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Becoming Americans Today: The Interpreter’s Newsletter
Autumn 2002_Autumn 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Mark Howell
Anne Willis
The Information in this issue of Becoming Americans Today informs us of the dynamic
interaction of Becoming American story lines that shaped the events of autumn of 1774.
Taking Possession
The Quebec Act
Battle of Point Pleasant
Notices of Land Sales
Enslaving Virginia
The Association
Runaway Advertisements
Notices of Slave Sales
Redefining Families
Autumn Preparations and Health
Notices of Land and Slave Sales
The Association
Freeing Religion
The Quebec Act
Buying Respectability
The Association
Shipping and Commerce
Notices of Land and Slave Sales
Choosing Revolution
The Continental Congress
The Association
The Suffolk Resolves
Declaration of Rights
America in Flames
December 2002_Part 1 Winter: December 1774_Part 2 Winter: January and February 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
�The Information in this issue of Becoming Americans Today informs us of the dynamic
interaction of Becoming American story lines that shaped the events of autumn of 1774.
Taking Possession
Return of Lord Dunmore
From the West
Shawnee Hostages in Williamsburg
Nicholas Cresswell’s Journal
Enslaving Virginia
Christmas for African Americans
Letter to Robert Pleasants
To Anthony Benezet
Redefining Families
Birth of Lady Virginia
Arrival of Lady Dunmore
Freeing Religion
Sacred and Secular Calendar
Christmas Celebration
Buying Respectability
The Association
Commerce
Advertisements
Choosing Revolution
The Association
Boston Tea Party
David Ammerman
Volume 2 No. 1 2003_March, April, May 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Dunmore Fires Burgesses
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshop
The Wild, Wild West
News
To Fee or not to Fee: Court is the Question!
Business Opportunities
Weather
Money
A Fool and his Money
Shipping
�Spring Farming
Forum
Spring is in the Air
Presenting Spring 1774 in 2003
Servant Plays Dead then Pretends to be Doctor
Sacred and Secular Calendar
Crime and Punishment
Life
Politics is Politics but Dance is Diversion
Cook’s Corner: Spring Receipts
Who’s Who: Jupiter
School
Negro School in Its Fourteenth Year
Volume 2 No. 2 2003_June, July, August 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Hot Town! Summer in the City: Colonial Blood Begins to Boil
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
Jefferson’s a Summary View of British America
What’s on Peoples’ Minds?
Day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer
Virginia County Responses to the Coercive Acts
News
Virginia County Responses: Half Slave Trade!
Palace Posting: Is this “Western Civilization”?
Jefferson’s A Summary View
Education
Education Virginians
Forum
A Summer Summary
Common Cause
Lexicon of Protest
Somerset Decision a Slave’s Response
Farming
Crops and Livestock
Housekeeping Gardening/Food Preservation
Building Trades
Family Life
Fit for Life: Williamsburg Summer 1774
�Educating Virginians
Weather
Volume 2 No. 3 2003_Autumn 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Snapshot Today
“In Congress, Nibbling and Quibbling as Usual”
Tea Party… Redux: If it Played in Boston
Sqawk Box
Okay, No More Mister Nice Guy!
News
Quebec Act: Intolerable!
How Ya Gonna Keep ‘Em Down on the Farm, After They’ve Seen Phil… lY?
Time to Pack it In!: Lord Dunmore’s War
Sacred and Secular Calendar
Money
Shipping
Virginia’s Trade Calendar
End the Slave Trade! The Association of 1774
Autumn Farming
Sacred and secular Calendar
Forum
Letter from…
A Jumble of Peoples: Diversity in the Colonies
The Approach to Independence
Journal of Nicholas Cresswell
Crime and Punishment
John Randolph, Esqr’s Slave to be Hanged
Weather
Devastating Drought
Getting ready for Fall!
Life
Autumn Receipts
Health
Building Trade
Brothers-in-Arms Weekend October 11 and 12, 2003
Volume 2 No. 3a_Supplement Summer and Autumn 1781
Editors:
�Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
War Comes to Williamsburg
The Down Side of Revolution
Summer 1781
Wartime Romance
News
Yorktown is Proof Positive- These are the Times that Try Men’s Souls
The Yorktown Campaign: Principal Players
People
Two Perspectives: War and the Slaves
War and the Masters
Volume 2 No. 5_Christmas 1774
This does not have editors, or a copyright listed. I think it is a supplement to another issue that
we don’t have.
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
Challenges for the New year 1774/2004
James City County Committee Election and Toasts
The Christmas Season
Putting Slaving Aside
“Welcome Winter”
December Weather
Colonial Christmas Customs
Volume 3 No. 1_January and February 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
It Takes Tea to Tangle
Calamity!
Travel Warning: Black Sea Turns Red
Shakin’ Up the Neighborhood
�News
Boundary Dispute
Hot Flash: Boston Tea Party
Driving Evolution in the Colonies 1770
Benezet Suggests Solution for Ending Slavery
Money
Commerce
Building Trades
Agricultural Calendar
Forum
Letter from… Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Once More in ‘74
Winter 1774 in Williamsburg
Weather
Hearth and Home
Life
Cooks Corner
Presidents Weekend, February 14-16, 2004
Black History Month
Enslaving Virginia Time Line
Volume 3 No. 2_March and April 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Snapshot Today
Charlotte Sweetens Colonial Tie with Britain
Tracking the Journey
Bitter Winter, North Atlantic Six Children Whose idea was this?!
Celebration Backfires
Outrage in Fincastle
Practice Religion in Virginia
Life
Spring Farming
Building Trades
Health
Weather
Get Ready for the Spring!
Sacred and Secular Calendar
Money
A Sentiment
�Shipping
Forum
Letter from… Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Programming
Highlights for Spring 2004 Streetscapes
Special Themes
Clever Colonel Cons Contemptible Caregivers
Crime and Punishment
Women’s History Month
March 2004
Two Williamsburg Women in 1774
Religion History Month
April 2004
Religion Time Line 1753-76
Colonial American Religion
Church and Vestry
Volume 3 No. 3_May, June, July 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
“Down on Their Knees”
Eyewitness Report
Halt Slave Trade!
Virginia Today Snapshot
News
Prepare for War, Hope for Peace
Frost and Drought
Newsline
Virginia’s Shadow Government
Disorder in the Court
Business
Buying Respectfully…
Taking Possession…
Forum
A Summer Summary
England Acts and reacts
Slavery
The Famous Somerset Case
Life
Farming
�Housekeeping Gardening/ Food Preservation
Continues from p.3
Somerset Case
Enslaving Virginia
Taking Possession…
Buying Respectability…
Black and White Family Life
Family Life for Colonial Virginians, 1750-75
Weather
Volume 3 No. 3_The Gunpowder Incident
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Five Men Inform Burgesses about the Gunpowder Incident
The Gunpowder Incident
An Uneasy Standoff
Back Page
Newsline
Nicholas’ Dilemma
Prelude to Independence The Fifth Virginia Convention
Virginia Declaration of Rights: Look Familiar?
Who Gets to Vote When?
Evolution of Voting Rights
Volume 3 No. 4_August 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
Convention To Congress: Only the Shadow Knows
The Quebec Act
Jefferson’s Summary View
News
End the Slave Trade
Politics Does Make…
�Importation of Slaves into Virginia 1772-74
Forum
What Have they Wrought?
Volume 3 No. 4_Autumn 2004_Autumn 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Snapshot
Congress Acts: Congress Adopts A Continental Association
“In Congress, Nibbling and Quibbling as Usual”
The Association of 1774
Yorktown Tea Party
News
Dunmore’s War: A Native Perspective
Time to Pack it In! Lord Dunmore’s War
Philadelphia Attraction
Money
Shipping
Virginia’s Trade Calendar
Autumn Farming
Building Trades
Forum
Letter from… Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Approach Independence
A Jumble of Peoples Diversity in the Colonies
Journal of Nicholas Cresswell
Crime
John Randolph, Esqr’s Slave to be Hanged
Weather
Devastating Drought Hurricane Season
Health
Life
Getting Ready for Fall
Receipts
Brothers-in-Arms Weekend October 8-10, 2004
Volume 3 No. 5_November 2004_Dunmore’s Proclamation 1775
Possibly a supplement
�Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Dunmore Offers Freedom to Slaves of “Rebel Masters”!!!
Colonial Leaders Use the Press to Discourage Slaves
Forum
Lord Dunmore’s Slaves
Slaves at the Public Goal
News
Volume 3 No. 7_December 2004_December 1774
No copyright or editors listed. Possibly supplement (but it’s Blue)
Front Page
Newsline
Governor Returns from War: Four Shawnees Arrive at the Palace
Tar and Feathers and Freedom? The Association and Committees of Safety
early 19th-Century Interview with Jeremy Prophet
What Will Happen in the New Year?
News
Palace Posting
Churching of Lady Dunmore
Christmas
The Holly and the Ivy
Putting Slavin’ Aside
Volume 4 No. 1_January 2005_Winter 1773
Blue but no editor or copyright listed. Supplement?
Front Page
Newsline
Best years of Our Lives?
Hear Ye!
Winter 1773- The Calm Before the Storm
Challenge of Winter
The Gaspee Incident- Who is Judging Who?
Gotcha!
Presidents Weekend, February 19-20, 2005
�Black History Month
Enslaving Virginia Timeline
Volume 4 No. 3_The Gun Powder Incident
Possibly a supplement/ definitely a copy of the 2004 issue
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Five Men Inform Burgesses about the Gunpowder Incident
The Gunpowder Incident
An Uneasy Standoff
Back Page
Newsline
Nicholas’ Dilemma
Prelude to Independence The Fifth Virginia Convention
Virginia Declaration of Rights: Look Familiar?
Who Gets to Vote When?
Evolution of Voting Rights
Volume 4 No. 4_June, July, August 2005
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
Freedom on the Line: Risk of Rebellion
Risky Business
The Revolution in North America
News
Patrick Henry Elected Governor
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Wheel Horse of Revolution
Virginia’s Constitution; June 29, 1776
Exhibit
�The Stone Declaration: Hope Behind Hype
The Declaration of Independence
Unfinished Business
The Declaration
Publicizing the Declaration of Independence
Signers of the Declaration of Independence
American Paradox: Freedom to Slavery
Forum
Gordon Wood, The American Revolution: The History
A Review of 1776 by David McCullough
Preparing for War in New York
Condemned Slave to Hang
Declaration of Right and Religion
Life
Summer Farming
Housekeeping/Gardening/Food Preservation Summer
Interpretation
Warning! Rebellion May be Injurious to your Health
Quiz Yourself on Independence
Volume 4 No. 5_Supplement_June and September 1781
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front page
Newsline
War Comes to Williamsburg
The Down Side of the Revolution
Under the Redcoat Friday-Sunday, June 24-26, 2005
Prelude to Victory: Washington Prepares for Yorktown! Friday-Sunday, September 24,2006
News
American Victory and Yorktown
Yorktown is Proof Positive-These are the Times that Try Men’s Souls
People
Two Perspectives War and Slaves
Slaves as Soldiers
Black Women
Slaves as Laborers
War and the Masters
Volume 4 No. 6_Autumn 2005_Autumn 1775
�Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Revolutionary Times for Colonists
His Last Debt to Nature
1775/2005
The Prodigious Wind of 1775: Patrick Henry?? No, A Hurricane!
News
Lord Dunmore’s Strategy for War
Britain’s Determination: King George and Parliament
Seizure of the Norfolk Press
A Report for the Grand Congress November 27, 1775
Dunmore’s Proclamation
Odds and Ends
A Proclamation.
Forum
David Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress
A Few Anonymous Remarks on Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation
News
Colonial Leaders use the Press to Discourage Slaves
Hening’s Statute
Lord Dunmore’s Slaves
Slave at the Public Gaol
Williamsburg Loyalists in 1775
Money
Autumn Farming
Interpretation
School and Group Interpreters
Orientation Interpreters
Domestic Site Interpreters
Public Site Interpreters
Fall 2005 Fall 1775- The Sword is Drawn
African American Interpreters
Trades
Volume 4 No. 6_August 2005_Supplement_Virginia Convention 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
A Call for Congress
�Virginia Today Snapshot
Convention to Congress: Only the Shadow Knows
The Dye is Cast
Jefferson’s Summery View
News
End the Slave Trade!
Address to the King
Politics Does Make…
Importation of Slaves into Virginia 1772-74
Forum What Have they Wrought?
Volume 4 No. 7_November 1, 2005_November 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
The Revolution Comes Home!
Tea Dumped at Yorktown
Congress Adopts A Continental Association
Williamsburg’s Meeting of Merchants
Money
Shipping
Virginia’s Trade Calendar
Number of Slaves Transported to Virginia 1765-1775
Slavery and the Association of 1774
Biographies of Virginia Delegation
Forum
Approach to Independence
The Revolution Comes Home!
Volume 4 No. 8_Christmas 2005_Christmas 1770s
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Frontpage
Newsline
Merry Christmas!
Christmas Customs
Twelfth Night
�Christmas
Christmas Food and Drink
A Simple Winter Dinner
Deck the Halls
Putting Slavin’ Aside
Interpretation
Best of the 70’s The Historic Ares Holiday Season 2005
Volume 5 No. 1_January and February 2006_January and February 1774
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
These Are the Times that Tease Men’s Souls
Dreadful Fire
Travel Warning: Black Sea Turns Red
Earth Shakes in Virginia!
News
Boundary Dispute
Boston Tea Party
Driving Evolution in the Colonies
Benezet Suggests Solution for Ending Slavery
Money
Commerce
Building Trades
Agricultural Calendar
Forum
Winter 1774 in Williamsburg
Weather
Hearth and Home
Life
Cook’s Corner
Presidents Weekend
President’s Weekend, February 18-20, 2006
Black History Month
Enslaving Virginia Time Line
Volume 5 No.2_June, July, August 2006_1774 to 1776
Editors:
�Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
“The Revolutionary City” Collapse of Royal Government
Two Sides of the Conflict!!
The New General Washington
The Center Does not Hold!
Dissolving… Running… Enlisting…
Forum
Letter from Rex Ellis
Letter from Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Washington’s Army in Summer of 1775
Virginia’s Shadow Government
Money
Shipping
Interpretation
The Collapse of the Royal Government
Summer Farming
Housekeeping/Gardening/Food Preservation Summer
Volume 5 No. 2_June, July, August 2006_1776 to 1781
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
The Revolutionary CityTM Citizens at War
Republicanism
General Washington Arrives in Williamsburg
Transformations
Declaring… Following… Believing…
Forum
A Revolution on the Streets
War
British Invasion of New York
Interpretation
“The Revolutionary City” Historic Sites
Citizens at War The Historic Area
�Volume 5 No. 3_September, October, November 2006_1774 to 1776
No editor listed
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
Revolutionary City Virginia Prepares for War
Immigration and Diversity 1774 to 1776
Protests and Actions
Dividing… Coercing… Resolving
Forum
Letter from Robin Reed
Lexicon of Protest
News
Life
Autumn 1774 and 1775
Getting Ready for Fall!!
Interpretation Trades
Money
Autumn Farming
Volume 5 No. 3_September, October, November 2006_1776 to 1781
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
Revolutionary CityTM Mind Set of the Founders
British Ships Arrive in New York Harbor!
The Die Cast
Running to Freedom… Securing Freedom
Puzzle Insert
Collapse of Royal Government (Blue Issue)
Citizens at War (Red Issue)
Forum
Thomas Paine’s Argument
Articles of Confederation
War
Money
Tradesmen’s Pay
Crop Notes and Transfer Notes
Historic Area Programming Fall 2006
�Interpretation
“Revolutionary Citizens” Programing
Volume 5 No. 4_Christmas 2006_Christmas 1774 to 1783
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Snapshot Today
Christmas in Wartime
Challenges for Americans The New years 1774 to 1783
Winter Celebrations
Christmas
1777-1783
Christmas in the Historic Area
Birdie Cake
Volume 6 No. 1_March, April, May 2007_1774 to 1783
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Revolutionary Stories
Citizens at War, 1776-1781
Spring 2007 Programming
Nation Builders
Evening Programs
Revolutionary City/Stories 2007
Second Page
Biographies
Thomas Jefferson
Lydia Broadnax
Eve
Volume 6 No. 2_April, May, June 2007_1776 to 1781
No editor listed
This one is two pages front and back. Page 1 and 3. There is no page 2.
�Front Page
Newsline
European Colonization in the New World
Virginia Today Snapshot
Independence: Go For It!
The Treacherous Gamble
Virginia Assembly’s Action on Slavery 2007
Black Allegiances During the War
Back Page
Historic Area
Letter from Rex Ellis
Viewpoint
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr,: “Relevance of History”
Health Challenges of War
Biography
Volume 6 No.2_April, May, June 2007_1774 to 1776
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Front Page
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
Why Jamestown Matters
Legal Status of Women
General Nathanael Green
The Collapse: Before and After
Fleeing…
Defending…
Declaring…
Forum
Letter from James Horn: Recovering Virginia’s Forgotten History
An Overview of Race and Region, 1685-1790
1700 to 1780- Population Information about Indians and Enslaved African Americans in Virginia
Biography
Historic Area
Spring 1774
Spring Farming
Cook’s Corner
Life
Get Ready for the Spring!
Building Trades
�Volume 6 No. 3_June, July, August 2007
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Newsline
Indian Timeline: 1750 – 1812
Virginia Today Snapshot
Indians in Williamsburg
Primary Document Evidence of Indians in Williamsburg in the 1750’s, 1760’s and 1770
Indians and the Revolution
BA Today Index
Cultures
Disappearance of American Indian Cultures
Powhatan Religion
Indian Temple
Robert Beverly’s Observations of an Indian Temple
Forum
Letter from Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Republican Ideal and the American Indian
Books
War
Native American’s: Who’s Who in the American Revolution
Biographies
Runaways
Runaway Indian Slaves
What Jamestown can Tell Us
Indian Diets
The West
Aborigenes
Religion
Indians in Williamsburg 1752-1771
Indian in Williamsburg 1774-1777
Interpretation
Art
Volume 6 No. 4_October, November, December 2007
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Newsline
Virginia Today Snapshot
Britain Ends the Slave Trade
�Slavery and the United States Constitution
Atlantic Slave Trade and the Settlement of Virginia
Forum
Biographies
Atlantic Slave Trade Continued…
Costal Origins of African Imported to Virginia
Virginia Legislation Regarding the Slave Trade
Chesapeake Slavery after 1776
George Mason’s Opinion’s of Slavery and the Trade
State’s Reactions Against Slavery
Volume 7 No. 1_ April/May 2008
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
“The Dissensions of Our Families”
Programming for 2008
Marriage of Edmund Randolph and Elizabeth Nicholas
The Form of Solemnization of Matrimony
Gentry Marriages
Politics
Evening Programs 2008
Volume 7 No. 2_June, July, August 2008
Editors:
Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Newsline
United States Today Snapshot
Electing a President
Common Concerns for Voters
Elections
Populations
The Three-Fifths Clause
The Electoral College
News
Europe 1789
Women
Volume 7 No. 3_November, December 2008
Editors:
�Margot Crévieaux-Gevertz
Anne Willis
Colonial Economy
Wartime Economy
Confederation Economy
The New Constitution
Interpretation: The Charlton Coffeehouse
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today : Index
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundations
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2020
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https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/720f235b81c1bbe58e65ba7ec5c20ce5.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=b9A2cV5AnFvl%7ExZ1AzOKPJlBpuSnuE2Vg30EYg6J1tRVd4MiWdVPsKGg-luLWIz73U-jmjzGTJIhiLRxmNYFgMMD1PnoBwNOVEsi4MyJJwx3VZCK6Cnp1nQVtfHAqKCkCCvgiwkQ-jcGm-RmjluRuTwAOh6WiuR7I8b965eqFz5W4%7EunrY5WXjEhmaI8y-rbdHLQ3MfOaYX11Ei%7EAVR%7EB4X69EMunLXM4KdfBfDpCLYZ8tnbUrzrmRr7f2PGaQ-VRL1s60wIlqczxP0dTH3sFedkPdYu2Si-XuECjJfyml%7EdknEYHs%7EeJxFQJphvYAVhBVTh7u26Cqw1r6QvrGUL%7Eg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1346be4bed30f785eed00667e9371837
PDF Text
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10, 1775. The Congress
called for ending the
also
Costs of Waging War
f
t
Recession
4(
---,...
trade.
slave
and Inflation
Unemployment
t
775
April 19: Battles of Lexington
and
i..,-
i
Con-
Accelerating Gap between Rich
4
cord
are
r
of the Continental
commander
r
z
Army.
declares
23: King George III
in open rebellion.
August
.
`
it
-,
and Poor
1 '"
"
i
is appointed
15: George Washington
June
?
fought.
the
"*
';
Government
'
7
CRUCIAL ELECTION
z
colonies
Bail Out
1776 1776
1789
March
23: Continental
Congress
autho-
2008
r*..
sizes privateering for the colonies.
Continental
4:
July
Congress
27: Battle
August
the
approves
of Independence.
Declaration
of
Island,
Long
"
the
of Trenton.
Citizens of America
The
and Proprietors of
of Princeton.
October
4:
Defeat
Germantown
at
15:
approved
are
and
soils
The outbreak
led
tion
1778
of
severe
to
American
the
Chesapeake
Revolu-
depression
economic
After
in
towns
and
cities
indigenous
1791
who
and West
had largely
1779
inter- colonial
control of the tobacco and European
May: Spain joins war on America' s
May 8- 24: British conduct raids in
side.
back
Virginia
ket
form
an
alliance
destroying
worth
than £ 2,
arms
000, 000.
and sagging public credit
levy a specific tax for
26: Inflation
June
forces Virginia to
the
of grain,
payment
hemp,
most
planters cut
production of all mar-
markets,
drastically
on
longer
No
crops.
Indian
to
able
buy
tobacco
or
for
for
and
every man over sixteen
every female slave of like age.
pay their taxes. Most Chesapeake residents
were in reduced straits
by 1781 as a result
and
by
with
a
of
desertions,
would not pay, depletion of livestock herds
and timber reserves, high taxes, scarce spe-
passes a law
and grain.
1780
capital moved from Wil-
state
liamsburg
and
other
May 12: British Capture Charleston, South
10: Virginia
enacts
to
commissioners
sell to the
the
above
July
compel
owner' s
law allowing
individuals to
prices provisions
immediate need.
of Delegates
House
Congress'
to
accedes
a
at set
state
The Virginia
7:
could not
made
concerted
s
runaway depreciation
plan to stop the
of Continental
paper currency by recalling it for
issue at 40 to 1 in specie.
Continued
on
a new
Page 6]
years of lost
to
up for
make
But few planters were
full crop production before
post- war economic bust, fall-
a
land prices due to out migration,
money and credit, unpaid prewar
was
adopted and
in 1789,
ganized
became
residents
nomic
After
malaise.
conditions
Most
a
S N A P S HM
British
as
of
However
commerce.
and bankers
s merchants
for the
places began
and cultural
the
proved
and
optimistic,
the
eco-
main
distribution
peake
residents
domestically
These
sources
centers
manufactured
credit
However
the
No
e
,
Ic
4,
ry
i"/
J"
t
ONE
jit3.
nos
n
ra,
I
A
,.
4 \
A\ `
\ i ``
Sofa _9`
3
All, ,,, .
a
G
*
-
Ig .
V. !
Yii/
THIRD.
.
vW
l
f
2
4
Pri„•„
i Fr
x
n:, a
s r,
11n,
y.
1 . .,,,,....'..:,::. .-
'
One Third
of a
Dollar, Philadelphia
outbreak
1776
!
of
war
in Europe,
finally
Virginia piedmont and Southside where tobacco production continued to expand and
per laborer were sometimes
than those realized before the war.
outputs
Colonial
Gift of Ruth
P.
Williamsburg,
and Joseph Lasser]
With the shift to
a
national
colonial economy, the
size
rather
higher
a
and functions of
farmers
who
1790 and 1807 and averaged over£ 35 be-
to the Civil War.
Newly available nonagricultural investments— urban real estate, bank stock, and
shares
in
internal
improvement
compa-
nies— also contributed to big planter prosperity. In contrast, planters who owned
few or no slaves realized gross revenues of
only about£ 15 per worker, the same level
as before
the Revolution.
City County on the Lower Peninsula,
moderately
and
prosperous
challenges
won
tablished
'
the
families
many
opted to
INDEX
that confronted
the
Revolution,
a new
Articles
of
nation
and
es-
first
under
Confederation.
The
economy remained in shambles until
after
States
i"
The shift into grain famung that comin
menced
the
1790s,
early
so
lauded
reformers
contemporary agricultural
and by many twentieth century scholars,
by
brought temporary prosperity largely to a
privileged few, and moreover, created more
serious
than
of the
the colonies as they declared inde
pendence from Great Britain, fought
fill.
region, many planters decided
to drop tobacco entirely in favor of grains, hay, dairy
of the
most
tween 1810 and 1818, almost certainly the
highest returns realized in the region prior
economic
brought
exceptions
than
This issue of BA Today focuses on the
end a colonially structured economy.
For the first time in the historyof the
Chesapeake, with the
as
dropped it altogether. Gross revenues per
laborer among large slave owners rose to
about£ 25 sterling constant value between
BA TODAY
an
the
did better
a „\.,,
aboli-
products, and livestock. Per capita earnings
from tobacco declined throughout most of
as well
ti 1t
ton of the national tobacco monopoly at the
start of the French Revolution in 1791, and
to
ei` (
or.
asea
e.
pbr r•
R
17, t77.. .
-
x
aF
RIto- ,
to,
au
OW Ti,, J, t a Uo1. t. a R.
9,
7FI7R
DOLLAR,
cops
Continued on Page 7]
the
u.
field
economic mobility.
and
closing of the French and other continental markets the following year upon the
major
A\ (
.,;,'' • \
in the 1780s economy, import
were
curtailed, and
resumed.
from
growing revenues from livestock sales.
Not all abandoned tobacco entirely, and
planters who grew grain every year and
tended tobacco when prices were favorable
mained may have experienced downward
strategies
manufactures
labor forces to that mix, realized increasing
move west or into cities, and some who re-
goods.
enthu-
before
imports of British
planters who shifted their crop mix to suit
volatile markets and tailored their slave
as Virginia' s Northern Neck and Elizabeth
from which Chesa-
obtained both imported and
made
between
to high over
and
cities
London, Glasgow, Liverpool,
the
Britain
of credit and
northern
Philadelphia.
as
with
In addition
The fortunes of middling planters varied in the immediate post Revolutionary
era. In some parts of the tidewater, such
York
replaced
Bristol
no
of New
entrepreneurs
City and
winning inremained the domi-
Tobacco
well
urban
political
to
first returned
merchants
expanding
centers
of
Constitution
improved.
with British
heavy
WHAT IS IT WORTH???
match
planters
siastically to their traditional staple and resumed the sorts of arrangements
they had
replacement
T
debts,
government orminded
entrepreneurially
more
as
region'
national
at
Want element
TODAY
the
as
serve
life,
larger
supported
capitals.
These
to
Lynch-
and
populahad lived in the Chesapeake' s
than
scarce
and continued high taxes all contributed
economic
Virginia,
colonial
resume
1785, and
Petersburg,
Maryland,
Hagerstown,
tions
revenues.
to
dependence.
UNITED STATES
and
Chesapeake resi-
efforts
and
DC ranking in the top thirty.
Even interior trading centers like Frederick
burg,
ended,
Georgetown,
Washington,
infrastructure.
Once hostilities
1830 grew to the second largest
population of over 80, 000, eclipsed
Alexandria,
or
fences,
ing
Carolina
June
slave
who
of buildings,
and deterioration
able
Richmond.
to
raids,
cie,
dents
April 7: The
rents
connections
extensive
only by New York City. Norfolk and Richmond were also among the twenty most
populous cities in the young republic, with
or military
in government
loss of income from market crops,
absenteeism
service,
prices on goods and keep them in city.
Nov. 30: To meet increasing demands in
Virginia for foodstuffs for armies in the
meats
both to the west
and to foreign and domestic ports, was already the nation' s fifth largest city in 1790,
from tenants
of
residents
war
1815.
seas demand for grain, the region' s rapidly
growing urban populations expanded markets for hay, dairy products, meat, seafood,
firewood, and perishable produce.
During the early nineteenth century. the
revenues of large producers again pulled
far ahead of those of smaller farmers. Big
returns
13, 000
over
and
British
exportation
mer-
well.
they devoted their energies
producing fibers, making cloth, boiling
salt, brewing alcohol, and finding ways to
loss of
ban
as
with
Baltimore,
took
to the Revolution,
manufactures,
destructive
to
prior
trades
chandising
imported
July 15- 16: To curb runaway inflation,
to set
resolve
citizens
Williamsburg
north and south, Jefferson,
trades
the wheat
to
and
tobacco
vessels,
more
the
controlled
changed.
also
renewed
1812 and
1783
merchants,
Chesapeake. Largely cut off by British
and
naval blockades from international
States
6: France and the United
February
and
of
conveniences
Confederation
Congress.
by
various
George Washington,
of
Articles
scale in raising wheat, and middling to large
planters benefitted more from the high
grain prices generated by the Napoleonic
Wars than did small planters. Up to 1818 or
1819 the agricultural situation was gener
ally favorable despite the Embargo of 1808
Sole Lords
the
as
condition,
enviable
vast
a
Saratoga.
at
renders
was
life, are now by the late satisfactory pacification, acknowledged to be possessed of
freedom and independence: They are, from this period, to be considered
absolute
as Actors on a most conspicuous Theatre, which seems to be peculiarly designed by
Providence for the display of human greatness and felicity.
and
army retires to Valley Forge for winter.
October 17: British General Burgoyne sur-
November
in the most
placed
Tract of Continent, comprehending all the
of the World, and abounding with all the necessaries and
climates
of Brandywine.
September 11: Battle
Farm"
or
ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE CHESAPEAKE
1777
January3: Battle
Settlement
American
of an
completion
New
York; British take New York City.
December
25- 26: Washington crosses
Delaware River, Battle
and
A Design to represent the beginning
published in London in 1768
environmental
application
Unlike
of "
tobacco,
problems
scientific"
there
than the
farming
were
solved.
economies
of
the
ratification
of
the
United
Constitution and the election
of George
Colonial
Washington.
Economies
Wartime Economy
Page 1 and 2
Page
Confederation Economy
3 and 4
Page
5
and 6
The New Constitution
Page 7
Interpretation: The Charlton
Coffeehouse
Page 8
1
�November, December 2008
2
COLON V.
ECONO
-
COLONIAL
i.
f
14
I- _ `
7
4 •
l
1774- 17
ii i
_
ECONOMIES
4
1774- 1776
4,
ltatercolor View of Charleston, South Carolina
ACCELERATING
ECONOMIC REACTIONS
GOT TOBACCO?
GAP BETWEEN
PROMPT NEW ACTIONS
located on the upper reaches of the Rappa-
Imagine
hannock
1774 TO 1776
RICH AND POOR
the
of
economies
the
like the
economic
thirteen
had grown greatly in
of
ica soared with
productivity and
great wealth for
complexity creating
men of property and
for the Empire.
Slavery
dosing
of the port
without
unprecedented
growth
both Old and New
World
by
The
standards.
economy swelled faster than the populaexpanded.
It became
more
diverse
more
in all of the
immigrants, enslaved
stretched
outward,
the
systematical
ate,
to
into its lucrative
can
goods
and
orbit.
to
markets
It brought
to
colonists
slavery."
In October
plan of reducing
1774
the
world
goods to
colonial market.
extraordinary
economy
liked
not everyone
or
Continental
in
international
from
families
farm
the
could
lose
the
to
as
1774
goods from Great Britain
December 1, 1774 and all exports
1,
In
use,
the
the
articles
American
counts"
we
our own
by
of
and
and
of
Empire.
our
established
labor" for her
end
the
of the
Association
slave
trade
transported
now
rapidly
to
where
p
a
warehouse
it was inspected
ent, for you prefer
shipment,
awaits
rather
Each hogshead is branded with your
mark and separately numbered. That mark
and number were carefully written on the
crop notes" that the tobacco inspector gave
as receipts. Now you have turned them
over to a ship captain who has agreed to
freight your tobacco to England. He uses the
crop notes to find your hogsheads among
the many others sorted in the warehouse.
As
the
containers
are
brought
out
to
the ship and lowered into the hold, he
or his mate
double
checks
the
marks
and
numbers and enters them on the ship' s
manifest,
which will be examined
and re-
by the royal customs officials before
the ship is allowed to clear the colony.
Committees
in the
of Safety
colonies
to
were
n
w
`'`
i.
reinforce
the terms of the Association.
SubmittedAnne
by
re-
Willis]
4r
largely
oppressions"
tobacco
which had been very lucrative for the
on
raise
Your
to consign your crop to a merchant
than sell it in Virginia.
bySeptember
addition
for the
our
Jefferson then
colonies.
a series
1775.
for
manufacturing
in Virginia.
Fredericksburg,
pcopied
lands with
across
gain
themselves
upon
from
us
limit
to
factured
called
own
and
city,
more
probably
designed
was
commodities
icing
the decades. The gap between rich and
poor accelerated,
in
argues
of prohibiting Trade with all
parts of the world, except the
Island of Great Britain" and " prohib-
prices
the
after
and thereby reduce the Empire' s
wealth by ending all imports of manu
valuable
own
well
as
Association
rev-
power
prices
when
took
thepast "
were low. Competition increased every
where,
more
the
in December of 1773. The
other
when
high but damned them
were
for their
in
colonies
trade
Thomas Jefferson
frustrated colonists
complexity often
who appreciated
of increasthe benefits
ing
and demanded
Acts punishing the
of Boston
support
Tea Party
economic
in his " Summary View of the Rights
of British America,"
that Britain in
ways
Its
exports
more
legislation
economic
Coercive
from taxes.
enues
understood.
even
established
restrictions
affluent
changed
also
and
Hies
of
array
increasingly
an
The
Amen-
strictive
at
us
Congress
economies.
and the costs of maintaining the
Empire increased Britain
expanding
tightened her controls
the Colo
over
international
expanding
an
engine
able
ever
larger
pulling
American continent
of the North
regions
Africans,
of those
the
taxing
passed the Association to
became more valuAs the colonies
protest Parliament' s offensive and reand Indians, women and men alike. Ityou
European
drive the
was
manpower
and
Boston
allowing them representation
which " prove a deliber
in Parliament
present
but in the South
colonies,
furnished
slaves
from many
It drew
complex.
colonies
River
planter
has been cut, cured, packed into hogsheads,heads,
1774
By
1680 and 1770 the economy
of the British mainland colonies in Amer
yourself a successful
\
j—
than in any other period in American his-
sofeap.
sca
Some
e.
sonal
r
poverty became a permanent
f the American economic land-
that
so
tory,
failure
immigrants
EXPORTS FROM THE COLONIES O N
and
perfor European
luck
descendants,
their
I.
l
povertyrepresented
and bad
,
but
d
!
-
1
THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
far more stemmed from the consignment
of Africans to perpetual servitude and enforced
destitution
through
The Cartouche of the Fry Jefferson Map
slavery . . .
Colonial Williamsburg
yar,
i1, 1 •
I' l
f
Once everything
t
t
x
,
monogram
A
Gd= y
i
r
I::
i
j
'.'
under
JO1 ,
ice
j.
T/
1
J
Farm"
of My
tkr•-
George Washington,
by
___
1766
Credits
Virca,
to
and Curators
Vincent,
Library of Congress with
of
1-
r
Alan
ing
as
Between
worked
and tenant farmers,
laborers,
farms . . .
remained
farming
in
on
character,
so
also
became
1680,
after
and
the
subsistence"
entire
and farmers
£
£
£
house-
everywhere
attention
items for their
very
own
to "
£
or
£
£
Probably in Rotterdam, 1783 Colonial
The Revolution
325, 000
Rice
393, 750
110, 000
Indigo
131,
Deerskins
10, 000
000
Grains and Wood Products
250
Grains
Flaxseed,
Livestock,
Wood Products,
7,
000
000
Naval Stores
and
r
r;.
Largest
Exports
book,
in his count
on the other
side of the
the debit side, indicate
saler
that
together
with
marks
to be
used
in
identifying each order. . .
The various tradesmen package each
order separately and affix the planters'
marks, this time as shipping labels. The
parcels are sent directly to a warehouse
designated by the merchant, where your
order is assembled and stored until a ship
Number
when
records.
£
£
bill," a list of the boxes,
Tobacco
Grains
000
30, 000
bundles,
to a flatboat
and bar
to navigate
the
shallow creek to the wharf where you and
your neighbors will send you wagons.
