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VOL.
1
NO.
1
AUGUST 1980
This publication attempts to answer your historical questions.
So,
if
questions arise which neither you nor your supervisor are able to answer,
please contact Jane Strauss at extension 2449.
She will know who in the
Foundation is best qualified to answer your inquiry and, in turn, she will
respond either by note or by newsletter.
tions we
Below are just some of
have received in the recent past.
the ques-
By the way, you will notice that
each issue of Questions and Answers has in its right hand margin a " Subject
Index."
As issues accumulate, this list will allow you to refer quickly to
the specific issue and subject you wish to review.
1.
What was a freeholder?
Any person who owned land, including women and persons underage.
2.
Who was eligible to vote in Virginia in the eighteenth -century?
Suffrage was granted only to free white males, ages 21 and over, who met
certain other qualifications..
Women could not vote.
Indians and Negroes,
whether free or slave, were disenfranchised.
The Virginia election laws did
not mention religion except to require that qualified Quakers make affirmation before voting.
3.
What were the other qualifications for enfranchisement?
FREHOLDR,
VOTING,
So far as free white adult males were concerned, franchise requirements
did not in practice demand much of a stake nor were they very exclusive.
Freeholders could vote who owned ( or had a lifetime lease to) a. 25 acres
with house and plantation or, b. 100 acres of unimproved land or, c. a house
and part of a lot in a town.
There were other avenues to the ballot box:
freeholders with land which did not conform to these regulations, or men
owning no land at all could vote provided they owned 150 visible property
i.e.
cash or possessions).
In addition, men could vote who had served a
five -year apprenticeship in a trade in Norfolk or Williamsburg, and who were
housekeepers and inhabitants in those towns following their service. All
FRENCHMA'
S
MAP,
those eligible may not have exercised their right to vote, but it cannot be
said that a large mass of free adult white males were disenfranchised.
4.
When and where was the Frenchman' s map found?
The Frenchman' s map was purchased from a shop in Norfolk. In 1909, its
owner ( a resident of New York City) sent the map to a friend in Williamsburg
with instructions that it be presented to the librarian at the college.'
5.
CITY
Why is it called the Frenchman' s map?
Some of the notations on the map are in French, while others are in
The French notations and the map' s date ( 1782 ?) suggest that it
was drawn by a French soldier who was in this area during the siege at YorkEnglish.
town or just after.
6.
FIRE,
Did Colonial Williamsburg have a fire engine?
In 1716, Masters and Visitors of the College of William and Mary ordered
1 Ingine for quenching Fire "' and" 2 Doz. leather buckets..."
known if it ever arrived.
It is not
There was at least one fire engine in Williams-
burg by March 1756, for it was used to fight a fire that broke out in Dr.
A Bi- \ lonchly Publication at the Department of Interpretative Education
GOVERNMT
AND
COMERC
�Two years earlier, the Virginia council had ordered a fire
Peter Hay' s shop.
engine and four dozen leather buckets from London " for use of the Capitol."
7..
Were special wells designed to be used during a fire?
An act of the Assembly passed in November 1741 ( and again in 1761)
autho-
rized the Williamsburg city officials to levy a poll on the tithable
inhabitants to pay for sinking new wells and instal
supply the fire engine with water, in case of fir
city owned only one fire engine and only one pu
pump was out of repair, by the way.
8.
ng pumps in them " to
But
as
late as 1771
the
hadjbeen installed. - The
When was Williamsburg incorporated?//
royal charter in the name of King
It should be noted that Williamsburg was functioning as the Capitol
of the colony from 1699 when the General: Assembly passed " an act Directing
The government
the Building of the Capitoll and the City of Williamsburg."
was housed at the College from 1700 to 1704, when the Assembly first used the
On July 28, 1722, the city was granted
George
I.
Capitol for its meetings.
9.
How was it to be governed?
According to the charter,
a mayor,
10.
two
11.
a
recorder,
the officers of the city corporation included
six aldermen,
and
twelve
common
councilmen.
When were the markets and fairs held in Williamsburg?
