of Great Bridge.
is
aprovocative
and
challengingg
g
for Historic Area programming. Let' s
forward together to do everything we
to
make
history
come
alive.
hogs brought
from
in the use
of
were
Slave
cuisine.
turned into.
corn-
es, and
succotash. Fish stews and thick, meat based
soups
were flavored
with spices
from Africa
as well as native herbs. Consider a holiday
dinner in Tidewater Virginia to help under
stand
how the earliest
cooks
combined
the
the
cooking traditions they brought from England with the necessity of adapting to avail
able,
often
unfamiliar
foodstuffs
and
the
new methods needed to prepare them.
the
an
ways
inundation
and
rain
freezing
quite
shut
up
Roast Turkey with Cornbread Stuffing
Gravy
again.
Scalloped Oysters
Candied
pleasant afterwards. ( Washington)
21st Earthquake felt at Williamsburg, Westover
and Richmond. [
of
AND HOME
HEARTH
Gardening and food preservation:
Slaughtering in cold weather,
of fresh
cuts
meats
salted for 6- 8
Make
cuts
as
Pumpkin Pie
large
so
well
Fewer
than
half the dishes
are English
in origin, which is a tribute to the influence
pickle or pot smaller
fish, fowl and game.
of the
as
Vegetables include spinach,
cauliflower,
carrots,
etc.).
Lemon Chess Tarts
and then smoked.
bage and root
potatoes,
Sweet Potato Muffins
for the table. Hams to be
weeks
sausages,
of meat
Sally Lunn Bread and
vegetables (
Stored items such
cab-
turnips,
as
apples
Native
Americans
usurped and the African
guaranteed
whose
and pumpkins on hand. By February eggs
become plentiful for Lenten dishes as well
land
was
slaves whose labor
the success of the Southern
agrarian economy.
Laura Arnold, The Interpreter,
Fall
1988.
Answers to the last puzzle
as to hatch.
together
s
H
T
T
L
E
U B! O R
DI
T
I
MIME
i-
CJAIT! H O I. I Ci
M
R
P
e
L
s
L
E
R
W HIE
A
E
A
T
O
O
V
Ic O R N S TIA! L K
Ti
M
o
O
s
G
P
IK
G
U
s
N
H
P1O1W
T
D
I
o
E
R
7
u
S E' P' r E M! B EIRI
1m
N
P
L! A! RI 1
N
ACROSS
1
Eat' em on Shrove Tuesday
7
Parliament responds to" tea party" with these
acts
II
•
c
R
NATE
T
111
II
II
N
o
a
Ti
T
T
9 Governor of Massachusetts after" tea party"
11 1t a tossing instigator
I
12 Governor of Massachusetts at time of " tea
party"
I
ill
II
Potatoes
Cranberry Sauce, Pickles and Relishes,
source?]
Fithian)
1..
III
1
II
Sweet
Mashed Potatoes
I.
Patrick
1775 and focus
colonists
dried corn became hominy or was corn-
ill
fifth
executive
chief
Almost
for
of the Virginia Commit-
selection
in
to
the
bined with dried beans to make a form of
1.©
of
of the inde-
the
is seen
Southern
rations
V
Declara-
of
with ice,&
ground. ( Philip
of
governor
Commonwealth
of Virginia.
pendent
on
the
as
the
introduced
while
and
influence
traditional
N
of the Virginia
adoption
and,
Cattle
African
IS
Congress.
the
slaves.
Americans
spices and in cooking techniques. Slaves
were truly creative cooks, combining a few
ingredients to produce what is now part of
of
will interpret the
season
of 1776 with
independence
tion
hail,
the
of Lady
and the
Co
call for the first Continental
but not
river
wind violent at northeast; The
of our
the
summer
the
snow,
country. For the winter, we will interpret
the winter of 1773. Spring will continue
to
The
hang bending
terrible!
change
foundation
to
cuisine,
England joined the variety of indigenous
game found in fields and forests. . . .