Altogether, such transactions took up-
Naval Stores and
Wood Products
£
in the Rappahan
nock and the captain makes up a " boat
of Regional
in the Mainland Colonies
760, 000
35,
It is used for the last time
the ship anchors
rels transferred
before 1776, Harvard
2000, pp. 50- 51]
Back
a clerk has been dispatched to fill your
orders. All over the city he calls on suppliers of tea, yard goods, furniture, foodstuffs, and ironmongery. He leaves behind
shop invoices that list the names ( yours
included) of all of the planters who have
requested merchandise sold by that whole-
customs
y
200, 000
Massachusetts,
insend
.
con-
America:
to
Again your monogram is the shorthand
symbol that tracks your goods through
the manifest, the bills of lading, and the
1 lO0 000
to
transported
Becoming
Potash,
and Iron
Livestock
7,
North Carolina Exported
who
crops
regional
who
University Press, Cambridge,
Exported £ 525
consumption
variety of crops— grains, tobacco,
indigo, and large timbers— to mar-
kets mainly in Europe.
Source: Jon Butler,
The Middle Colonies
Yearly
Maryland, Virginia
wide
rice,
Establishment
hastens
is ready to make a return voyage.
paid
markets"
Farmers
deliberately produced
sell not only to neighbors
sumers
but to " factors,"
a
Soon entries
commercial
increasingly
considerably
than they had done before.
also
s
28, 000
slaves,
Much colonial
largely "
that
more
raised
Merchant'
500, 000
or
hold raised many crops directed explicitly
to household
But farmconsumption.
ing
i
32
South Carolina Exported
and 85 percent of
made their liv-
75
seasonal
servants,
who
1991-
of a customs
ing room, the merchant, still using your
monogram, credits your account for the
hogsheads,;,safely received.
y-
of a Shipping
Williamsburg
men and women
landholders
as
the agent' s warehouse.
and would be through
colonization
colonial
Interior
eye
merchant
orie of his clerks to clear customs,
account
To speak of the economy in prerevolutionary America was to speak of farming,
as it had been since the beginning of Euro-
the 1870s.
1
r+
1'
1
watchful
pay the duties, and arranges shipment to
y
J,
the
Brinkley( 2004)
Eyes of the Nation: A Visual History of the
United States, Charlestown Hill Publishing
pean
(
is noted again. You enclose this
The
round
7
A Plan
the
Spector.
i
i
a
a
bill or a duplicate in the covering letter that
accompanies the shipment and tells your
agent in London what you are sending him.
You also include an invoice of the goods you
are sending him and an invoice of the goods
you want him to supply in return.
Arriving in the Thames six weeks later,
the captain forwards your letter to a mer
chant and proceeds to unload the cargo
3 -
1
f.:
you receive
bill of lading on which your identifying
1
_
tallies,
i
x
i..
i
1968- 11`
f
wards
Iron Products
Money scale.
of
eight
to
twelve
months
from
the time Virginians placed their orders to
the time the goods arrived. [ Source: Cary
Carson, Historical
Eassay CW
Products.]
�November,
2008
December
3
WARTIME
s`. '.
WARTIME
'
i
ECONOMY
ECONOMY
1u.
r
ar
x
t
1776- 1781
i_ -.
f '-.
Ili' -
1776- 1781
N
q
o*'
Ntt7;'
t,.
t
4
t.
R•.
11
r
••,•
e.
y
t
r
o
c
•
'
i
..
t
r-
ARMING OUR TROOPS
WOMEN AND THE WAR
The Iron Industry
Posterity who are to reap the
blessings, will scarcely be able
and
hardships
the
To conceive
of their
sufferings
in the bitter
Forge
Valley
found
Martha
horrific
a
Freedom
oppression,
lenge was to develop an arms making
industry that could supply war materiel
Source: Thomas
arrived
same
and
starvation,
human
not much better.
thelonial
loss of life
extractgreat
Wars
were always in short supply. Individual
condition
Cold,
always
y
threat-
and property especially if fought on home
soil with an invadingarmy.y It is estimated
ened desertion chanting, " No bread, no solio
dier." Washington' s position as commander
in
chief
threatened
was
well,
as
had her work cut out for her
rived
the
on
even
including
sewing circle of officers'
Kitty Greene and Lucy
and
joined
Martha'
knew
husbands.
their
I
wrote:"
s activities
a woman
One
until late at night
basket
hand... going
in
War.
Knox,
to
businesses
with
fered
huts
the
and giving
Women
Mothers:
Founding
farmers
2004], p. 94- 95.
Collins Publisher,
in New Hampshire
Joseph
Bartlett,
Hampshire,
Correspondence
result
in
down
leaving
homeless.
she
wife
Congress
describes
home. " The
firearms
to
children
in
serve
the
We hear of
and tumults from
Continent to the
the
war
glad
to
about
know if your
keeping and
courage
I
of
manufacture
and
firewood
Source: Cokie Roberts,
t'"
skyrocketed
commodities
compromised
ages
the
quality of life for
to
establish
With
were
for
greatly
iron for
and Spain to finance
France
the
urgent.
was
and
cannons
the
other
total of
war
debt
was
securely
01
moved
soldiers
enemy
tll
f t,
trail
e
c
t
s ,,,
4' '
t..
Y]
fit,
t
Anderson
t
j
4•
w
t
Blacksmith
4.
0,
•,._
4
i
.
I/'.
wR"
44
5
if
i.,
x
1
plundering and pillaging
with the aim of taking
war,
self
virtual
at
a
1
of major
as
South...
4
they marched,
Charleston... By
she
t
family
she
was
had
a
riott
line to inform
wrote
her
Eliza
alone."
the
business
desperate
me
is
h
orally-, ;
_•
lina in 1779.
really
Of
alone
course
on
of
were
scores
soon
change.
Eliza received
their
stories high. In addition to this arms factory
[
Image:
View
of Boston
Harbor]
Colonial Williamsburg
1962. 302. 3
her daughter
Thomas'
slaves
as
women
weren'
t
there
plantations,
well, but that would
While
she
word
from
was
her
at Hampton,
son
Thomas
both her plantation house and his had
been destroyed. " I have just received... the
that
account
of my loses and your almost ruined
Hazard observed
that
At present he makes from pig iron; bar
iron, anchors, all kinds of common black-
fortunes
the
create
businesses. By some accounts, the state put
40, 000 into Hunter' s works, building what
was in the day perhaps the largest industrial
Ebenezer
British rampaged through South Caro-
sought to
tory run by Hunter was described as being
stayed
as
state
housed in a building 350 feet long and four
Harof anything,"
I am here entirely
joined
soon
As the
r..-
going In her isolation
for news. " I have not
mother, "
for
operation in America. The small arms fac-
t
Hampton
the
James
a large ironworks
by underwriting the expansion of existing
t
for
her plantation on the Santee River in
with her little children, to keep
In Fredericksburg,
a wartime industrial infrastructure, it did so
h«
found her-
well, but
rivers.
had operated
port to Britain.
1!.
as
her daughter Harriott
widow
Hunter
Carolina,
South
duced weapons of a standard pattern in large
quantity. To that end, the state poured enormows sums of money into works located in
Richmond and Fredericksburg. These were
the primary locations for industrial manufacture of arms and military hardware due
to their geographical location on the fall line
some time, processing iron ore into metallic
iron, some consumed locally, much for ex-
twenty years and had been managing on
her own since she was a girl. With the men
off at
Itsl
t,
j
x--
able
Pickney had been widowed
1778 Eliza
i - :'
Harper
at the
water powered industrial machinery pro-
0
I
t ,.
Steve Mankowski
Forge
9
Large scale manufacture of weaponry
required different production• techniques.
Shops employing specialized labor and
f
j'
in their hands,
on
,
11
MIII~
fell [ end
the
—
C011-
staggering.
Submitted by Anne Willis]
Gunpowder and salt
be
winter
were
60
r'
e,: r
and
war
Carolina
firm foothold in
a
Georgia
r
runaway inflation and all people suffered
effort
FoundingMothers:
city of Savannah
1778], the British
Once the
of December
_
greatly especially the poor and enslaved.
The new nation borrowed
heavily from
Pickneyr•
in South
r
i
the army and all Americans. There was
Collins Publisher, 2004, p. 96].
Eliza
40 workmen
II
short-
while
and
i
America."
raised Our Nation,
Who
around
increased
alive."
The Women
employed
between the two sites.
long
5"
am
Anderson
all
I
3E
end
one
will be difficult in the
the
onto the site of
ci
04-
holds out yet
defending
beef
during
war
and then expanded
the reconstructed Anderson Shop. By 1780
of the war. The price
s
She later describes the scarcity of goods and
high prices and then begs her husband to
home as she is apparently pregnant,
come
before cold weather, as you know my cir
cumstances
all
number
materials
raw
demand
The
of the
As demand
to
should
I
other,
especially
greatly
blankets and
in the field and
needed
of
the
raise
r-
of
or
men
wars
of food,
5 or 6 workmen.
Throughout the period of the war the
Continental
currency that was printed
became increasingly worthless, prices for
Individual
shelves.
wheat,
larged,
suffered
making the misery
with
for weapon repair grew, the shop was en-
and the troops that
often
shortages
kitchen)
consequence
faces
she
challenges
sell
to
a
House ( on the site of the current Barraud
profoundly.
leaving
trade
As
from his shop located behind the Barraud
for the preservation of meat for the troops
the
and in her letters
British
of
the outbreak of the war, Anderson worked
raise
m
the
among us are very
backward about going into war, they are
not content with the province bounty...
at
for the
supplies
of
Caribbean
unable
to
able
were
compromised.
continued
He
Continental
him
his
store
contributions
and eight
Tories
stuffs
Imported goods
manufactured
goods dis-
were
colony and as a
burned
his house
his
in
1774
from the
the
to
states.
field
the
the greater
and
seldom
Continental
pay. The
disserted
often
in
were
of food
most
merchants
never
their
a
recruits
shoes
presence
tools used to make agricultural implements
and household goods in peacetime, could
easily be converted to a wartime status
repairing guns, swords, and bayonets. At
from the
troops
s
of militaryarms, and
production of other military hardware. The
never
were
until its end
war
unable
the
throughout
commodities.
of troops that
physician from New
up the Committee of
headed
and
their
states
the
curtailed
grew scarce as
appeared from
Bartlett
Mary
to
Harper
export
was
of troops suf-
confiscation
of European
due
blockades
raised Our Nation,
Who
by
in
towns
of the
dark bleak winters
loss
markets
her power."
Source: Cokie Roberts,
The
The
in
to them
from the
and
movement
and maintenance
and
money and
the Continental
currency that was issued
inflation rose
soon
became worthless
as
in short supply as men
their
deserted
slaves
farms
or
number
materials
effort
war
adequate
Congress
fodder.
comfortsand
allthe
received
and
Small
the
raw
Washington'
General
who
operated
or
for
beginning
left their farms and
often
was
of battles
path
Men
the
raise
adequate.
loss
wealth.
public
recruited
were
soldiers...
among
tremendous
of
contributions
supplies
Civil
be neglected
to
Labor
others.
the
by
only
a
also
personal and
joined the army
in my life
seen,
was
of
home
seeking the keenest and most needy sufferers,
There
masters.
for the sick
providing comforts
Every few days she might be
their
one
the
percentage
has been exceeded
wars
Washington,
Lady
as was
or
of deaths from American
That
from early morning
busy
so
of
wives,
witness
never
Americans,
estimated population of
died in the conflict many of
country,
whom
perished on British prison ships.
were
at
children
000
25,
to
able
were
opportu-
ers' work for the newly formed state. The
armourer provided the service of repair
of troops that were need in the field and
P
the
year before.
the
a
had both left their
who
which
least
at
percent
ar-
brought
she
again
than
she
when
Mount Vernon,
welcome
more
She set up
Once
scene.
from
supplies
that
Martha
so
never
states
the war effort. At the
g
rule, and had agreed to do armour-
was
sick, and dirtymen
hungry,
to maintain
time, this was the economic
nity for entrepreneurial individuals.
James Anderson had served the Colony
as an armourer during the last years of co-
C (I) SITS OF WAGING WAR
Fifteen
situation.
needed
Common Sense
Paine,
at
of 1778,
winter
hundred horses had died of
with
The years of the Revolutionary War
presented Americans with great technical
hath given her warning to depart. 0! Receive the fugitive,
and prepare in time an asylum for mankind."
Forge
Washington
Martha
overrun
Historical Society
Connecticut
challenges, and at the same time great economic opportunities. The technical chal-
Washington
Valley
at
When
old world is
of the
Courtesy of the
hath been hunted round the globe. Asia and Africa have long
expelled her. Europe regards her like a Stranger, and England
Abigail Adams
Martha
spot
Every
ancestors."
The
A. W. Thompson.
of the Enemy" By
Advance
British
by
the
had
enemy, a severe blow!" The
Eliza' s house, burned
while
as
many
to
ready
families
in this fight for freedom
grant it to the
of women and
Harriott, hoping
slaves.) . . .
ton,
children
to
find
moved in
safety there
hopelessly
finally
they
achieved their
they captured
Charles-
the
and
plus control of the vast
and South Carolina."
was
Several
sons
South' s preeminent
city culturally
economically, in May 1780, gaining
tactical and psychological Victories
major
up about three thouof whom were still
property just the property of
and sold to the West Indies.
side
and
Charleston. In the end
long- awaited goal—
owners—
Neither
with
rounded
slaves,
treated
new
s
British
sand
save
failed, and the British
place, and taken the slaves. ( In
South Carolina' s plantations,
plundering
the
husbands
their
tried to
gutted
[
Source: Cokie Roberts,
The
Women
regions
of Georgia
Founding
Who raised Our Nation,
Collins Publisher,
2004,
Mothers:
Harper
p. 96].
smiths work, small arms, pistols, swords,
files, fuller' s shears, and nails. He has a grist
mill& saw mill, a Cooper' s shop, a Saddler' s
shop, a Shoemaker' s shop, a Brass Founder' s
shop, &
a wheelwrights shop. . ."
Hunter employed nearly 2, 000 men in
his operation, a number nearly equal to the
population of Williamsburg at the time.
The state also financed
the construction
of a " Gunnery" for the manufacture of
muskets, pistols, and other weaponry and
overseen by a board of commissioners. This
manufactory employed about 60 hands
Continued
on
Page 6]
�November,
4
1
WARTIME
7' ,'.-
1.:-1it
is
l, uf«
ECONOMY
Ai
i
z.
2008
WARTIME
4
ECONOMY
December
1776- 1781
1776- 1781
7,
tc
W
Interview with
John Carter: Merchant
Reporters: Mr. Carter, Where
before the
ness
time, I
1755
and before the
chanmt
Because
have been
I
a
mer-
Unicorn' s
portion of the shop, The U
and in 1772, I moved my family into
The war and rethe upstairs of this structure.
Horn
to
capital to Richmond did not
other merchants
Reporters:
What
before the
you selling in your
were
store
war?
Carter: It
John
cause
my home and business as it did
and tradesmen.
relocate
many
my intention to offer for sale
you desired so that you would
was
that
anything
have no need to visit my numerous competitors
such as Mr. Greenhow, Mr. Prentis, and Mr
Tarpley. So
and
would import
I
worsted
breeches,
silk,
children' s
stockings,
broadcloths,
men' s,
calimanco
worsted
shoes, shoe soles,
grammar books, psalm books, Glass' s cookery,
testaments, spelling books, and a variety of
books for children, writing paper, wax,
ink powder, pens, a variety of tin ware, vis.
swans, hens, chickens, hedgehogs, and
nutmeg
other
Reporters:
sundry West Indian goods.
also
etc.,
graters,
Have
you
it necessary to
found
ex-
tend credit?
John Carter: Yes, indeed, because my competitors
extend credit. I also found it necessary through
the
Gazette
Virginia
admonish
to
all
that
At
the
declared
colonies
British
cans
moment
North
the
American
did
freedom
one out of
every five Amerienslaved and the institution itself
rule,
was
legal in each of the newly established
United States. The incongruity of maintaining slavery in a society founded upon free-
and communities.
dom
came
and
liberty
was
in the
harshly criticized,
by the founders of
and
new
nation.
revolutionary crisis transformed AfAmerican life in the . . . Upper South.
As in the
for
northern
the
colonies,
itself and the
of
establishment
independent
an
and
war
accompanied
that
changes
the
the
But
egalitarianism.
tered,
the
as
even
free black
ready money only, such
brown and refined sugar
as
yourself able
import goods
to
Carter:
John
were
Faster,
for
smaller
like
merchants
were
as
rum,
pepper, and
other
The
en-
gaging in direct trade with the island of St.
Ignatius in the West Indies, and some of those
goods such
slavery and with it
racial dependencies
anced the
sale?
sloops
gained
black life in freedom. But the
Reporters: With trade stopped between Virginia
and Great Britain how
their
spices,
host of
a
wealth
than
more
growth
simultaneous
distribution,
and
ties
unity. As permainland
North
in
else
entwined.
was
Slavery
and freedom defined
[
during
The First
Two
freedom,
slavery, in the Upper
of Revolution.
the Age
Source: Ira Berlin,
black life in the
blacks
slave
defined
Many Thousands Gone:
Centuries
North
ofSlaveryin
America ( 19981, pp. 256, 288- 289.]
as
of the United States . . .
region
would find their way into Virginia. Also, there
direct trade with Europe with such
was was
as
Rotterdam.
Americans
Goods
in Europe could in-
also
into
came
AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE
THE MANUMISSION
upper
transported into Virginia.
being
The General Assembly
became
what
the
During
scheme
overcharging?
Carter: In July
John
of Williamsburg
in
They
were
cause
goods
a
The
next
set
against
good
citizens
or
the
at the
courthouse.
and angry mood bein short supply and prices
heights.
new
Virginia'
s
was worthless.
as
for
ood
firewood,
a
prices
and
shoes,
committee
peveryday te
proties
me
and soap. To enforce
was elected.
Unfortu
for
a slave
ever
heard
of
of Virginia'
s
this
Reporters:
Berlin
notes
increase
in
freedom
suits,
How
war
high did the price
the latter part of the
for£ 25
in 1776 salt sold for 15
sugar
for£
1
for
2
shillings
per
per
pound;
rum
sugar
for
20
of
some
war?
beginning
shillings
pound;
per gallon. By 1779 salt
pound; and
was
per
and
selling
shillings
per
for£ 8 per gallon!
tered
size
the
John Carter: After the
house,
that " The
character
too
re-
old
herself,
spectacular
the
tion
lowing
1782,
free black population grew
about 8, 000, and in the fol-
ten
to
years it
more
than
doubled.
In
legalized
year Virginia
private
St. George Tucker estimated
the
ing and harvest.
In the
cities,
term
slavery
provided a means for owners to exact the
labor of energetic young men and women
and
slate' s
300 percent
small plots of land to former slaves to secure the benefit of their labor during plant
self- purchase,
immigration al-
society into a society with slaves, best
exemplified the change. Between 1755 and
1790
seeing them as a lever to access the labor
of free blacks. Some planters sold or rented
of the free black
manumission,
and
either
or
re-
population in the Upper South. Maryland,
which was fast being transformed
from a
them
make
in old
age.
and
gradual
emandpa
apprenticeship in the
contingent
states,
for themselves
responsible
Much like
northern
and term
manumission
slavery delayed the arrival of freedom and
strengthened the masters' hand.
But
if the continued presence of slavery
so did freedom. As
burdened black people,
black men and
slaves,
women
were
fully
integrated
into the economy and society of
the Upper South. As free people, they faced
and discrimination.
war
ostracism
presence of about 2, 000 free blacks in
the state. By 1790, when the first federal
forms of
blacks
free black population had grown to 12, 000. . .
As in the North, freedom arrived bur-
free
proscriptions that distinguished
blacks from white people. Free black men
were barred from voting, sitting on juries,
began I advertised,
my store along with kitchen, smoe-smokecoal house, etc. I was unsuccessful.
Continued
on
Page
6]
was
taken,
with
the
of slavery' s
continuing presence. New forms of dependency emerged even more quickly than
dened
old
the
the
ones
heavy
weight
could be liquidated.
In
the
many free blacks continued
with their former masters, suf-
countryside,
to
Reporters: Did you consider finding another oc
cupation or
leaving Williamsburg altogether?
to rent
who was
flight, and
law
financially
young to support him
too
census
goods go during
John Carter: Very high indeed! At the
of the
be
to
the
paper
money continued unabated.
pound;
The
children.
master
allow
enslaved
OF SLAVES
manumission,
nately, nothing more was
committee
and the collapse
rum
and
former
their
slave
morning the townspeople came toto hear the proposal which were
imponed
the
guard
Ira
offixed, fair
such
a
again
gether
a
women,
quired
sponsible
to
sullen
were
paper currency
years, as goods
depreciated,
more
1779
gathered
driven to
being
were
war
and money
was employed
scarcer
owners
decided to
manumit
to
slave
men,
Reporters:
a;
. ;
t_,rr: rr E4! GJerrenry.
r
orJtOt
L,
s.
H.._,
e..
d_
L
1.
22VAINOU
71vo twenty dollar bills. Colonial Williamsburg,
Gift of Ruth and Joseph R. Lasser
As the Continental dollars depredated,
the states came under pressure to force the
populace to accept them as legal tender
and
often
stigmatized
those
who
refused
accept the devalued paper money. In North
Carolina, people who so much as spoke disrespectfully of the currency were regarded
as traitors,
and in Virginia
the
was
notes
refusal
tantamount
to
to accept
cancelling
the debt you were owed. Inflation also led
Congress
to call for controls
on wages
and
prices, but price control statutes approved
in a number of states early in the war were
soon
repealed
as ineffective
and detrimen-
tal. Inflation, price controls, and legal ten
der laws produced economic chaos, driving
of business
and
exacerbat-
meThe
ACT XXI.
Albemarle Sound in North Carolina and up
the Nottoway and Black Water creeks, eventually
orxY:•
the
ing the scarcity of everything.
your contracted goods such as textiles, tin ware,
etc. into the Bay and up the James and Rappa
rivers.
1
tits out
cities
troduce a Virginia merchant to a factor there.
The Dutch ships would then attempt to bring
hannock
4.E,,,,,, „
aa--
and
aspirations
of slavery assured
shadow
nowhere
South
slave
the
peoples. Measured
slave
America, the fate of free and
counterbal-
Upper South and united free and
no other
haps
of
of free-
reinforced
experience
h ,,,.,
,
u? t.?:L, rM ruhof cc ff,, x,,
African
continued African- American
forms of
expansion
hr
of
usually joint ventures
If the ability of free people
free and
North. The
the
of freedom.
dom and of slaverydefined
in
slaves.
expansion
slave.
otz$ 4¢ a
o. ,
sod-
ideas, black society was much more of one
piece in the Upper South— despite the formal divisions of freed and slave— than in
freedom in
new
1) ta"!/+
a''.
1w
cc. 7.
o, y, m Sik.; u: ord., g to tlrc Neu4
y,,
by church membership, family formation,
fal-
goods to be sold
a
COVVIIWWW'7,4z c8. mewc1j.
white
black
within
together. Independent
were
Everyday
South, and the greatly enlarged
population began to reconstruct
slaves
prayed
between
Balti-
surrounding
society with
and
slaves participated fully and often took
leadership roles as deacons and ministers.
periphery— most
region' s
the area
prominently
more— developed into
hardly
century
black
hold property propelled them into positions of leadershi p in these or g anizations,
North, slavery in the Upper South did not
crack. The slave society that had emerged
in the wake of the plantation revolution
of the late seventeenth
between
to
in the
unlike
A two- caste system with
differences
the
free and
republic—
slavery, as slaves and their allies
at chattel
bonda g e with the
of revolutionary republicanism and
evangelical
churches,
expectation that the states would levy taxes,
then collect the bills in payment and retire
them. Instead, the states printed currency
of their own, further contributing to the depredation of all American paper money.
to
churches
challenged
mallets
workplaces,
goods
trade
nental dollars were issued in 1775 with the
ety. Many free people of color— men and
women— married slaves and live, worked,
struggle
independence— both
political
divisions
muted
The
rican-
families,
same
had
and manufacturing during the war, the
enormous amount of money in circulation
far exceeded the value of available goods,
resulting in rapid inflation. The first Conti-
exemplify the Upper South follow
ing the Age of Revolution...
But the continued
of slavery
existence
justified
ultimately
this
rigid
recognized,
quickly
the Upper
for
and slavery evolved in a parallel
entwined free and slave blacks
that
course
was
of
are
Congress
the
only
With decreased
e
faith of Congress.
ithoCong
divided black people in the free states
in the Upper South;
not materialize
that
from
independence
their
Thousands
whose accounts
months
molasses,
301. 1
jREED 0 M AND SLAVERY
have been standing 12
desired immediately to discharge
them to prevent trouble. I did advertise some
persons
rum,
2007.
AME RI CAN J ) JJ\ ]
silk
and
women' s,
thread, and
cotton,
and
satin
life, Colonial Williamsburg:
of slave
vignettes
Continental
Continentals," backed
thisGlocationB
western
me
Six different
Watercolor.
the
no power to fund the war through taxes,
it printed some $ 250 million in irredeemable paper money, or bills of credit, called
war
geon and apothecary) built this brick structure
as a joint
business venture. He occupies the
of the
Dollar Fall?
w,:
between James Craig' s Sign ofof the Golden Ball
and the Raleigh Tavern. James Carter ( sur-
moval
Just How Far Can the
'
and to the present
in business a
been
haveJ
"
l r `
w ` .
war?
Carter: Since
John
you in busi-
were
I,
1.
J
5'' ,,,,, '
reside
fering
the
oversight
of
an
owner
even
they no longer were owned. Planters
appreciated
of power
the advantages
without
responsibility. They held tight to
after
the
spouses
and
children
of former
slaves,
subordination
with
slaves,
that
To
the
new
equated
free
lawmakers
added
the
new
Continental currency also came
under attack from the British and their Tory
sympathizers. The following ad appeared in
The Weekly Mercury of 14 April 1777:
Persons going into the other Colonies
may be supplied with any Number of
counterfeit Congress- Notes, for the Price
of the Paper per Ream. They are so
neatly and exactly executed that there is
no Risque in getting them off, it being
almost impossible to discover, that they
are not genuine. This has been proved by
Bills to a very large Amount, which have
already been successfully circulated.
Despite
all
this,
Congress
had
insisted
throughout the first five years of the war,
that the Continental currency would one
day be redeemed at' face value. In March
1780, however, Congress announced a plan
for redeeming it at one- fortieth of its printed
value. In 1781 the depreciated value reached
a ratio
of 100 to 1
some
meted to 1, 000 to 1. Jokesters
places
l um-
p
bar-
bet shops with the worthless bills and wry
sailors on leave walked the streets of Ameri-
can port towns in dressed in suits made of
the bundles of the currency with which they
were paid. So arose the saying" not worth a
Continental."
Submitted by Bob Doares with
Erik Goldstein]
testifying in court, and attending the militia,
and all free blacks,
men,
were
women
from owning
barred
as
well
as
9;
0 ft:..
Iu
4
dogs and
t;F„:
guns and trading without a permit. A pass
system prevented free blacks from travelr
ing freely and required them to register
A ,
themselves annually with county authoria
of these restrictions had long
ties. Many
existed,
them,
but the new legislation
reminding
all that
not mean equality."
1
reinforced
freedom
would
N.
w
4
i.iiMio,:ig C,-;:
t4a
Six dollar bill. Colonial Williamsburg, Gift of
Ruth and Joseph R. Lasser
,
�November,
December
2008
WARTIME
CONFEDERATION
ECONOMY
ECONOM
D
Connection;
The Spanish
P
While
symposium
organizing
Spanish Contribution to the
The
on
of
Independence
Between
United
the
Eduardo
Garrigues,
Foreign
been ignored
h;?
territories
French and Indian]
war
M
has
Thomas Rowlandson,
with the
Courtesy of Fine
leaders
of
expressed, without the
tion
The Spanish
the American
in three
is
After
assist
tinental
army
of
success
foremost
both overtly
in the training
of the
by
experienced
sponsoring
con-
European
military strategists.
Lastly, the
military, particularly General Berde Galvez, opened additional fronts
Spanish
nardo
in Louisiana
ish to
and
causing the Britin battles on multiple fronts
engage
Florida
The first
recorded
moneys
dollars.
the
secured
was
additional
Two
first, $ 74, 087. 00,
Pollock
Oliver
and
second,
King Carlos
Spanish
by
sums
noted:
were
loaned to Patriots
was
Thomas
and,
Willing
to
III'
August
s
1780 Royal
17,
Order asking Spanish and Indian males
the Americas to donate two dollars and one
in
dollar respectively in equivalent goods, the
records
of which were sent to Mexico City
for distribution --
a mystery of history not
quite solved, although rumors abound. Fr.
of Alta California,
Serra, Father President
called this
appear,
or
work
no
weren'
can
every step, its actions
indifference,
temporizing,
At
hesitation.
impossible.
was
governing
They
And
to
agree
impossible
a
slavery
destroying
the
at
squabbling, illYork laid
New
that.
on
simple
rowboats
and
Connecticut
war
twenty- year
waged
literally
land).
over
did
So
Massachusetts, which was selling goods
with
inflated
prices
stick out- of- state
And
and
with
the
its debts,
inhabitants
of
advantage,
contemptuously refusing to withdraw its troops from
its forts on American
soil in the West, as
Kentucky and the newly formed state of
Franklin were threatening to arm 10, 000
had been
the
quences, England took
promised
American
barring
about the West
American
movements
Virginia.
the
taunting
new
by
nation
the
came
frail
the
thunderclap that rattled
Confederation:
Shays' s
Source: Jay Winick, The Great Upheaval:
and the Birth of the Modern World
[
America
1788- 1800, Harper
too,
advantage
on
Rebellion.
of the Northwest
took
Spain
question of
the
navigation
Mississippi . . .
across
with the
plotted
were
to
settle
Then
stifling much- needed
If that weren' t
enough,
in the borderlands
Indians
and
1783 treaty, and
from moving freely
Indies,
trade.
separatist
men
in the
ships
Collins
2007,
prohibiting
Publisher,
58]
pp. 56
Spain
provided
also
brought
materiel
war
and
A
Y,
:
military leaders to the
Patriots through a " dummy" world trading
company, Roderique Hortalez et Cie. Based
c,
sra .—,? -.
tt
t
r4" '
:",
F
of St. Eustatius
out
y
kt
iv:
„
Antilles,
Spain and France
lion livres
1776,
i
l
a: I.r
uk
i
each
provided
Independence.
sent
materiel
The
via ships
from
w
;,
Charleston,
of Louisiana,
Ohio
rivers
Bedford
ceived
up the Mississippi
the Braddock
then
and
roads.
support
across
For
example,
and
Patriots
re-
for the Battle of Saratoga
during
the Northwest
campaigns
George Rogers Clark. Baron
with these funds
Thaddeus
ous
Kosciuszko
Patriot
front
was
by
and
others
Another
literally
against
started
the
Military
another
British
as
soon
for vari
to take
Front:
military
as
lost to the British in 1763.
had
September 6,
Galvez took Ft. Bute at Manchas in
1779,
Mississippi River Valley with no losses
to Spain. Taking the fort at Baton Rouge
the
was
a
more
formidable
task,
but
the
Spanish captured it September 20. Galvez
next
secured
Natchez
the
the
militia
arsenal.
ing, it occurred
that
sachusetts
the
s
his
troops,
the
rebels
David
But
led
Shays,
to take
more
defeated
were
sympathizers
were
polls early in 1787.
militia
victorious
Consequently
states
problem
the
legislative
office,
possible,
as
one
the
legislative
tyranny.
of Shays into
people had
Boston
in May 1787,
to] make laws."
plained
[
of
sympathizers
made
newspaper
for "
sedition
it
com-
itself
Source: Gordon Wood, The American
Revolution:
History, New York: Modern
Library, 2002, p. 152.]
A
newly chosen state representatives
enacted the kinds of debtor relief
soon
and
were
By voting
alarm-
by
other
peculiar
Although
constitution.
wanted
islation convinced
in the very state, Maswas
considered
to have
best- balanced
Shays'
rebellion,
and threatened
courts
federal
a
The
captain,
had
Shays
that
peaceful
surrender
of
October 5. The next year, Galvez
to seek to add to the
them (
which
required
the
consent
of all
the states), by threatening the states with
military force . . .
Source:
Gordon
Wood,
The American
Revolution: A History, New York: Modern
Library, 2002, pp. 145- 146.]
Debt and Unemployment
ing money supply, and dwindling trade, the
flush of prosperity was snuffed out. Seamstresses,
shoemakers,
and other craftsmen
and artisans were suddenly without work;
the shipbuilding industry collapsed too.
As
would
follow
in
France,
there
were
now dreadful visions of the poor rising
up against the well- to- do. The situation
became dire. There was no common trade
policy, no real foreign policy, barely any
domestic policy. And there was the debt,
accumulated during the war. The young
nation
had borrowed
Holland
to
millions
finance
the
from
France
Revolution,
Or that John Sullivan
referred
of the
Congress,
Nathaniel
Gorham
York
and
its neighbors
would
erupt
lution was both crucial and timely. The
foreign policy decisions of King Carlos III to
provide trade and political support as early
as 1774 shaped the progress of the conflict.
The substantial financial support of approxi-
mately 6 million livre from Spain and France
each and additional
sums of about 2, 700 and
4,200 Spanish dollars from the government
as well as individual citizens was important
in supplying war materials and supporting
Count Bernardo de Galvez and his army.
Those funds also allowed for sponsorship of
European military strategists such as Baron
von
Steuben
who
helped
Washington' s
army drastically improve their battlefield
war
received
back forts the Spanish
states,
Summary:
skills at Valley Forge.
Governor of Louisi-
Count Bernardo de Galvez,
orders
mid- Atlantic
powers of the Congress. Reformers tried to
strengthen the Congress by broadly interpreting the Articles, by directly amending
2007, p. 57]
enacting. This legmany that calling for
people to obey the law was a remedy for
insurrections only; it did not solve the
that
broke out in
mortgages
Massachusetts.
closed
legislation
rebellion
of their
former
a
at the
declared in 1779.
ana,
Valley Forge
a
foreclosure
activities.
Spain Opens
Spain
to
Casimir Pulaski,
were
as
by
F. W. Augustus
Steubenwas brought
von
led
of nearly 2, 000
debtor farmers threatened with
1786
distressed
over
and
fin-
Spain' s involvement in the American RevoIn
western
and
creditor
Source: Jay Winick, The Great Upheaval:
America and the Birth of the Modern World
Debt and Foreclosures in Massachusetts
to
Province
and
1788- 1800, Harper Collins Publisher,
leaders
South Carolina
mercantile
S HAY S S REBELLION
Philadelphia,
Orleans in the Spanish
forced
into civil war.
qd.
of
St. Eustatius
simply
terests, especially those centered in the
New
-.
mil-
one
and
Portsmouth, Portsmouth, New Hampshire;
and New
Kings
Congress
openly worried that the clashes between
f
company in May of
before the Declaration
of
weeks
stances
dent
_
in
to start the
six
were
the Bourbon
the
re-
1
R,
the Lesser
money,
and
to the confederacy as " a Monster with
thirteen heads!"
In fact the future presi-
European
in Paris, but operated
resolutions
ceased paying interest on the public debt.
The Continental Army smoldered with
resentment at the lack of pay and began
falling apart through desertions and even
outbreaks of mutiny. All these circum-
anarchy."
Leaders:
Military
from serv-
which it had scant hope of being able to
repay. No wonder James Madison luridly
warned about this " flagrant" and " present
European
Brings
Support
congressional
ity to raise
and
4, 216. 00.
Spain
barred
Is
tried to
Soon between the swelling debt, shrink-
creditors
did Maryland.
as
Connecticut
to
Rhode
theNewHampshire,
was
government
disguise. There were conse-
to
delegates
ing more than three years in any six year
period, leadership in the Confederation
was fluctuating and confused. The states
followed suit ( indeed, Penn-
Pennsylvania
Sylvania
of the federal
weakness
and
countries,
ones
import duties
onerous
states
see,
Ameri-
the
crossing with produce from New Jersey;
from Connecticut
too.
it taxed lumber
was
to
selling off captured
harsh Muslim
in
tempered
any amendment to the feds powers. By any standard
woefully impotent.
Abroad for all the world
a veritable
ships,
sailors
dependent
t
off its last warship— and they couldn' t suppress internal insurrections. And under the
all thirteen
made
eracy was increasingly
shaky, and month
by month, with ever- growing impunity,
the thirteen states acted like thirteen in-
they couldn' t raise an army to repel
invaders— Congress had been forced to sell
of Confederation,
Arab Barbary
sport of preying on
markets.
young country' s Mediterranean
Month by month the American confed-
tax,
articles
this
movements,
Southwest. Even
the
bazaars of North Africa, and
to
couldn'
separatist
renegade
pirates
they actually sought to enact policy.
marked by
were
when
of
some
ported
when
listened
t
weakness
encouraged
fused to supply their allotted contributions
to the central government. With no abil-
California sent
tax." Alta
a " war
had
often
hair"
a
of New York
silver
John Jay, United
source
toto Spain. Another
1
States Emissarissar
was
appear,
did
mil-
two
were
lion livres in hard currency and war materiel. Thus, the United States currency, the
Continental,
didn' t
they
the
had
ignored
American
ther
by
Morris
settlers
from shipping farm produce
from the port of New Orleans; they also sup-
it finally set-
where
exposed
and
Western
no
could scarcely
muster a quorum. It remained a weak and
wayward instrument, whose members ei-
eral government'
U. S from Spain:
to
was
time in
had to
simultaneously.