The city was to have two markets a week ( Wednesday and Saturday),
fairs a year ( December 12 and April
and
23).
Were there fees placed on goods sold on market day?
Tolls were levied on livestock and goods sold at the market,
the revenue
to exceed
from which was to be used for the city' s benefit.
6d. on every beast, 3d. on every hog, and one - twentieth the value of any other
Tolls were not
commodity sold.
Freemen
charged non- residents.
12..
Did Williamsburg have a mace?
Yes.
The mace is made of silver dipped in gold.
solemn occasions,
probably by the town sergeant.
in the Courthouse of
13.
of the city were required to pay only half the toll
It was
carried
on all
This mace is now on display
1770.
Did Williamsburg have a night watch?
Williamsburg had no night watch until 1772, although the Virginia Gazette
for several years had waged a campaign for one.
The council decided in July,.
1772, to appoint " four sober and decent people to patrol the streets frbm ten
o' clock at night until daylight..."
They were to cry the hours, apprehend all
disorderly persons, have charge of the fire engines, and assist in extinguish-
ing fires.
14.
Each watchman would receive a yearly salary of L30.
Who in government was responsible for the maintenance of
the streets of
Williamsburg?
The duties of the common council also included responsibility for the
construction and maintenance of
public
facilities.
Since
the streets
of
Williamsburg were in so " ruinous a condition" in 1761 that it was " unsafe to.
pass in the night in any coach or other carriage,"
the city was authorized to
spend as much of its taxes as was necessary to keep the streets and lanes in
repair.
�Answers
Questions
VOL.
1 No.
1.
OCTOBER 1980
2
What period do we represent?
The Foundation' s title, " Colonial Williamsburg ",
sent the colonial period - up to 1776.
suggests
that we
The reconstructed buildings
c_
to
coC
repre-
m
demand
0
that our interpretation include the time when Williamsburg was the capital
of colonial Virginia.
The present capitol is a reconstruction of the one de-
z
stroyed by fire in 1747 and the Public Records office was built after that
date.
The Magazine is restored to its appearance during the 1750s and across
the
street
is
the
Courthouse of
1770.
Because
bf
the
t7.
X
m
anachronisms present
within the restored area- - for example, a building that no longer existed in
1747 next to one that was built after that date - we cannot say we represent
a specific year or even a specific decade,
but rather the ambience of
the
capital city of colonial Virginia and the quality of life of its citizens.
z en
n
2.
Could one buy a life insurance policy in the eighteenth century?
Existing records do not indicate that life insurance policies were avail able in the eighteenth century.
cn
3.
Were taxes determined by the size of your house?
No, there was no tax on buildings during the colonial period in Virginia.
1
0
Cfl
t7
a
r
4.
Who
n
v
n -
z
committed people to
the asylum?
t7
Three justices of the peace in the county where the prospective patient
lived were summoned by the sheriff of that county to pass on the sanity of
the
person.
Once sent to the hospital the Court of Directors apparently .
could refuse to admit the pettson if they thought him unsuitable.
The term " bouncer"
originated in the mid -nineteenth -century American west.
Carousing and drinking were common when colonial Virginians gathered in
taverns
and private homes.
Presumably, tavernkeepers or one of their employees or servants removed unruly customers when that became necessary.
6.
When did the game of
darts become popular?
The game of darts was not introduced until
7.
the
twentieth century.
no specific
any degree of accuracy.
both
the James
information available
However,
z
z
c
to
answer this
o
m
m
n
zz
7
d
n
M =
C-)
m
70m
How much was the area around Williamsburg forested?
There is
C
n
r z
z
rn
Did they have bouncers in the taverns?
5.
m
TI
question with
because people commented on the fact that
and York rivers were visible
from the cupola of
the Wren
Building- -which is not possible today - -we might guess that there was less
forest in the later eighteenth- century Williamsburg area than there is today.
1
8.
How were youths punished in the eighteenth century?