21 st Morning lowering, but dear calm &
the
advantage
Southern
never gave up their preference for wheat as
a grain source, the abundance of corn
made it an easily obtained, inexpensive
day
a
to
response
little
all glassy Er slippery. . . .
Through
whole
day it storms but the evening
Tea Party.
Boston
cloudy
but
quite
shut up. Wind northerly. (
Washington)
30th Very stormy this morning with rain
and hail which instantly freezes; the
and prayer in supP Y
Pof Boston in the after-
port of the citizens
math of Parliament'
Day
28th Snowing until the afternoon
fast covered 2 inches. Very cold
humiliation
fasting,
g
flats.
wind. ( Washington)
history. Effectively,
Revolu-
the
upon
on
American
the
of the
unique
Brandied Peaches
13th River entirely closed in the morning,
except
but free from ice afterwards
periment
proposed
The year 1774 was critical in American
for 2005.
storylines
In
is
early settlers to the cultivation and preser
cold with but little wind, &
northerly. River
Washington)
flats.
g
grew verycold. ( George Washington)
g
River almost dose froze— day cold,
rain;
with
reflection
that
Virginia Ham
15th Clear &
wind fresh at northwest. ( Washington)
In
a
and African
1774
February
WEATHER
1774
January
12th
ONCE MORE IN ' 74
to
Crab Gumbo
tides
experience
are
pot"
society.
Presidents
will enable you to think about how
your interpretation can tie into these events
as we look for ways
to provide a seamless
devoted
traditions can be traced to their pre
dominantly dominantly English roots with the added
influence of the cooking styles of Native
1774,
Tea
January
on
after
1773.
16,
cember
Glasgow, Salem
g
Virginia Gazette announced
three
news
American
Native
News of the Boston
Williamsburg
the
cookbooks
a
entered
of London,
when
traditins
Americans
also
Ships from Britain and New
P
and sailed back to the
unfrozen.
England
of
ethnic " melting
threat.
celebrating Black History Month and
Weekend. A review of these ar-
events
remedies.
many people suffered and
died of secondary infections.
trade
by family
available.
members
was
drinking
was
therefore,
cared for at home
if they
several
European
P
tinued as long as the James and York Rivers
and families
months
gardens and
in town sold
their
tibiotics,
were
Death
the
from
apothecaries
difficult time
had
Tradesmen
shorter
and
corn
long
to
cold.
Lion
woods,
while
daylight hours and bitter
and adjusted
vegetables
medicines
holida
Travel from plantations to town was dif
ficult on icy roads limiting supplies coming
into Williamsburg.
Commercial trade con-
diets of fresh meat,
monotonous
herbal
sub species"
holidaycooking. In the United States, these
WILLIAMSBURG
various
struggled
wealthyfor
gg
the
from
protection
of it with
we
that
with celebra-
tions since ancient times and has spawned
17 Tea tax relic of these duties
18
El
III
Ill
I
IT
I.
End of Christmastide
19 Rocks Virginia in late February
20 Will meet on first day of February
DOWN
2 This English legal case inspires some American slaves to seek freedom
3
This institution
increasingly
in question
4 '
5
II
III
zo
III
II
One way slaves consume
6
III
Tis the season
to sow these seeds
Virginia has border dispute with this colony
Food staple introduced by Indians
corn
10 Winter causes challenges for these trades
12 Requires weeks of salt and smoke to prepare
these
This weekday begins Lent
14 Granted to East India Company
15 Turkish dynasty
16
Quaker leader of Virginia
abolitionists
�4
Winter 1774
BLACK
PRESIDE
HISTORY
WEEKEND
MONTH
h
J
wi;011 11. I'
Presidents Weekend,
In
14- 16, 2004
February
of Black History Month,
Williamsburg will feature its sec-
recognition
Colonial
Other programs will provide insight into
master- slave relationships
to
our
yearly opportunity
presidents who called Virginia home and to interpret
had with Williamsburg.