Monies Loaned
there
tied, the national legislature
and covertly to be used for war materials
and supplies. Secondly, Spanish livre was
used to
the Revolution . . . "
and then to New York,
of
and
to America
suspended
was
Congress. After pathetically wandering
from Princeton to Annapolis, from Trenton
is evident
First
ways.
loaned
1827
the
War
Revolutionary
major
monies
to the
contribution
1756-
Francisco, California
greater testament to the feeble unity of the
country than America' s governing body;
and
military support of Spain, the outcome
the war might have been different.
of San
of Confedera-
Americans to think about making changes
in the central government. By 1780 the
war was dragging on longer than anyone
had expected and the skyrocketing inflation of paper money used to finance it was
unsettling commerce and business. With
Gouveneur
Revolu-
financial
British,
European;
Arts Museum
The fate of America
vast territo-
the American
co
,
Congress
congressional
in both North and South America.
ries
As the
.- --_
the Articles
of the war had
of
in the previous
with England,
Spain still controlled
while
44-
-.•_
before
tion were ratified in 1781, the experiences
the
belief that Spain was playing only second
fiddle to France in this international conflirt, but in fact France had lost most of
her American
Even
Y
con-
Revolution
underestimated,
or
""
for
Advisor
books, the Spanish
history
many
tribution to the American
Congressional Malfunction
g
r
e.
Am-
Affairs in the Spanish Ministry
Affairs, stated:
Hispanic
` '
States:
and Revolution
Reform
bassador
In
2007
a
In addition,
General
de Galvez drawing England' s attention to
led
his
forces
to
capture
Florida.
The attack
was
land
on
mander-
de
Irazabel
Pensacola
of
and
in- Chief;
led
proved
on
sea
Mobile,
Pensacola
with
Galvez Com-
however, Joseph
the
to
fleet
West
in 1781
from
Calvo
Havana.
be the most difficult
again
Spain
although,
year campaign,
triumphed. There was one
more
battle
between
the
three-
May 8,
1782
when
Spain
Spain
and
Britain
regained
the
Bahamas
from
England.
Although
more
military action was planned, negotiations
for the Treaty of Paris 1783 had begun,
and hostilities ceased in the Atlantic and
the additional
battle
Florida stretched
front
of Louisiana
and
British military commit-
ment in America. Spanish support was vital
to the success of an American victory in the
along its seaboard. Protection of Spanish
treasure ships from British pirates continued from the Spanish Main ( Cartegena
Revolutionary
and Bilboa
Spain' s Support Vital to U. S. Independence:
to
Havana to Cadiz) and from
Manila to the Sandwich
to Acapulco.
Islands ( Hawaii)
War.
Source: Spain in the Revolution:
http:// www.americanrevolution. org/ hirpanic. html
http:// www.neta. com/- Istbooks/ vital.htm
Submitted by Rose McAphee]
�November,
6
December
2008
6,
CONFEDERATION
CONFEDERATION
zj
E
a
ECONOMY
EC ONOMY
emu.
ffi
1781- 1789
1781- 1789
2,
a'
4.
v:
o
New York Takes
majority in the Congress from agreeing to
the treaty. But the desire of the majority
Hit
a
i
York,
In New
after seven years of British
law, the city was in shamof the transformingburdens of
rule
bles,
a
of seven
o
and martial
lea
legacy
huts
and
In
challenge
s
\ -
and threatened
rotted
stood the debris of
overflowed
streets
with trash,
and block
excrement,
decrepit;
and
used them for firewood—
while
its
Tabula Colonial Williamsburg
markets
No
scavenged
freely,
crammed
were
pitched
and the people themselves
a haphazard
mass
of
cramped
faced and unwashedthey existed,
like herrings
substantial
into
and
tents
with
in the
in
hovels.
too—
of
words
barrel."
began
Pale-
ridden
disease
No
one
s future
mayor,
John Duane, ruefully
noted that the city looked as if it" had been
inhabited by savages or wild beasts."
finally
stipulated
would
reas-
states
over
p. 49.]
converted
as,
the
interest
mont
called
Hamilton
as
hope of
of
sort
5••••-•:-:",,,,,,,„*.,,,` =^-
reform
them, "
who
convention
Colonial
York in August
New
above
178
1941-
Williamsburg:
1776
of all the
Dutch
Even
war
had exposed
the
the
to those
soms
Amid
of the
of the Con-
a
world
new
hard
was
government. By 1780 the war was dragging
on longer
than anyone had expected and
minister
skyrocketing inflation of paper money
used to finance it was unsettling commerce
and business. With congressional delegates
many of them
from the Muslim
and their
crews
Congress
from serving
more
than three
ritorial
hostile
no
into
moving
to
states
ignored
essional
con
ceased
interest
paying
on
the
in 1784,
to
the
for
and
resolutions
of mutiny.
All these
and
outbreaks
circumstances
forced
interests, especially
those centered in the mid- Atlantic states, to
mercantile
and
by broadly interpreting
the
Articles,
di-
by
amending them ( which required
of all the states), by threatening
s
A
New
History,
Library,
Price of
a
2002,
in
the
denied
being
in the West,
sea
prevented
to
Philadelphia
Articles
on
the
discuss
17:
from
at Yorktown,
3:
Americans
Treaty
of tobacco in
January-
August:
by
tution
Wash-
state
Shays
Rebellion
in
the
Constitutional
Convention
Constitution
Madison,
all
Ratification
states
except
as well, housed
within
the
4:
First
Constitution
U. S.
Congress
convenes
Island
Continued from page 4
am still in business at this same location.
under
Reporters: When you rented a room to Col.
Washington in the fall of 1771, little could
you have realized that 13 years later he would
be the most famous man in America!
the
in New York
Carter:
None of us knew then the war
was coming and eventually how many sac-
western
rifices would be made or sufferings
Massachusetts
endured
before that war was won.
Submitted
FOOD AND FUEL PRICES SOARby
Provisioning
York: Modern
pp. 145- 146.]
Price of
a
re orters
yourroving reporters Phil
Shultz and Nancy Milton with special
Report
thanks to Kevin Kelly.
Bushel of Wheat
Price of a Load of Firewood
Pound of Beef
0. 5
0. 7
-
0. 6
0. 4
0. 5
Pounds
Virginia
0. 03
Pounds 0. 4
0. 3
IIIII
11111111111111M11111111111
Currency
0. 025
02
Currency
ff
0. 015
ut -1756
1761
l_ l l
1766
1771
1776
1781
1 12_ :
1786
a
Later, I offered for sale my store and the house
1 had purchased from Robert Carter Nicholas.
Again I was unsuccessful and as you can see I
of U. S. ConstiRhode
works
Interview . . .
and
the
0. 035--
1751
The American
structure a 50 foot square built for casting,
with other buildings housing equipment
for boring and finishing the ordnance.
Submitted by Ken Schwarz]
John
20:
0. 04--
0oo ll
substantial
1786
August August
Wood,
and according to Hazard was producing
about 20 muskets a week. State backing of
the gunnery amounted to about L25, 000.
In Richmond, the state built a foundry
at Westham for casting artillery. It was a
1789
between
Gordon
Arming Our Troops Continued from page 3
an
and the British is signed
0. 05
Pounds
Source:
Revolution: A History, New York: Modern
Library, 2002, pp. 148- 150.]
its
0. 045
Virginia
agricultural goods.
and North Carolina
Virginia
of Paris
was based and would
states to open their markets to American
de
1788
March
September
would
desperately needed commercial regulatory
power in order to compel the European
page 1
revising
the
October27: First of Hamilton,
are
the James.
to
turn
rank- conscious, and dependent society that
southern
nine-
necessary
newly drafted
and sends it to Congress
warehouses
surrenders
in
existed in Europe. Thus the Confederation
of Confederation
September
1783
Gary
Revolution:
Virginia
October 19: Cornwallis
nthary force.
Wood, The American
states
of
reunification
developments
which republicanism
settlers
Diego
These
eventually destroy the fanner- citizenry on
y
P
PP
Jay' s Federalist Papers appears
Manchester,
ington
western
States,
of fear of
Out
approves
Confederation
and and about 1, 200 hogsheads
the
consent
of
The British burn tobacco
creditor
seek to add to the powers of the Congress.
Reformers
the Congress
tried to strengthen
Articles
if
Europe and would therefore be compelled
May 25: Constitutional Convention opens
by burning buildings, public
the foundry at Westham
destroying quantities of tobacco and
1:
important,
to begin large- scale manufacturing for it-
Many
1787
Bay and later inflicts great
ratified
public debt.
even
states
powder along the James River.
1781
March
the
United
America'
outlet to the
in to
sails
More
create in America the same kind of corrupt,
decades.
a
and
records,
The C
Continental Army smoldered with rent at the lack of pay and began falling
desertions
Arnold
industriousness.
rights to navigate the Mississippi for several
damage
The
senapart through
30: Benedict
interests
farmers free to sell their
self.
return
States and ignored
United
Madison,
agrarian
Spain closed
Continued
Chesapeake
years
in the
and refused to supply their allotted contribudons to the central government.
With no
ability to raise money, the Congress simply
to the
send
Jefferson,
with
trade.
American
Gardoqui. By the terms of this agreement '
Spain was opened to American trade in
ran-
monarchial
to
leaders
produce in Europe, it would be unable to
pay for manufactured goods imported from
and
Kentucky
control,
its
under
Mississippi
minister
confederacy
to maintain its ter-
pressed
settlers
and several
the United States did not sell its agricultural
and the secretary of foreign affairs, negotiated a treaty with the Spanish
republican
integrity. Britain refused
December
in any six year period, leadership
Confederation was fluctuating and confused.
The
even
of
can
of the Articles.
other
their
to
territory between Florida and the Ohio
River. In 1784 in an effort to bring Ameri-
aristocrat
were
had
claims
regulations,
surplus crops abroad. They feared that if
they were prohibited from doing so the
farmers would sink into lethargy and lose
The touch of a feather
on a pivot."
would turn them any way.
In
1785- 86, John Jay, a New York
flag,
The
American
trade
wanted American
Spain in fact
Southwest.
the
recognize
Newsline
barred
and
were "
Barbary pirates.
the
empires
gress and had encouraged some Americans
to think about making changes in the central
the
reform
doing
was
its own
ington noted
of the United
rapidly as did its credit.
lend
French would
Africa
slavery.
to
Spain
con-
westerners
were
ready to deal with any
that could ensure access to the
government
sea for their agricultural produce. As Wash-
states.
money to pay the necessary tribute and
experiences
weakness
of North
into
in
same
refused
the
the
protection of the British
were
seized by corsairs
sold
before the Articles of Confederation
ratified in 1781,
were
as
and
the
and
American
In the end the Confederation' s inability
to regulate commerce finally precipitated
and the Ver-
in the Northwest
borderlands,
recapturing
those from Great Britain.
recovery
flouted
states
known to be plotting with
and encouraging
separatist
Indians
Tennessee
some
money only at extraordinary rates of interships now lacked
est. Since American
the
states
Credit Crisis
lie in
to
reputation
States dwindled
battle
The only
them.
seemed
now
;;
Europe the
In
The
with
declined
piecemeal
This ship was originally used against French
privateers but was later used against the
Colonies in thje Revolution. It took part in the
side
the
was
movements
think continentally" rapidly declined, and
the chance
of amending the Confederation
tii
loyalist propbe
the
vested
a
a
laws obstructing
debts. When the
Britain
of those,
y,
that
the impotent Contreaty obligations,
federation could do nothing.
among public creditors
in the sovereignty of the individual states.
Under
these circumstances
the influence
IV t? :
states
these
nearly one third of the federal
into state bonds, thus creating
securities
gi4- I
to the
while
attempts to grant the Congress a restricted
power over commerce were lost amid state
and sectional jealousies. The Confederation
Congress watched helplessly as the separate
states attempted to pass ineffectual navigation acts of their own. By the mid- 1780s, for
example, Connecticut was laying heavier
duties on goods from Massachusetts than on
treaty of peace had
would
Confederation
the
make
of prewar
their
many had earlier hoped to make the cement of union.
By 1786 the states had
Collins Publisher,
its mili-
evacuate
erty confiscated during the Revolution
restored to its owners and that neither
and
Trenton
to
City. The
that
recommend
on
a
permanent
from Philadelphia
to
York
to
The
commitments.
congress
authority and began taking
of the federal debt that
the payment
serted
Source: Jay Winick, The Great Upheaval:
America and the Birth of the Modern World
in-
agree
Annapolis
to
to New
The
obligations
tary posts in the Northwest, claiming that
the United States had not honored its own
was
war
The
quorum.
It wandered
Princeton
its treaty
now
gather even a
would not even
York'
2007,
years,
delegates
to
home.
1788- 1800, Harper
the
complained how difficult it
creasingly
visitor,
wonder
during
disintegrate.
to
New
a
power, which had been
Congressional
the
sumer markets for its own goods. The Confederation lacked the authority to retaliate
FAILURES OF THE CONFEDERATION
river.
less than Trinity Church was reduced
hull. Bony cows and pigs
to a blackened
treaties,
of the major European
unwilling to take as much American produce
as had been expected, and Britain effectively
barred competitive American goods from its
wharves
had been left to rot and sink into the
commercial
empires
new republic in the 1780s. The French were
JJ'
Totius Americae
Nova
troops
com-
nations remained generally closed to the
n
r
stripped
British
trees— the
i
to shatter the union.
liberal
mercantilist
4-
bare
lay
York had been
New
of its fences
11011611
4
and
squalor,
block
upon
The
war.
inter-
merchants
mission of Jefferson, Franklin and Adams to
Pi :
-,.,"`
western
of northern
Despite the efforts of the diplomatic
negotiate
1e`'
to sacrifice
sake
aroused long- existing sectional jealousies
4:
F
overwhelm-
states
for the
`•
a
spread weed- choked
p
out homes, and vacant lots;
everywhere
and
was
y
i g,
t,
everydirection
ruins,
and
Ira.
r`
fire of 1776. The enormity of the
reconstructions
k'
s
shanty144
devastating
g
ing.
itaf
L
city was a patchwork of
brick skeletons,
remnants
of the
The
war. . .
ests
a
1791
1796
50
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
1750
1758
1752
1768
1774
1780
1786
1762
Virginia
Currency
0. 3
0 2
0
0
1767
1771
1775
1779
1783
1787
1791
1795
�November, December 2008
THE
THE
ONSTITUTIONAL
CONSTITUTION •
CONVENTION
CONVENTION
1789
1789
iii
Government Bailouts
Like Madison
in 1790, Hamilton
THE TANGLES OF
41" x
at
was
DEBT
of his powers. He wrote the forty
thousand words of his Report on the Public
the
peak
Credit in
his
fifty- one
THE NEW NATION
and with the
surge
r
,
State
lookout for the
the
on
which may have shaped
having invariably discovered
theoretical
sources
thinking
influences: Adam
Smith Smith .
multiple
David Hume . . .
Hamilton'
that
to the Feder-
contributions
Scholars
alist Papers.
his
month
three
kind of desperate speed he had turned
same
out
a
centralized
is
It
ta
fiscal problems
facing the new government emerged, like
Madison' s, out of his frustrating experience
to the
of the inadequate
and
divided
hopelessly
authority of the Confederation government
in the 1780s . . .
the
of
structure
promised
central
the
far
government
to
additional
phia possessed
congressional powers that were required to
solve the United
States' difficulties in credit,
Revolutionaries'
formation
lip
loyalty
to the
of the
achievement.
was
It
for
mind
which
general
a
accrued
1792
Collection
In
What
doing
end,
the
it
was
the
also
determined
1
fiscal
All
of
potential
America'
slightest
to
appear
his nationalist
funding
reimbursement
the
even
to
was
that
to
to
inspired
trust,
debt in those hands
plan to consolidate their debts and nationalize the economy for al 1...
The real problem
that Hamilton'
projection of his
First, there
ing between
that
an
s
was
the
on
the
scene
economy required
to achieve
its full
vast
with the Indian
ization, and
Report,
presence has apcharge . . .
more
than
potential.
release
mere
Hamilton
recognition
constituted
once
unlocked,
was
that
of the North American
nent
the
conti-
repository of riches, that
offered prospects of unpara
prosperity and national destiny. He
however, distinctive for his sense that
alleled
thereof,
Standard
and
tions
proceed.
tions
for
economic
was
Jefferson,
economic
But Hamilton
be created,
model
extent
thought
the
condi-
development needed to
His
enduringly overseen.
England, with its national bank,
then
punish
High
the
on
and Felo- .
Piracies
Seas, and
Of-
declare War, grant Letters of Marque
and Rules concerning Cap-
Reprisal,
tures
land and Water;
on
AMENDMENTS
the Value
g
Coin, and for the
regulate
and
out
these
course,
the
symbols
fidence that
and
it
was
not
was
power
energies...
consolidation
a
was
frame of
s
reference
diversity
of capital
s
of diffused
cast
of mind
He visualized
by
the
in the hands of
money
was
by
select
spread out, it
state
debts
was
it enlarged
few
wrote
and
of
to
a
a
Public
Hamilton'
urban
merce
elite—
trade
ries
[
an
and
and
greater
enshrine-
s
the
merchants,
as
the
cen-
to Jefferson'
s
of American'
s
comparable
bucolic
splendor
but
his
entire
financial
implicit endorsement of
America'
as
curse,"
in the emergent society . . . He
idyllic testimonials to merchants
farmers,
was
plan
only
capital.
once
is
there
moneymen
yeoman
was
pool
no
s
lifeblood
commerce
as
and of
corn-
men
of
its chief beneficia-
and silent heroes.
Source: Joseph
The
includingthe
diversified
before the
Upper and Lower
J. Ellis,
Revolutionary
Founding
Brothers:
Generation, Alfred A.
Knopf, New York, 2001,
could
choose
between
three
general courses of action from the 1780s
up to 1820. With the opening of new western settlements they could pull up stakes
and move to fresh lands where they might
continue farming in the old ways with better result. That many chose the first course
is demonstrated by the fact that in 1790 the
Shore
and mainland
tidewater
ac-
counted for just over one third of the Chesapeake
population,
while
a majority
then
resided beyond the fall line, 43 percent in
the Virginia piedmont and Southside and
20 percent in the Shenandoah Valley and
trans- Appalachian west. In addition, Chesapeake
out- migrants
supplied
much of the
population of the new states of Kentucky
and Tennessee, and parts of southern Ohio,
Many who remained at home followed
the second course, that of pursuing a landconsuming crop progression of tobacco,
corn, wheat, and finally fallow, accompanied by ever more extensive plowing
which
other."
of the
tral figures
as
produced
national
a"
clustering of
small group of
bankers and business leaders—
commer-
that,
in any
hymns
the
as
the
Government
Representative
a
Finally
growth...
the
debt
permitted
Public Debt is
a
ment
instinctively
of the federal debt
assuming the
properly funded,
in
concentration
a
national
in the hands of
than
inher-
money. When concentrated, it was
And the main reason
he welcomed
enlargement
"
interest groups,
was
the
for it
hand,
where
Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri.
enterprising men who would invest and
on the other
not spend it. For Madison,
dispersal
the
this
Confederation.
credit for investment purposes
wealthy few who held the notes.
Hamilton
sense
this limited
at least,
resources
instinc-
the
under
as
the
regarded
con-
fusion
the
shall be
States
the
under
blessing,"
idea. While
essential precondition
for
investment and economic
When
In
of inva-
was
tively political, and idealized
of power naturally checked
ent
by
For Hamilton,
wonderful
as
and
before
government
political
synergistic
of developmental
Madison'
of
cluster
a
threatening
corruption,
but a
sive
Constitution,
dynamic force;
a
into,
valid against the United
American Revolution
concentration
the
economic
entered
of this Constitution,
Adoption
institu-
the
with-
All Debts contracted
VI.
Engagements
south of the
were
use
compensation.
just
Amendment
finance
powerful
perspective
property be taken for public
vate
areas
middling as well as large farmers.
Eastern
Amendment V. No person shall be held...
or be deprived
of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor shall pri-
securing for Limited Times
and Inventors
the exclusive
the
other
Farmers
define and
United
the
had supposedly repudiated forever.
Second, there is the Hamiltonian
cial
greater
that
throughout
of
by
Potomac, of
the
even
think
the subject
on
still
new overseas markets raised revenues for
inferior to the
Tribunals
constitute
To
and
of Weights and Measures;
Authors
seemed
to
and
fenses against the Law of Nations;
Rule of Natural-
Laws
Y
Money,
useful Arts,
to
policy consisted of
getting out of the way to allow the natural
laws of economic recovery and growth to
an
representative
comitted
vies
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and
economic.
resources
foreign
with
buildings
and Baltimore, new and more regular opportunities for marketing grain, timber,
livestock, and naval stores to rapidly expanding urban populations as well as to
Supreme Court
To provide for the Punishment
of counthe Securities and Current Coin
terfeiting
of the United States;
and strategic orchesabiding management
tration at the national level. Madison, and
of these
of the
agricultural
Eastern Shore and the environs of Norfolk
Discovery;
To
and of foreign
Hamilton'
mobilization
the credit
uniform
uniform
coin
required
the
a
From
and taken
Right to their
the
rof
r
___
Imposts
in
farming was well established
L.
and
combination
Writings
a,
Tribes;
To establish
commerce,
new
77„ N.
and among the several States, and
ministers.
entire
on
Commerce
regulate
regulated
in his
unique
resources
was,
To
nations,
a
More sweepingly, it suggested that the enorbut latent potential of the American
mous
hardly
borrow Money
United States;
investment
In
f
W'" •
r..,.
To
To
new
r
n,. --
i;
some
raising
Revolution,
throughout
uniform
personality
the implication, float-
audacious
lines of the
authoritative
peared
very much
was
plan
own
_
in
e
tobacco and grains and were much more
likely than their poorer neighbors to stay
put. The changing crop mix encouraged
and other farm im P"
rovements.
1" e, ur b., he r.,,,,1
United States;
move
community' s productivity and growth.
Assumption was not a plot to destroy
the political integrity of the states; it was a
was
Amnon...
whole
it in the interests of the
use
s
t
m"•'
f
States;
and discernible
clear
t
t
T•.
shar-
The
1
j--
1
R
Bills.
other
of the United States; but all Duties,
Bankruptcies
not
those
osT%
TT:. /
with
to
and Excises shall be
keen
entanglements,
the
concentrate
likely
by
scheme
policy
on
as
or concur
pay the Dents and provide for
the Common Defense and general Welfare
To
point of the
most
credit.
a
commercial
vision . . .
past such ambiguous
establish the kind of
and to
firm
how the resultant
with
concern
might
system
Continued from page 1
farms they left behind were often split into
smaller parcels or worked by slaves owned
by absentee buyers.
In other mainland tidewater and piedmont counties, middling planters had more
152.]
was
on
public
with
latest
s
he
place
but unencumbered
energies,
was
for the dynamic
appreciation
Economic Changes
success
sn.
z, 4
Section 8 The Congress shall have Power
he
that
then
restoring
bachieved
to
was
and shrewd
ing
a
footing by
this
pp. 151-
In
1
Amendments
The economy
tangled mess
debt
unravel,
to
objects."
a"..
but the Senate may propose
John
by
thought
and domestic
of foreign
2002,
Library,
and collect Taxes, Duties, Imports
was
World, 1788- 1800, Harper
Collins Publisher, 2007]
problems
ECONOMY
simple:
essentially
of the United States
Modern
those
character
Source: Gordon Wood, The American
A NEW NATIONAL
lay
ToExases,
Hamilton
was
national
FRAMEWORK FOR
United States
ofthe
public
than
reform,
our
Confederation to its immediate
a
cannot
of the Articles of Confederation.
nesses
Carnegie Arts
The
the
and interest from the inadequacy of the
Section 7 All Bills for raising Revenue shall
in the House of Representatives;
originate
Hamilton:
to
Source: Jay Winik, The Great
Upheaval: America and the Birth of the
produced
prepared
be explained simply by the obvious weak-
Article
Turnbull, 1756- 1843,
Dangers of lettingdebts P tral
g
out of control."
of Republi-
which
uneasiness
Convention, and
the
sovereignty
Constitution
new
to that
more
deep- rooted fears
governmental authority, the
remarkable
And as the Founders knew,
of the
reform
popular abuses by the state
said Madison, " contributed
legislatures,
Given the
affairs.
76, 000, 000. 00
These
o„
Alexander
National and State:
friends
the steadfast
alarm
canism."
and their
states
of centralized
truly
than the
and foreign
commerce,
of their
more
11, 600, 000. 00
and con
unjustthe growing turmoil in the
fusing laws coming out of the state legisla
ancient monarchy of France
tures, Madison informed Jefferson in 1787,
was vivid testimony to the
had become" so frequent and so flagrant as
radical
a
$
centralgovernment.
weakening of the
states. The extraordinary powerful national
from Philadelthat emerged
government
and
possible constitutional
The
made
utterlytransformed
that
Debts:
within the separate states in the 1780s that
few people expected what the PhilaConvention eventually created— a
Constitution
new
25, 000, 000. 00
$
Total War Debt: Foreign,
FLEXING FEDERAL MUSCLE
delphia
Debts:
e
s.
Foreign
Making Good in the New World," A design to represent the beginning and completion of an
1985- 27
American
settlement or farm published in London in 1768. Colonial Williamsburg
and
dedication
intense
s
solution
"
well established
also
FOR
pp. 60- 65.]
led to massive
of the
region.
improvement
Even
soil erosion
zealous
recognized
in much
advocates
of
the best farmers
who required " speedy supplies" of money
to
maintain
to select
their
the
crops
families
that
sold
could
do
for the
was
most
money while drawing the greatest possible
product from the soil " without entirely
destroying future prospects of crops from
their lands."
Indeed, since land prices in
most
areas
east
of the Blue
Ridge
did not
rise between 1775 and 1830, soil mining
was not an irrational response, especially
among any who anticipated eventually
moving further west.
The third course, abandoning traditional land- mining, labor- saving Chesapeake husbandry for European style high
farming was primarily an option for those
wealthy enough to forego some present
income in order to divert labor to the ardu-
ous business of keeping fields under permanent cultivation, as well as to improving
Continued
on
Page 81
�November, December 2008
8
4 :-
S
IN
1
INTERPRETATION
INTERPRETATION
I
i 1(
I
r
Architectural Drawings of Completed
Coffeehouse and Framing, CW Website
CHARLTON COFFEEHOUSE
In September of 2008, the Colonial
Interview with Garland Wood
Williamsburg Foundation began the
of Richard Charlton' s 18th century Coffeehouse. Architects
reconstruction
CONSTRUCTING
designed
the project to appear as close to the original as our evidence
permits,
and the plan incorporates the remaining portions of the Coffeehouse' s original
foundations. The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation' s Historic Trades depart
will be creating much of the
shingles, and metal hardware.
ment
rafters,
A
generous $ 5
Horn,
Wyoming
been
a
material,
construction
Garland
prominent
gift from Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars Jr. of Big
the Coffeehouse project possible. The Mars family has
of the foundation
supporters
will
be constructed
for the
and
sills
Garland'
by
and
will
Grand Illu-
about
or
on
be
waiting
to be delivered
framing
s crew
foundations
new
archaeology will have been
long- since completed, so the questions
will probably be more about how we got
The
mination.
to
point of the reconstruction
Obvious questions will be ones
the
see.
A.
large part,
In
a
in 1749
on
The
lot
this
on
and used
thatsi
qu
explanation.
of
built
structure
d
c
surprisingly
bit
a
requires
But this is
are.
yes yes they
a
as
constructed
was
store
first
or
lton
in the 1760s and
tavern,
in
of it
walls,
of the
of
In
1749
building
and
east
north
the
and
intact, much
the
wall
west
south
incorporated
were
are
in the
became
1750s. The
constructed
walls,
or
foundations
that
structure
Coffeehouse
s
large Victo-
So, most of the north
original to the 1749
Charlton'
most
when
a
remained
into the Victorian.
back wall and
to
a
fabric and most of the bricks
building
the
1891
addition
which
as
It survived
residence.
down to build
torn
house.
rian
a
iterations until
was
west
and
a store,
various
later used
was
of
out
recycled
18th- century brick in 1891, have
removed. The south and east walls
been
see
you
now
constructed
were
fall
this
from brick painstakingly
predominantly
retrieved from the walls built in 1891.
Q. When did you
see
was
always
above
cities
This building, like many in
like Atlanta and Charlottesville,
built
on
hilly
ground.
the
stories
a-
half
side
of
a
on
back.
the
on
where
has resulted in several feet of fill. Much of
fill
the
ravine,
so
of
Some
it
while
building
in
in front
build
to
order
and
rubble
placed
materials
structure
against
the
yard
to
be used to
was
Masons
1.
first
represent
the
and
houseA.
difference
the
was
between
a
the
coffee-
to
mostly
than
served
men,
and
tavern,
a
coffeehouse
quire
Mr. Charlton' s
catered to
after
men,
all, the House of Burgesees, all
met
virtually next door at the capitol,
was
a
2. We
so
period
the
ing
high-
style
is
a
roast
was
glass recovered during the archaeology that
took place in the 1990s show that while Mr.
Charlton was using relatively inexpensive
imitation porcelain ( delft done in Chinese
patterns) for everyday place settings, he
on
splurging
glass
The
air
twist
Oo
5.
a
for
was
service
as
an
Charlton'
Coffeehouse
s
a
Changes
landscapes
marked
considered"
now
in crop
changes
techniques
Continued
ofli
mix
grain farming permanently
of land to labor, sometimes
with
ers
altered
ratios
leaving
plant-
workers—
lesser
realized
than
revenues
those
who
willing to dispose of now " surplus"
hands through some combination
of se-
were
lective
sales,
selective
forced
westward
manumissions,
migration,
apprenticeships,
and increased
slave hiring.
Out migration and the accompanying
shift of resources
west coupled with falling
agricultural
productivity in older
capita
exports
dropinper
p
a
Virginians
areas areas
led
through-
South, which by the early 1790s
only half what had they had been
1770s.
the
Meanwhile exports
from
out the
and
rural
Excerpted
than
children--
frame
increased,
residents
Atlantic
while
residents
of the
that
fell. When
the
consequently
Chesapeake
world
wide
eco
depression that followed the ending
of the Napoleonic Wars hit the Chesapeake
nomic
in
1819,
the
region
ning to experience
kets from Kentucky
1820,
ers
already begincompetition
for marwas
and Tennessee
a
neither
nor
compete
wheat
Chesapeake
farmers
with the
maining members
decline in relative
new
tobacco
could
western
of the
are
i
to
complex
are
tthat
wouldt
as
not
hen
scale.
have
notthave
logs of that
wassize
lumber
a number
weco
in
one
of
the
need to
above
the
pre
them.
to
for
food
service
and
and outside the organization
this
have
which
which
of
open
to
the
public, both of which necessitate specific
codes and requirements. Lastly, because
of the stature and history of Colonial Williamsburg, there' s a pressure both inside
be impose
project is
been under-
find
aroun
used
site.
back together.
Garland,
to
some
it
feltn
has has been the
house in as historically accurate a manner
as possible. Thirdly, the building is to be
every piece
interchangeable.
building
Heartwood
Hearpossitwood
ebene
am
to
in the
we
of the materi-
it would
system,
put the
buyersrs
as
ofc Cofery
ofriginal l foundations needle constructingeser
buildingdl
andwhiletm. Scapl ,
need need
feeconstruct the Coffee
ondly,
hand,
by
none
with with
sawoodascontemporary
sapwood
c
enge
challenge
to
of
e
boardso
appearance.
Garland
made
as it was
many
to deal with
First,
pure
that the
on
for
inthe
long
long
weGarlane
[
to make the
reconstruction as accurate as is possible.
Submitted by Josh Muse and Anne Willis]
were
1607- 1830,"
states.
Re-
elite felt acutely a
wealth, social status, and
III
®
Investigation at Colonial Williamsburg
University of North Carolina Press,
forthcoming)
Becoming AMERICANS
TODAY
III•
is a publication of the Department
of Interpretive Training
I••••
N. M..
Editors:
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
Anne Willis
Contributors:
Cary Carson, Bob Doares,
Andy Edwards, Kelly Gova ,
Kevin Kelly, Rose McAphee,
Nancy Milton, Josh Muse,
Ken
Andrea Squires, Lorena Walsh
and Garland
Wood
Production:
Diana Freedman, graphic production
m 2008
The
Colonial
Williamsburg
Foundation.
All rights reserved. All images are property of
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, unless
otherwise
noted.
ACROSS
DOWN
2
Important South
4
Williamsburg
6
8
Southern city that fell to British in late
This monopoly abolished in 1791
11
Schwarz, Phil Shultz,
plant-
successfully
II
from Lorena S. Walsh,
essay to appear in The Chesapeake
House: The Practice of Architectural
settlers
farmed fresher and better lands. After
who
most
be recreated
variations
of
is
of the colony' s largest exports.
In terms of the project as a whole,
structure
so
the
coffeeelhhouse
18th century Virginia,
th cedntury
an
northerly areas equaled or surpassed
pre war levels. The proportion of national
private wealth held by New Englanders
Marylanders
Settlement: The Chesapeake
more
and Middle
can
of the
and working
to
ask
mostu
been
completely
sides
of each
both
for
made
as
much
Another
pp'
0'
equippedasked,
store
is
numeral,
used
Migration, Society, Economy, and
were
in
mark
site. There
frame
looking
ing
also also
are
etxtremely
most
struts,
the
create
a roman
unique,
sible
the
to
raaters,
structure
we
Because
looking back nostalgically to a mythical colonial golden age while engaging in an increasingly insular and retrogressive defense
of chattel slavery and a slave society.
shift
especially women
they needed, and those
opposed to breaking up slave families often
and
more
into
to
not un-
national political power. By 1830 many
the
accompanying
walls
wall to
of the
shingles
sake
found
a
the
framed,
Edwards]
slovenly." The
and cultivation
wawse
ro
roof.
the
is
the
collars
joint with
most
page 7
the
top beams of the
the floor of the first
on on
frameo
t, anwed
a
high end
from
thew
rest
while
for
ers.
remove
wood
in the original
face
Without
by Andy
thet
placed
are
8. Once
nearby taverns.
Submitted
ntso
of
plates
plate (
Next,
7.
elegant
superseding
complete,
the
for the
for
the
completed
ve
joists.
well. All in all,
was
probably
between
summersbe ande
space
the
much heartwood
foundas
lookbers,
level.
als
establishment,
beams
brick four
6. At this point, we build the floor of the
second level using summer beams and
pieces like ornate
glass dessert pyramid.
stemware
wine
floor
the
it was
challenging
of
poplar. The
cedar. We' re
site.
the
terms
while
are
The
entire
touch
on
are
the
on
In
frame
the
that
frame, the sills are made of white oak,
dimen-
build the front and back
thece co
age.
stressed
construction in town.
foundation
the
erected
point, we'
flrst level.
this is is
of
accent
and
syllabubs
dimen-
the st
walls)
walls)
very manly fare).
for peacock pie
occasion.
The ceramic and
this
wet
Next,
4.
and
evidence
on
then
which
sills,
fill in the
to
ofAt
serving
lamb,
delicacy),
structure,
the
of wooden
are eighteenth- century records of bills
charged for oxen and ferry tolls transporting framing members to Williamsburg for
of the origi-
or
fite
was
directly
add
floor. of
a
game (
even
served
was
will rest
then
joistse
tea
coffeehouse
including
cuisine
lot of wild
being
the
Charlton
hams, calf' s head (
mutton,
There
when
that Mr.
operation
de-
being
dations.
3.
it
very
place
go, sip
and discuss politics. We also know from the
nearly 30, 000 animal bones deposited dur-
the
square
that
men,
to
convenient
correct,
t
cor ectlyw buildwhenwenliit
hot
more
didn' t take in
coffeehouse
t
weren'
level,
t
that
access
s foundations
as well as a number
Garland
in the Historic Area. If
weren'
we have
usual for eighteenth- century carpenters
to prepare the frame of a building off
site especially if the building was to be
constructed within a town or city or on
piers to
the
ca-
guests. Coffeehouses didn' t retavern license
either.