St. George Tucker claimed he
Then, as now, forms of punishment varied.
never used the rod or even spanked his stepchildren, but others used threats
Disciof physical force and, on occasion, whipped serious young offenders.
In wealthy
pline was often administered by persons other than parents.
Orphans
families the responsibility usually fell to governesses or tutors.
and children who were apprenticed to learn a trade, were disciplined by the
A Bi- Monthly Publication of the Department of Interpretive Education
m
cn
r
4
�persons
9.
charged with
their
training.
When were the juvenile courts established?
The juvenile court was introduced into American jurisprudence by an
Illinois
law of
1899.
The first juvenile court in Virginia was established
in 1914. 10.
Were there cobblestones on the streets of Williamsburg?
No,
11.
there is no evidence of cobblestones in Williamsburg.
How were modillions
installed?
They were nailed on, usually from the soffit and corona of the cornice.
12.
What is a brick closer?
Closers are pieces of bricks that were inserted near an edge of a wall
in order to create a regular bonding pattern.
13.
How
authentic
are
the
signs?
Although none of Williamsburg' s many painted signs survived from the
eighteenth century, there is abundant documentation of their existence, and
to
some - extent,
of
their
appearance
as
well.
For instance,
the 1742 inven-
tory of Burdett' s Ordinary mentions among other things, a signboard depicting
Castle, valued at 2 pounds.
In 1762, Williamsburg apothecary
Many
George Pitt advertised his goods " at the sign of the Rhinocerros."
Edinburgh
other modern Williamsburg signs were designed according to conventional eigh-
teenth- century iconography for certain types of trades and business concerns.
In this case,
the prints of Williams Hogarth and others have been extremely
helpful.
14.
Why do we find beaded weatherboards on the buildings in Williamsburg?
Despite a variety of functional explanations,
cornerboards,
the edges of weatherboards,
frames,
and other architectural features were beaded primarily
for visual reasons.
The popular aesthetics of eighteenth- century Anglo=
America dictated that the visible individual members of a building should
receive detailed attention when it was affordable.
This aesthetics may also
be seen in molded window muntins, paneled doors, and round -butt shingles.
We wish to correct the answer to Question 12 in the August issue
We
of Questions and Answers.
Silver gilt is not silver dipped in gold.
Erratum:
should have said,
on
A
the
cleaned
REMINDER:
the gold was diluted in Mercury and then wiped or brushed
silver
surface.
Colonial Fair Days will be November 8,
9,
10,
and 11,
1980.
�VOL.
1,
No.
NOVEMBER 1980
3
This is a special issue of Questions and Answers because of the
upcoming Colonial Fair Days.
What- is Colonial Fair Days and how does it fit
into interpretation?
On November 8 - 11,. an event familiar to the city' s 18th -century
residents,
a fair, will be recreated on Market Square in Williamsburg.
Market and fair days were authorized in the legislation moving the
capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg,
and remained an ongoing respon-
sibility of the town fathers throughout the 18th century. The charter
incorporating Williamsburg in 1722 appointed two markets to be held
weekly on Wednesdays and Saturdays " in some convenient Place in the
said City;"
April.
and called for two fairs yearly to be held in December and
The purpose of the markets and fairs was commercial:
there
townspeople and visitors could supply their material needs and people
of the town and surrounding area could sell " all manner of Cattle,
Victuals,
Provisions,
Goods,
Wares and Merchandizes..."
Market Square was the location of the city' s markets and fairs.
We
By 1764, a market house had been erected somewhere on the square.
know neither the precise
it was made of wood,
as
location nor form of
this structure.
Perhaps
for by 1795 the Magazine was serving Williamsburg
its market house.
Fairs,
days.
unlike market days, might last as long as three or four
The town was always eager to attract buyers and sellers
fair and went
to
published prior
some expense
to do
to the December 1739
so.
to a
A long list of prizes was
fair in order
to attract people
Performers and attractions of various kinds were
to Williamsburg.
also welcome since they would add to " the Entertainment and Diversion
of all Gentlemen and others."