George
obtained
Washington
Mary and
was
burgess
a
1774. Washington had
a
his
and
warm
surveyor'
special
the
license
s
the
commemorate
from
lives of the first three
relationship that each
College of William and
the
from 1759 through
part- time resident of Williamsburg
with the last royal governor, Lord Dunmore,
friendship
and annual Black History Month Weekend
programs on February 20- 22, 2004.
slaved communities'
These programs will explore how a diverse enslaved
community used, survived,
actments
resisted
Weekend is
Presidents
will illustrate
and
influenced
Revolution.
American
in
performed
presentation
in the General
Williamsburg.
1769 through
1778 and
1780. Jefferson
was
as
was
burgess and delegate
a
governor
in Williamsburg
to the
Virginia
from May
Assembly
from
through March
1779
James Madison' s relationship with the capital began with his entree into colonial politics in May 1776 as a delegate to the Virginia Convention that adopted the Resolutions
for Independence.
As
of the
The weekend
be
and
Area
of
history
the
interpretation
the
a
the
explore
the
22,
soldier,
in Westmoreland
1732,
of
a
and
new
was
official
public
and
Virginia,
County,
inaugurated
Washington
grew up
Jefferson and Hamilton,
the
republican
witnessed
decorum
and
Me, When
a
he
of Henryee'
y
of his
famous eulogy, " first in
war,
case
of
slaves
in
toto
THOMAS ( 1743- 1826).
Public
philosopher and third U. S. president. Born on April 13,
in Goochland
ther' s plantation " Shadwell"
County
the
the
of
election
Jefferson and Aaron Burr, defeated
tied in the electoral
and
was
chosen
ton,
D. C. There
tions
like
were
a
spoils
Purchase,
college.
the
Federalists but
were
and demands
ery
of Representatives,
In the House
soon
based
firm constitutional
was
a
will
servants
fight
is defeated
9: Dunmore
13:
the
to
Hoping
away from
all
masters
Jefferson
again
for
Great
at
as,
though
his
extension
entice
Dunmore'
Convention
slaves
s
sympathetic.
YmP
was
promises
days.
unprepared
and part of which— New England— was totally unfostered thegrowth of popular discontent. New England
P P
g
Militarydisasters
seriously considered secession,
from Canada, and Washington,
reelection
in 1812. The
war
great
D. C.,
was
areas
was
ended
of the Northwest
burned. Nevertheless,
by
the'
IYeaty
were
lost to British
Madison
forces
managed to
win
of Ghent in December 1814, with
Few
the
Dia-
A
publishes "
of the
Slavery
1971),
C. Merriman
1304- 1306, 1048- 1049, 1109-
1110.
Upper
disrupts
slave
families
and
reverses
the
1806
The
1777
Vermont' s
constitution
illegal. Several
suit
the
Virginia
legislature
major provisions of the 1782 Manumission Law, requiring all slaves manother
and
during
umitted in the future to leave the state
makes
slavery
will follow
states
American
the
after
within one year.
1808
Revolution.
An estimated
20, 000 blacks— loyalists
fought for the
who
Revolution—
U. S.
New
from
Charleston,
West
Some
are
York,
bound
Indies,
during
crown
American
relocated
the
Savannah
the
and
to
January: U. S. Constitutional ban on the
importation of slaves goes into effect,
as does the British Abolition Act prohibiting British participation in the
the
evacuate
for
Canada
and
Atlantic slave trade.
1832
British
Nat ' Ihrner's Rebellion. In
England.
the
Freetown,
Virginia
gradual
Sierra Leone.
slave
1782
Virginia passes
couraging
a manumission
bill
manumission
private
emancipation,
code stricter,
response,
votes
against
makes
prohibits
the
the edu-
cation of slaves and places limits on
black preaching.
en
of
legislature
1833
slaves.