Specifically,
a
a
piers
sions
a
speaking,
overnight
in
coffeehouse
tavern?
a
Generally
brick
of the
corners
nal
Q. What
level
Unlike
structures
of the coffeehouse'
a topographically
build
evidence:
recent
fragments, in addition to a photograph
and other documentary evidence.
con-
s a
now
process
carefully placed to mimic
sions of the real foundation
de-
According
Economic
framing
of
more
reconstructed,
and bricks
block and tackle
frame. Here'
the
been
to much
done at Great Hopes:
building.
coffeehouse
as
members
that
require
assemble
of the
scription
is the
some
of trash from next door that
result
other
of the
the
up
the level of the road, although
brick
the
of brick
consists
will
struction
was
be only one or one- and- a- half
the front, it' s two or two- and-
to
appears
piece- by- piece to the
final construction
wealth
of the
have
where
framing
the
assemble
relative
some
Great
at
to
were
on
partially covered
especially along the west wall
erosional and purposeful deposition
outside,
was
all this?
uncover
Most of what you
A.
site,
its
entire
the
drinks
storehouse.
moved
Coffeehouse
the
foundations
tered
This thirty- five by thirty five foot building
became a coffeehouse
run by Richard Char-
taken by his departmentd. One of the
most interesting aspects of the project is
cur-
are
will take place. It is possible that a reconstrutted eighteenth- century
from
crane
VPI will be used at the Coffeehouse site
posited
original brick?
Are these the
Q.
they
like:
and
Hopes,
for nearly 25 years.
Archaeology Questions
the
By Thanksgiving
carpenters
Once the process is complete,
will be disassembled
structure
million
made
the
rently busily constructing the framing for
the Coffeehouse at Great Hopes Plantation.
bricks,
including
and
THE FRAMING FOR THE COFFEEHOUSE
Carolina
Increased
13
Economic
15
Difficult
17
Fought British
armorer
agricultural
condition
campaign
18
Continental
19
Richmond
21
Location of
for
1
export
state
of Virginia
revenue after
induced
in Spanish
by
1778
1800
war
war
effort
in Louisiana and Florida
beset by this
foundry
20 Perhaps branded on your tobacco hogshead
currency
artillery
Valley Forge
British blockaded this export market
3
Replaced
5
Von Steuben brought to U. S. with these
Articles
of Confederation
funds
7
9
10
12
Hamilton' s plan for state war debts
Not imported during Revolution
Wartime America traded with this country
Used by Brits to undermine U. S. currency
14 Author of" Report on the Public Credit"
16 Institution not abolished by Revolution
�
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 7, number 3, November/December, 2008
Description
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The Economy
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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©2008
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https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/b420eb2dadc27feb7f161356ff029f47.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=XIgoZJf3OlYJAJ4jaqFQSiwju3Qboaxrn9djdQRz8e%7EiKqVN8iuBCYUDlwlRY5yJkEmJiSmYTbPQiBF1ulO87YwQkEiEC6qNj%7E6U-q6yoo6mlHefjJZj%7EMAhBuUkKbUk5adyFfCkIR1GfpZplFcD91l5jlC7L3Vfo-rEkPSWHfrpIkWJKfwxg1DwUtTdoz4fHAzlNJR5Dw6rjp3ZxyGXAdYixDtVTD5wQvqH9oiQB-JY70Tlh7pXK4jQDdK6Pgnfu7Kb%7E-66HlGfLsZfW7-%7EbD9ptwoZrEQhFhFwyacLjT-DZXlDQAlEZ8FLfPwk%7ElRG0yzUS79-vH6L7q8zgoYBVA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
80905e14e32782bb342d1ff70bb1948f
PDF Text
Text
Volume
7, No. 2
June, July, August 2008
THE INTERPRETER'
CZ./
F
403
1-.
r,„,,,,,,,,,,_
Ar;
97_.
t__,_
A. ii,
niSANS
DAY
i
a
S NEWSPAPER
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T.,
4-
e,„..,..,
Qyt., _.....--
4.,.., „,,,,... .,,
e
i
NO. 1 FOR COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
Newsline
10,
May
1775:
Congress
Second
The
COMMON
1790
unanimously votes to appoint George
Washington general and commander
in chief of the
June
17,
Continental
new
begins hostilities
and Unrest
Washington
takes
y
I'
in Massachusetts.
July 3, 1775: George
2008
International Tensions
Army.
The Battle of Bunker Hill
1775:
CONCERNS
FOR VOTERS
and
in Philadelphia
convenes
ELECTING A PRESIDENT
Continental
The Economy: Debt and Trade
corn-
Securing the Future
s
mand of the Continental Army: 17, 000
in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
men
June—
July 1776: A
of 30 battleships
30, 000
Richard
with
Howe
Howe
_
;
THE UNITED STATES
,
r
Lord
New
York
'
3
4
ARTICLE II
I
Harbor.
July
4,
1776:
United
The
of Independence
tion
August 27- 29, 1776:
States Deciara-
the
Delaware
and
conducts
Hessians,
with
River
a
to
them
George Washington
men
1,
on
000
surrender
at
1741- 1827], The Indianapolis Museum
battle and the British removal of
from
boosts
Boston
for the American
1780:
May
Revolutionary
The
War
defeat
occurs
and
entire
of the
British
the
as
its 5, 400-
man
American
southern
army).
1780:
After
a severe
Washington faces
Gen-
winter,
a
threat
serious
of mutiny at his winter camp in Morristown, New Jersey.
new
dential
oath
April
on
Hall'
June
Cornwallis
by leading
chase
10,
1781:
American
von
Steuben form
Virginia to
a
14, 1781:
dons
Yorktown
of
number
fleet
Bay.
is
Virginia to
combined
the
vance
and
Washington,
bombard
allied
encircle
General
men
lines
day
and
slowly ad-
on
Page 41
STATES
TOD AY cN A PcuOT
1790
gave
joint
a
inside
meeting
his
session
the
senate
who
and
nations,
Census of the
equal to the whole
and
Representatives
fully
swear
the
office
execute
will
I
that
States.
So
help
me
Note: Washington added
So
sentence, "
Constitution
help
on
God."
me
a
the
Among
have
on
the
14th
month.
On
the
one
incident to life
no
with
me
by
aids
can
themselves
notifica-
by your order, and
day of the present
hand,
I
was
sum-
my country, whose voice I can
hear but with veneration and love,
a
retreat
which I had
chosen
with the
fondest predilection, and, in my flattering
hopes, with an immutable decision, as the
his
to
can be bound
for
or Representashall be
an Elector.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United
time of the Adoption
States, at the
of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the Office of President;
neither shall any Person be eligible to that
Office who shall not have attained
to the
Age of thirty- five Years, and been fourteen
to the character
scious
of his
flict of
emotions
of my country
be peculiarly condeficiencies. In this convoice
ought to
own
all I dare
aver
is that it has
been my faithful study to collect my duty
from a just appreciation
of every circum-
by
which it might be affected.
All I
of former instances,
or
by
an
sensibility to this transcendent
of the confidence
of my fellow- citi-
and have thence too little consulted
incapacity
as
well
as
which
the event
disinclination
for
being
which I have, in
summons,
repaired
impressions
obedience
to the
it would be peculiarly
to
the
can not
by which
most governments have been established
without some return of pious gratitude,
along with an humble anticipation of the
future blessings which the past seem to
the
presage. . .
By the article
establishing
the execu-
tive department it is made the duty of the
President "
recommend
to
such
eration
measures
and
necessary
your considhe shall judge
to
as
The
expedient."
circum-
John Adams: 1791- 1794; Charles Willson
Peale. 1741- 1827; The Image Gallery, Uni-
versity of California, San Diego
stances under which I now meet you will
acquit
from entering into that subject
me
further than to
tional
to the
refer
bled, and which, in
as
on
one
attachments,
side
no
your powers,
which your attenIn these honorable
to
and equal
sive
the
surest pledges
local prejudices or
no
separate
views
will misdirect the
animosities,
are assem-
defining
objects
is to be given. . . .
qualifications I behold
that
constitu-
great
which you
under
charter
nor
party
comprehen-
which ought to watch
eye
In Case of the Removal
from
Office,
Duties
of the said Office,
both
of the President
declaring
the
attributes
of its
the
citizens
which
that there
public
duty
of
and
maxims
affections
an
with
prospect
an
ardent
since
love
there
established
thoroughly
in the economy and
exists
an
and
advantage;
of
this
inspire,
can
nature
virtue
on
which
satisfaction
course
the
win
and command the respect of
world. I dwell
between
can
indissoluble
happiness;
between
honest and
union
between
the
genuine
magnanimous
Continued
on
Page 5]
and Vice President,
what Officer shall then act as
President,
and
such
Officer
shall
act
ac-
cordingly, until the Disability be removed,
receive
national policy will be
laid in the pure and immutable principles
of private morality, and the preeminence
of free government
be exemplified by all
and the Con-
gress may by Law provide for the Case of
Removal, Death, Resignation, or Inability,
foundation
our
Resignation,
the Same shall de-
volve on the Vice President,
or President
of
of the President
or of his Death,
or Inability to discharge the Powers and
this great assemblage
of communities and interests, so, on another,
that the
over
under
present station,
improper to omit in
16,
means
than
the
the af-
has resulted
with
compared
every
for my country
is no truth more
Such
and adore
of an independent
tion
of my declining years. . . .
On the
hand, the magnitude and difficulty of
which the
Years a Resident within the United States.
No people
charge. . . .
Hand which conducts
other
me . . .
enable
may
to acknowledge
designates the
the trust to
and
purposes,
allotted
Lions
greater
by
never
from
of
Senate
of which the
transmitted
was
moned
and
filled
than that
anxieties
tion
of the
vicissitudes
could
event
essential
judged by my country with some share of
the partiality in which they originated.
Govain]
Senator
every instrument employed in its admire-
weighty and untried cares before me,
my error will be palliated by the motives
which mislead me, and its consequences
be
by Kelly
providential
Government instituted
be
the
Submitted
of
from
of Representatives
House
the
zens,
CISlaves
the
last
ADDRESS
my
Free Persons
over
councils
rules
in the
See
God.
this
page 3.)
Citizens
Fellow-
proof
Free White
appointed
nation seems to have been distinguished by
some token of providential agency; and in
the important revolution just accomplished
in the system of their united government
the tranquil deliberations and voluntary
consent of so many distinct communities
of President
affectionate
3, 140, 205
but no
States. Every step by which they have ad-
States and will, to the
of the United
remembrance
59, 150 `
supplications
supply every human defect, that His beneto the liberties and
diction may consecrate
happiness of the people of the United States
vanced
faith-
dare hope is that if, in executing this task, I
have been too much swayed by a grateful
694, 280
Other
Congress:
fairs of men more than those of the United
Oath of Office
I solemnly
stance
United States
who
presides
whose
the Invisible
chamber.
called
UNITED
vice
Almighty Being
universe,
asylum
them.
Continued
then
before
received
allied army of
000
siege
of Yorktown.
Cornwallis and his 9, 000
the
British
the
17,
cannons
while
with
rush their best
destroy
Washington
address
Congress
of
under
coordinates
to
elected
was
United
after
begins
French
night
of Senators
istration to execute with success the func-
inaugural
aban-
position at Yorktown.
September 28, 1781: General
a
Number
fice. President
force in
learning that the French
heading for the Chesapeake
troops to
men,
a Number of Electors,
these
New York in favor of
General Rochambeau
and
votes
under
combined
then
chamber
best of my ability, preserve, protect,
and defend the Constitution of the
General Washington
Washington
with
be
ner as the Legislature thereof may direct,
president. Chancellor of New York Robert
R. Livingston administered the oath of of-
Lord
on
senate
Baron
and
Arnold
to that
of the
the
had
six-
and
attack
an
a
British forces
oppose
generals Benedict
Cornwallis.
August
on
troops
de Lafayette
Marquis
States
balcony
on
been elected president unanimously, while
the next highest
John
Adams
received
in the South.
the
this
of the United
office
s
first official act my fervent
presi-
Wall
army and begins a strategy of rallying support and wearing down the
British
took the first
on
of the south-
commander
of
30, 1789,
Federal
em
month
Term,
or Profit under the United States,
George Washington
October 14, 1780: Gen. Nathaniel Greene is
named
same
tive, or Person holding an Office of Trust
Street in New York City. Washington
European
cause.
worst
Charleston
garrison ( the
25,
the
Each State shall appoint, in such Man-
Hall, 1789; Engraving by Amos Doolittle
after Peter Lacour;
Data: University of Cali
fornia, San Diego
their
win
the
eral
for
April 30, 1789
victory of the Revolutionary
War at the Battle of Saratoga. News of
capture
Federal
at
chosen
elected, as follows:
to which the State may be entitled in the
major
May
of Art,
Washington
GEORGE WASHINGTON' S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS
victory at the Battle of
first
support
of
Inauguration
Indianapolis, Indiana
and his troops
October 7, 1777: The Americans
12,
of four Years, and, together with the Vice
1788- 1789, Charles Willson Peale
[
Power shall be vested in
He shall hold his Office during the Term
fi
at Princeton,
Princeton.
troops
1.
The executive
a President of the United States of America.
New Jersey.
second
a
crosses
2, 400
raid
surprise
3, 1777: Washington
win
Section.
President,
forcing
Trenton,
January
army is
of Long
s
at the Battle
25- 26, 1776: Washington
December
Or
is issued.
Washington'
severely defeated
Island.
CONSTITUTION
J
of
Adm.
in
arrives
a
and 300
command
and
Mu
-
a
cannons,
sailors,
the
under
r"--
fleet
war
200
1,
10, 000
soldiers,
supply ships
Gen. William
British
massive
The
which
shall be elected.
President
shall,
for his Services,
shall
minished
he shall
neither
be
at
stated
Times,
a Compensation,
increased
nor
di-
during the Period for which
have
been
elected,
and he shall
not receive within that Period any other
Emolument from the United States, or any
of them.
Before
he
enter
on
the
Execution
of
his Office, he shall take the following Oath
or Affirmation: " I do solemnly
swear ( or
affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
Office
of President
of the
United
States,
and will to the best of my Ability, preserve,
protect and defend the Constitution of the
United States."
Continued
on
Page 3]
�June, July, August 2008
2
a,
i
T''
T1 iE
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4..
Y
ELECTIONS
ELECTORAL
y
COLLEGE
i
a`.
K'$ '
That
Might Have
They
ca
m
1,
III
s
a
11
1:,' a '
III
III
III
•
III
LIII
1
Hand in the Governinga
of Themselves"
of Voting in
Colonial America
History
Grant
M.
Hayden,
Hofstra
continued to cast their
Virginians
Courthouse
James
for
in their county
votes
courthouses
In order
A
'
was
University
law professor, wrote in the Oxford Companion to American Law:
States has
by
not
smooth
a
littered
messier,
groups of
When
with
English
them
to
New
many
landed at
tive
including
government,
chise.
In
1619, Virginia' s
new
governor,
included
instructions
These
enterprise.
a general assembly of representaof the inhabitants. Yeardley' s proc-
tives
lamation
hand
granted
was
freely
settlement]
assembly should
from each Plantation
be elected
to
the
by
North
burgesses,
as they
end of June
at the
of
ants
the
representatives,
1619
various
settlements
known
their choices
orally
in this
of hands." " Inhabitants,"
taken to
usual
the
and
the
underage
the
of
of settlement scattered
of the James River
by
the
with
representative
who
could and
all 13
to
all
1.
not
and modified
still-
the
The right to
widespread
more
by
time
over
lonial legislatures.
the right to
the
in America
various
considered
children,
or
who
another
as
counted,
co-
house
In
or £
Connecticut,
of
house
a
citizens
visible
property.
had to own land
yearly rent of £ 2
ued at£ 40.
worth
colonial
the
legislatures.
involved select-
Connecticut and
Island
choose
nors,
colonies
king
appointed
the
val
for the lower houses of
voters
got to
but in the other
chief
col-
II, Section
I,
of
did not
women
cennial
win
Americans
Native
the
the
Americans
a
Man and
a number
of its
of its U. S.
Representatives
the size of each Slate' s
census).
This arrangement
built upon an earlier compromise
the design
to
Brother?"
a
of Congress
in
and thus sat-
was left to the individual state legislatures,
thereby pacifying states suspicious of a central national government. . . .
white
was
of American
Population
with
of
up 19 percent
made
transmitted
33,
York
000
000
the
Americans,
age
average
Charleston
in
16,
13, 000
000
at least one over half of the total), became
president. Whoever obtained the next g
great-
Unknown
Williamsburg
of the Con-
gress and read the results.
The person with the most electoral votes,
provided that it was an absolute majority
18, 000
Baltimore
est number
of electoral
16 years.
under
were sealed and
open them before both houses
42,
Boston
in
living
votes
from each of the states to the
president of the senate, who would then
Cities in 1790
Philadelphia
with 90 percent
population
South.
For For
allocated
population as determined in the de-
in 1924,
finally,
was
isfied both large and small states.
there
votes became
Continued
on
vice
Page 4]
The Three- Fifths Clause
"
Rhode
gover
English
the
States, the three- fifths
of the United
representation"
each
slave
the House
determined
clause
would
when
person
as
count
for
counted
the
among
which may be included
bound
to
in
shall
several
Union,
and
Years,
excluding Indians
three fifths of all other Persons.
Enumeration
of
the
shall
be
a
Term
of
executives,
officials.
usually oral, following English tradi
tion, although
Pennsylvania, Delaware,
use
some
form of
on
Page 4]
tion
franchise
to
shall
direct.
shall
The
not
Number
exceed
one
for every thirty Thousand, but each State
Representative;
shall have at Least one
enumeration
State of New
Hampshire
the
number
slaves
Representatives
the
the
with
they
shall be
made,
shall be
en-
and
fifty
Convention,
one
The
the
states
slave
each
to count
a
ad-
slave
as
person, thereby increasing
of a slave master in propor-
actual
of
North
five,
a
The
as
and until such
Continued
fifths of
three
For
Term of ten Years, in such Manner
Law
of
vantage
slaves.
by
granted
being able
bondage.
the
New
six,
of
example,
votes,
slave,
slaves
he held
master
a
in
voting
would actually be casting
counting himself and his
of
had
course,
no
vote.
Not only did this clause empower the masnonslaveholders,
but it
over
ters of slaves
the power of the slaveholding
in Congress. The South, in protect-
increased
South
ing slavery, had been struck
that the
southern
slave
ratify the Constitution.
As Gary Wills argues
a
states
President: Jefferson
and the Slave Power, " The
slave states always had one- third more seats
Delaware
ten,
Carolina
Constitutional
the
taxed,
was
ballot.
At
compromise
first Meeting of the Congress
United States, and within every sub-
after
South
not
within
eight,
Virginia
six,
five,
eight,
Plantations
Georgia three."
thirty-
who
Voting
Maryland
Carolina
three
made
Providence
Connecticut five, New- York
one,
States
this
Service for
and
one,
Numbers,
to their respective
according
which shall be determined
by adding to
the whole
Number of free Persons, includthose
three, Massachusetts
chuse
Island
Jersey four, Pennsylvania
a
in Congress.
within
to
Rhode-
of
representation
and direct Taxes
be apportioned
titled
that
three- fifths
of Representatives
Representatives
Years
their
Section 2, of the Constitu-
Article 1,
In
tion
sequent
in turn appointed the local
and North Carolina did
select
of the electoral
equal to the number
accordingto
of the 14th
England
New
ing
elections
representatives
livestock
or
a
Most
ing
consid-
which may change each decade
did not
men
state
number
could
elections.
150, 000 persons.
African
only free
that
plantation,
40 worth
that
tribes
80
than
more
women,
and part of a lot in a town, or £ 50 worth
of visible property ( cash or possessions).
Delaware required voters to own 50 acres
of land
Convention
U. S. senators ( always two), plus the
did
who
of property
1920. And
Act allowed
not
no property,
excluded
from
meant
and
I Not
were
it is estimated
likely
1790
could
property qualifications
participate. In Virginia, that property could
be 100 acres of undeveloped land, 25 acres
a
but
Americans
about
People
certain
with
Native
were
white males over 21 years of age who
met
without
Americans ( free
were
this
president
in Article
The electoral
Note that
*
voting process.
Generally,
Am
with
men
white
non- Protestants
the
('
to the
subject
such
African
in federal
Wedgwood,
than Britain,
entitled.
were
dependents,
Indians,
enslaved),
and
not
were
man
man
The manner of choosing the Electors
i
by
those
will of
a
Constitutional
of electors
0.
though
vote,
men
passage
Adult
until
vote
Citizenship
vote
until
vote
in 1865.
Amendment
in
free
amount
Each
for
citizenship
white
until the 1830s. Black adult
have the right to
to
standards2 I st- century
narrowly focused. Only those who were
independent could vote; in other words,
was
vote
full
provide
required
the
own
not
Virginia,
In
adults.
not
lit
shores
colonies
did
Constitution
areas
170 years this experiment
and was adapted
For the next
spread
the
a college of electors.
and the U. S.
Declaration of Independence
The
including
government,
could not vote.
who
893, 635
3,
The
was, "
the Constitution)
experiment
s
694, 280
to choose
In the first design
1
take
process of America'
82, 548
59, 150
such
the president. A third idea was to have the
president elected by a direct popular vote.
Finally, a so- called " Committee of Eleven"
in the Constitutional Convention proposed
an indirect election of the president through
249, 073
29, 264
of
idea was to have the state legislatures
73, 677
107, 094
influence
if not downright evil; and
lege ( described
place
assembly
English- speaking America and marked the
rudimentary beginnings in the long evo-
lutionary
430
398
3, 140, 205
Totals:
gether with the governor and his council
This
of advisors.
meeting was the first
representative
610
801
52, 886
30,
met at Jamestown
to
319, 728
747,
the
ered several possible methods of selecting
a president. One idea was to have the
Congress choose the president. A second
393, 751
1,
was
July
from 21
along
036
100, 572
140, 178
children,
On
burgesses
chosen
newly
12,
The
59, 094
show
case,
women,
apprentices.
114
4, 975
population with
entire
exceptions
103,
434. 373
292, 627
866
How
making
or "
mean
8, 043
small
political parties or national campaigns and
without upsetting the carefully designed
balance between the presidency and Congress on one hand and between the states
and the federal government on the other?
or
called, took place
with the inhabit-
were
8, 887
288, 204
Carolina
Georgia
of the
election
3, 899
12,
and
should not seek the office.")
139
184,
3, 737
61, 133
South Carolina
in-
habitants thereof."
The
6, 537
208, 649
large
felt that gentlemen should not campaign
946
340, 120
423
099
442, 117
Kentucky
general
a
once,
11,
13
for public office. ( The saying
office should seek the man,
68, 825
21, 324
762
46, 310
424,
Virginia
that
that
be held yearly
2,
•
378, 787
237,
under
mischievous
96, 540
2, 764
4, 654
of
British political thinkers as Henry St. John
Bolingbroke, that political parties were
885
141,
948
3, 407
2, 808
169, 954
Maryland
they might have a
in the governing of themselves, it
stated: "
470
314, 142
Delaware
call for
none
32, 674
Pennsylvania
y
a
463
5,
Jersey
New
Company,
joint stock venture
that had provided funds for the colonizing
none
York
New
the
538
64,
Connecticut
Sir George Yeardley, arrived in the colony
with instructions from the London- based
Virginia
Island
Rhode
limited fran-
a
158
373, 324
Massachusetts
for
had been thought desirable);
85, 539
16
630
96, 002
Maine
settlers
255
097
141,
Hampshire
composed
believed,
85, 268
Vermont
in 1607, they brought
ideas of representa-
Virginia,
Total
Slaves
Persons
Free
voters.
first English
the
All Other
Free White
States
of
respect
potential
States
of the United
Census
of
retraction
and
with
Jamestown,
periods
with
expansion
franchise
the
1790
prog-
universal political parhas instead been much
ticipation. It
both
inexorable
and
toward
ress
POPULATIONS
of voting in the United
been characterized
history
The
reasons
states jealous of each other' s rights and
powers and suspicious of any central
national government;
contained only 4,000, 000 people spread
up and down a thousand miles of Atlantic seaboard, barely connected by transportation or communication ( national
campaigns were impractical even if they
Virginia
City County,
the
stand its historical context and the problem
that the founding fathers were trying to
solve. They faced the difficult questions of
how to elect a president in a nation that
the Revolution,
after
to appreciate
the electoral college, it is essential to under-
in Congress than their free population warranted- forty- seven instead of thirty- three
in 1793, seventy- six instead of fifty- nine in
1812, and ninety- eight instead of seventythree in 1833. . . .
The deep South also
imported
more
slaves
from
Africa
in
the
twenty years from 1788 to 1808 ( the year
the international slave trade was legally
banned) than in any other twenty- year period. . . the three- fifths rule would also play
a decisive role in every political caucus and
every political convention."
And " In the sixty- two years between
Washington'
mise
of
s
1850,
election
and
for
example,
the
Comproslavehold-
ers controlled the presidency for fifty,
the Speaker' s chair for forty- one years.
The only men re- elected president...
Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe,
deal to insure
and
would indeed
Eighteen out of thirty- one Supreme Court
Jackson-
were
all
slaveholders. . . .
justices were slaveholders."
in his book Negro
Submitted
by
Anne
Willis]
1
�June,
July, August 2008
3
ii t
y
NEWS:
,
1`
1ft,i. n,.
1•' 4.,
r
1.,
r
WOMEN
ter,
f: ?
r
y
1
+.
1
1
it_ri. l ;•_
Washington
s
Farewell
for
possible
to
elect
freely
On that cold
entered
prepared
of
and carefully
statement: "
Having
finished
now
For
great theater of action, and bidding an
farewell to this august body
I
me . . .
from
retire
and take
my commission
Once again, Washington
sur-
new
should
be
governed
by
In
civilian
and spired
under
London,
and returned
King George III
when
that
had
Washington
was
to
Submitted
ing
Painted
symbolism.
arches
crawled
carriage
in
towns,
endless
and
sunshine
streaked
rain-
skies,
head-
her, Martha
Robert
Lewis
Washington
escorting
embarked
on
a
grand procession to New York. In Baltimore,
the fact that she was feted with fireworks
Wall
River
thirteen
to New
pilots, across the
York City, accom-
Street and
several times he
his
candles
set
foot
the
his house
down his
ran
in
ceeded
to Philadelphia,
where
church
bells
rang, cannons fired, and citizens cheered. In
response, first lady Martha Washington delivered her maiden speech:" Standing in the
wipe
all
windows
news by several journals. hi Pennsylva-
nia, " we were met by the President of the
state with the city troop of horse and conducted safe to Greays Ferry, where a number
of ladies and gentlemen came to meet me,"
Martha wrote to Fanny. The entourage pro-
thousands
while
aglow
of
on
cheeks—
stopping to
was seen
were
at
to
And that night,
eyes.
of
landed
walked
Street, tears
Cherry
surrendered
city, Washington
himself to a noisy and packed reception, a
carriage [ she] thanked the troops who had
dinner given for him by the governor.
Shortly thereafter, on a brilliant sunny day,
ding party stayed with Molly Moms, who,
along with her two daughters, accompanied
the
across
escorted
state
April 30, Washington
to
carriage
a
by
president- elect, ships ran
church bells pealed, and,
colors,
Washington
when
to
make
boarded
an
Federal Hall, overlooking
Children waved, people
pilgrimage
Wall Street.
cheered,
played. The papers screamed
of the day' s events. And from
to New
the carriage.
York,
also."
The tray-
newspaper
reporters
After stopping
on the
way for a visit with the Livingstons at Liberty
Hall, the women
and
with
band
news
Martha
trailing
elaborate
inaugural
the
her and the citizens
met their husbands
on the
New Jersey side of the Hudson River. George
porpoises and
Masses of cheering
boom-
Washington
Broad
and
Robert
Morris
escorted
ing
people
cannons.
Society
Street to the Battery, from the waterfront
to Golden Hill, ten thousand
New York-
their wives to New York on " the fine barge
jammed the roadways, climbed trees,
and hung out their windows to catch a
glimpse of the fifty- seven- year- old Virgin-
panied by leaping
1786
ca.
His
churches.
triumphal
Hudson
Maryland Historical
George' s nephew
the
see
their
up
barge towed
and His Generals at Yorktown
Washington
a
out
came
ing for Manhattan. At Elizabethtown, New
Jersey, he was transported on a ceremonial
Willis]
Anne
by
was
clanging bells and flower petals strewn
in his path, as he moved off through blaz-
in the world."
man
It
to
resigned
private life, he replied, " If
that, sir, he will be the greatest
he does
had
nation
He left the great brick estates of Virginia
and moved north, passing by neat little villages with two- story white wooden houses
the
authority.
informed
fledging
the
in the grip of celebration.
time suffused
with hope and
became
that
had
Washington
as
been
of 13 " free and independent
republic
states"
power and
demonstrating
York,
ment, New
offer
citizen
days,
eight
his way from Mount Vernon to the
home of the federal governtemporary
made
affectionate
my leave."
rendered his military
Map of New York and New Jersey; drawn
by Major Samuel Holland and with additions
by Thomas Pownall, 1776, The Image Gallery
The University of California, San Diego
JOURNEY TONEW YORK
WASHINGTON' Sbig
read his
the
assigned
private
g
g
With her ten- year- old granddaughter
y
and eight- year- old grandson in tow, and
and serenaded by musicians was considered
Con-
the
where
work
a
.. +_
s
its first president
in 1788.
December day, Washington
meeting
here
i
Martha Follows George
o : ,,
nation
the
I
, ,!?)
President Washington greeting the public during
his inauguration.
it
made
new
the
State House
the
was
gress
Washington
citizens
i t}
4_-
On December 23, 1783, in Annapolis,
George
S'
f
to His Troops
Maryland,
TTT
with
you have seen so much said of in the papers
ers
ian,
while
the Hudson
on
flags snapped
to
halt
a
underneath
Martha
thickets
of trees in
elbowed
spectators
themselves
closer
president- elect. Finally, the crowd
himself in the
caught sight of Washington
to the
a
ja
velvet,
as
r
he
and
tassels,
of
roar
r<
r>
coach,
presidential
richly appointed with
a
handsome seat; a
sounded from the throng
his way to the appointed spot
quickly suspended as he stood,
applause
made
and just
as
towering over the other men.
With Vice President John Adams stand-
F
be °
ing
s
beside
Hall'
r
s
by
and
splendor
visitor
Federal
rabble
the
As Washington
men
that
Martha
that
carried
wrote
home.
hadn' t realized
that she would
be
reported
that
the
receptions "
were
in crowds,
or for the mere
coarse
and boisterous partisan— the vulgar electioneer— or the impudent place hunter."
crowd tipped for-
the
rose,
oars
York,"
numerously attended by all that was fashionable, elegant, and refined in society; but
there were no places for intrusion of the
magnifi-
gold stars on a blue
presidential party moved
splendid
second- story balcony.
the
onto
flanked
of
backdrop
background,
R'
and
neoclassical
cent
Ilefr
him,
same
playing a very public role before that greeting, she certainly knew it after. But she
didn' t need lessons in political savvy— the
wealthy Mrs. Washington arrived wearing a
homespun gown.
The very next day, official visitors arrived to be" received" by Lady Washington.
A schedule was soon set up for receptions
at the Cherry Street house. Tuesday would
be the day the president greeted gentlemen
guests; on Fridays Mrs. Washington would
entertain anyone who wanted to come by,
as long as they were properly dressed. One
ground
and the thump and swish of
be heard all along Wall Street,
feet could
7r:_
ship capand
anticipation
in the wind. Wagons
the
P. to New
She was " complimented" by a huge crowd
chanting, " God bless Lady Washington." If
distance,
the
as
River,
held their breath in
tains
the
ward to catch every word, they shook their
heads in silent affirmation
and listened
with
Europe in 1789
Russia'
her
analyzing
Europe
Catherine the Great
s
defeated
Turks in the Crimea,
the
the republic, part of a schedule so busy that
she complained to Fanny, " I have not had
one half hour to myself since the day of my
arrival. My first care was to get the children
to a good school which they are much
pleased at." Think of her trying to figure out
her new job while caring for several young
children. And they weren' t very well- behayed children. Of course, the president' s
into
was
by
on
slowly set
The crowd burst
the Bible. . . .
applause
and
broke
into
tears,
back: " Long live George WashingFrom
ton, President of the United States!"
vw
of
a
n ,•
i -
ship in the Hudson River, an
exploded in the wind, and
salvo
Prussia, and
of Russia
invasion
the
X !
ikk
by the Swedes. Meanwhile, on July
14, 1789, a Parisian mob had already
stormed the Bastille, and,
on
?
l A , ' '
gural
that," This
nobleman
dreadful America.
i
y
argued
Since it
t !:
a
1
church
to
America
r.
the
guns rose the sound
bells." [ After his inau-
the
marched
Washington "
St. Paul'
s
and the Birth
chapel,
of the
1788- 1800, Harper
has been discovered, it has produced
artillery
over
where
wife' s appearance was as important then as
up
he
it is today:" My hair is set and dressed every
day," she told her niece, and while she was
first lady she ordered " a set of teeth . . .
make them something bigger and thicker in
solemnly knelt in prayer.
Source: Jay Winik, The Great Upheaval: ,
I
II {
• ‘ .
above
address]
Broadway
same
year, they would
Declaration of the Rights
pass
of Man. A French
of massed
e
a
August
and
voices
g
26 of that
the
and
chanted
the
threat
Martha hosted the first official reception of
and glee. Washington
awe
his hand
dominate
to
options
being
after
Just two days after she arrived in New York,
2007,
r ``
World,
Modern
front and a small matter longer."
Collins Publishers,
nothing but evil."
pp. 150- 152]
[
Source: Cokie Roberts, Founding Mothers:
The Women
Who Raised Our Nation, Harper
Collins, 2004, pp. 230- 231]
The
United States Constitution
2.
Section.
The
Continued from page 1
of the
shall
President
be Commander in
Chief of the Army and Navy of the United
States, and of the Militia of the several
ments
States,
but
when
called into the actual Service
Court, and
supreme
ficers of the United States,
herein
not
are
all
Of-
other
Appoint-
whose
otherwise
for, and which shall be established
provided
by Law:
Congress
the
may by Law vest the
of such inferior Officers, as
of the United
the
Appointment
Opinion,
Of-
they think proper, in the President alone,
in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of
States; he may require
in writing, of the principal
ficer in each of the
executive
Departments,
any Subject relating to the Duties of
their respective
Offices, and he shall have
upon
Power
to
Offences
grant
Reprieves
against
the
and Pardons
United
for
States, except
in Cases of Impeachment.
He
shall have Power,
provided
two
and with the
thirds
that
which shall
their next
fill
expire
at the
End of
Session.
or either
Disagreement
of them,
between
and in Case
of
them, with Respect
to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjoum
them to
such Time
as
I
he shall think
proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and
other public Ministers; he shall take Care
that the Laws be faithfully executed, and
shall
Commission
United
all
the
Officers
of the
a
the
of
He
3.
shall
Section.
removed
from
Congress
the
Union,
Consideration
time
to
Information
and
give to
the
State
time
of
recommend
such Measures
as
to
4.
President,
)
N.,
Vice
President
and
all
from Office on Impeachment
for,
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or
other high Crimes
and Misdemeanors.
their
he shall
t
_
States.
civil Officers of the United States, shall be
Section.
of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors,
and Consuls, Judges
Houses,
The
make
of the Sena-
present concur; and he shall nominate,
and by and with the Advice and Consent
public Ministers
to
may happen
during
the Recess of the Senate, by granting Corn-
tors
other
President shall have Power
The
up all Vacancies
missions
by
Advice and Consent of the Senate, to
Treaties,
Departments.
judge necessary and expedient; he may,
on extraordinary Occasions, convene both
Lady Washingtc,
�June, July, August 2008
4
MADE IN AMERICA
Our new President' s choice is American- made cloth/.
And not just because it' s trendy, either.
An April 10, 1789, letter from the president
to General Knox thanks him for obtaining
was most
cloth and buttons for
FORUM
times, and then retreated
which
accompanied . . .
to the
really do credit
of this Country." It is
manufactures
rumored
and
the
brown
deep-
that the
shrunk
and
dress suit. The great
cloth and buttons
a
The
comments: "
man
napped
engraved
to
broadcloth,
were
for
suit.
eagle
S.
M.
Quincy,
with
eyewitness,
notes
the president' s appearance
on a balcony" was announced by universal shouts
of joy and welcome. He was dressed in a
"
of black
suit
and
velvet,
his
on his heart,
and bowed
POLITIC S
several
to an arm- chair
The joke' s on you, Ms. Quincy— no
black velvet for our president, but good old
broadcloth!
TREND WATCH
Softer hair ( but still plenty of up- dos
ornamentation),
big hats, and natural
feminine curves fore and aft ( replacing
and
that
L‘:. "
Advanc-
near the table."
tri-
President Washington' s inaugural
W
his hand
American
used
Eliza
buttons
decoration,
and solemn.
velvet,
resemble
their
umphant
dignified
ing to the front of the balcony, he laid
wide
the
are
panniers)
Goodbye
1789.
to
stuck
appearance
invented
Crevieaux-
Squires]
tional
in
an
this
election
taken
in
place
America
War.