If people would come to laugh with a
puppeteer,
marvel at an acrobat,
show their best horse,
or wager on
some race or contest, then perhaps they would stay to look and to buy.
Visitors to Williamsburg November 8 - 17.. ( 10: 00 a. m.
to 4: 00 p. m.
except Sunday the 9th, 1: 00 to 4: 00 p. m.) will get a chance to plunge
Send
into a full scale recreation of an 18th -century colonial fair.
them Market Square way.
They will find much to see, do, and buy
there at the town' s commercial and community center.
A B1- Monthly Publication of the Department of Interpretive Education
�VOL.
1,
No.
DECEMBER
4
Due to the interest,
1980
and in some instances confusion over the changes
to be made in the Palace, we are publishing a special issue of Questions
We have asked Mr. Graham Hood, Vice -President and Director
of Collections, to answer the questions most frequently asked about the
refurbishing of the Palace.
and Answers.
Will the Palace lose its elegance and beauty after the lovely wallpaper
1.
is removed and the muted colored carpets are replaced by more brightly
colored
ones?
It will, however, assume a different elegance from
an elegance much more firmly based
on documentation than before.
Thus we are gaining not only a different
No,
it will not.
the one that we have grown used to --
elegance but a much heightened authenticity and realism.
There is no documentation for the kind of wallpaper at present in the
Lord Botetourt had intended to
Supper Room being used in Williamsburg.
What we do know, howpaper that room, but precisely how we do not know.
ever, is that he papered the Ballroom; we shall paper it and color it
precisely in accordance with the 18th -century instructions.
A number of the carpets in the Palace at present are of the wrong type.
We shall install mainly English carpets; we can document that Lord Botetourt
brought these with him.
Reproductions will be based on the most exacting,
research to determine patterns that would have been available to him,
pre -
1768.
Are we taking out all of the antiques and putting in reproductions?
2.
Of
course not.
Palace.
However,
There will still be many antiques in the Governor' s
in order to be faithful to the 18th century' s concept
of the proper furnishing of rooms we shall be installing large sets of
In some
items -these are simply unobtainable in antique form today.
cases we have a number of objects for a larger set that we will fill out
in reproduction form.
In other cases we have only one object on which to
base the reproduction set.
In all cases we are basing the reproductions
made according to the most exacting standards)
firmly- documented history --
on prototypes with a
many of them with a history of belonging to
the
governors.
3.
Why is Botetourt a good representative of 18th- century style and
taste?
He was a bachelor.
To start with, we have not chosen to follow the Botetourt inventory in
refurnishing the Palace because Botetourt was " a good representative..."
We have chosen it because it represents the most detailed and reliable
evidence that exists for this project.
In other words, we are relying on
evidence
rather
than
on
the
subjective notion
of " taste."
Furthermore, one of the great differences between today and the 18th
century was that the gentleman of the household then played a vastly more
A Bi- Monthly Publication of the Department of Interpretive Education
�important role than he does today in- the choosing of furnishings and in the
We should stress this to our visitors, some
outfitting of his residence.
of whom perhaps feel that there might be something- slightly effeminate about
being involved in the choosing of- curtains or tea cups.
It was certainly
not considered effeminate in the 18th century.
In any event, a number of our royal governors were either unmarried
or were not joined by their wives for some time after they moved into the
Governor' s Palace.
Spotswood was not married while he was governor;
Mesdames Gooch and Fauquier were absent for long periods of time, and
Dunmore refurnished the Palace ( after the sale of Botetourt' s effects in
1771)
without the advice of his wife --
In other words,
4.
she
did not arrive until
What are we doing with everything being taken out ( i. e.
wallpapers,
1774.
Botetourt' s being a bachelor has little to do with it.
silver sconces,
etc.)?
The reconstruction of the Public Hospital and its conversion into the
Wallace Gallery of Decorative Arts is going to provide us with a superb
opportunity to display items that we feel are not appropriate for the
area.
We have collections of international repute; they deserve
Our visitors ( and
tp be seen, and they will be seen in the new gallery.
our staff) will thus have new opportunities of comparing what is appropriate
restored
for the Williamsburg scene with what may be considered more appropriate for
the London scene or the ( say) Boston scene.