American
1783
founded
Virginia
enacts
emancipation
of
Kentucky begins.
in 1817.
of protective tariffs. Madison retired to " Montpellier"
Source: Webster' s Guide to American History ( Springfield, Mass.: G. &
throughout
communities.
nental Congress to abolish slavery.
Orleans— restored to the president much political favor. The remainder of his
administration
was marked
most prominently by his brief backing away from Jeffersonian principles in approving both the charter of the second Bank of the United States and
at New
Company,
proliferate
which appeals to the Conti
had served
a system
Eli Whitney' s invention of the cotton
gin makes large- scale production of
cotton profitable. Cotton plantations
accept
South, Southwest and Deep South, expanding the use of slave labor. Forced
Concerning
United States having failed to gain a single one of its war aims and having had to bargain from weakness simply to regain its territory. But the mere fact that the war was over,
coupled with a few spectacular though belated victories— notably by Gen. Andrew Jackthe
son
away slaves to their owners.
to
to their
migration
Hopkins
Africans,"
a
totally
to the Union.
Congress passes the first fugitive slave
law, compelling judges to return run-
from Virginia.
logue
was the clear successor
to the presidency. He
opponent and continued the
strong victory over his Federalist
policies of Jefferson unaltered. The difficulties with Britain and France
continued and worsened, particularly with the former; Madison was ap-
which
three fifths
1793
runaway
control,
return
who
10
within
Samuel
of fed-
parently deceived by Napoleon into issuing a nonintercourse
proclamation against Great
Britain
in November 1810, making war with that country virtually inevitable. In June
1812 war was formally declared, beginning a painful and dangerous period for the na
tion,
to count
Kentucky becomes the first new slave
state admitted
1776
1808 he [ Madison]
In
states
The
allows
1791
pardon. Many of the loyalist slaves
with Dunmore when he re-
treats
ac-
MADISON,
JAMES ( 1751- 1836), political philosopher, public official
and fourth U. S. president. Born in Port Conway, King George County,
was of a
Virginia, on March 16, 1751, Madison
moderately wealthy
family of Virginia planters. . . .
won
adopted.
compromise"
Representatives.
of
the
1782- 84
u
fifths
of their slave populations in determin
ing representation in the House of
evacuate
great
grounds,
eral power and was widely criticized. In 1809 he retired permanently to Monticello and
remained there for the rest of his life.
to
U. S. Constitution
three-
proclaims the
and offers freedom
who
masters
pardon
policy on France' s financial difficulties to acquire a vast new
expansion.
Soon after his re- election in 1804, he was faced with
on
September:
be
king. As a result 800- 1, 000 blacks run
away to the British.
I
impossible problem of maintaining neutrality in the war between England
and France. Determined to avoid war, he resorted finally to the Embargo Act of 1807,
though
Ordinance bans slavery
Rivers).
Dunmore
rebellion
slaves
the almost
which,
slay-
Negroes"
and indentured
slaves
rebel
in the irony of practical affairs, violated Jefferson' s political
constitutional authority behind it. Nonetheless,
he demonstrated
for American
denounces
to
principles in having no
his freedom from doctrinaire
territory
the
from the Northwest Territories ( north
in
Slavery
that "
colony in
that,
action
establish
of the African Race.
Southern
Lord
November:
December
by the Federalists, Jefferson first introduced something
greatly exaggerated
system.
His first administration was signalized, however, by the Louisiana
an
sev
given land.
A
themselves
first president to be inaugurated in Washingfollowed a controversy over federal appointments
African
published;
America"
the
was
others
of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi
Paine' s "
Thomas
Itet '
western
for president,
candidates
write
and
Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition
of Slavery, for the Relief of Free Negroes and for Improving the Condition
Philadelphia.
the Virginia
1800, the Republican
Quakers
to
1773
July: Northwest
fringe of settlement in Virginia. . . .
In
attempts
Between
Bridge.
public leader,
1743, on his fa-
on
after 1800.