What
1:
lc, .;
Y
ener
11
that
rp
v
the
since
the
sion
and
that
prompted
and
people,"
reflection
the
tip.y its
i
a„ ,
1
in
back
made
liN\
18th century and their immediate and
future consequences
in the context of to
the
day' s presidential
What
and
the
the
and includes
could
had the right to
run
counted,
and
look
a
and
also
a
get
were
tial
adds
office
in
about the
who
can
in
Of
of the
evolution
and
vote
One way to
consider
how
president.
this might be to
her
about
du-
new
page 3) and wonder how
McCain
or Michelle Obama might
when
of them becomes first
one
the most
course,
ling
African
an
1789 (
Cindy
feel,
and
become
Lady Washington felt
ties
fact that
the
time,
running for the presidendimension to discusnew
sions
highlight
Barack
Obama,
of the
One
more
between
of the
historic
was
later described
early in May
Broadway,
tended
by
Wall
and
with their
Mount
and
Vernon,
later. On that
weeks
prepared
when
the
did
until
not
occasion
ball
three
woman
every
with
presented
was
a
in Paris, with ivory frame and
of Washa likeness
displayed
open
draw
ington in profile."
Source: Cokie Roberts, Founding Mothers:
The Women Who Raised Our Nation, Harper
is the
Collins, 2004, pp. 228- 229]
outcome
elections
uncertainty of the times in both instances.
Perhaps our guests this summer will find
reassurance in realizing that, whatever the
of the
outcome
of
uncertainties
tions
that
in 2008 and
election
our
time, the
own
enabled
first
the
the
have
proven strong enough to hold us together
and allow us to evolve as a nation of" we
the
Have
great
a
and
United States
During and
Franklin
Today
British
and
marches
army
surrenders
at
in formation
out
Yorktown.
September 3, 1783: The Treaty of Paris is
signed by the United States and Great
Britain.
January
November
Congress
2,
on
treaty
thought
a
the
1787.:
to
address
The Constitutional
begins in Independence
his army.
Convention
Hall in Philadel-
phia, with 55 of 73 delegates attending.
George Washington is nominated as president of the Constitutional
September
vote
to
17, 1787:
approve
draft of the
new
Convention.
Thirty-
nine
The Costumer'
and then
sign
July 2, 1788: Congress formally
that the
is
now
the
Constitution
in effect,
required
nine
the
final
Constitution.
announces
of the United States
having
states.
been ratified
by
after
36 tries and sJome serisome
toral college was supposed to prevent, the
Congress and the states hastily adopted the
12th Amendment to the Constitution by
September
requires
minuet.
s
could not attend.
Knox
Henry
of 1804. The
that
each
tial
Manifesto, Tara Maginnis,
have
iment. com/
http://
henry/ history/
www.
maida/
but
the
electoral
Inauguration—
s
been
electors,
altered
before
several
which
man
City
familytree/
a
owns
the
as
the
present,
is the
with
president
is elected
vice
Messengers
page 1
from
New
chooses
of the
seat
state
not
further
workings
of the
college.
unanimous
69
votes.
in
with
president
sent to
are
umphal
1789:
After
journey,
an
Washington
New York City.
April 30, 1789: On the
balcony
of New
Federal Hall, George Washington,
57,
is
sworn
in
as
dent of the United States.
the
will
first Presi-
will
claims
think
their
a
voice
When
the
arise;
By
1790,
religious
require-
The United States in the
1790s: An Experiment in
Representative
father
Government
On February 4, 1789, presidential electors,
chosen in each state as provided under the
new Constitution, cast ballots, unanimously
electing George Washington first president of
of Indepen-
the United
States.
John Adams
women
in April, and Washington
will
lads from 12 to 21
vote;
to;
equal
votes.
in
the
ments had been completely eliminated.
suffrage?
founding
became
was elected
office in the temporary capital of New York
City on April 30. In his inaugural address, the
new president spoke of the" experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people."
as
demand the
Adams
arrives
men. Vermont
vice president. The first Congress convened
has not
tri-
qualifications.
make
but the
in the jackass?
another
American
first state to drop all property and tax- paying
of controversy and alterwould be opened by at-
source
for
day
or
of the Declaration
signer
attended
34
eight-
man
contrast,
cation
ballots
inform Washing-
is the right of
whom
George
John
African
tempting to alter the qualifications
of voters; there will be no end to it.
of 22
choice
has
strongly believed the
property requirement should be retained.
It is dangerous to open so fruitful
present.
begins to
counted.
to
rulers—
election
resulted in the loss of the vote for women and
dence, John Adams,
in Con-
presidential
are
in effect until 1807, when a disputed
and he
qualified
selection
but
jackass
meantime
of
a
nine
in the
experienced...
more
proper
In the
and Adams.
23,
age
and
Administration
jackass is dead and the man cannot
vote. Now, gentlemen, pray inform
worth
jackass
man
vote;
the
election
a
me,
temporary
February 4
on
Washington
at
vote
Submitted by Kelly Govain]
is therefore better
New
senators
s
one
federal
have
fundamental
inauguration/ index. htm# ball
the next
become
function.
York'
cast
Adapted by William C. Kimberling,
Deputy Director, FEC Office of Election
Ball
The
re-
property
gress with 30 of 59 members
The House of Representatives
April
12th Amendment
elector
statutory changes which have affected both
the time and manner of choosing presiden-
of Life of Eliza S. M.
George Washington'
U.
cast
in
Representativesft36tries
presidency was the very thing the elec-
the
on
Ph. D.
ques-
S. government.
April 1, 1789: A quorum is reached
ton
delegates
to
Quincy, Memoir
Quincy, 50- 52.
wrote
April 6, 1789: In the Senate, with
1783: George Washington de-
livers his farewell
May25,
the
ratifies
14, 1784.
House of
there
Sadly, Lady
dies. The
September 13, 1788: Congress
new
Burr
Washington
Washington
and
York
Aaron
National Archives, Letters of George
a
Editor:
Constitution
Continued
As its band plays the tune
Upside Down," the
however,
after,
with the latter in
the
ridiculous. He
was
quirement
World Turned
A week
50 dollars and is entitled to
the Revolution,
after
Newsline
The
and
for president and a separate vote for vice
president rather than casting two votes for
president with the runner- up being made
vice president. Since the 12th Amendment,
In
October 19, 1781:
of the de
Continued from page 2
Voting
jamin
i
did not accompany
York, the design was
to New
evening in the cotillion with Mrs. Peter Van
Brugh Livingston
and Mrs. Maxwell, and
were
debated
the
about extending
franchise and altering property requirements
in the new representative
government. Ben-
summer!
results
ous political dealings, which were considered unseemly at the time.
Since this sort of bargaining over the
of
managers
Washington
Mrs.
the President
tions
people."
Jefferson
Elections
institu-
election
as
the
Inauguration Ball,
evening of Thursday, the seventh of May, a
very splendid ball was given at the Assembly
Rooms . . . the President danced during the
New York from
in
but
an
at-
was
military and civil
and daughters. Mrs. Wash-
ington had not arrived
by
made
abandoned.
officers,
wives
were
City Assemblies for
It
Street.
Thomas
favor, but only
on
majority of the memFrench and Spanish
a
the
Preparations
the
the
Ball
the
on
Rooms
President and Vice- President,
officers,
bers of Congress,
Ministers,
Hamilton
Assembly
at the
the
fan,
and
resplendent
a"
Betsy
college
both of that party) an equal number of
electoral votes. The tie was resolved by
Buzz
great occasion: " I was
ball . . .
which was given
above
Cabinet
the
held."
of the electoral
velopment of political parties was that, in
the presidential election
of 1800, the electors of the Democratic Republican party
the
inaugural
at the
journeys
might
we
comparison
the two
ball
attended
John McCain,
regardless
inauguration
the
design
One of the accidental
ii
The Inaugural Ball
g
After
first
mund Burke and James Madison.
What' s not
who
this November.
election
4
s
1
i,
hot
s
the
compare
and emotional
political
of George Washington,
lady.
and compel-
notable
would be to
comparison
lives and
What'
perceived by
crowd gathered
New York City' s
woman
a
American
•' •.
4.
gave
inaugural
forward
Going
1'. -
of
sense
Federal Hall.
in 2008 both
t
-
Pr ''
as
by the
day at
the event that
i
'
votes
of the
evolution
inauguration
Washington
.. , .
A •. ~
kl ,
at
in 1789
how the
vote,
the
We
college.
first
the
I"" C'.
V
al
I iI
i.
,
questions about
for the office of president,
who
electoral
takes
P
issue of
4-.
4
to
answers
who
were
stage
Today
N' •
very first
for the de-
of George Washington
election
tv• -
t+
the
of 2008? This
events
Americans
Becoming
q,.
'
the
lasted through only four presidential elec
Lions. In the meantime, political parties had
emerged in the United States. The very people who had been condemning parties publidy had nevertheless been building them
privately. The idea of political parties had also
gained respectability through the persuasive
writings of such political philosophers as Ed
s
i
d
i
a`,'
choose
The Second Design
''.'
l ''
i
i
about
say
set
a
t
would
o
---,
r
race!
we
which
election,
bates
can
not
In the event that no one
of Representatives
The
circumstances
choices
}
4
e
the
on
•
e
discus-
encourage
ran, ' .
4 .
s.,'
1-'
."
wonderful
a
j ', ) ,'_-
,
Revolutionary
opportunity to explore the realization of
we
it had
president from among the top five contenders. They would do thiss( as a further concession to the small states) by allowing each
state to cast only one vote with an absolute
majority of the states being required to elect
a president. The vice presidency would go
to whatever remaining contender had the
greatest number of electoral votes.
sr,
un-
year,
many of our summer guests will be
gized and excited by the evolution
has
Convention.
House
Making,
engaged
country
precedented presidential
since
toral college or in the event of a tie, the U. S.
Gevertz
and Now
Then
With the
the
occasion
obtained an absolute majority in the elecq'
History in
for the
been mentioned previously in the Constitu-
Letter from
Margot
Continued from page 2
president, an office which they seem to have
in door-
hello, Lady Liberty!
Submitted by Andrea
ways;
of
watchwords
getting
Electoral College
rights
and
farthing,
not
enough
America' s great experiment in representative
every man who
will demand an
with any other.
Constitution was
written
government had begun.
In the 1790s, the strong hand of George
Washington guided the ship of state through
the perilous waters of the new republic— at
times beset by insurrections and civil unrest.
in
1787, voting rights for the new republic were
to be determined
by the laws of each inchvidual
state.
There
were
adopted
ers"
he
African
Historian
This meant that little changed
regarding who
owning, free,
had the franchise— propertymales age 21 or older.
or she"
election
In
America '
and enfranchised
Americans
splits,
1790, New Jersey
law that termed votwomen
and
both. This law remained
Jay
administrations
white
exceptions.
a new
took the oath of
Wmik
writes, "
of Washington
survived
During
tumultuous
cries of sedition
the
and Adams,
political
at home and med-
dlfng in its internal affairs by outside powers
[
Britain and France], and almost irresolvable
divisions over its sister revolution in Paris."
Submitted
by Nancy
Milton]
�July, August
June,
2008
5
All the President'
Washington'
Men:
s
First Cabinet
s
CABINET
UNITY
the
The New
first,
At
slow
the
years of the Washington presidency. Under
Nation0#
promising. A
had begun be-
were
signs
of
process
healing
number
resisted
the
Washington,
Revolution
unmolested.
had
States
vast
a
domain
new
beim-
Alexander
rich, and sparsely settled territory.
branched
out
to the west
mente,
bull, 1756-
mistress
an
roads
and south. Straddling the landscape with
hand- hewn homes and traveling by carwere
riage or horse and buggy, Americans
from the distant
everywhere,
increasingly
Pennsylvania
Alleghenies
the
mouth
loamy
to
from the
of the
1792
Hamilton:
by
John Turn-
Thomas
In
1789,
of the
first president
the
the
under
faced the
government
functioning
began
the
ing,
national
incipient
an
rancorous
and
press;
thriv-
a
devotion
a
including for women)
Rejecting the sharply drawn
education
theater.
to
and
(
of the European
system
art;
class
monarchies
or
prerogative that had once only belonged to gentry, " Mr. and Mrs." came
the
into
Newspapers
vogue.
up, as
did almanacs, tracts, chapbooks,
and periodicals.
Great colleges were established.
Major
were
cities
also
sprang
and
emerging
New York, Phila-
expanding: Boston and
delphia and Annapolis, Trenton
and WilRaleigh
and Lancaster,
liamsburg, Albany
Columbia, and beyond.
and
became
The country
for the hopes of immi-
magnet
a
grants and an inspiration for those who
cherished
freedom worldwide:
England,
France, Poland, Ireland, and
in
ers
Russia.
an
experienced
and
much to
The
As
and
the
gether
his
Back
from
Jefferson
his stint
was
serve
natural
a
Washington'
tion,
he
was
between
born
Attorney General
Edmund Randolph ( 1789- 1794)
de- camp in the Revolu
to the Continental
Con-
s aide-
William
Thomas
Jefferson'
remained
Jefferson
second
s
neutral
and
in
1793, Randolph
secre-
The
feud
Inaugural Address
When
as
Gen. Henry Knox, the Revolutionary hero
s
who had managed Washington'
crossing of
smiles
staked
custom
a
y
t:
or
hE
America
born
was
U
U /
sense
teration
with
Europe, Asia,
compacts
and
T „_,-•
'"_
"'
Family,
1798
by
Edward
Savage,
1761- 1817, Historical
Q-
r
to
heading
of the final
laration
of
document
introduced
on
seconded
That
these
United
to
As
be,
Colonies
nation
.
nk
had
o", -
The
Great Upheaval:
and The Birth
Harper
1`'
Collins
America
2007]
for
family of
w
R
of
y
need apply whoNo
is not perfect in the business, and can bring
indubitable testimonial of sobriety, honesty,
the
and
United States. No
attention
to the
of
the
struggle
for
decline
in the
as inapplicable
PP
personal
to myself
y
emoluments... .
an
any
I ac-
which
brings
us together,
I shall
that, since He has been pleased to favor
the American people with opportunities
for deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and
dispositions for deciding with unparalleled
unanimity on a form of government for
the security of their union and the adY
`
1* }
a,
1
`.
°
5
j
one
duties
When I was first honored
of the Human Race in humble supplication
World,
the President
for the
take my present leave; but not without
resorting once more to the benign Parent
A Cook
the
add. . . .
occasion
created
g :- ;
Is wanted
and a regard
for the station in which I am placed may
during my continuance in it be limited
to such actual expenditures as the public
good may be thought to require.
Having thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been awakened by the
a
and
Publisher,
of
cordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates
µ`
I.,
Lee
Modern
of the
to
r ..
0---
but thirteen."
Jay Winik,
of freemen
must
r4
indepen
not
ought to await the future lessons
share
r fir
the
a•
Daniel Boorstin
historian
the benefits
I contemplated my duty
required that I should renounce every
pecuniary compensation. . .
and being still
under the impressions which produced it, I
p'
declared:
are,
free and
noted, " Independence
one
0
o
Congress
Henry
John Adams,
by
of right ought
dent States."
by
Richard
might endanger
then on the eve of an arduous
t.
a
T `
resolution
unanimous
is rendered
its liberties . . .
ti
The
1776,
the
of the Dec-
described
in the Continental
June 7,
and
version
Independence
as, "
Thus,
states.
separate
one
Society of Pennsylvania
K, ".,.
"--
a
very word " nation" was purposely
dropped from the draft, and all references
The
made
of the Constitution
a call into the service of my country,
pendence in 1776— the " birth certificate"
of America— did not make it a nation.
were
submit-
To the foregoing observations I have
The Washington
of Inde-
the Declaration
Even
objects
promoted.
out
statesmen.
ordinary
public harmony will sufficiently influence
your deliberations on the question how
far the former can be impregnably fortified
or the latter be safely and advantageously
r
The
War,
of the guns of a Revolutionary
ink, and paper, crafted by lawyers and
the
which
istic rights
created
was
to the
experience, a reverence for the character-
naturally, as in
China, but
or
which
"•
the threads
covenants.
country did not arise
a
of
series
and
charters,
entrusted
of an united and effective government, or
history,
artificial
as an
negotiated
of precariously
agreements,
shared
a
together
woven
states,
and
myths,
on
rules
I shall again give way to my
entire confidence in your discernment and
pursuit of the public good; for I assure myself that whilst you carefully avoid every al-
L
product of generations of
kinship, common language,
common
on the experiment
fifth article
the
common
eternal
expedient. . . .
of nationhood spontaneously arose over
ce
centuries,
the
ted to your care, it will remain with your
judgment to decide how far an exercise
of the occasional power delegated by the
together from
countries
can never be expected
disregards
hands of the American people.
Besides
shadows
of feudal, marauding bands,
emerging as a nation by the time they
could primitively write their own his
most
that
was
be exag
of ancient
of Heaven
a nation
Union
a
Continued from page 1
policy and the solid rewards of public
prosperity and felicity; since we ought to
be no less persuaded that the propitious
appointed
o•-
cannot
1795)
-
him.
Congress
1794-
Submitted by Bob Doares]
cousin,
the
Hamilton.
succeeded
Continental
Bradford (
Charles Lee ( 1795- 1797)
Old World, America
the
in
nation' s
Randolph had been
ordained; and since the preservation of the
sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the
republican model of government are justly
considered, perhaps, as deeply, as finally,
the
Where
and lawyer,
the
as
growth
vibrancy there
days
out
Henry Knox ( 1789- 1794)
Timothy Pickering ( 1795)
James McHenry ( 1796- 1797)
Jefferson resigned as secretary of state in
France,
strongly endorsed the
party, Jefferson
Secretary of War
nation.
statesman
general.
delegate
Randolph
tary of state. Though he would eventually
oppolead the anti- Federalist " Republican"
sition
a
Oliver Wolcott Jr. ( 1795- 1797)
gress, and governor of Virginia. Although
in the cabinet.
become
to
Virginia
new
Randolph, served
first attorney
Jefferson and
to
Alexander Hamilton ( 1789- 1795)
currency, established interand encouraged
industry
in the
commerce
Another
appointments
minister
as
credit,
Edmund
s
Hamilton to
Alexander
Secretary of the Treasury
members,
country
claim, its people stitched
tory.
and
ability to bring totalents for the public
greatest
stabilize
national
deserves
good manifested itself in the
of political adversaries Thomas
cabinet
Edmund Randolph ( 1794- 1795)
a
the
of America
Unlike
not
was
helped
his
great
credit for attracting the best candidates and
putting them in the right positions.
Our first president'
fellow
his
by
celebrate. . . .
fragility
gerated.
including
Secretary of State
played an invaluable role in bringing the
young nation to its economic feet. Hamilton
hundreds
offices,
Washington
cabinet.
s Cabinet
of order and right which Heaven itself has
postwar
destiny.
its very first
from
federal
appointive
own
fill
to
men
made
he believed,
unstable
filled with
optimism
astonishing
heartbreaking
a
of
of
of
selection
he
when
forbear-
Timothy Pickering ( 1795- 1797)
the
allow
sophisticated
were
sense
extraordinary
glowing sense of
initial
than
and
Thomas Jefferson ( 1789- 1793)
never
memory
country. Washington' s own character
and instincts never impacted the process
crucially
respect
Washington'
reform-
even
Increasingly
and wealthy Americans
in this
decisions
His
apparatus.
regard would set the tone for the future of
more
Gallery
who,
with
ance, carefully considering all sides before
reaching a decision.
country to veer toward monarchy. Washington' s brilliant secretary of the treasury, Alexovershadowed in historical
ander Hamilton,
monu-
of turning the theoretical
of a paper document into a
banks
Willson
fledgling
would
challenge
of Nova Scotia to the arid plantations of
the
Carolinas. The country tentatively
of the Mississippi,
of Washington,
election
of
constitution
George Washington
mental
their differences
Charles
by
members
on all important issues and presided over
University of California, San Diego
becoming
States
1791
Peale, 1741- 1827, The Image
1843, The Carnegie Arts Collection
United States
United
Jefferson:
of
As chief executive, Washington notably
sought the advice of his cabinet
40
of
undisputed
the creation
fortifications.
re-
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the
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the
the
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Moreover,
gained
to
able
America
beyond
came
were
Knox oversaw
a regular navy, developed Indian policy and
a plan for a national militia, and built coastal
patriots and the Tories, and a
of loyalists who had not actively
tween the
turn
secretary of war in 1785,
five
in that office duringfive
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vancement
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views,
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iCitizenForum
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American
global
tory
lore
ex
the
civic
online
site
documents,
find
to
such
of Inde-
Declaration
of Rights,
pendence, Virginia Declaration
the Magna Carta, the Constitution, Bill of
and
Rights,
like Montesquieu'
mon
Give
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not
some
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the
Death," " The
me
timeline
line is interactive.
time
citizenship
feature that
drag
a
provides
The
allows
you to examine three basic features of citizenship through the ages from January 13, 508,
to
May 18, 2073, for
of the
nation
The "
of the idea
bucket"
big
concept
or
of
concepts
ideas, and society allow you to
in the development
events
government,
examine
in- depth exami-
a more
evolution
of citizenship.
specific
of citizenship through the ages. For example:
December 28, 533, is the introduction of the
Justinian Codes, which
of
a number
serve
basis for
the
as
of law throughout the
systems
world. This is
great interactive feature!
Other features of the site include:
a
in
more
and with
and
anxious
online
accustomed
long
to
centered
exchanges
unanimous suffrages having been given in
my favor, scarcely leaves me the altemative for an option. Whatever
have been my
I believe I
Private feelings and sentiments,
of my
give a greater evidence
sibility for the honor they have done
cannot
by
knowledge
me,
new
nation?
The Citizens of America
enviable
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are
the
as
position,
placed
in
Lords
sole
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vast tract
comprehending all the soils and climates of
P
g
the world, and abounding with all the necand
essaries
of life,
conveniences
are
now
acknowledged
to be possessed of absolute
freedom and Independency; They are from
this period, to be considered as Actors on
a most
conspicuous
Theatre,
that
I
the
were
they
am
result not
Question:
will your
separation
affect
How
management
the
society, and iCitizen
global
a
updates.
list of recent posts directing you to adtopics introduced
by other web
A
ditional
users.users.
And There'
Through this
the
By
21st "
More . . .
s
you can access the PBS
People: Citizenship
in the
site
21st Century" and " The World Forum on
Future of Democracy."
the
The PBS docu
mentary " By the People: Citizenship in the
21st Century," anchored by Jim Lehrer of The
NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, featured
a
national
held at the Williamsburg Lodge
on " Dialogues
Life, Liberty,
in Democracy:
and the Pursuit of Happiness." Emerging
for the Display
2007 to
vember
rights,
explore
21st-
and
responsibilities,
century
which
of Human
Highlights from " The World
g
gh
the Future of Democracy"
are
sible.
The
in the
forum
was
watch the
can
conference
estate
My
will be in the management of
my nephew George Augustine Washington.
has been left instructions,
He
be, I am certain,
tion
in constant
regarding my private
Question:
difficult
How
Dear
My
and
will
Vernon
Wife has
racy. Hear thoughtful
advocates,
played
and
How
The
web
political
practitioners,
who
have
users
of
advance
to Find
address
Avid web
through
from
commentators
in the
a role
democ-
remarks
officials,
government
on
is
leading
democracy.
free
It . . .
can
also
access
the
Youmbe, MySpace, Facebook
site
and
iTunes allowing access to the concept of Edfor Citizenship to people of all ages
ucation
across
a
broad
spectrum
Submitted
of intemet
by
users.
Rose McAphee]
The
Fifths
Page
g
it be for yor
for New York?
had
a
great
Lain that she would have been far happier
to
with her in
remain
a peaceable retirement. I have been sum
moused
reby
and
nation,
my
3
Page
3
Washington' s Farewell to
His Troops
Washington' s Journey to
New York
Martha Washington' s
Journey to New York
Page 3
Letter from the Editor
fondness for travel, nor public life. I am cerhad I been allowed
2
will
communica-
never
2
Page
Page
Electoral
Clause
College
Page 4
g
The Inaugural
Page 4
Made
Ball
in America
Page 4
Voting and the
Constitution
All
the
Page
President' s Men"
5
Page 5
are
both, therefore resigned to satisfy the dwesire desire
to satisfy
of the nation. I fear that she will, however,
feel very much the prisoner in New York.
Submitted by Ron Carnegie]
Interview with
George
iCitizen
Washington
Page
Forum
6
Page 6
seems
and
greatness
I
of the new nation?
Government.
Thirteen
seperate
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gives us every reason to suppose
we will obtain that level of respect
stitution
that
we had every promise of achieving. We
must put behind us our local pursuits, protracted policies and absurd petty jealousies
of one another, that a State may need forgoe some small advantage over the other,
for the benefit of the community.
Question: What experiences have you had
in the past that will best prepare you for
assuming the awesome responsibilities of
this
new
of president?
office
If what small
have
been
a
in
possess
country, the
not to myself, but
4
for this belongs
our
to the
interposing
gracious interposition
Providence.
of
an
me,
How does this great honor shape
your thoughts of
and its people?
by
zens
ones
service
is the greatest
sensible
placed
to the
service
neighbours
upon
new
nation
an
to
and
one' s
placed
gof
11
First
major
of honours
individual.
15
abilities
upon
were
Washington
mand
here
surrendered
his
military
corn-
18
Victory
after
Delaware
Contributors:
crossing.
Ron Carnegie,
DOWN
5
Only president ever to receive 100 percent
equal
to
Gevertz
Anne Willis
in 1783.
3
am
Editors:
Margot Crevieaux
17 What presidents preserve, protect, defend.
of electoral
that might
I
TODAY
Interpretive Training
American victory of Revolution.
citi-
6
Adams
Nancy Milton, Andrea Squires
college votes.
feared
this
group
would
Bob Doares,
Kelly Govain, Rose McAphee,
demand
vote.
8
Three- Fifths Clause pertained to these.
9
Can'
12
Elected
Production:
Beth Smizik, copy editor
Diana Freedman, graphic production
First of these on April 23, 1789.
10
me.
will perform these tasks to the best
of my limited abilities and hope that what
I
Washington takes command of armyin this
coun-
virtuous
have received from them. I
only wish that my
the trust
7
Becoming AMERICANS
is a publication of the Department
Most populous state in 1790.
First vice president.
very
of the great honour that has been
and of the continuing
upon
me,
support that I
Could not vote in national elections until
1924.
1
for
Recognition,
try,
these.
task14 French general.
to
and feel my inability
Perform it. All I can promise is that which
can be accomplished
by honest zeal.
on
Choice of electoral college " electors" left to
colony.
y
I am aware of the ardouswhich is
conferred
Submitted by Bob Doares]
ACROSS
2
effect
events
to
thanks
might
by great
terminate in
to
if these
favorable
manner
I
talents
called
and
events,
bestowed
www.icitizenforum.
we
concerns.
States, all of them tugging against one another, and all pulling against the Federal
of this event that brought together nagh
gQuestion:
scholars
The Three
Page 2
The withering effects of faction, be it
geographic or political, is always a threat
acres-
culminating event
of America' s 400th
tional and international
com.
also
on
the
commemoration
Anniversary. You
video
Forum
of
United States
Question: What great concern do you have
for the future
rather
citizens'
expectations.
Presidency
1790 Census of the
Felicity.
conversation
leaders and influential Americans met in No-
from
your land and slaves especially after your absence for six years during the Revolution?
ABC. Whereas our strong but liberal Con-
in
2
Constitution:
The
to be peculiarly designated by Providence
cial responsibility and the modem state,
rights and the " War on Terror,"
citizens
rights,
cer-
of malignancy, but rather of talents unequalled by my zeal.
wife to leave Mount
your hopes for the
are
for
make,
min there will be many, will be looked
upon by posterity kindly, secure
on the
sen-
accepting the appointment.
Question: What
might
Head, will certainly lead to our destruction. This is as clear to me as was ever the
of fundamental
1
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The U. S.
enter-
so-
the topics
on
1
Page
Box
History of Voting in
election.
Mount Vernon
of my
so great a respect for the opinion
fellow citizens, that the knowledge of their
to
Discussion topics where you can participate
have been
I
the most
The glossary is a basic list of terms associated with citizenshipandgovernance,
while
the
with
pri-
express, set out for New York.
s
Independent Elections."
on
opressed
felecity,
to
painful sensations than I have words to
corn
so
Ride of Paul Revere," and, George Mason'
Remarks
mind
than
includes
also
of
Statute
Virginia
Freedom. It
life, and to domestic
Vernon,
I
mistakes
a
The
as
to Mount
adieu
fain
resources:
glossary and a citizenship time line. The living documents include
many of the documents you would expect
living
bade
vate
participa-
of
three types
offers
that you are elected the first president of the United States of America?
re-
resources.
The
1
Page
Editorial
Colonial America
to the
reaction
Washington' s
about
questions
news
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through
guests'
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pertinent to the success of the
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to
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encouraging
We interviewed Ron Carnegie for this article to see how he responds to
in
develop a
fuller understanding of our obligation as
a participatory democracy.
citizens
within
short
a
1
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Address
the site?
on
Page
and in
democracy
Colin Cam P bell is featured
President
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ideas and ideals of the
founding
the
American
First President
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INTERVIEW WITH GEORGE WASHINGTON
the contributions of newer democracies."
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INTERPRETATION
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2008 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
president of U. S.
office
in
colonial
Connecticut
Rhode Island.
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Cornwallis in the South.
requirement
by
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All rights reserved.
All images are property of
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unless
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 7, number 2, June - August, 2008
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2008
Description
An account of the resource
Electing a President
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/5fc5c9655822f50bafe28a670282ae33.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=NKIYMrhfE6fmOXrrKd5jDjuORwqam0zt1DRawUIribB4qN2un%7EQP35t3EtYNNNfM%7E7aIPBzOn1Dzy0cxsGf8MuWLRDfGU--EszlIcycxW0tPmK%7E-bGL9A6MHaTioXb4IxISf3Z8RmpgL3dk%7EeLVr9I8lya5DpjSaiQZo-W6PQR3h430a98y-uEILzP%7E1NF-V02wLC4RN78DRYMhVS5i0a7SZGlDm9CmOZrYLDQftNkT3lY-B7DTw2TFvpHZCG5521X3Lax%7EPNrbCbUXr7g9LhR-Foh4KQ0ZYIMTJip0ezRltvmgJ-Jv7oj8qkIxz4jZj0lZtJXGlIZrK537PJTFriA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
696c596aaff506a6473d577ca5fffdb3
PDF Text
Text
April/ May 2008
7, No. 1
Volume
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
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O. 1 FOR COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
THE DISSENSIONS
PROGRAMMING FOR 2008
OF OUR FAMILIES"
Edmund
1810 letter to his
of his
beloved
Randolph,
Elizabeth
how "
future
their
lies seemed
daily
marriage
was "
THE BOOK OF COMMON
at
1`
fami-
our
were
of Sir John Randolph
sons
w
T=
1 '
a
of
his death in 1738. After Sir John'
a
estate
love
death,
s
Speaker until
of treasurer and
his death
r
accounts
treasury
in arrears,
confirming
I,'
The man shall answer"
100, 000
were£
earlier rumors that
wedded husband, to live together
after
The Courtship
in the
put them back into circulation
form of loans to friends and political asso-
Selby, Colonial
Virginia:
A
History,
THE REVOLUTIONARY
p. 310] Robinson had not benefitted per—
sonally, but many leading Virginians were
deeply in debt. The amount of debt owed
to
the Robinson
owed£
Byrd III owed £ 14, 921,
William
We
With Robinson'
death, Governor Fau-
s
from
instructions
the two
separate
and
origi-
would
elected
have
to
interest"
could best
few days of Robinson'
a
appointed
las,
had
offered
as
interim
who
initiated
a
pointment
between the Robinson
the
his
to
services
treasurer.
fierce
argued
who
in
November
elected
1766,
6,
the
1766,
Speaker
that
united
Speaker shall not be concerned
ficer of the Treasury in any
soever;
and the Question
House
the
ginia 1766 to 1769]
To further complicate
Of-
deepened
result
a
as
by
Samuel
Henley,
Robert
a
in 1774,
be-
tion
and the acting
that
Henley
the
was "
the
maintained
the
heterodox
divinity
the
opinions
that
derogat-
of the Savior." From
Continued
on
1771
Page 2/
was
law and,
studied
21, he became
increasing
the
colonies
and
a mem-
law," declared
himself
wife
and
daughters.
His
in Philadelphia at the
join
the
become
a
letter
son
"
For
Edmund'
s
by
written
God'
indeed to
master
loyalist in 1775
Britain
son
time
with
Edmund
intending
s
1775,
Sake,
his
was
to
of
his
son
to
your Family &
Edmund, at age 22 and
father' s will,
general
to
he implores his
return
yourself."
his
John Randolph
the
became
Continental
Declara-
first
s
constitu-
elected
then
in- law
committee
by
the
be the first attorney general of
position he held until 1786.
to
a
During their married life of thirty- three
Peyton
years they had at least six children;
was born
February 1781, Susan was born
October 1782, John Jennings was born Ocand died in 1786,
tober 1785
Edmonia
was
born April 1787, Lucy was born in 1789, and
an unnamed child stillborn in May of 1790.
within
gave birth to six children
year period and lost two of them.
doubt Elizabeth, like her own mother,
Elizabeth
nine-
No
had
heavy responsibilities,
family of young children
while
large
a
raising
running
household. Edmund,
as
an
a
ac-
public servant, would have been absent
much of the time, but unlike most Virginia
use
of
muster-
Army
her
numerous
had the
family
household
slaves.
Elizabeth
women
and
From December
1776 until early 1780,
Edmund and Elizabeth lived in Williamsburg,
but later moved with the capital to Rich-
mond
their
rebel army and seeking support to
In
an aide
to General Washington.
in August
against
a
to
Virginia,
it became
when
1780s.
early
between
conflict
Great Britain,
and returned " home"
enemy of
of England as by
in Virginia,
the
Thomas Jefferson
cousin
Virginia'
was
son-
to the
tive
father, John Randolph, the attorney general
of Virginia and famous for" his brilliance in
posi-
he
his
by
Edmund
tion.
endors-
the Virginia
drafting
of Rights and
tion
complicated
sense,
later attended
influenced
He
Henley.
when
With
Carter charged
and
the
ber of the House of Burgesses.
avowed
forms of the Church
law established
ing
rector.
an
Edmund
by
me
good
cheerfulness,
strongly
Edmund
when
charges
for the
won
she
retired from the practice of law, he turned
In May of 1774,
over his clients to Edmund.
Carter Nicholas against
candidate
was
Rev. Samuel
of Nicho-
and to hear the
rectorship
he
where
theologically more liberal cast." [ Selby, The
Revolution
in Virginia, p. 39] On June 12,
1773, the Bruton Parish vestry met to fill a
brought
children,
they
of reading at the
losophy
las' s stalwart Christian orthodoxy and the
Randolphs' association with thinkers of a
vacant
where "
with
charged
from
future
his
appointed
was
that
At the
commonwealth.
independence,
Edmund
a
grammar school and the school of phiat the College of William and Mary,
the
Randolph and Nicholas families,
tween the
Randolph
as
elements
best of all graces,
and benevolence."
in Vir-
relations
school"
same
what-
of Burgesses
Journal of the House
the
publically on issues
It was also a time
that,
wrote
taught the
were"
Ayes, 68. Noes, 29." [ Source:
Affirmative.
hostility
an
Robert
unified
that
was
independence and
dedaring
new
Nicholas abstained
convention
father of the bride. This
disagreed
Edmund
Of-
being put that
It passed in the
thereto,
agree
as
manner
of
Nicholas and
contentious
who
home
the
Church,
American Revolution.
the
of this Colony shall not be
same Person, and that the
in the
joined
Virginians found themselves in the midst of
12,
fices of Speaker of the House of Burgesses
and Treasurer
Ran-
of politics and religion.
tension for the newly created
of extreme
as
and the new commonwealth
nation
was
the
were
Parish
marriage
unlikely
families
That it is the
of this Committee
of Bruton
rector
the
an
often
con-
November
on
Resolved,
House "
the
Opinion
and
was
at
was
fall. On
and
Nicholas
the
time
same
for
stage
creating
ceremony, by custom in
probably conducted by John
Carter Nicholas,
political
by Pey-
summer
set the
The
celebrated
and
faction, led
Peyton Randolph
from the dissensions
daily to grow into imincreasing rancour:"
Elizabeth
and
roll
the
when
called in the Convention of Delegates
which, ' tho
29, 1776, Edmund
August
marriage.