This spring you
We hope you are saving your Questions and Answers.
will receive a handbook with a section reserved for Questions and Answers.
In the meantime, please continue to send your questions to Jane Strauss.
�VOL.
1,
No.
5
Now that
DECEMBER
the Christmas season is here,
we asked Lou
Staff Assistant, " How did colonial Virginians
Powers,
1980
Research
celebrate Christmas ?"
Christmas Day in the eighteenth century was more a holy day than our .
twentieth -century holiday.
The colonials observed it quietly in the home
Businesses closed and schooling was interrupted for the
slaves and servants enjoyed a day away from their labors if they
could be spared.
Attendance at the parish church on Christmas morning for
and
at
church.
season;
communion was expected because the Feast of the Nativity was the major
event of
the Anglican calendar.
From December 24 through Twelfth Night, January 6,
Neighbors,
visitors.
and
friends,
homes filled with
and kinsmen gathered for parties,
fox hunts.
dances,
At -home enter-
Hospitality was the order of the season.
The
tainment emphasized feasting with provisions varied and plentiful.
colonists continued the traditional holiday foods from England - -roast
beef and goose,
additional
important
plum pudding and mince pies - and Virginia contributed
delicacies.
Native wild turkeys,
ducks,
and venison became
items on Yuletide tables.
Local waters yielded a wide variety
of fish and shellfish for holiday feasts.
IN
Dinner offerings were surpassed only by the variety and quantity of
beverages.
Imported wines like Madeira and clarets ( bordeaux) counted as
favorites with meals.
Punches of rum or arrack, rum flip, and syllabub
were popular, as were French brandy, sherry, beer, ale, and Virginia
cider.
Toward the end of the century eggnog claimed its place among
holiday drinks.
Colonial boys followed the custom of " shooting in the Christmas,"
setting off their guns on Christmas Eve and morning,
extended into the nineteenth century.
this custom has not been found,
Though
explanation
of
the association of noise with joyous
occasions may be the reason for the " Christmas guns."
raising a joyful noise was with music,
old
and the practice
a definite
Virginia abounds with holly, cedar, live oak, mistletoe, ivy, bay,
and other plants appropriate for decorating in the holiday style.
With
greenery all around them, the colonists likely followed the English
custom of decking homes and churches with evergreens.
The Christmas tree was not introduced into Williamsburg until the
century.
In 1842 Charles Minnigerode,
CENTURY
Another way of
especially group singing of the
carols.
nineteenth
EIGHTN-
classics professor
at the College of William and Mary and political exile from Germany,
trimmed a tree with candles and fancy paper decorations for children at
A Bimonthly Publication of the Department of Interpretive Education
WILAMSBURG
�the
St.
There are
George Tucker House. (
trees elsewhere in the Atlantic
states,
earlier
instances
of
Christmas
though none date from before 1800.)
Colonial -style decorations for the holidays are the aforesaid greenery,
possibly some fruits and nuts, pine cones, other natural objects and
candles,
but never colored lights,
shiny balls,
or tinsel.
Like the Christmas tree, some of our other holiday practices had their
origins in the nineteenth century.
Virginia,
though greetings
Christmas cards were unknown in colonial
and good wishes for the
season were extended
in
letters.
Gift giving in the eighteenth century was reserved for children
and servants who might receive some small luxury like confections, gloves,
or
coins.
This verse
colonial
from the Virginia Gazette captures the festive
spirit of a
Christmas:
Christmas is come,
Let
spits
turn
hang on the pot,
round and ovens be hot
Beef, pork, and poultry now provide
To feast thy neighbors at this tide.
Then wash all down with good wine and beer
and
SUGGESTED
Bullock,
SOURCES
Helen. "
Cookery ( CW,
Carson,
Jane.
Chambers,
R.
F.
so with Mirth conclude
ON
Year.
CHRISTMAS CUSTOMS:
Of Christmas in Virginia" in The Williamsburg Art of
1958).