1775
first inpeace, and first in the hearts
official,
a
North
April 14: First abolitionist society in British
America
North
established
in
December
JEFFERSON,
British
Britain.
and
system
encourages
away in
run
Great
Congress votes against Thomas Jeffer-
1787
countrymen."
s
of
son's proposal to prevent slavery from
expanding into the western counties
of attaining freedom.
vised his country on its future course. In March 1797 he returned once again to Mount
Vernon. . . .
He has remained in the century and three- quarters since his death, in the
words
survival
Submitted by Harvey Bakari]
eral petitions to the governor in hopes
rejected
firmly
and " Jumpin'
the
irginia
Virginia Time Line
and 1776, blacks in Boston
resisted an
particularly bitter attack from the opposition, and the president
to gain a share of the treaty- making power. In
of Representatives
pleas that he accept a third term ( setting a precedent that endured for 144 years and that was later made law), and in September he delivered before
Congress his " Farewell Address," which owed much to Hamilton, and in which he ad1796
court
of the
reach
the House
by
Comes"
underscore
communities.
for his free
sues
America
and in-
suing his proclamation of neutrality upon the outbreak of the Anglo- French War in
1793, in sending troops under Hamilton
to suppress
the Whiskey Rebellion
in western
Pennsylvania in 1784, and in signing the Jay Treaty with England in 1795. The treaty
master,
number
and the
polarization of politics into party camps. While seeking to steer a middle course, he more
often than not found himself aligned with the Hamiltonian Federalists
particularly in is-
attempt
Freedom
African culture and values within enslaved
taken to En-
slave
Word
wins.
re-
heated
a
a
in the British
dom
of the former,
resignation
his
gland by
on
not the
and among all his officers, and conducted himself with
straint. His first term without major crisis,
but his second
provoked
insti-
the enslaved
1784
James Somerset,
first U. S. president.
Federal Hall in New York City. As the first
was
least of his responsibilities
to
at
unsure
clash between
to control
people and how slaves attempted to make
sense of the world in which they lived.
Evening programs such as " Remember
lives of free black and
Enslaving
president
government,
avoid creating potentially harmful precedents. He constructed his cabinet with an eye to
sectional and ideological balance, strove to the utmost to maintain cordial relations with
evitable
how Virginia' s formative
attempted
and shared values.
family
plantation. . . .
On April 30, [ 1789], he
tutions
new
GEORGE ( 1732- 99),
February
on
cused slave felons and a religious gathering
Jonkonnu"
1772
Born
Re en
enslaved people and their clashing interests
drafting of the Virginia
ber of the Governor' s Council in Williamsburg until March 1780.
Submitted by Bill Weldon]
WASHINGTON,
Revolution.
of oyer and terminer trials of ac-
Colonial
at
special
A
of the American
African-
tour
walking
through Historic Area houses and outbuild-
Madison
contributed to the
government,
of Rights and served as a memConstitution and the Declaration
member
a
will
will begin with
events
of
American
ings will
to the Randolphs.
a cousin
Programs
Historic
the
of the
events
Hennage Auditorium.
in the years just before the Revolution.
dates back to 1760, first as a stuThomas Jefferson' s association with Williamsburg
dent at William and Mary, then as a law student under George Wythe. He practiced law
Court, served
the
crisis
as well as the en-
perspectives on the
as
legislation
certain
soldiers
for
slaves
the
1834
in the Revolu-
August: Parliament abolishes slavery in the
British
scale
migration
of Virginians to
Migration
from Vir-
ginia will continue throughout the
first half of the 19th century, during
which slave owners will take the insti-
tution of slavery with them into the
new
territories.
Society
who
tion.
Large-
Anti- slavery
in Philadelphia.
Caribbean
colonies.
1851
Slavery abolished in Columbia, and
over the next few years, in Argentina,
Venezuela,
livia.
Peru,
Ecuador,
and
Bo-
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 3, number 1
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[2004]
Description
An account of the resource
January and February, 1774