Bracken,
apbattle
it. The debate
on
abstained from vot-
ing for independence
should be united
we
GENTRY MARRIAGES
1776, Elizabeth' s father,
Carter Nicholas,
Robert
seemed
families,
Virginia,
the
This
the
against
tinued through
our
dolph
newly appointed
interim treasurer Robert Carter Nicholas,
and
treasurer
that
On May 15,
ing
who
unification
and
1753
s
death,
s
August
circumstance
possibility, from their
argued for continuing
of the offices of Speaker
Randolph,
ton
of
Carter Nicho-
Robert
a
of
improbable at the time
that
Majesty'
marriage:—
But
Fauquier
governor,
His
in
being
thought
serve "
in
Speaker.
as
Within
seat
him from
Speaker. Fauquier
Randolph
his
resign
disqualifying
the House,
each
saw
Washington, and judge of admiralty.
the
th. My Aunt Randolph,
after our birth
us soon
11
put asunder"
of the southern district by the Continental Congress, an aide- de- camp to General
10th
the
the
on
of
facetiously foretold,
who
nally wanted to name Peyton Randolph
interim treasurer, but realized that Randolph
she
on
in
joined together, let no man
city of
twelve hours of each
within
myself
other;
born
both
were
Williamsburg
the
offices
of Speaker and treasurer. Fauquier
the
Those whom God has
NICHOLAS
AND ELIZABETH
Cary
owed £ 3, 975.
quier fulfilled his
Board of Trade to
in
other, keep thee only unto him,
so long as ye both shall live?"
NICHOLAS.
AND ELIZABETH
RANDOLPH
THIS
OF
MARRIAGE OF EDMUND RANDOLPH
Bernard
and Archibald
owed £ 8, 085,
Moore
ON THE MARRIAGE
1764
c.
37, 000, while
than £
more
London,
ordinance,
The woman shall answer " I will"
ubr
former
5, 600;
owed
gesses
Collet,
CITY® STORY FEATURED
SPRING FOCUSES
EDMUND
of John
God' s
holy estate of Matrimony? Wilt
thou obey him, serve him, love,
honour and keep him in sickness
and the colony)
estate (
Mcurrentrandf
I will"
Wilt thou have this man to thy
Robinson had been receiving Virginia
paper currency from the two wartime
issues; and rather than retiring the notes
required by law, he
from circulation
as
ciates." [
of Matrimony? Wilt thou
comfort
her, honour
her,
and keep her in sickness and in
health, and forsaking all other,
keep thee only unto her, as long
as ye both shall live?"
f
twenty- eight years later in 1766.
After Robinson' s death it became clear
that the
wife, to live together
g
after God' s ordinance, in the holy
a
Queen County,
thywedded
ion
burgess from King and
held the same positions
John Robinson,
1771]
Wilt thou have this woman to
i
of the colony and
of Burgesses until
positions of treasurer
Speaker of the House
OF ENGLAND,
1f.
Sir John, the only Virginian
knighted, held the powerful dual
be
THE USE OF THE CHURCH
, ;
Williamsburg.
to
PRAYER ACCORDING TO
impos-
an
sibility from their increasing rancour."
Edmund' s father John and his uncle
Peyton
of MATRIMONY
y
improbable"
grow into
to
Solemnization
Nicholas
from the dissensions of
the time
The Form of
23,
death
the
after
children
wife
describes
idea of
the
in his March
Randolph,
t
home
even
capital
the
considered
They
though
in the
Richmond
Edmund'
s
federal
positions took him away from Richmond for
considerable
periods of time.
Letter
from
Daniel
Parke
to his daughter
Fanny, St. James, London,
1702
God knows if I may see you more, but
if I do not, I shall take care to leave you
and your sister in happy circumstances,
therefore do not throw yourself away on the
first idle young man that offers, ifyou have
a mind to marry. I know it is the desire of
all young people to be married, and though
few are so happy after marriage as before,
yet everyone is willing to make the experi-
- - .
ment at their own expense. Consider who
you many as the greatest concern you have
in the world. Be kind and good- natured to
your servants. It is much better to have them
love you than fear you. My heart is in Virginia and the greatest pleasure I propose to
myself is seeing you and your sister happy
That you may be ever so is the earnest desire
of your affectionate father.
Virginia Magazine of History, Vol. 20,
pp. 3771
On Thursday last Mr. W[illiam/ C[olston]
came here and Communicated
his intention
of waiting on my daughter Lucy. I told him
I had long entertained such a Suspicion and
really with Pleasure for his virtue and unexceptionable behavior had long attached
my good wishes to him. . . But as a parent
I never took any Liberty with a child but
to dissuade
where
I thought
so to do; but in no instance
I had reason
Whatever
to
persuade. Therefore her approbation must
Proceed from his own conduct and her good
liking. I should give her£ 800 Sterling as
soon as soon as the times would admit of it.
Landon
Carter Diary, p. 939,
September
10,
1775]
From 1776 until 1794, Edmund was a
devoted public servant both for Virginia and
the
new nation.
of
mantle
after
service.
general,
In
he served
of Delegates
to the
picked
addition
as
the
and
commitment
s
to
being
derk of
also
to
attorney
the
from 1778 to 1779 and
Continental
up
the
Peyton
uncle
his death in 1775
his father- in- law'
noticed
egate
seemingly
from his
leadership
Randolph
public
He
House
as a
del-
Congress in 1779
and from 1781 to 1786. He
was
also
mayor
of Williamsburg, a member of the Board of
Visitors of the College of William and Mary,
Continued
on
Page 2/
James
Parker,
Norfolk,
to Charles
Stuart,
Esq., 20 October 1769
Last week our friend W Ronald was
married to Miss Kendell, tho her portion is
worth six thousands. ..
yet I am fully convinced the match is founded on mutual love
e doubt not that they will be very happy.
Since I' m upon matrimony, but known
that the
very silent&
extremely modest Miss
Ester Pugh is married to one Billy Pugh, it
is reported with a good deal of certainty that
she is about seven months gone with child,
Continued
on
Page
2/
�2
April/ May 2008
I,
i
EVENING
x
POLITICS
PROGRAMS
i
14
Apr Ily ill---.
Ii,
2008
M
Continued from page 1
Gentry Marriages
however is only a circumstance, ej it is
be hoped Billie had the making of it...
sible, accomplished young girl, and by far the
best dancer in the room. Her elegant figure
that
to
Continued
Dissensions
from
1
page
1775 Henley had been a polarizing figure
both at Bruton Parish and at the college.
Source: Charles Stuart Papers,
The Colonial
to
Carter Nicholas led the
While Robert
opliberal bent,
position against men of a more
the powerful influence of Peyton
[
Mr.
his paper ( delivered as
student at the college)
to Samuel Henley.
a
dedicated
Source:
Rhys Issac,
The Transformation
pp. 209].
Edmund' s father,
understood
About
of
for London
Williamsburg
and his
Randolph,
1775
Peyton died in Philadelphia in
uncle
while serving as the president
of the Second Continental Congress. The ab-
of the two Randolph brothers
with the immediate
coupled
company. She
in white satin,
of the Revolu-
challenge
may have eased the powerful contentions of the past and made the marriage of
Edmund and Elizabeth possible.
tion
Submitted
by
lead
Willis]
Anne
four
dinner
have
little
a
danced
we
1775
jigs,
and industriously
little time before
in
meeting of the merchants,
with a person at my own
house, I said that the merchants would not
till ten
etc.,
McCall
Miss
o'
for
cotillions,
ing,
reels,
partner. She is
fine,
a
a
company
away
breakfast, in their phaeton,
and coaches in four, with two or
behind. They live in
here, I believe,
Quebec
because they were afraid of being
robbed of their money by Patrick Henry
meet,
and his followers:
declare,
said
who
person
such
I take this opportunity
my honour, that I never
any such thing, and that
upon
thought
or
the
justice of the peace for James City
County at various times during this period.
From
served
as
of
ments
1786]
a
my
meaning
by
July 14,
Purdie)
served
Washington'
first
herebyWil iamsburggthe
that
notice,
I
have
con-
veyed my estate both real and personal to
Peyton
Randolph, John Blair, and James
Cocke,
Who
esqrs.
All persons
same.
against
mands
known
them
of
meeting
I intend
to
leave
beg
the
the
have any business
attorney
has been
during
general,
my
Virginia
kind
so
any de-
desired
in
merchants,
sell
to
to
pervade his thoughts
at
My
the
many
October next.
colony for a
favor of those
to transact
with
I
few
so
who
me,
as
John Blair, esq; who
to engage
to act for me
Purdie)
August
25,
where
they
to
are
take
shipping
TODAY
publication of the Department
of Interpretive
Training
Editors:
Anne Willis
and
grief,
virtues,
which
tations,
who
Linda Rowe,
beth
same
the
her
name
veneration"
single
copy
editor
Diana Freedman, graphic production
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
reserved. All images are property of
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
unless
O 2008
All
The
The
rights
otherwise
noted.
word
fence."
He
without
an
thusiasm
of
was
of
she
ever
might
not
could
misinterpret
continues, "
emotion
sees
My God!
chaste
arose
Eliza-
utter
a
torture,
into
of-
I cannot
of gratitude and enwhile
her words
from the
soul unfolded
me,
to
on
goes
have
their
contempla-
in her divine
they did
that
regrets
prayers with their children,
that he and his wife prayed
during
notes
her last illness.
also
became
situation
that
as
their
financial
challenged
more
and
economy became indispensable, she was
and the minister." Apparently,
the adviser
her urging him to sell some slaves
to improve their economic circumstances,
despite
Edmund ". . .
neglected
her
admonition
sell them, until they nearly ruined
his letter
Edmund concludes
was
protect
whom
knewest
it
misconduct,
agonizing
cause
a
her heart
be spot-
to
that
family- affection;
our
with
frailty,
neither
dissension may render this
event a source
of disunion or
nor
of our falling offfrom
each
other;
but
us to consider every breach offamily
harmony, as it would have been considered
by her while living, an interruption to that
heavenly peace of soul which she enjoyed.
teach
Source: Randolph,
to His
attempts
to
entertain
and
American
Music"— This very suc
more
options
P
for their
ALL SEASONS
Crime and Punishment"
of
Our
Liberty"
will
be
and " In Defense
featured
more
nights each week based on guest visitation
and season.
"
Cry Witch" will be featured three times
a night on the Saturdays of major holiday
weekends.
Wit' s Last Stake will continue
in the
18th-
century Play Series all year after a very
successful debut last holiday season.
The following programs will be identified as Revolutionary City evening programs to allow our guests the opportunity
to continue the theme of their daytime
experience
into the night:
Monday: " Revolutionary Points of View"
Tuesday: " In Defense of Our Liberty"
Wednesday: " Revolutionary Points of
View"
0! Lord to
thou
open,
me."
family:
But thou
. . .
to
look at an educational
evenings. Summer programs will run at 6
and 7: 30 p. m.
chess.
injunction from
an
their
say
of heaven has
manna
miss
toprovideguests
Mr.
family
mentions
He
"
like the
the scenes
African
my house
to
came
less, except with inseparable human
that
warmed and subdued
was
prayer for his
society, where
with " homage
did
malice
could
heat and force
tion
as "
remember
affection
by
circulated
which
ignorance
or
Edmund
time
venerated
being
as
Production:
Beth Lawrence,
but
expec-
wretchedness
He
monster."
perpetually as
In the letter he
above."
lament her speak the rest."
now
and
Andrea Squires, Bill Weldon
mildness
reality
her
and the
a
to
inimitable
cessful program will continue throughout
g
P
g
all seasons, but for the summer guests
we will offer the program at earlier times
from
abhorrence
me
operated
proportioned
means,
other
the
truths
no expense
on their own
spectacle!
at
Sunday evening to play with
She [ Betsy] did not appear in the room;
and her repr [ oof?, oath?] which from its
form— let the tears of the poor
reasonably
At
her
to
into
of
wor
public
has spared
educate you with this morally enlightening
and " the questionshe never permitted to
on
appeal
solemn
tho
who'
at "
attendance
s
Wythe and Mr. Jefferson
her wrong." He praises
including her practical
charity, as she " inquired
and extent of the misery,
Willie Balderson, Bob Doares,
Powers,
did
intentionally
the
makes"
in thought and deed, I
whether
to
so by my confirevered and by the
I
While my opinions were unsettled
together
Kelly Govain, Rose McAphee,
Nancy Milton, Todd Norris,
Lou
is
religion
"
to
contributions
Contributors:
I
of blessings,
her,
For
and entertaining spectacle and won' t want
were
Edmund concludes " that a woman
not
regret
to
we
in the present state of our society without
to keep me steadfast in my
her memory, and that treasure of
human happiness the holy gospels.
Edmund, in the letter burdened with
Theatrical Disaster of 1790"—
production of The Old Maid. Guests who
have seen the Grand Medley will enjoy this
made
whom
heard without
nor
others."
by its vacancy, regrets and anwith the purest and unchequered
her many
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
herself
me
voice;
The Great
behind
When
that "
deist,
a
some,
Elizabeth'
and
Gazette, September 8, 1775
Becoming AMERICANS
her
partake of my difficulties and
her own, or to divest them by
writes
was
tal intercourse, the only one now allowed to
me, and daily to beseech the father of mercies
for
duty
a
to
similitude
scenes
asylum
them."
ing of sacred
writes:
sound which deludes
a
an
ship was unremitted"
bliss, so far as it depended upon her for many
years of varying fortune, that 1 have vowed at
her grave daily to maintain with her a men-
England.
Virginia
catch
much with the
guish,
1775
This morning the attorney general, with
his lady and daughters, set out for Norfolk,
that
guilt
are
objects
of the
found
Ministry [ Henley?] poisoned me with
books of infidelity."
Edmund then recalls
contrasted
absence.
Gazette (
even
carry about my breast and hold for a daily
visit so many of her precious relicks; and
above all
my present situation is so greatly
to
as
he
as
and
SUMMER
"
the
every moment beholding so
with which she was associated;
eyes
sometimes
regret
while
the
the pianoforte.
that
tem-
my
of gratifying
means
labours of two of my preceptors
purity of their mother' s
powerful sense of sadness
a
him
overwhelms
I
dence in
the
eulogizes
mind and spirit,
make
Gentlemen
those
and
months;
have
who
are
me
to
authorized
are
profound grief
As he
to
them
make]
united
of loss.
sense
sensation,
raise the curtain
the
some
and
Edmund
of thirty- three years, Edmund wrote a
letter to his " dear" children expressing his
and tremendous
new
Entertainments"
despising
his secretary of state.
1810, after the death of his beloved
wife
do
that
of the
readiness
[
second term, he
s
the
in her
with
abroad,
day
of the United States. Dur-
general
at
dissatisfied
1788.
the
as
held
were
the
my caprices. Innumerable
instances in which I have returned home,
to the
in
including
course,
even
as
In
1775
he served
1789 to 1794
President
ing
delegate
a
Convention
Ratification
was
better or for worse ( probably for worse),
Mr. Murdock' s renowned company of players that brought you " A Grand Medley of
per, and anticipated
the
Constitutional
to the
Convention in 1787 and
attorney
was
recognized
music
pianoforte. Guests will be invited to join
the Governor' s Musick as they present their
own Raleigh Concert of late 18th- century
music on flute, viola da gamba, and of
the
and studied
Elizabeth " explored
instrumental
Raleigh Tavern featuring a variety of instru-
high
as
any part
Edmund
countenance . . ."
goverwhich time he also
during
delegate
a
he
1788
to
of Virginia,
nor
From
from them
Gazette(
1786
Virginia
JOHN RANDOLPH
Virginia
and
mistaken
have
must
inferred
or
intended
never
is
and
Continued from page 1
Marriage
with uttering
me
charges
expressions
words,
the
as
Carolina in 1785-
to
conversation
I
day, November 13, 1771, a concert of vocal
morn
after
Source:
Concert at the Raleigh"— On Wednes-
A
this
late
the
to
yes-
4
went
footmen
style
and
the highest possible standards of quality
and adding additional nights of successful
programs. With these goals in mind, here
are some new options and new programs
for our guests in 2008:
world.
sen-
that will meet education
WINTER
December
of
Presi-
Evenings in
grams, polishing current programs to meet
assembled
we
manner as
same
the
soon
three
minuets,
country dances,
clock. I had the pleasure of
a
four
Foundation
writes: "
financial goals.
Short- term solutions include rewriting
program descriptions to accurately reflect
the dynamic nature of many of our pro-
after eleven.
Sunday,
etc.
dinner
ingprograms
P
g
than
amiable
terday. . .
Being Saturday night, we gave
over sooner than common and retired to bed
chariots,
After
ten,
3, 1785
kept it up in the
Most
Virginia and Scotch
July 12,
We
At
December
Saturday,
the
sumptu-
would
that
at
when...
Carter.. .
LEAVEVIRGINIA
having been asserted,
propagated, that some
most
a
more
happy. ..
completely
again,
ladies retired.
the
breakfast,
elegant
an
and looked
company. Those I recollect were Mrs. Beverly, the bride, Lucy Beverly, Miss Nancy
ARRANGESTO
It
After
satin.
till twelve. The
dancing
The fright of yesterday had taken
away all of her color, which now returned
with a double glow. The bridegroom looked
done honor to any nobleman' s house in
England. We were about a hundred in
JOHN RANDOLPH
Williamsburg,
pink
them to
joined
we
and elegant
ous
the
of saluting,
ceremony
At
and
lined with
color,
to
rose
undress,
elegantly dressed
bridegroom in a
most
was
as
describ-
ever.
really affecting and awful. The
sweet bride could not help shedding tears,
which affected her mother and the whole
October 1775,
sence
We
was
emony
it— we continued
elegant
was
to attempt
vain
journal,
Colin Campbell
Williamsburg offer less activity than guests
want. Our current evening programs are
popular and consistent with the rest of
what we do, but they are in smaller venues and often sold out. We must develop
more such activities that provide more
resources for more guests." There are both
short- term and long- term solutions to this
challenge. Long- term solutions include
identifying additional venues, programming those venues in a way that generates
maximum capacity and creating or revis-
consisting of tea, coffee, chocolate, cold ham,
fowls, hashed mutton, and various other
dishes. The bride came, beautifully blush
ing, into the room soon after in an elegant
drawing room and there had the pleasure
of seeing Miss Beverly and Mr. Randolph
joined together in holy matrimony. The cer-
left
in August
We
dent
Friday, December 2, 1785
company became very much
into the
were
not shown
two the
differ-
off the
bride, however, slipped away at eleven, and
the happy bridegroom soon followed...
have been at twelve.
to
was
dinner— it' s in
ing
mill,
it
crowded.
Virginia,
John
anWa hour.
exceield.
all the way, excepting at
y,
where we were detained
which
supper,
the
The
half an hour. We arrived at Mr. Beverley' s
at one o' clock, and were fortunate in finding the ceremony was not begun. . . as we
position with Robert Carter
Nicholas probably did not improve when
s own
Edmund
four
fine
After
couple.
and drive to
road is very
in the Virginia Gazette.
published
were
Edmund'
in
chariot
In the winter 2008 issue of the Colonial
Williamsburg
moves.
appearances,
At eleven we set out in Miss McCall' s
Randolph
supported Henley. The conflict led to heated
debates
residents,
among Williamsburg
which
s
Diary]
Thursday, December 1, 1785
led
she
country dances. 1 make no doubt, from
but they will be a very happy
ent
William Bolling'
wherever
bride and bridegroom
The
Foundation]
Williamsburg
attention
commands
Edmund
MS Letter
Children, Alderman Library
DEPOSIT
MS # 4263]
Submitted
by
Anne
Willis]
Thursday:" Revolutionary City: A Capitol
Ball"
Friday: " Revolutionary City Concert
Series"
This series will feature" The Cobham
Consort," " From
Ear to Ear," and " The
Art of Fifing and Drumming" in weekly
rotation.
Saturday:" Revolutionary
powder Incident"
City: The Gun-
Sunday: " Capitol Concert"
Please keep on the lookout for these
and other exciting changes throughout the
year!
Todd D. Norris]
�
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 7, number 1, April/May, 2008
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An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2008
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An account of the resource
Programming for 2008
-
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8485aa08ce07b0c266e47e3b868b6e80
PDF Text
Text
Volume 6, No. 4
October, November, December 2007
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
1
I, ' ?-'
t
fl
I
A
l,
l."
ihiP
6
rc
1. /
ix."
Vi
Jam.
lw I.
la
i.
cn
R —--
4 ,
h . . -.-:- - -"- . . . .
E.
- -,.._ ;
4
-,.:-
---
1""---
Al
Slaves
Virginia
inirgAliNS
DAY
i i
I7n
See
Page
Newsline
ATTEMPTS
SLAVE TRADE
iF
rk'\
Virginia Legislation
See Page 5
BRITAIN ENDS THE SLAVE TRADE!
END
TO
ar/
SLAVE TRADE
THE
2
gyp.
25 MARCH 1807
THE
AN ACT FOR THE ABOLITION
IN
OF THE SLAVE TRADE
VIRGINIA, BRITAIN, AND
UNITED STATES
THE
1769: Virginia'
first
s
nonimportation
contains
a
against
provision
im
the
el!.
portation of slaves and the purchase of
imported
slaves.
1772: House of Burgesses
itive tariff
of
importation
the
on
prohib-
a
Trade
a
1774: Continental
Congress
low
• . , , 111 t
t
11 i )
c
III
slaves
of great Inhumanity,"
but the act is refused royal assent.
to
limit"
enacts
ifie\, Airs-
RP
agree-
ment, drawn up by George Mason,
1..
Ilp
itere o`
Britannia Set Me Free" Medallion DS 1995- 360
adopts a resolu-
To
don banning the importation of slaves
and the participation
the
trade,
slave
Virginia
1775:
in
adopted
by
resolutions
counties
condemn
and the Virginia
trade,
den
of Americans
Dunmore'
freedom
rebel
to
800 in Virginia accept the
about
late 1775 and 1776.
Second
1776: The
bans
United
Thirteen
of the
any
Colonies"
as
British Coat
measure.
opted
by
clause
nature'
most
s"
life and libertybertyofain
tant
persons
offended
a dis-
them
the
who
people
of violating
sacred rightsof
into
him,
never
and
carrying
captivating
slavery in another hemisphere."*
the
a
of the
state
investigate
to
committee
1779: Granville Sharp tries to persuade
Anglican bishops to oppose the slave
trade.*
tees
work
to
form two commit-
against
the
trade:
slave
publicity group and
of
official committee
informal
one
an
the
other
an
Meeting for Sufferings.
London
American
Quakers
to
the
prohibit
gress
1787: Constitutional
ulation
to
that
be
eight
hundred
upon
certain
trade.*
agrees
a state' s slave
to
trade
1808, and to
until
slaves
surrendered
Continental
who
to
cross
their
Congress
require
state
owners.
the
enacts
with
pedition,
Abolition
of
effectual
take
be deemed
all practicable Exfor the
Measures
Slave
African
the
in
each
Trade
Resolutions,
forthwith
be
and declared
prohibited,
be it therefore enacted
Consent
and
by
of the
ity
lines
The
North
men-
that
be
the
the
and
unlawful;
King'
Majesty, by and with
Excellent
it is fit
abolished
to
the
s
most
Advice
Spiritual
Lords
in
might
as
whereas
of the Grounds
said
the
should
same
And
advisable
all and
upon
and
in this present
and by the Author-
and Commons,
assembled,
of the
That from and
same,
after
the
First Day of May One thousand eight hundred and seven,
the African
Slave Trade,
and all
pop-
and
and six, severally resolve,
Grounds therein mentioned,
would,
they
Parliament
in apportioning representation,
Congress from ending the
fugitive
Resolutions of the tenth
Twenty- fourth days of June One Thousand
Temporal,
forbid
slave
Houses of Parliament
slave
Con-
petition
slave
Convention
fifths of
count three-
of-
An
ficial Quaker petition to end the
trade is presented to Parliament.*
1783:
o
the' Itn+
their
by
tioned
1783: British Quakers
QUADRAGEISIMO
such Manner, and at such Period
trade.*
slave
Whereas
that
1778: The House of Commons in Britain
appoints
SEPTIMO
Slaves,
of dealid
ng an
manner
Purchase,
the
Sale,
Barter,
of Persons
or
transferred,
used,
practiced
carried
or
or
trading in
Transfer of
intended
or
to
dealt with
on,
be sold,
Slaves,
as
in, at, to,
or
from
any Part of the Coast or Countries of Africa,
shall be, and the same is hereby utterly
Trans- shipment at Sea
by
directly or indirectly from Africa
or from any island. Country, Territory, or
or
mediately
or
otherwise,
Place
Society
national petition
slave
campaign
trade. Parliament
against the
passes
Continued
a
law reg
Page
on
to
relating
any
removed
Agreement
or
Slaves,
being
in the
whatever,
West
Indies,
or
in
island, Country, Ter
any
Majesty,
ritory, or place whatever, in like Manner
utterly abolished, prohibited, and dedared
to
to
and if any of His
be unlawful;
Subjects,
Islands,
Colonies,
Dominions,
belonging,
thereto
ries
majesties
any Person or persons resident
United Kingdom, or any of the
or
this
within
Occupation
Territo-
shall, from and
Possession,
or
or
in His Majesties
or
after the Day aforesaid, by him or them
or Agents
or by his or their Factors
selves,
or
howsoever,
otherwise
sell, barter,
purchase,
or
deal
trade
or
transfer,
or
in,
con
dealing or trading in,
bartering, or transferring of any Slave or Slaves, or any Person
tract
or agree
for the
selling,
purchasing,
or
or
to
transported
whatever,
any
Persons
pe rsons intended to be sold, transferred,
used, or dealt with as a Slave or Slaves con-
or
of this Act, he or
trary to the Prohibitions
they so offending shall forfeit and pay for
every such Offence the Sum of One hun
dred Pounds of lawful Money of Great Britfor each and every Slave so purchased,
sold, bartered, or transferred, or contracted
win
either
Use of any Person who shall inform,
and prosecute for the same.
Continued on Page 51
the
sue,
im-
House of Commons
of Lords
SLAVERY
STATES
to the con-
of that trade remain.
A\
D THE t, \ I TE D
CONSTITUTION
Stag
c n s t i t tit km
n
The northern and southern delegates
Co
'
tutional
and the
Convention
debated
of trade
regulation
tional controversies
sign
t
in the minds of most delegates. Few del-
egates considered abolition and they avoided
the inclusion of the term " slavery" in the
final draft of the Constitution.
Southern
delegates
wanted
slaves
British Caribbean
of representatives
in Congress.
Northerners
wanted slaves counted in the population
for the purpose of determ' •
g each state' s
share of the tax burden, but not for the purpose of allotting a state' s representatives in
Congress. The delegates turned an amend-
ment proposed by members of the Confederadon Congress who decided to count a
slave as three- fifths of a person to determine
representation and direct taxes.
Continued
BA TODAY
INDEX
Page
Virginia
g
TodaySnapshot
p
Page
g
1
1
Page
1
Ends the
Constitution
Slave Trade and
of Virginia
o
t
3
Page
3
Atlantic
I1.(
4, 500, 000
t "
6, 000, 000
Brion
a
Davis,
Slaveryin the Colonial Chesapeake
t
f
f,,, • .
;
f'`
"
, •'
o
f
•`
'
Slave
Trade
Page 4
Coastal Origins of Africans
I.
r•
it
I
r -'<
Imported
_
the
4,_
firr.
- tr..
1
a'
r
Slave
Page
4
Page
5
Page
Trade
5
Chesapeake Slavery
after
11!". i
11 '
I[
Virginia
Virginia Legislation Regarding
i
4,
to
ry
1 . ' ..
i
Ci•,
Page 2
Page
continued . . .
chain
1
Page
Newsline
Britain
on Page 4./
Biographies
3, 000, 000
Bracelets and
be
Forum
1, 500, 000
Estimates from David
to
included in a state' s population so that
the region would have a greater number
Settlement
500, 000
Spanish America
Brazil
of sec
to come. Slavery was a
question to be settled, not a moral dilemma,
Atlantic
Slave Trade
French Caribbean
to the
slay en.
Slavery and the United
of the
British North America
related
1787— The United
States
Atlantic
in North
Slave Trade
TODAY
SNAPSHOT
Destinations
were
consequences
other
6[
House
VIRGINIA
Contract
other
empire
States Congress followed in 1808 by
ending the Atlantic slave trade. The
Do
any part of America, not being in the Dominion, Possession,
or Occupation
of His
abolished, prohibited, and declared to be
west Ordinance, prohibiting slavery inboth
unlawful; and also that all and all manner
or agreed for as aforesaid, the One Moiety
the territories north of the Ohio River
thereof to the Use of His Majesty, His Heirs
of dealing, either by way of Purchase, Sale,
and east of the Mississippi River.
or by means
of any
Barter, or Transfer,
and Successors, and the other Moiety to
helps to organize
1788: The London
a
had
corn-
sequences of that trade. The United
GEORGII III. REGIS
did,
and
America. After the Revolution the
s
king
the
accusing
human
Hies of the British
struggles
is ad-
Congress without Jefferson'
slave trade
families
new republic found its greatest
ANNO
1776: Declaration of Independence
an-
munities within the mainland Colo-
i
of Arms
war
a
colonial
on individuals,
r_,.
Congress
Continental
imports " into
slave
the British
hir
A6
6
in
200th
slave trade on March 25, 1807, this
N
A'
t
offer
the
niversary of Britain's ending of the
Ig
4311,
crown;
commemorate
issue focuses on the powerful effect
4'`!'
desert
willing to
and fight for the
..,
or-
offers
slaves
owners
i
1
,
imports.*
slave
Proclamation
s
c
the slave
Association
end to further
an
1
j
s
1776
Geor a Mason' s Opinions
t4
l
of Slavery and the Trade
States'
L
ter;
Reactions
Slavery
Page 5
against
Page 6
�October, November, December 2007
2
,on
CAPi COAST C3STz
I, Cold Coast ot Guinea .
Y
FA
VIR
VIRGINIA
v
r
-
i
SLAVES
b
SLAVES
__
k
\
L—
THE ATLANTIC
SLAVE
sir
i
I'
TRADE AND THE
and
Ca. •
y-
zA,
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA
s==
_
Cape
ity
for forced
crucial
African
information
it
was
dynamic
the
consider
of naval
place of origin
Without that
migrants.
African
the
identify
not
cultural
slaves
small grains,
cider,
well
as
as
to
and Creoles acquired
number of households
owning
low compared to better- endowed
was
force
than
1, 000
between
requires
patterns
of previously
accepted
about
evidence
serious
the
questioning
of forced
grants affords no more than
but even this is a significant
by]
the
fact of
simple
the
advance . . .
in
knowing
of most
origins
geographic
Virginia district
naval
office
By
experienced
about the slave
reasonably solid answers
for most parts of the colony throughout the 18th century. The evidence for the
human imports
lower
towns
who
the
and
older
James tends
upper
for
arguments
for much
has
•
•
more
often
rather
than
r•r
+
concert-
j(•.
1
dispersed
more
Vir-
within
.
1.
4.
4,••
tomac
w'a'(
t'
It14VN' Aty,
t
Given
i.,;
rrr
Plan
of an
African
slave
prob-
owners
I •.: . .
were
already
fa-
vaguely
coming from totally ungroups. Chance choicesof
shippers
at
made
the
of the 18th century may have served
to establish long- term trading patterns. The
turn
Carter
for Gambian
ample,
with
or
coupled
one
family' s
stated
preference
Gold Coast slaves, for exwith their bad
experience
of sickly and unfamiliar
and subsequent refusal to accept
shipment
Angolans
further
from that region may
consignments
have been sufficient to influence the overall
of the Rappahannock
composition
With the
trade.
of the York district,
exception
which large planters throughout the colony went at times to buy new workers, the
numbers
of slaves imported annually into
to
the
Rappahannock,
lower and
South
James
upper
enough to be absorbed
living
ers
along
Potomac,
rivers
mostly
these
rivers
were
and
small
by
purchasand in their
immediate
since
sales
vicinity. Moreover,
usually commenced within a week after a
ship arrived, it was surely primarily local
buyers who had sufficient advance notice
to
travel to the
sale
Although
Moreover,
farms
the
on
North Carolina border;
some
arrived
slaves
lots
in
the
for
or arrange
an
agent
attend it. The majority of slaves sent to
the smaller naval districts likely remained
to
the
area
of the
rivers
on
which they
disembarked.
The
slave
of the lower James ( and
of the lower Delmarva Peninsula,
district
the
also
other
served)
more
rivers
valuable
and
Gold
coasts.
The
where
slaves
sweet- scented
raised
the
tobaccos,
as
well as newer upland quarters in the Rappahannock hinterland. These slaves may
have joined older migrants
from the same
areas, for in the first decade
Indian
locations.
of the 18th
received
disproportionate
a
seasoned,
more
and
for
of the islands
out
than
1, 000 arrived
half of these
with
came,
fostered
The
the
egambia
or
of
were
Windward
and Gold
of
quite fa-
which this
differed from that of all
naval districts.
Few
soils
in these
places were suitable for tobacco and, by about
1700, most planters had dropped the staple
entirely, turning instead to the production
natural
increase,
for
about
two
thirds
of
the
nearly 50, 000 Africans transported to Virginia by 1745. Except for the years 1710
1718,
when
Lower
Ian-
specific
another.
transferred
Tidewater
In
large
more
than
1, 000
slaves
more
pahannock
and political
coasts.
communities
virtually intact
There,
and
in
its
most
hinterlands.
and
upper
James
and
on the Rappahan-
nock when their labor needs could no t be
Port of embarkation
is known
for 60 percent of the direct African shipments arriving by 1745. Just over 9, 000,
or 54 percent, came from the Bight of Biafra, just under 20 percent each from the
middle
power
Peninsula
tol shippers.
neighborhoods. . .
than
rivers.
from the West Indies,
satisfied from the shipments going to those
districts. London traders predominated in
the York district at the turn of the century,
but then were quickly supplanted by Bris-
Pied-
some
shipped
An unknown proportion, however, were
bought by big planters living in the lower
conditions
of the century, how80 percent of imported
Africans disembarked in the York and Rap-
specified
the
to
were
earlier
Until the
from Sen-
either
same
mixing of groups likely
from one estate and
or
neighborhoods,
slaves
ever,
origins
these
considerably
locality
one
from
exception,
thus
were
continuation
concentration
directly
whose
from
Rappahan-
and new imports trailed off quickly.
The York naval district was the primary
to
guages and customs or the development
of specific ethnic identities is less clear. The
sold
one
of
enjoyed
Conditions
overseer.
formation
Whether
Fewer
punishment.
from Africa; the
as
no
sometimes
family
vorable.
probably
number of
troublemakers
chronic
laborers
most
arrived directly from Africa. Most of these,
in turn, likely lived out their lives on the
mont
also
period
1745,
living
in the islands. The
James
additional
After
were
differed
lower
coasts.
destination
in
autonomy than in the Tidewater,
on quarters with no resident master
majority were probably recently- shipped Africans for whom no ready market appeared
Windward or Gold coasts and West Central
planter wealth
concentrated,
was most
Continued on Page 4]
Consequently the slave population in the
lower James region was likely the most ethnically diverse of any in Virginia. In addition,
conditions in the lower James were the least
a; '•
f
st.
rY
r
favorable for maintaining specific African
cultural practices.
South Potomac
the
was
t.
least important
f
and most poorly documented Virginia destination. Only 2, 202 slaves are recorded as
disembarking
ships
carrying
River
there,
slaves
Oronoco tobacco
of growing
and most
planters
lacked both the wealth and
cantile
capable
connections
that
r
f -
mer-
were
i/
e
'
'
r
1-
only
local
soils
"
4,1,r
7•
i /
and in many years, no
arrived . . .
Potomac
inferior
F 1
'
fi
a
f
i3
better- situated
/
r
,
r
/
planters could command. The basin' s enslaved
trade
Windward
greater
slaves are obscure,
since
nearly three
quarters are recorded as coming from Barbados, Jamaica, Bermuda, Antigua, Nevis, St.
West
had
earlier
century. Finally, during the
initial settlement,
many slaves
in this island trade, closely followed by
The origins of most
West Indian shippers.
other
Creoles,
J
within
the
primary buyers were wealthier planters
who owned Tidewater plantations along
Gold
rapidly.
both
than
the
ancillary cargo on small ships plying the West Indian trade. During the 18th
century, the mean number of slaves per ship
was only 12. Virginians were
most promias
Kitts, and
evenly balanced
the case in the Tidewater
been
arriv-
ratios,
more
were
lower James in small
sex
and transplanted
Africans
among
probably eventually sent further west
to expanding Southside tobacco farms. Most
were
new
increased
ulation
Slave Ship"
of the
powerful
from the West
nook basin planters could meet needs for
I'".,"•.
ones
that
shipments
far- flung
and
district
the fewest
Indies of any of the Virginia naval districts.