Colonial Virginians at Play ( CW,
The Book of Days,
Volume
1965).
II ( London,
1881).
Christmas:
Its Origins and Associations ( London,
S. "
and Holidays"
Dawson,
W.
Morgan,
Edmund
Sandys,
Williams.
London,
COLONIAL
the
Houses
Christmastide,
in Virginians
Home (
CW,
1952).
Its History, Festivities and Carols
n. d.).
A MERRY
at
1902).
CHRISTMAS
TO ALL!
�rR
GH' vp
RRD
I
.
0
o
pMPHT,ET FILE
o
COPY
Questions
e
VOL.
1,
No.
Now
Staff
Answers
5
DECEMBER
that
Christmas
the
Assistant,
" How did
is
season
here,
Virginians
colonial
Lou
asked
we
celebrate
1980
Research
Powers,
m
Chr i stmas?"
NCO Ql.. Q Xl DviAA
Yr- e,
o
CO
1,
Christmas Day in the eighteenth century was more a holy day than our
twentieth- century
and
at
and
it
observed
colonials
closed
quietly in the home
interrupted for the
was
schooling
rn
X
slaves and servants enjoyed a day away from their labors if they
season;
be
could
The
holiday.
Businesses
church.
Attendance
spared.
the
at
parish
church
on
Christmas
morning
for
n
communion was expected because the Feast of the Nativity was the major
the
of
event
Anglican
From December
24
z
Twelfth Night,
through
friends,
Neighbors,
visitors.
fox
calendar.
kinsmen
and
January
gathered
6,
homes
for
filled with
parties,
c7
hunts.
At- home enterHospitality was the order of the season.
tainment emphasized
with
provisions varied and
plentiful.
The
feasting
colonists
continued
the traditional holiday foods from England-- roast
and
beef
and
goose,
plum
important
items
on
mince
and
pudding
Native
delicacies.
additional
r
dances,
Yuletide
wild
and
pies--
ducks,
turkeys,
tables.
Virginia
Go
contributed
and venison became
Local waters yielded a wide variety
of fish and shellfish for holiday feasts.
m
Dinner offerings were surpassed only by the variety and quantity of
beverages.
favorites
were
Imported
with
popular,
cider.
as
like Madeira
wines
Punches
meals.
French
were
of
rum
brandy,
and
or
( bordeaux)
clarets
arrack,
rum
beer,
sherry,
flip,
ale,
counted
and
syllabub
Virginia
and
as
rn
z
Toward the end of the century eggnog claimed its place among
holiday drinks.
Colonial
setting
into
extended
this
the
has
custom
may be
joyful
occasions
raising
boys
their
off
a
old
other
the
nineteenth
not
been
the
was
for
with
of
Eve
century.
found,
reason
noise
custom
Christmas
on
"
and
morning,
Though
a
the
association
the
" Christmas
music,
in
shooting
the
and
definite
of
group
Virginia
greenery
abounds
plants
all
with
holly,
of
joyous
around
them,
cedar,
live
for
in
oak,
singing
of
the
The Christmas tree was not introduced into Williamsburg until the
century.
In
1842
Charles Minnigerode,
classics
professor
at the College of William and Mary and political exile from Germany,
trimmed a tree with candles and fancy paper decorations for children at
A
Bimonthly Publication
of
the
Department
of
r
mistletoe,
the
custom of decking homes and churches with evergreens.
nineteenth
70
Another way of
ivy, bay,
With
decorating
holiday style.
the colonists likely followed the English
appropriate
z
practice
explanation
noise with
guns."
especially
Christmas,"
the
carols.
and
followed
guns
Interpretive
Education
ed
�the
St.
trees
George
Tucker House.
in
elsewhere
the
(
There
Atlantic
are
earlier
instances
though none
states,
date
of
Christmas
from before
1800.)