Of the 56 percent of the Africans whose
port of embarkation is known, almost
three quarters came from Senegambia
small,
sr
nent
naval
100 or more captives each. This district received
quarters, the proportion
of blacks in the local pop-
differing "
Established
ethnic
More
among
ably preferred to purchase additional hands
from ethnic groups with whose
cultures
familiar
1745.
Liv-
marketing most of their Biafran
the York.
they
and
dispersed
while
over
1` i;1
1720
initially
primarily Gambian and Windward
and Gold Coast slaves to the Rappahannock
ways
planters to expand labor
forces rapidly in the interfor.
livered
miliar
prices for
encouraged
tobacco
between
the major
west
Tide-
the
were
als were
and
on
move
Improving
upland
I.
among slaves arriving in the
Bristol ships denaval districts . . .
on
water.
African
and
second to
century, Rappahannock planters were the
primary buyers of shipments sent by the
Royal African Company, most of them arriving from Gambia or the Windward and
mixes
cargo
f' I
a
trade ranked
that of York. The years of greatest importa-
and
cen-
where
from throughout
fi
the
the
forced to
slaves
t ..
s
IT
were
supply within
Africa, this alone would result in different
River,
-
I
of
various
-
were
they
combination
of
born
native-
a; 4ll ft
l
i
along the Rapand South Po-
trades
ethnic
joined
u
Bristol,
sources
—
44 i44,,
n.+,;.:
-
erpool traders concentrated
their
a>
tral Piedmont,
ttjj' f$tf{•f1.f,
t
nsttsss
t
a.
r
and
the Rappahannock
that
shippers
rivers.
London,
T "'
Southside
from three specific West African
than 90 percent of the 9, 741 slaves sent
there arrived directly from Africa on Bristol— or Liverpool— owned ships carrying
from
throughout
As a result
regions were most concentrated.
tion
evidence
newcomers
slaves.
In the first half of the 18th century,
of imported Africans.
These
lift
Liverpool
while
active
1. +
hytf
by
yl l t 1,.,.tityi , ti
x..I
groups. London and
traders
favored the
pahannock
w --
r
taken
numbers
Senegambia and Sierra Leone. The
tobacco
credit from English tobacco
of new African
of Africans
by
for widely mixed origins is
persuasive, since port of embarkation is specified for two
been
ginia
trated
and out- port
Central Africa, with lesser
dispersed
regional
the
slaves
York River,
likely ended up in the port
of Norfolk and Hampton and on new
i,,,,,, - ;,,.,.,
Africans,
incoming
e
fll,,,
which
immediate hinterlands that large numbers
in the colony.
received nearly
roughly equal proportions from the Windward
and Gold coasts, the Bight of Biafra, and West
slaves
James between
•
t..,
tobacco,
forvalu-
of peculiar trading patterns, it was on the
Lower and Middle peninsulas and in their
exclusively by Bristol
traders. These slaves came in
and Liverpool
and 1774
.•
numbers
from
almost
migrants
in
Bristol
all
transported
thirds
trade
ethnic
The 5, 673
of
thirds
then
arguments
previously
general,
increased.
w
was the more
merchants to finance the purchase of large
entrepot
1760s, this district
the
mand sufficient
Just
only after 1735.
James emerged
upper
slave
two
the
in the lower
43
supposed.
In
•
of these
prices were sorely depressed. It was primarily these planters who had either sufficient
resources or, more commonly, could de-
num-
shipments
common
leading
the
homogene-
more
ity among forced
than
support
as
substantial
direct
years later the
ran-
dom mixing, while that for
most of the older Tidewater
tends to support
to
arrived
1731
trade
and connections
connections
source
in the early 1700s when Oronoco
or
other
transported.
were
large
Africa became
local economy
of
times, the number
better
in
entered that district before
slaves
and
1731,
primarily from West Central
imported by Dutch traders before
when
marriage
living
which
to
Africans
300
over
newcomers
slaves,
1660. After 1730,
give
of
Ten
Africa,
advance
migrants.
records
in this district
These
dants of
mi-
beginning,
a
1730.
bers
were
incorporated
into an existing black
population that included Africans shipped
earlier from the West Indies and the descen-
Better
conclusions.
origins
disembarked
slaves
1698 and
in Virginia
area
sizes
tion
through
relatives
parts of Virginia and in Maryland.
The upper James district was the last
Moreover, both plantation and laborwere comparatively small. Fewer
areas.
among African peoples in the New World.
The new information on forced migra-
from
inheritance
subsistence
The
farming.
possible to
interactions
timber,
stores,
and livestock,
corn,
The
could be raised only on pockets of rich, alluvial soils on the Lower and Middle peninsulas. Moreover, growers of sweet- scented
tobacco enjoyed a spate of high prosperity
Castle, Guinea"
Coast
mercantile
developed.
able strain of sweet scented
:"
Lorena Walsh
Before the W.E. B. DuBois slave trade project historians could not with any certain-
transatlantic
most
tunes
C : ' __
1'
labor force
was
probably
relatively
diverse. Larger planters such as Washington and Mason built up their workforces
from varying combinations
of refuse slaves
imported from the West Indies, of newly
arrived Africans purchased in South Potomac
or
and from
the
across
a mix
of
river
more
in
V
r-r !
Maryland,
seasoned Africans
4
T'_
'
L _; -.
Fry
Jefferson
1.`" "
h .•., .. __
Map," illustrating
Virginia'
s waterways
for
the
slave
V'
trade
L
y
1
cf-mc,..
,,.. ,
r.
t„'
'£
1.
�October, November, December
2007
3
a
l
FORUM
t
zlp.
N. 1,
a
i,
BIOGRAPHIES
r
•
VIR( llM. N
Portrait of a Man/ Virginian Luxuries" Artist
unidentified.
Probably New England circa 1825. One side
of the painting depicts a portrait of a man
1..
i,
while
- '
the
reverse
holds
an
unexpected
even shocking image: a double portrait entitled
Virginian Luxuries" that
a master
shows
em-
bracing a female slave and a master whipping
a male slave.
Abby Aldrich
ll' i:i •
'
f•
Folk Art Collection
Rockefeller
BROTHERS:
FOUNDING
and
The
is for
Lorena Walsh
of
ernmental
Efforts
First
the
Abolish the Atlantic
to
Slave Trade, organized
by
teresting
Omohun-
the
Institute of Early American
History
and hosted by the Historical Society of
Ghana and the University of Cape Coast
Accra and Elmina, Ghana, August
12,
2007,
It
brought
from
was
an
together
Africa, North
and Europe.
and
dressed recent research
and
Ocean
trades, the
slave
chief
'
and
European perceptions
Africans. The movement
abolitionism,
and
that
ended
from
West
slave-
trading
the
transatlantic
Africa ( but
routes
trade
slave
which
left
other
and which did
open,
directly lead to attempts to end slayery in Africa, in Asia, or in most of the
Americas) had many unintended consenot
quences. Other sessions addressed the effects of abolishing part of the transatlantic
trade
for
Africa
These
included, paradoxically,
in domestic
of further
slavery
economic
of
troduction
in those few
other
for
the
abolished
be remembered,
where
19th
interference
and informal
in
papers and
the
proposed
the
fifths
three-
THE GREAT
continuing
in African
problems that slavery created
societies.
Ironically, even though
of
mecha-
about
were
AMERICA
Southern
and
dignity
liberty
dom from government
deep
in to
trading
19th century. The conference
also
evinced that African participation in the
the
trade
slave
the
within
even
it
of
enslaved
discomfort
community.
discuss the topic
and
painful
remains
dants
academic
not to
Many prefer
bring
to
continues
divisive.
since
Descen-
individuals
make
up
internal diaspora
of forcibly transplanted peoples and still face economic
and political disadvantages and negative
an
social
Tensions
stigmas.
g
Africans
who
were
social
the
much
over
of
the
rights
not
carry the
the
Others
or
and social
violence
at
that
argue
least their
chaos
generations— and
cial society existed
no
the
of property
that
institution . . .
s
some
freedom
re-
delicate balance of
The
paradoxes—
inherently
an
a
republic
undemocratic
based
on
foundation—
would haunt the country for nearly eighty
years, to be resolved one day in an ocean
as
slavery did
it would to later
a
and
defenders of individual
America'
fought
was
model of
even
of
and blood . . .
tears
It
is hard for
us
to
imagine
their world— and it was the only
they knew. They lacked our perspec
tive. They could not hold up a mirror
to
the future. And they could only be guided
multira-
yet in history . . . Most
agreed then, and even do today, albeit with
a heavy heart, that whatever
tragic conse-
one
quences for this young country struggling
with its national identity, the whole en-
by
terprise
would have been
Founders embraced
stillborn
the
past.
manded
ready to
had the
The
South
consequently
and the North
concessions
make
dewas
them.
n.
IN EVERLASTING MEMORY
OF THE ANGUISH
OF OUR ANCESTORS
WHO DIED
THOSE
REST
IN
\
ROOTS
r
o
MAY
HUMANITY
NEVER
SUCH INJUSTICE
ensued.
AGAIN
PERPETRATE
nd
in
and
only from
reparations
and
Europeans
white
the
traded
who
past.
changes
Several
between
terested in
more
that
interpreters,
VA?'
in
that
slave
scholars,
trade
and
conference
to
continue
well. The Omohundro
all
to recognizing
and their descen
individual Africans
were
E
I I
and tour
visitors
are
to a
contributing
from viewing the whole of sub Sa
haran Africa as the primaryvictim of the
transatlantic
papers
be
7
1
Old
shift
victims
as
Institute will post
its website.
on
Cape Coast Castle
French
he and Pitt en
and he soon
Revolution,
when
he was chosen
an honorary citizen of France ( September
1792) . . .
Wilberforce' s strong desire for the
abolition of slavery was derived in part
from evangelical Christianity to which he
converted
in
1784
and
1785.
In
1787
he assisted in the founding of a society
for the "
of
reformation
called
manners,"
Society ( to suppress
the
Thomas
Clarkson,
Granville
Sharp,
Henry Thornton, Charles Grant, Edward
James Pliot, Zachary Macaulay, and James
were
first
called
from
Wilberforce
which
1797)
the
was
an
Saints
the Clapham
was
the
leader. In the House
1807, when
ex-
American
both
of Commons,
began to support parliamentary reform and
Roman Catholic political emancipation, ac
quiring a reputation for radicalism that later
embarrassed him, especially during the
He achieved
not
changing in how slavery
and interpreted.
African
are
is remembered
In 1780,
tered the House
Wilberforce
Americans inabout their
a close friend
and
Sect,
acknowl-
of Commons,
eloquent
and
inde-
fatigable sponsor of antislavery legislation.
Ameri-
slaves
stated
and West African
curators,
operators
African
learning
World heritage
museum
in and held
scholars
Younger . . .
of
p
cans, but also from g
groups within West
Africa
territories.
he became
of future prime minister William Pitt the
edged
slave
due
are
At Cambridge
afterward (
Tablet, Elmina Castle, Ghana
raiding and trading. Some representatives
that
of victimized
peoples maintained
apologies
itself in British overseas
Stephen
AGAINST HUMANITY
African
peoples
should be held acroles
WILBERFORCE
William Wilberforce was a British politiclan and philanthropist who, from 1787,
was prominent in the struggle to abolish
the slave trade and then to abolish slavery
ates
PEACE
THOSE WHO RETURN FIND THEIR
MAY
medallion " Am I Not a Man and
publication of obscenity) and the Society
for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave
Trade— the latter more commonly called
the Antislavery Society. He and his associ-
emancipation. . .
MAY
Wedgwood
the Proclamation
some
rulers)
for their historical
countable
that
were
in the institution,
mained woefully blind, or purposely blind,
or simply turned their backs on the evils of
Moreover
stigma
organization
and put all the blame on
other Africans) for
sometimes
peans ( and
rights
Many
Euro-
trade
the
man.
of their localities prior to the transatlantic
slave
revolution
enslavers
victimized.
were
idealize
between
remain
historically
groups who
and groups
as
the
r'
a Brother"
themselves
members
believers
humanitarians
ardent
the principles of the Revoluto the American
dishonorable
character". . .
well
and
t-
was
of the most
Didn' t
bondage . . .
embracing . . .
the colonists put it aptly before the war
when
they declared the slave trade " in-
tion
i
is that the Vir
clear
free-
while
illegal
continued
Th-.
It
,
wasIty
to
sufficiently potent
all the
oppression,
slaves.
where
as
and bask in
and
over-
of the American
contagion
they stoutly defended it— again, for the
of the Union. It was an equal tragedy
sake
that many Southern members who were
in the blessings
individual
i
thrown
August 24, 1759- July 29, 1833
great
the
were
in Sierra Leone for emancipated
WILLIAM
not
of
Africans
Virginia
state
The tragedy is that a number of moder-
the golden age of a new constituof Washington, Madison,
Hamilton,
republicanism
133
board at sea, exposing the gross inhumanity of the slavery institution. In 1787 he
contributed to the founding of a society for
the abolition of slavery and the settlement
Winick
ate
of
when
Collins, 2007
consistent to
were
that
at least,
southern
1788- 1800
WORLD
ebrate
rejoice
ted
rp
in
AND THE BIRTH
tion,
to
was
the slave trade rested cheek by jowl with
his demand for a constitutional guarantee
to protect what he described as " the property of that kind which we have already."
cel-
to
for his role in the
Somerset Decision, which
about it. Mason' s vehement opposition to
by Jay
Founders
and is best remembered
nothing the federal government could do
UPHEAVAL:
Harper
put in place to end the slave
trade, the legislation
began a backlash of
nisms
Compromise
position of acknowledging that slavery
an
evil and then insisting that there
OF THE MODERN
The
10, 1735- July 6, 1813
ginia leadership found itself in the peculiar
the
acknowl-
compromise,
one
What is undeniably
aboli-
the
Both
trade.
dissolve the legacy of slavery. . .
of slavery in all the western territories.
Madison,
though he eventually endorsed
and Jefferson,
rationalizations
underscored
had
little
a
George Mason
Sectional
remained
Revolution
it must
Jefferson,
the
ideological
the
lion
the
Both formal
Deep South.
be
in-
affairs.
discussions
as
the
slave
colleague
On the surface,
seemed
slavery under a permaand seemed to align Virginia
shadow
against the
labor
early in the
century, and, eventually,
for more direct European
African
the
unfree
reason.
placed
lack
a
development,
forms of
nent
role
for the " principles
spokesperson
76," which
its
increase
an
Africa,
within
relished
Dominion
Americas.
in the Americas
areas
was
slavery
and
Old
the
rise
November
Granville Sharp, a devout Anglican and
early antislavery writer, worked diligently
toward the abolition of slavery in Britain
the Constitutional Convention that prolonged the trade; Mason eventually voted
against ratification in part for that very
the
slave
distinctly northern. Perhaps
accurately, the political leadership of
more
the transatlan-
on
both
denounced
sounded
lure
ad
sessions
of British ( and Danish)
consequences
of Africa
America,
of the
As
higher population of blacks ( 60 percent to
Virginia' s 40). But Virginia' s rhetorical pos-
scholars
South
formal
Several
tic and Indian
success.
outstanding
nearly 300
with
state
populous
continuation
to
appear
were
Madison and his
population ( 292, 000) and the
largest free black population ( 12, 000), Virginia' s demographic
profile looked decidedly southern. Only South Carolina had a
largest
at
3-
most
the
dro
points." Most significantly,
adamantly opposed to
the
and most intellectually
debate occurred in Virginia.
doctrine,
the
some
Virginians
in-
The fullest
with
it may
the
pp. 95- 96.
Gov-
discomfort
that"
confessing
strained in
Joseph J. Ellis
and Interna
Domestic
torn:"
Consequences
his
edged
Knopf, New York, 2001,
A.
bloodyWritingAlfred
The
conference, "
ever
tional
GENERATION
Rex Ellis
SHARP
as outlawing slavery in England. Sharp also
investigated the Zong Incident of 1781,
THE REVOLUTIONARY
Letter from
GRANVILLE
and
,
ill
t
r
moo ,,
British
This statute,
West
the slave trade
Indies
became
law.
however, did not change the
local position of persons enslaved before
its enactment, and so, after several years
in which
other
Wilberforce
issues,
he
was
and
Sir
urged ( from 1821)
emancipation
ti
V
the
Buxton
.
i
in
his first success on March 25,
a bill to abolish
concerned
Thomas
with
Fowell
the immediate
of all slaves. In 1823 he aided
in organizing and became a vice president
of the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery throughout the
British dominions— again, more commonly
called the Antislavery Society. Turning over
to Buxton the parliamentary leadership of
the
abolition
movement,
the House of Commons
he retired
from
in 1825; the Slav-
ery Abolition Act he had sought was passed
one month after his death.
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica,
2002]
�October, November, December 2007
4
VIRGINIA
THE TRADE
4(...-‘
S LAVES
NII I I I ri
1. , .
I.
P
Virginia
Continued
Slaves
Africa, and two additional
page 2
from
from
twentieths
'
o_
Until the practice [ to limit the inheri
tance of property to a specified succession
r:,
V"
Senegambia and Madagascar. . .
Studies of
of the
some
of heirs]
v
of in-
careers
dividual
Lower
onstrate
u.
e
5 !.
f
proportion of
Africans purchased in the 1720s
the
that
new
Peninsula planters
dem-
e
and early 1730s remained on Lower PenThrough the mid 1730s,
insula estates.
planters still had to buy new Afrihands of working age in order to staff
"
Ship in Storm"
Artist
recently established
ancillary Tidewater
farms, as well as to open new ones farther
This need ended
west.
1740s,
the
quite abruptly in
enough Creole children
when
coming of age to replace dying and
aging Africans, and slave imports into the
York basin rapidly diminished.
were
unknown
Evidence about the patterns
York and Rappahannock
larger
planters
work forces in the first
assembled enslaved
third
of the 18th
for
arguments
individual
on
drawn
further
century
likely
the
Tidewater
from
largely
which
by
a
bolsters
of
single
slaves
ethnic
established
African
well
family
slaves,
first third of the 18th century. The possibility, evoked by William Byrd II in 1736, of
with
other
region
Guinea"
group.
example,
bequests
or
from their parents
from the dowries
their
marriages.
slaves
ery
slaves
The
exploit
much
less
gifts
well as
as
inherited
and
to
to
Tidewater
lands,
undeveloped
additional
actions
York
the
there
who
other
perhaps 200 Africans,
in the 1710s, 1720s, and
were
had arrived
early 1730s, living on five separate
and numerous
ancillary quarters
the
Burwell
origins
of Wil-
plantations just
and James rivers around
on
family. Many
shared
both
estates
owned
of these
new-
common
geographic
in the Bight of Biafra and more re-
cently developed
connections
with longer
acres
which
readily
extended
additional
credit
and
two,
tobacco
seldom
from individual
slaves
theless
acquired
within
a
than
design
to
local
purchases increased the probability
that many of the new Africans on a given
estate would originate
from the same geo
graphic area, and this probability was further enhanced by temporal concentrations
in the African trading regions of London,
Bristol,
or
Liverpool
Furthermore,
if
adjoining plantations.
However on the nearby Custis plantations,
commenced buying new Afwhose
owner
of portions of any one North American colony developed primarily from one or two
few years later than the Burwells,
Angolans dominated.
of early modern West African history, both
in general and for particular regions, remains too scanty to sustain widely shared
consensus. But growing evidence for a
trade whose geographic and temporal cornplexities can be unraveled for both sending
and receiving localities certainly encourages
careful attention to more particular transatlantic ethnic continuities than has previously seemed possible or probable.
time
same
Local
adult
occasional
ratios,
unbalanced
induding
conditions,
sex
severe
plantation
unhealthy environment, and
between recently- arrived
possible conflicts
Africans and more privileged Creole slaves
discipline,
did
not
until
the
an
favor
reconstituted
African
mission
to
formation
family
other
hand,
local
did permit the continued or
and
use of African languages
circumstances
other
sustained
1740s. On the
customs,
well
as
later generations
as
that the slave culture
West African
a
ricans
[
Source:
sources.
Lorena
Collective
or cultures
knowledge
S. Walsh, " New Findings
about the Virginia Slave Trade"
the trans-
of significant
From The Interpreter]
parts of their African history.
AFRICAN
REGION
SLAVES
OF
ORIGIN
Unspecified
Senegambia
Sierra
Leone
Windward&
Bight of
Gold Coasts
Benin
Bight of
West Central
Biafra
Madagascar
Africa
York
1698- 1703
1, 481
1, 332
0
0
0
0
57
92
1704- 1718
3, 045
1, 544
0
0
398
0
1, 103
0
1719- 1730
10, 956
2, 665
311
0
1, 468
0
5, 067
436
1731-
1745
12, 037
5, 301
703
0
279
0
3, 135
2, 619
0
1746- 1760
3, 509
654
331
0
486
0
1, 107
931
0
255
218
37
0
0
0
0
31, 283
11, 714
1, 382
0
1761-
1774
Total
2, 631
0
0
1, 009
0
0
1, 009
0
10, 469
4, 078
Rappahannock
suppliers.
of wealthy
in particular neigh
number
a
It is still too early to uncritically accept
on
the
new
TOTAL
15
concentrated
Temporarily
peake slaves.
origins
arguments
because
increase, until the next planter generation
age.
as similar
forces
ended in an early death
careers
More usually; however, there were no
further augmentations,
from natural
aside
of
well
Africans arriving at about
AFRICAN
none-
10
or
YEARS
their adult
came
and Virginia- born Buras
BY NAVAL DISTRICT
four
than
they
labor
adult
more
through
either
years,
no
bought
most
more
ships,
their
of
span
unintention-
merchants
for purchasing
Although
slaves.
one,
only
British
districts,
COASTAL ORIGINS OF AFRICANS IMPORTED INTO VIRGINIA
farther west. However, the planters' substantial starting assets provided collateral
against
the Ameri-
dow-
enough
never
inherited
the
as
brought
wives
almost
were
fully
their
and
across
corners
some
colonial " New
Peninsula south
the
on
liamsburg
by
and
a
of individual
collectively
produced a patchwork
of localized concentrations
of just one or
two ethnic
groups on larger estates. For
ited
land
result
a
that
Elite planters coming of age at the turn
inherof the century almost invariably
ample
into
evolving
was
1750,
concentration,
estates,
quarters. This seems indeed to be what
happened on the Lower Peninsula in the
the
after
ally afforded the largest and most ethnically concentrated enslaved communities
more settled places of residence and more
generational continuity than most Chesa-
larger
can
abolished
and Rappahannock
significant
a
was
can Revolution, elite gentry inheritance
strategies, especially common in the York
=•
682
76
606
0
0
0
0
0
0
1719-
1730
2, 743
1, 165
108
0
145
0
859
0
466
1731-
1745
3, 048
1, 647
1, 271
0
0
0
130
0
0
pean settlement in the Chesapeake, their
individual estate- building strategies could
1746- 1760
0
200
0
0
337
0
unwittingly result in larger concentrations
in new African neighborhoods
from one
Total
living
borhoods came of age at roughly the same
time, a likely outcome of sequential Euroyoung planters
1704- 1718
1761-
957
260
2, 098
1, 747
81
0
90
180
0
0
0
9, 528
1774
160
4, 895
2, 226
0
435
180
989
337
466
105
or two West African areas. Then, even isolated, recently arrived Africans
to find members of their own
were
South
likely
1704- 1718
Potomac
plantations
more
issue
sensitive
the
prevent
nation
from
the
was
page 1
effort
federal government
new
on
home
their
on
Continued
Slavery...
A
if not
to
from
105
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1719-
1730
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1731-
adjacent
1745
1, 169
823
346
0
0
0
0
0
0
1746- 1760
277
0
80
0
0
0
197
0
0
1761-
143
0
143
0
0
0
0
0
0
1, 694
928
569
0
0
0
197
0
0
1774
Total
ending the foreign slave trade. The southdelegates accepted
ern
limit
the
on
for
change
a
overseas
the
twenty- year time
trade in ex
slave
be apportioned
among
may be included
which
according
to
their
Taxes
shall
several
the
States
this
Union,
within
respective
0
0
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1731-
Article 1. Section 2.
direct
42
1730
1745
2, 253
1, 756
102
0
0
0
395
0
0
1746- 1760
5, 339
449
278
427
350
0
3, 195
640
0
1761-
5, 994
946
604
0
1, 369
0
1, 052
2, 023
0
13, 628
3, 151
984
469
1, 719
0
4, 642
2, 663
0
Congress
would not levy export taxes.
and
1718
1719-
that
guarantee
Representatives
Upper James
1704-
1774
Total
Numbers,
which shall be determined by adding to the
Number
whole
those
of free Persons,
bound to Service for
a
and
Indians not
excluding
fifths of all other Persons.
three
sons
as
think
or Importation
any of the States
of such Per-
existing shall
to admit, shall not be pro-
proper
now
1704- 1718
157
157
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1719- 1730
94
94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1731- 1745
taxed,
Article 1. Section 9.
The Migration
Lower James
including
Term of Years,
705
70
276
0
199
0
160
0
0
1746- 1760
328
130
181
0
0
0
17
0
0
1761- 1774
583
400
123
0
60
0
0
0
0
1, 867
851
580
0
259
0
177
0
0
Total
hibited by the Congress prior to the Year
thousand
one
but
eight
hundred
and
eight,
Notes:
may be imposed on such
Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for
Africanports of embarkation are g
grouped into regions as defined in the W.E. B. Du Bois dataset.
P
each Person.
Windward and Gold Coast are combined, since the two were often coupled in the sources.
a
Tax
or
duty
Source: United States Constitution]
�October, November, December 2007
STATE
STATE
ACTIONS
ACTIONS
1111111111111111
Crosswords Solution—Summer 2007
Tr
STATES' REACTIONS
I
THE SLAVE TRADE
IP1oITIolMIA
R
O
1777 TO 1799
Vermont'
1777:
s constitution
A
makes
M
T
illegal.
gradual
a
adopts
eman-
A
N
T
1784:
a
By
narrow
ery from all
Congress
margin,
Jefferson'
against
western
territory
A
Q
N
U TITIAIMIUISIS
x
E
H
O
T
W
s
A
C ON F E D I E I R A TIIIOINI
S E M I I I N IO I L E
IW E R I O IW A N I C I E
U
Drawingofthe
for the Abolition
Society
Such
Race."
societies
1789:
who
own
Carolina
the
forbids
its
citizens
from
portation*
1799:
New
York
state
adopts
a
law
for
gradual emancipation.*
[
In
Source: Enslaving Virginia Resource Book]
York, Massachu-
and Pennsylvania prohibit
pation in the slave trade.*
David
Brion Davis,
III
The Problem
with Slavery in the Age of Revolution,
partici-
Cornell University
III
1975, pp. 23- 35]
Press,
III
Continued from page 5
Opinions
did
sooner
than
it
great
causes
the
of
Its
our
of this
the
union.
from Great-
And though this infamous traffic be con-
one
has been
principal
a
and most of the
The
the
disgraceful trade, because it would bring
was
separation
state,
weakens
of. It
exclusion
object
place,
of the
take
revolution
thought
was
Britain.
and
states;
kind. Yet
by
this
states
of
augmentation
such
slaves
is
trade
a
in itself, and disgraceful
diabolical
to
man-
it is continued
constitution
for twenty years. As much as I value an
of all the states, I would not admit
union
the
southern
they agreed
into the
states
to the
union,
unless
of this
discontinuance
weakness
and
not
strength
to the
union.
tinued, we have no security for the property of that kind which we have already.
There is no clause in this constitution
to
the
amount to manumission. And should the
III
II
till
be discontinued
cannot
commerce
able
still this detest-
be amended,
government
after the expiration of twenty years.
Source: The Papers of George Mason, ed.
Rutland,
Continued
United States Constitution
issue
to
page 1
from
3.
from
the new federal government
ending the foreign slave trade. The southaccepted a twenty- year time
ern delegates
trade in exslave
limit on the overseas
those
the
was
effort
prevent
for the guarantee
change
would not
levy
direct
shall
Taxes
among the several States
which may be included within this Union,
respective
Numbers,
to their
according
be apportioned
which shall be determined
by
bound
taxed,
excluding Indians not
fifths of all other Persons.
and
Article
6.
Down
Virginian
7.
The Migration
8.
This
In
trade,
House
trade.*
Wilberforce
against the
resolutions
eloquently debated
Commons; despite a
subject
of
of petitions, the House of Corninsists on hearing further evidence,
mons
after
a
slave
William
introduces twelve
in the
of the
conditions
Parliament,
flood
which it turns to
other
lower
14. Virginian
in
1790: Both the Quakers
ing and disruption of
loses byeight
gh
troduce
and the Pennsylva-
Society petition Congress
its full powers to discourage slayery and the slave trade; the petitions
on
evoke
angry debate and attacks
a
The House
votes
outlawing
There is
markets.
by
Quakers
from the
congressmen
Massive
slave
Virginia
1796:
Wilberforce'
in French
revolution
slavery in the United
shift in the expansion
the Upper
tion
of the
forced
was
the
of slavery from
South to the Deep South and
Southwest in
cotton
States
order
cultivation
cotton
migration
to
settle
after
1795
the
This state' s 1777 constitution outlawed
1778 Virginia legislation banned
9.
to
slaves
importation of these.
adopted gradual plan for
this
proposed
who
abolition
of slavery
10. Slavery sticking point for delgates
deliberating this founding document.
11. Slaves enjoyed less autonomy here than in
other
slavery north of
that
Virginia
regions.
tic
d
12. Introduced abolition bill in the House of
Commons.
Ohio.
favored
river
by
Liverpool
16. English abolitionist who sympathized with
slave
Revolution
shippers.
in America.
lands
new
the
gin. There was
causing much
invena
great
suffer-
1806: Pitt' s death leads to the Ministry of All
and
a
trade
bill for
s
trade to
as
for-
1804:
St. Domingue
rebels
outlaws
of the
long
entrenched
entire
white
fears
of
1804:
in
slave
crown'
a wide
the
Commons,
but
William
the
hear
evidence.*
should
action
be abolished
publication
s
the
approval
Editors:
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
follows.*
measure
Anne Willis
States Constitution'
s
ban
on
Abolition
trade.
1834: Parliament abolishes slavery in the
British Caribbean
[*
Contributors:
the
receives
passing by an
majority in the House of
after
colonies.
TODAY
of theDepartment
ep
of Interpretive Training
of Lords, Lord Grenville
Act' s prohibition
of British participation in Atlantic slave
House of
cabinet
trade;
the British
revolt
postpones debate in the House of Lords,
arguing that there is not sufficient time
to
trade
slave imports goes into effect, as does
States.*
Pitt' s
slave
1808: United
A revival of antislavery trade agitation
A bill for abolition,
proposed by
passed by
a
overwhelmingly
approves
a
Charles James Fox that the
overwhelming
Commons.*
occurs.
Wilberforce, is
Parlia
is
secures passage of a bill abolishing the
votes
constitu-
slave
colonies.
Becoming AMERICANS
by
1807: In the House
slavery. The brutal violence
civil war in St. Domingue
and free blacks in the United
also
ceded
or
but no immediate
established
independent Republic of Haiti;
captured
resolution
of the
four
by
to
ment
in the
abolition
motion
Par-
slave trade to foreign countries as well
bill
a
of Commons which
had rejected his
government
abolitionists.
trade.
slave
rejects
by
with the
liament passes a law endingthe British
marked decline
is defeated
and to secret
collaboration
in-
to
motion
slave
the Talents,
margin.*
tion
colony of St. Domingue.
1793- 1830: The
great transformation of
a
in popular antislavery zeal and
Abolition
Committee' s funds.*
in the House
Deep South. In Richmond the
Abolition Society is formed.*
on
the British
slave
use
families
slave
bill abolishing the
of Commons also
to
for
5.
the
against
and
settlement
westernnan that prohibited
17. Virginia
community life.
1793: In the House of Commons, Wilberforce
Ma Abolition
1791:
worked
South.
15. Ordinance
Source: United States Constitution]
eign
matters.*
1790: The United States population: 4, 000, 000
people, including 650, 000 slaves.
the
Region of origin of some slaves arriving
directly from Africa.
Continued from page 1
ulating the
slave
Secured abolition bill in House of Lords.
4.
after
slavery.
carried
river
Newsline
1789:
Union
Appellation of a mid- Atlantic peninsula.
1.
2.
trade.
in 1780.
dollars for each Person.
adding to the
who
group
13. Pennsylvania
Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight
hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be
imposed on such Importation, not exceeding
ten
slave
to
prolonging
state admitted
slave
Religious
the
of such Persons
Importation
or
of
s
slave trade.
Section 9.
1.
First
denounced Constitutional
who
Revolution.
three
any of the States now existing shall think
proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the
2.
and
Representatives
Persons, including
to Service for a Term of Years,
as
export taxes.
1. Section
Article
Congress
that
of free
Number
whole
sensitive
II
3: 1086.
Convention'
more
I
In
secure it; for they may lay such a tax as will
ACROSS
Slavery and
A
A-
state.
Source:
setts,
No
-
1798: Georgia prohibits further slave im-
trade.*
slave
Connecticut, New
1788:
Delaware
slave
a
enacts
temporary
imports. Rhode
prohibition on slave
Island responds to Quakers' petitioning
and forbids its citizens from participat
ing in
E
1792: Kentucky is admitted as the first
Quakers decree that Friends
must free them.
slaves
South
R
e
KI
TIA
engaging in the slave trade.*
lican America.
1787:
Grove"
s
S
remain
outside the mainstream of early repub
1784: Virginia
at Carter'
slavequarter
IcloIRIN
ICIHI I ICIKIAIHIOIMI 1 IN Y
of Slavery, for the relief of free Negroes
of the
and for improving the condition
African
c
C
The Quakers and others found the
Pennsylvania
A KI
I
slay-
1800.
after
K
E
N
A
A
H
rgiclulm S E I H I
-
Ti
A
If
o
votes
ban
to
proposal
s
G
T
E
0
N
WI
law.
cipation
P
BRADIDOCIK
MUSTIE
1780: Pennsylvania
E RITIOINI
SICIA LIPIL O CIKI
H
R
slavery
H
BIRIAIFIF
(
Bob Doares,
Rex Ellis, Kelly Govain,
Marianne Martin, Rose McAphee,
Nancy Milton, Linda Rowe,
Andrea
Squires,
Lorena
Walsh
Production:
Beth Lawrence, copy editor
Diana Freedman, graphic production
All rights reserved. All images are property
Source: Enslaving Virginia Time Line]
Source: David Brion Davis, The Problem
of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
unless otherwise
noted.
of Slavery in the Age of Revolution 1770—
1823, Cornell
University
Press,
1975]
o 2007 The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation
10/ 07- 5638880
�
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Becoming Americans Today
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<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 6, number 4, October - December, 2007
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c137025617dad2c6532930e71e82cd70
PDF Text
Text
Volume 6, No. 3
June, July, August 2007
THE INTERPRETER'
s
y
U,
i
ti
1
ER.
ISMS
DAY_
ki
40
1, • - • —:,,, -.
dor
i
l_-
i
s.
s
j.
AM-
5,"
AMERICAN
Newsline
1750-
in
1750s: France and England jockey for position to gain control in North America.
in
and
ley
between
zones
choose
Braddock'
so
successfully
tribal peoples
as
sides.
defeat.
s
of British
A
Virginia, Pennsylvania,
expedi-
major
and
regulars
from
militia
and Maryland is
badly defeated by a combined force of
Indians and French.
frontiers
of Virginia
frequent and
are
Raids against the
and
Pennsylvania
a refugee
severe;
crisis
in many eastern cities.
1760: The Cherokees, considered the
major
power in the south, launch
of Virginia
against the frontiers
Indian
Carolinas and
the
destroy
journals
newspaper
Council
or
before and
and
of the garrison at Fort London in
present- day Tennessee. A punitive expedition from South Carolina ends the
Virginia
ass
ing is
by
over
French
1763: The
forces, but fight
sends
the time
and
War
ends
with the Treaty of Paris. The crown es
tablished the Royal Proclamation
line,
in
an
to
between Indian and
Indian
nica
theons
the
line to Indian
Maryland
Gazette,
September
tionsettlers
i
ore
Prince or people . . ."
August
Honour
16. On
First Charter
Pres
the
by
his Nobles. . .
the
to
Emperor and
their
the
Chero-
had a priOn Monday the President
when
he
Conversation with them,
vale
d to them the Happiness and Ad-
white
moon
and
The
April
P
1606
the Christians
of
Assurance
Note: Artist not identified. For more informa-
*
tion on this portrait see page 8.