Colonial- style decorations for the holidays are the aforesaid greenery,
possibly
but
fruits
some
candles,
Like
origins
letters.
or
and
pine
nuts,
lights,
colored
Christmas
the
in
Virginia,
and
never
tree,
cones,
other
shiny balls,
natural
or
objects
and
tinsel.
some of our other holiday practices had their
Christmas cards were unknown in colonial
century.
though greetings and good wishes for the season were extended in
the
nineteenth
Gift giving in the eighteenth century was reserved for children
who might
receive
some
small
luxury like confections, gloves,
servants
coins.
This verse
colonial
from the Virginia Gazette
captures
the
festive
spirit
of
a
Christmas:
Christmas
is
Let
turn
spits
Beef,
pork,
hang on the pot,
come,
round
and
and
ovens
be
hot
poultry now provide
To feast thy neighbors at this tide.
Then wash
and
so
all
down with
Mirth
with
good wine
the
conclude
SUGGESTED SOURCES ON COLGNIAL CHRISTMAS
Bullock,
Helen.
Cookery (
Carson,
Jane.
Chambers,
R.
" Of
Colonial
The
W.
Morgan,
Edmund
Sandys,
Book
Williams.
London,
I.
CUSTOMS:
in Virginia"
in The Williamsburg Art of
1958) .
CW,
Dawson,
F.
Christmas
and beer
Year.
Virginians
Volume
Days,
of
at
Play ( CW,
II
Christmas:
Its
Origins
S.
and
Holidays"
"
Houses
Christmastide,
Its
1965) .
(
London,
and
1881) .
Associations ( London,
in Virginians
History,
at
Festivities
1902) .
Home ( CW,
and
1952) .
Carols
n. d.) .
A MERRY
CHRISTMAS
TO ALL
410
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Interpreter
Description
An account of the resource
<p><em>The Colonial Williamsburg Interpreter</em> was a newsletter published July 1980-September 2009 by the education and research departments of Colonial Williamsburg and authored mainly by staff researchers and interpreters. Its purpose was to disseminate information germane to the current interpretive focus of the Historic Area uniformly across the various departments involved with historical interpretation. Some of the articles sprang from the need to impart new research or interpretive information to staff while others were inspired by employee questions or suggestions. In the earlier issues, standard sections include “The King’s English” which explained various words or terminology encountered in 18th century life, “Occurrences” which noted different programs and events of interest to employees and visitors, and “The Exchange” which was a guest column that offered the perspective and knowledge of non-research department employees on various subjects. Later issues had regular columns about historical subjects, archaeology, gardening, new books at the Foundation library, “Cook’s Corner” about foodways, “Interpreter’s Corner” concerning issues of interpretation, and a Q & A section. The number of issues published per year varied as did the length of the newsletter.</p>
<p>Several supplemental publications sprang from the Interpreter including <em>Fresh Advices, Questions & Answers</em>, and A<em> Cultural Time Line & Glossary for Williamsburg in the Eighteenth Century</em>. Fresh Advices offered discussions of recent research conducted by the Foundation and opportunities for applying it in the Historic Area. It was published infrequently from 1981-1987. <em>Questions & Answers</em> began and ended as a column in the <em>Interpreter</em>, but also existed as a supplemental publication from 1980-1989. It functioned as a means to answer common interpreter questions to the research department about eighteenth-century history and culture, Williamsburg area history, and Colonial Williamsburg itself. The one-time 1990 publication <em>A Cultural Time Line & Glossary for Williamsburg in the Eighteenth Century</em> consisted of a oversize poster-sized timeline and a glossary booklet. The time line included notable events in the Age of Enlightenment in the categories of politics, philosophy and religion, education, science and technology, fine arts and architecture, and performing arts and literature. The glossary was an expansion on selected entries from the time line to give more information on people and events that directly or indirectly influenced the development of colonial Virginia society.</p>
<p>An index to the <em>Interpreter</em> and its supplemental publications may be found here: <a href="http://research.colonialwilliamsburg.org/library/_files/Interpreter.pdf">Colonial Williamsburg Interpreter Index, 1980-2009</a>.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Questions & answers : a bi-monthly publication of the Department of Interpretive Education, volume 1, 1980