President took them all by the Hand,
them a good Journey home, and
wished
vantages
cross
of Virginia,
g
ident gave an Audience to the Am
explain'
while
in America, ei-
possessed by any Christian
Williamsburg]
Thursday last his
m
Prodama
the
tribes
and
it
lec
and to de-
which are not now actually
11,
1751.
settlements. settlements.
frontier
of
and territories
kee Nation.
white
the
agentsreston
on
unto them
ther appertaining unto us, or
demarcationProsperity
the
as
serve
peoples
bassador of the Cherokee Nation, attended
arrive.
they
Indian
native
vouchsafe
our people into that part of
America commonly known
1
as Virginia, and other parts
ary War.
most
ass
ss
journals, the
the Revolution-
during
us, that we
duce a colony of sundry of
accounts,
tantalizing glimpses of
unto
tion, plantation,
articles,
and private
diaries all provide small but
expense
gentlemen,
our license, to make habita-
raids
fort and
the
Governor' s
the
just
ensues
would
of William and Mary) from the bursar
palace
named],
ing subjects, have been hum-
attending the Brafferton
School( the Indian School at the College
colonial
so
ble suitors
boys
accounts,
of the
and divers others of our lov-
Evidence of Indian presence in the
colonial capital comes from a variety of
information on the number of
sources:
Indian
Scotland,
Defender
ing and well disposed Subjects [
1760s,
hot
The " play- off
empires.
strategy" incorporated
before begins to erode
must
become
England,
faith, and WHEREAS our lov-
and 1770
Ohio Val-
the
as
frontier
western
1750s,
of
and Ireland,
Williamsburg
the
Indian nations inevitably become embroiled in the conflict,
James, by the grace of God,
king
Evidence of Indians
1812
NI* ,
l,
Document
Primary
,
I
INDIANS
INDIANS IN WILLIAMSBURG
INDIAN TIMELINE:
1755:
S NEWSPAPER
a
enjoy, in the Hopes
blessed Immortality;
a Prodamation,
strictly requiring the Not-
toways to desist from their bloody Design,
and to repair immediately to their own
Habitations
to
avoid
the
most
rigorous
Prosecution commanding also all Magiscrates, Sheriffs, and others to be riding and
assisting in preserving the Peace in their
respective counties.
Copper Peace Medal with the figure of George I
on one side and an Indian in the
long- establishedf act o shootin g
and from thence persuaded them to send
But all these Precautions proved undi P loma ry of the " middleground
in
an arrow at a stag standing behind a tree with
at
some of their Children to be educated
necessary, the Nottoways arriving in Town
Indian
diplomacy disintegrates as the
four branches under the sun 1714- 1750.
with a white Flag. The Cherthe College, that by their Means they might
yesterday
tains
regardless.
British begin
newly victorious
over
roughshod
diplomatic
and and
denying
presents
toward force and
to
run
protocol,
shifting
policy
This in large
part leads too the outbreak of Pontiac' s
War,
a
multitribal
tures ten
with
offensive
that cap
British forts in fourteen days,
Niagara,
and De-
Pitt,
mul
a
Battle of Bushy
halt to the Indian
long
the
by Henry
ibal force at
Run,
bringing
overhaul
overdue
institutes
with
system,
Johnson in control
in Indian
the
super-
William
Sir
of the north and
Stuart controlling the south— the
fiat British attempt at a unified policy.
1768: A critical year. In the north, the
John
Iroquois League
sells
to the
crown
the
lands they do not
notcontrol
Stanwix. In the
Treaty of
Ohio Valley
at the
Fortdo
south, the Cherokee sell lands they do
not control in the lower Ohio Valley
and present- day West Virginia. Frontier
Virginians and eastern land speculators
see
these
agreements
as
the
inevitable
of the opening of
beginning
the
same
with the English. They heartily
for this Instance of
thank' d his Hounour
happiness
his
affection,
and assured him that his Offer
rokees
before
informed
were
of Nottoways,
appearance
Manner.
ible; but
being
hoisted
a
Continued
Cherrokees, it
was
rumour'
d, that the Non-
away Indians, being very inveterate against
to lie in Ambush
them, were determined
and intercept them. This
exasperated
was
nation, '
against
the
for murdering, many Years
twas
said,
and
of
But
not
ago,
seven
Opportunity
of
they had cross' d James River, and were
with an
their March to the Westward,
Road in Order to put
in Execution,
ordered all the
to wait
their Design
on
the
Cherrokees to be completely
they might be able to defend
in Case of
an
Attack;
and
being
the
arm'
d, that
themselves
likewise
able
Crowd
to
Nottoways
the
being
not the Indians
to
hold
sensible
who
had
that these
done
The
ties,
receiv'
made
a
a
d the Wampum,
long
and rising up,
Speech to his Friends,
issued
Continued
a
1
1
1
Indians.
Pressured
on
all sides, Indians divided during the conf ct. The Revolution
shattered
the Iroquois
Confederacy, most supportingg the British,
pP
some supporting the Americans. Indian
attacks
on
confirmed
American
the
charge
of Independence
targets
in the
seemingly
Declaration
that the British
Indian
P to Y ed " merciless
known
role of warfare
had em-
savages,
is
an
whose
undistin-
guished destruction of all ages, sexes, and
The war forced several thou-
condition."
sand Oneidas
to take refuge
camps at Schenectady.
in miserable
Some Indians pre
served or even extended their autonomy
during the Revolutionary crisis, especially
the Abenakis
Mississippi,
in Maine,
the Chicksaws
and the Seminoles
But the Revolution' s political and military effects destroyed the independence
of others,
such as the Oquogans
and other
Iroquois groups in New York. Most ominously, the Revolution freed Americans
to pursue further western settlement that
all
too
familiar
changes
on
ever-
Jon Butler, Becoming America:
The Revolu-
tion before 1776, Harvard University Press,
p. 242.]
American
r
them
Cultures
Forum
INDEX:
and Virginian
ii l
pg. 2, 6
It:
e, `''
OK
4"
pg. 3
pg. 3
pg. 4
Runaways
11';'
Books
War
ir
again.
in
in Florida.
Indians
the ground, and they
Crow' s Great Chief Plenty Coups
See Page 3 Radical Hope
telling
Page 7]
proved devastatingly
to American
BA TODAY
liP
to
happened."
on
The Revolution
familiar
Ili II
hearts
After this nothing
I
r
t
When the buffalo
up
REVOLUTION
shrinking Indian societies, processes set in
motion in the 16th century and continued
relentlessly into the 20th.
I
i,
lift
INDIANS AND THE
forced
Page 3]
x
not
them the
Continuance of their Friendship.
Orator, who negotiates all their Trea
desired
Governor' s Council Chamber the Capitol.
SNAPSHOT
could
were
they complain' d of, produced a
Belt of Wampum, which they had receiv' d
of the Cherokees
at their last Peace, and
s'
of my people fell
ConferConfer
being very great, they
the
Court House, where
VIRGINIA TODAY
went away the
any
Injury
western
on
in
smoked
revenging themselves. The President being
informed of this, and a Report prevailing,
Intent
At first they were inflexless prevailed upon, they
Flag, and by marching
Ceremonies, they join' d Hands
the Pipe of Peace together:
customed
repaired
on
same
place, each Party singing the
Peace. After many of their ac
of
Song
ence,
that
no
white
Cherokees.
young Men, whom they had invited
hunt with them; and had resolved to
favourable
them
the Market
to
this
advised
Beat of Drum, met the Nottoways
by
their
embrace
Arrival.
march out, and meet them in the
friendly
week before the arrival of the
their
tlemen representing to them the friendly
to
a
of
gave the Signal of War, and
Genpreparing for Battle, but several Gen-
immediately
to them; but that they
very agreeable
could return no Answer without consulting
was
a
Realizing
offensive.
the crown
policy,
intendent
led
expedition
Bouquet defeats
the
and be Partakers of
About
British
A
in the Principles
tian Religion,
their Emperor.
only forts
is hit hard.
1764:
of the Chris-
be instructed
pg. 5
Cover
pg. 7
Story
Interpretation
pg. 8
Crossword
pg. 8
�June, July, August 2007
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D
a.'.
l
Indian
mer
disci
cultures
g ed with
other
eared
almost
cultures,
,.
alwa
17th- and 18th- century reports
iden'
distinct American
for
religion
Indian
in
European and African
50, 000 to
more
in
second
the
was
tragic
a
of several
process
century and that continued
The first major contraction
and
1550s
from
stemmed
the
isolated
from
far-
American
environments,
fore the onslaught of European
proved
War
to
of
from
be-
The
their
European
The
from 1680 to 1760 sealed the
describe
of them
Virginia
cartouches
Okeus,
the
of John
things
forms
en-
those
Sacriledge,
became
less willing to dis-
beliefs
own
openly,
muddling
understanding of
already dim
the
for
Indians
and sought to convert them.
Powhatan
their
in
progressed,
derided
increasingly
religion
a
or
entity
a
the
in
themselves
p---
for
for19
world
the
separate
into
the
English.
in
spirits
nature,
did they
so also
Second,
should
we
tional Indian
of Indian
priests, and
chiefs,
that
remember
religion
by
out
dying
was
tradithe
as
gods. Exhibiting
minor
in their
ibility
shamans (
or
gious limbo, their priests having abandoned
the last remaining temples, resulting in the
the
duced Massachusetts
loss of their
ever
smaller
and Patuxet
from about 25, 000 people
than 300 people by 1770
in
societies
1600 to less
the
while
Euro-
sale
1642 had been
follows
reduced
the
500 in
1,
to about
1674, then to twenty in 1790. By 1700 the
20, 000 Indians who once lived in Tidewater
2, 000,
been
reduced
fewer
to
Indian
and
survival
typified
English
to
responses
surviving
in
The
advances
18th century) among surviving Indians
had important implications for pre- Revo-
sustained
innumerable
new
circumstances
existed.
exceptions
far
was
Tidewater
Virginia,
remained
sometimes
loathed,
ryw
of
western
detailed
the
capital of
hundred
trying to piece toview of Powahatan
comes
as
to
in
which gods they chose
daily life. Although the
related
Virginia
northern
earth, the heavens,
and all
beneficent in
was
good
things.
nature,
how-
populations boomed
and the Indian population de
dined further, often
forcibly.
kwiokos (
plural
of these kwiokosuk
The most important
western
was
in
era,
of
ways
P,
A;.
i
other,
and
with
with
each
t
r
Ii
4
t
I
t
i1 ' •
\ \ `
kl
r
'-
be
contained
farther
Door
from it, were set up Posts,
except
the Door, and the vent
of
end, about ten foot of the Room,
was
cut off by a Partition of very dose Mats; and
it was dismal dark behind that Partition.
were at first scrupulous
by
We
to enter this obscure
place, but at last we ventur' d, and groping
able
about, we felt some Posts in the middle; then
reaching our hands up those Posts, we found
large Shelves,
served
things,
mysterious
the
the Chimney. At last, we observ' d, that at the
edge.
in their duties
thought to
were
Smoke,
and upon
these
Shelves
three
Mats, each of which was roll' d up, and sow' d
as a storehouse and a resting place of dechiefs,
and
off- limits
was
to
people. Priests and shamans were
ers, who accumulated
and shared
another
knowledge
of herbal
ordinary
heal-
'! +
with
remedies
one
houses except that they had multiple
The largest stood at Uttamussak,
in
River, and
the
near
said to
mouth
T„+ ,
buildings.
other
sixty feet long and
images of their
about
contain "
the
while
most
over
village
about
were
feet
twenty
1
P'
1
1-
Ai/
0
i '
4,'
: / '
r
r.
r:.
tl
r r
4• ••
r
sti •...,
b
t!
contained
anteroom
a
r: r
tom•
1[144iligg •
Ordinaryrand
of
fast.
These
we
handed
down
Grf
,
I'
(
1‘
t r
4
j
if
save
end. An
c
yt
ft.
a
ti,
4
r
j
1
II
p.„.
this
temples
wide
of'' '
y p
I
of their Pre-
Seven priests watched
complex,
r
'
of the Pamun-
it two
`, •.
and
practices.
constructed their temples like
near
4. 1414., `,'
t
therapeutic
woods
-
also
to
the
light,
the Seams, we
hearth with
made use of a Knife, and ripp' d them, withIro
a continuous
fire. The west room contained
I :,,.,, '
out doing any damage to the Mats. In one of
I
pillars decorated with carved and painted
these we found some vast Bones, which we
ai n
;• ,
r'
r
s
1
Ili ;
i`
r
( `
if ``-'-
busts that faced east,
ao'
t,
S
of
animals
ing
the
which
ra
before 1776,
I
Press,
y "`
temple
stone
I:
r
1. _
r;'-,•;-
`. -
E
complex
of
The
their
and His Council
t
an
clear
under
god Okeus.
decorated with
the temple.
Uttamussak
had
The
an altar
crystal.
Indians
rituals,
at
rulers,
image of the
fierce images surrounded
F.
4
=_
kept
platform hold-
a
of deceased
remains
was
stuffed images
straw-
and birds, and
A number of guardposts
1
I ,.
2000, p. 12- 16.]
John Smith Map
its
near
the
and to
time in
100 feet longwith the door on the eastunlacing
America:
Powhatan
assisted
who
or
had onlytwo or threepriests.
i'
the Light,
by
conjure
up gods, control weather, find lost
objects, and divine the plans of enemies.
The
temples
John Butler, Becoming
University
village
to vent
with Faces carved on them, and painted. We
did not observe any Window, or passage for
chief
s
priest'
but larger, with a Hole in the middle
Roof,
at some distance
to
special
i
in
of important funcThe
in, and
Walls, and
House was
thirty foot
their other
being at one end: Round about the House,
of keeper of the temple, which
were
shamans,
decessors."
y
Harvard
The priests
were
i j
or
induced
visions
kings and Divels and Tombes
?
of the
believed
who were
villages.
in the
key
r.
'"
world that they had previously
daimed for themselves.
The Revolution
that
either
the
A
home
the
to make
it was barricado' d, we went
Cabbins,
called
stones
we resolved
at first found nothing but naked
a Fire place in the middle. This
about eighteen foot wide, and
long, built after the manner of
of the supernatural
a number
These measured
natural
the
stood
rooms.
t,
with the Eu
dealing
challenge,
role was
Powhatan
i
shamans,
in Powhatan
other
the
pre- Revolutionary
new
solidified
Indians
tions
other
F`
and
ordeal, fulfilled
the
altar
near
gain their knowledge
through dreams and
3'
fir`
placed
to
for which
kwiokosuk).
which
woods.
Maryland,
American
Yet
the
on
made
L-'
about fourteen Loggs from the Door, with
a
pawcorances
ceased
was
offerings
or
were
Vs: _
the inside of which, they never suffer any
English Man to see; and having removed
were
offerings
41_
_
use of it, and to examine their Quioccosan,
dye- producing plant). These
mostly improvised, but sometimes people asked a priest to prescribe an
to the need. Often the
offering appropriate
rituals
Carolinas,
Jer-
England.
would
greater segregation
in the 19th century as
African
god
puccoon (
lesser gods who could hurt them, such as
those in thunder, lightning, or fire, the term
New
ever,
regular
and
the
,
Indians were engaged,)
gods they perceived to be
vexing them. Offerings included commodities such as deer meat, blood, tobacco, and
to
temple
as
England,
a
of any
ties
_
Thus finding our selves Masters of so
fair an opportunity, ( because we knew the
difficul-
they encountered
kind, Indians made
11
E4,------- --
God of the Swine."
as the"
1
}}
instantly
woods
Whenever
Priests
creation
Because he
was
occasionally admired,
here than g eel. The era
European
new
Three
were
in their
come
the
are
identified it
they felt no need to make offerings
to
to him. The Indians paid more attention
New
the
1699.
polytheistic people,
to have been allowed some indi-
emphasize
among Europeans,
feared, sometimes
presence
of
New
northern
Indians
of
they
1720s,
the
by
eclipse
story with five gods, ineluding a great hare, most Powhatan groups
believed that a mighty god, Ahone, created
Certainly
and New York, and
Pennsylvania,
and
by
into their
scholars
Patawomecks
a
under
Virginia
Pennsylvania,
eastern
sey, and some sections
But throughout most
backcountry
where
everyone.
of Indians
bereft
almost
for
to
everywhere
encounters
which
in
Virginians transformed
after
vidual latitude
society. It meant that
1680 and 1700 Indians and Euro-
peans lived side by side almost
in rural 18th- century America,
English
Powhatan
who seem
American
between
religion
gether a more accurate
beliefs and practices as new evidence
to light, chiefly through archaeology.
the
lutionary
Thus,
largely
culture
first English boar in the
to
Indians.
of Powhatan
a
Plantation
years later,
This
modation,
treats
Williamsburg
populations had reached 60, 000.
accompersistence ( of adaptation,
rican
description
Middle
than
of Virginia
conversion
the time the
and Af-
which time the European
by
knowledge
arcane
posterity.
Later in the century, Baptist and Methodist
evangelists
would make inroads in whole-
pean population rose to nearly 90, 000. The
3, 000 Indians living on Nantucket Island in
had
i ~ J'• T`'':
Cc:;
a
seemed
the Powhatan
religion,
,
r
flex-
considerable
geographi-
Virginia
v.
their
see
conjurers)
cal pockets surrounded
by more and more
Europeans.
In New England, epidemics re-
occupied
survivors
numbers
• `.
I ,.
willing to add gods to their pantheon, and at
least one weroance, or chief. Indians who saw
minuscule
L
ti,
t
spiritual powers, called mantoac, who could
manifest themselves in any form. Just as they
saw
It '
t: a
"
F
believed in
groups, the Powhatan
end of the 17th century. During much of the
18th century, the Indians languished in reli-
em
r
sunrise
I
did not
1-•
1
I
r .
reverence
natural" and " supernatural" and saw gods
of the living world. Like many Alas part
gonquian
e'
5-'"'
spirits
natural
and sunset.
"
to divulge the Principles of their
In the early 17th century, the
Indians
Indian
Okeus
various
particular
and developed rituals
sun,
other
of
group
the
upon their Quioccosan( which is their House
The
and
the Indians thought
single
of
of Religious Worship) at a time, when the
whole Town was gathered together in another place, to consult about the bounds of
the Land given them by the English.
Okeus and dedi-
to
several
the Woods, with some other Friends, we fell
to him. It is somewhat
Powhatan showed
they heard
in Virginia. As
settlement
white
be
to
famine.
or
offerings
of appeasement
unclear whether
come
what
had been
who
constant
cated their temples
no
those
illness,
storms,
made
at
Religion. However, the following Adventure
discover' d something of it. As I was ranging
punishment
him through such
neglected
who
as
Indians
Clayton,
John
those
on
been
sensible of them in that Country; but I cou' d
learn little from them, it being reckon' d
article.
visited
who
OF
Towns, and conversed with some of the most
Smith Map
in the Robert Beverley
Okee,
or
manifesting
Gabrielphenomena.
like John Smith,
recorded
who
further
Indian
populations
begun in the late 16th century from disease
and conquest. Everywhere along the eastseaboard,
Derivative
Southeast
I have
4;
400
J
of
reductions
OBSERVATIONS
'
AN INDIAN TEMPLE
may
I1111i `
4'
f
See the two
of Powhatan beliefs and
William
colonists
cuss
period
"
s;
RI_
s
descriptions
them—
17th- century
conquest.
massive
a
records,
England
sicknesses.
stem
lop
4,-.,`
AY,
r,
Strachey,
and Robert Beverley— or through
devastating, including
equally
begun by Indians
wars
fell
Indians
q.
-
us
Archer,
disease
flung
accounts
countered
European diseases and European conquest.
Relatively
s
through the prisms of European value
systems
and the biases of men who en-
in the
ravages
l
46;
°" ,
0
early Indians is best
couple
of caveats. First,
with
to
into the 20th.
began
z
, `
a
time to
our
of Virginia'
written
stages
in the 16th
started
that
o
c" t`" ,
practices come from the English who
countered them. Since the Indians left
radical population decline and culhomicide in the mainland
British
colonies
in
attempt
surviving
This
tural
L !-
ROBERT BEVERLEY' S
N•,
cl—"' ` "< .
prefaced
from
rose
populations
than 900, 000.
,
POWHATAN RELIGION
population fell from about 200, 000
1685
to fewer than 60, 000, while the
example,
s
Note:
Any
colonies,
S
¢
North America:
the
southern
k.
s, ,
o
roughly 160 such groups that existed in
1680 had been reduced to about 75 by 1800.
the
l
r,
1_'
e'„
j
i_<
tural groups after 1600, as British settlement
began. But in the British mainland colonies,
In
54'
o'`"`
cul-
Indian
IQ
i
h
Ys
confusing
make it diffi-
cult to
0 •
o
tl>--.
or
and
Inaccurate
involuntarily.
ether
J
47.
American
alto
w'
r,_ .
American Indian Cultures
1760
°
s.
BAN.
Disappearance of
and
TEMPLE
C,'"
j
1680
-1
;
r
o' , `
tL.e
Between
4
MD T AN
z
r
I.
s
2- -.
emu
jic
•
r
h
=
but
had
no
rather
set
calendar
practiced
Continued
them
on
for
as
Page 6]
judg' d to be the Bones of Men, particularly
we measur' d one Thigh- bone,
and found
it
two foot nine inches long: In another Mat,
we found some Indian Tomahawks finely
grav' d, and painted. These resembl' d the
wooden Faulchion us' d by the Prize fighters
in England, except that they have no guard
to save the Fingers. They were made of a
rough heavy Wood, and the shape of them
is represented in the Tab. 10. No. 3, Among
Continued
on
Page 5]
�June,
August
July,
2007
3
Republican Ideals and
the American Indians
Beyond
F O RUM
nomic
the immediate
of the
effects
social
there
war,
and
were
eco-
B O O I( S
other,
deeper, and more long- lasting forces that
were greatly affected by the Revolution and
its republican ideas. Despite a slackening of
immigration
and the loss of the loyalist
it
emi-
gres, the population continued to grow. In
fact, the 1780s saw the fastest rate of demoin American
growth of any
history, a consequence
decade
and high expectations
for the future.
graphic
11.;;
7
of early marriages
After
being delayed for several years in the late
1770s
by intermittent warfare against the
ti
n'
The
I,
by Seth Mallios
British and Indians, this swelling population
resumed its roll westward. " The population
of the country of Kentucky will amaze you,"
-
7;=
wrote
N.
the whole number of inhabitants amounted
Crevieaux-
Margot
This
winter, as we
Gevertz
prepared
to
continue
understand
influences,
resulted from
or
them.
issue is
This
us more!
give
a
providing a variety
glimpse of both Indian
European
from early
the Revolution.
through
Guests this
will
summer
would
residents
and
of their interactions
perceptions
settlement
was
please
step in that direcof texts that offer
tion,
a
have
doubt ask if
no
Indians in and
seen
Williamsburg during the 18th century. Clearly, the answer is" yes," according to
around
the
Virginia Gazette
of trade,
where
in
enrolled
students
read
we
accounts
the Brafferton
School, treatynegotiations, and official visits.
eg
Less certain from what we read in those aris how the Indians would describe those
tides
interactions.
same
acknowledgement
by
entourage
for
Take,
of the"
the
example,
expressed
surprise"
of the Cherokee
the Emperor
is
little
or
dians
lived there. Although
who
"
Congress in 1787
faith shall
good
the utmost
lands
and
from
such
when
attending
the play Othello,
and
Nation
enter-
them
Northwest
the
granted
without
itself
to the
took
American
idea of
can
that of
very different from
Where ordinary white
Americans
to
ability
and hunt at will. Like many
did
gentry, the Indian warriors
to the
women,
deed,
was
a
idea of
the
had
United
or
States
It appears as though
the
many of the colonists
were
oral
Indians
in
to establish
for Indian
return
land.
to
rights
the
United
States offered
lands
by
right
to
more
to
whites
John
i
ex-
4. -
sev
Smith' s
Z
givedersta
create
relations
harmonious
with
the
na-
five peoples. However,
bemuse Europeans con
of conquest, the
no
of
as
ding of the need
to give and receive gifts
the
America
the Indians
system,
writings refer to an un
cessions
that
Believing
owned
1780s,
of this
aware
change
confedera-
lines between
boundary
they
that
hard time acknowledging
the
mid
the
attempted
that the
fanning
women
of
in
tribes
less fixed
and
of many whites. Into European Americans
shock
unnatural
so
between
treaties
or
nations
that
fields;
tilling
several
sideex
gift
and and
items in order to gain individual wealth.
peaceful
Although
Indians.
giftsid ,
and
a
Quite the opposite is true in a commodity
economy where exchange partners trade
tion government and some of the various
they should actually work
they left manual labor to the
believe
not
In
roam
American
the
formed
the other
willwill redecipreciprocate. This system is based on creating
debt to one another as gifts are exchanged.
control
assume
givendby thatone
are
giving. Once
it is
understood
Congress repeatedly spoke
of its desire to be just and fair with the Indinations.
ans, it considered
them conquered
in terms of their
liberty
saw
is
Confederation
con-
in terms of owning their
of cultivated agricultural land,
plot
Indian males
States did not
and to establish
affairs
with
relations
ceived of freedom
own
government
of Indian
was
sought to
relationships
through
subjects,
ation
Indians.
the
exchange,
they had to regard the Indian peoples as
foreign nations. In the 1780s the Confeder-
settlers.
and independence
liberty
could
crown
he
the
to
Europeans. In an economy based on gift
white
Although many whites admired the Indians for their freedom, the Anglo- Amen-
commodity economy
r
have been more familiar
would
and hi-
only equal citizens. Since
Americans could scarcely conceive of
equal to themselves,
the Indians as citizens
have
for
of the Northwest
destiny
white
of the United
Republic
new
consent,"
their
vast
ferenceyChesapeake
pbeakeen Carolinagift economynapracticedtha difby
nawhichwouves
abeen
easily treat the Indians as subjects. But the
be taken
never
society, the British
erarchical
and that] their
Ordinance
that the
belonged
shall
property
his claims.
and
eventually be wiped out.
Based as it was on an unequal
that
be ob-
always
who
1734.
1
ca.
c .
clan,
to illustrate
Mallios begins by describing in detail
ma-
Tooanahowi.
hnephan,
of his
stands
a look
takese
at Ajacan, Jamestown,
and
Con-
the
promised
his
holds the symbbesiol symbol
of In
Chachi Mico,
Tomo
jesticallyoh
West had
for the thousands
noplace
federation
gaway
winter
and Roanoke
Elderly Chief
Of course, the dreams of white Amen
for this trans- Appalachian
Author Seth Mallios
aelatiens.
period.
served towards the Indians,'[
only scratched the surface in
about VirginiaIndians, and the mes-
from interpreters this
sage sage
colonial
entire
cans
simi
We have
talkie
failure to adhere to
at the settlements
western
more
in the
dashes
peoples'
time
cultural
the
colonists'
territory was occupied in
the firstpost- Revolutionarygeneration than
to
exploration
and ultimately, changes in
lives that impacted events of the
larities,
the European
these practices led to unfavorable cultural
fact,
Virginia, setting the stage for institutions that
would shape the future of the country.
this
Chesapeake and Carolina tribes and how
AI
populous than most of the colonies
had been at the time of the Revolution. In
400th anniversary of the founding
of Jamestown, we had the opportunity to
that interacted in
the three cultures
explore
xP
We We will
The Deadly Politics of Giving is a fascinating
look at the exchange practices of the native
i
more
commem-
the
orate
t'`
only, and they now exceed 30, 000."
Kentuckyhad
become
Within a decade
to 176
Letter from
University of Alabama Press, 2006
Reviewed by Kelly Govain
1
in 1785; " in June 1779,
migrant
one
of Giving'
Politics
Deadly
I
1
sidered material gain to
be of the utmost impor-
corn-
,
1
hii
tainments
as
elaborate
an
ball, and thundering fireworks. I can' t help
but wonder if the word" surprise" does justice
to the gamut of emotions and thoughts that
such entertainment
triggered
have
may
in
pensation for the ceded lands.
was
But the Confederation government
weak. Not only did the states ignore the
at all.
any agriculture
denial that the Indians ac-
practiced
Indians
this
Ultimately,
tually cultivated
Americans'
them.
land became the
the
for taking
justification
expected
They
it from
Indians
the
white
to
Confederation'
be-
and
treaties
s
with
agreements
own
the natives
where
profiting more from the
exchange, they would
their
make
Indians,
the
re when it appeared
tanthat
but
often
discontinue
Susquehanna Indian
their
from a Derivative
settlers
farmers, that is, to become civilized,
one
gift giving with
of the Captain John
regard to any authority. The assumption
get out of the way of the settlers.
tribe and move on to
ones might have been determined bySmith
Map 1628.
,
sponses
land ordinances
of
of the congressional
g
of American
indeThe
achievement
another. Due to the inwhich we read
and religious beliefs
culture
west
the 1780s that people would move
from Great Britain in 1783 was a
pendence
tertribal politics that already existed in the
about on page 2. For that matter, in addiin a neat and orderly fashion was illusory.
disaster for the Indians. Many of the tribes
region, this action more than anything else
reactions
to situations,
tion to impacting
Instead, people shunned the high- priced
in the Northwest and Southwest had allied
would have been the catalyst for much of the
cultural values
what role
did different
Indian
and
rights,
land, violated
with the British, and with the peace treaty
treaty
conflict that was created.
have on the establishment of policies, alleand unmoved irregularly,
that
Great Britain had
chaotically,
they discovered
Mallios goes on to point out the simiover
conceded sovereignty
their land to
giances, and events that led to the dominaevenly, jumping from place to place and
larities between the conflicts with the AlIt takes
tion of one culture
over the other?
the United States. As one speaker from the
leaving huge chunks of unsettled land
an tribes
n and Jamestown
verylittle
effort to see theparallels with
beand pockets of hemmed- in Indians
to their British ally upon
West complained
where
where retaliation was almost immediate
in our own 21st century.
hind them. By 1787 many of the Indians
global tensions
learning of the treaty, " In endeavoring to
and punishment reflected the acts cornhad repudiated the treaties some of their
Many international guests are intrigued
we have wrought our
assist you, it seems
mitted. Whereas at Roanoke, the Ossomomembers
had been compelled to sign and
by the American Indian story. Some may
ruin." Because
so many of the Indiown
comudk tribes responded to the colonists'
forged out of a
have preconceived notions
in
to form loose confederations
had fought on the side of the British,
attempted
ans
misgivings in a more well- planned and
lifetime of watching Hollywood westerns.
War and
order to resist the white advance.
Americans tended to regard as enemies
the
of these Indian guests.
also
wonder
how
can
minds
We
come
those
re-
or
and
white
squatters
acted without
to
nat was
There
are
plight
know
also
who
many
of the
aware
Nations and
of the Indian
want
to
happened
what
With the
are
events
to them and why.
of America' s 400th Anniver-
that has
sary and the wide media coverage
drawn attention to Jamestown, both domes
tic
Indians
even
those
allies
during
been
Revolution. By the 1780s
Americans shared their ex-
of
pectations
Rogers Clark
fighter
Indian
the
all
that
the
bloodshed
their
the
western
many
had
who
George
[
Gordon S. Wood,
A
false
The American
Revolution:
2002, p.
Indians would
the
of
P
our
Indians and
that
shaped Virginia and the
have
cultural
the
a
Chesapeake Chesapeake
pologists
iti,
As
In the
belt
Wampum
p
see
it
as
an
on their sovereignty and the beginning of troubles to follow.
in
1772: The last vestiges of royal authority
sault
the west
leave with the removal of
regu-
lar troops from Fort Pitt. Indians seeking
justice against the increasingly hostile
and advancing frontier whites find none.
Surveyors become commonplace in the
Ohio Valley.
hunters
White
kill Indian
game. Tensions begin to rise.
Lord Dunmore' s War. Open
1774:
erupts
nee.
between
The
Battle of Point
the
Treaty
relinquishes
Virginia and the Shaw-
Shawnee
of
are
Pleasant
Camp
their
defeated
and
Randolph, the Shawnee unleash
the
the
at the
enter
into
Charlotte, which
control of lands south
nation
of the
weary of fighting, split from
and move west. Elsewhere,
most
groups find that neutrality
War is impossible,
in the Revolutionary
Native
and
they must choose sides.
for many Ohio
continues
once again
1780s: Fighting
War.
Valley tribes after the Revolutionary
They lay siege to Boonesborough
fromVirginia
settlers
tudcy at Blue Lick.
1791: United States forces
defeated
ent-
day
1792: The
forces
by
a
records
Carolinas.
In
each
con-
of
the
addition,
to explain
the economic
elements
and KenHamar
force
are
in pres-
by
defeat
Indians
The Year of the Bloody Sevens" After
the murder of Chief Cornstalk at Fort
St. Clair is routed
Indiana
when
The " Legion
of
United
States
place in presentMajor General Arthur
takes
by
a
multitribal force.
of the United
States," led
look
toward
a
better
under-
that erupted in this region during early
contact. The interaction of two vastly cif
ferent cultures was undeniably a difficult
Battle of Fallen Timbers. The tribes
at the
the
sign
about
1805-
1811:
a
all
for
of Indian
heavy
to
unite
all
defense.
at Tippecanoe
Indian
A defeat
deals
a
blow to the effort for multitribal
1813: Tecumseh
and his pan- Indian forces
Battle of the Thames
defeated
are
a
at the
force led
Harrison.
effort
by
Virginian William Henry
Tecumseh is killed and the
abandoned.
Shawnee
the
end
It
of
represents
a
war
for the
resistance
that
endeavor.
A
Mallios puts
it, " beware the gift and revere the gift, for
revere
it is simultaneously the offer of alliance and
the mandate of reciprocity."
brings
peace.
Shawnee, launches
a
common
forces
and
but significant
efforts
a
and treacherous
which
Greenville,
Ohio lands
temporary
Tecumseh,
diplomatic
tribes
of
Treaty
relinquishes
by
Ohio.
largest
day
1794:
and
we
somewhat make sense out of the hostilities
from
General "
ce.
under
multitribal
of the Ohio River.
1777:"
raids on
Virginia frontier. Two divisions
Shawnee,
ambush
warfare
saccounts
along withat
settlements
historical
ands
primary
page 1
Continued
lands. Ohio Valley tribes
several
Mad" Anthony Wayne deby
feats the confederacy of Northwest tribes
Newsline
as-
colonists'
standing of the native culture of the Virginia Indians, this book provides a basis to
summer!
great
as
Marcel Mauss and several others.
interactions
nation.
the
g
Yby
of gift exchange systems, such as The Gift
t'
Amen-
on
to lead
Mallios sites the work of several anthror
history.
information
can
meantime,
three
tofo
complexpiece
more
such
sources
guests may show more
interest in this topic than ever before. They
will appreciate our helping them to underWatch for
formed
119]
and international
stand this
where
This book examines
Book, The Modem Library, New York,
117-
affiances
colonists into a trap.
Library Chronicles
A Modem
History,
gradual political conspiracy of sorts where
followed.
inevitably
This book is available
at the Rockefeller
(
Library)
About
the
Author:
Seth
Mallios
holds
a
Ph. D in Anthropology from the University
of Virginia. He is currently
Radical Hope: Ethics in the
Face of Cultural Devastation by
Jonathan Lear, Harvard
University Press, 2007
Reviewed by Charles Taylor
for the New York Times
began in the 1750s.
Compiled
by
Travis Henline]
Continued
on
Page 6]
�June, July, August 2007
4
NATIVE AMERICANS :
WHO' S WHO IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Y
r
r
Joseph
Brant:
of Birth:
only one in a long series of assaults aimed
at driving the settlers away.
During the next few years, the Chickam-
''
y•`
1
a. k. a. Thayendanega)
Date
BIOGRAPHIES
r ,.,:,
WAR
M
t
1742
f `
Date Date of Death:
Tribe:
Principle
l
auga towns
Mohawk
Position:
`
November 24, 1807
Alliance:
Chief
War
of
the
Six Nations
the
British
tn' ~_$ *
a captain'
s corn-
E:, ,, ,..
in the British army in charge of
the Indian forces loyal to the crown.
a<<:,'
mission
Soon
he
after,
England
in
his first
made
to
order
a
to
voyage
for himself
observe
I'
,'
m ' `
x
of the
policy of Guy Carleton, commander
British forces in Canada, who proposed
The United States
very limited involvement of the Six NaLions in the war against the Americans.
warriors.
While in England,
as-
to
increase
would
to
promote
loyalists
that the Indian
surances
be well utilized
official
by
received the Masonic
degree in
Lodge
con
Hiram'
or
Fal-
to, the
including,
mon
but
Valley, and
the
frontier, all of which occurred
kept his
p
Brant
war,
in the British armyand
of 675, 000
tract
the
the
acres
on
the
her life,
out
Grand River
style
her
loyalists
theysettled
and
in 1784
established
where
Grand
the
on
River Reservation for the Mohawk.
1785, Brant returned
In
for the first Episcopal
funds
Canada.
Upper
title to the
reservation,
River, Ontario at the
He
buried
was
church
Paul'
in
(
review/
(
http://
Date of Birth:
Date
of Death:
w.earlyamerica.
InitiallyBritish
•
Mohawk ( and Iroquois)
Position:
Clan
war
•
of
sister
mounted
British and
Participation:
War of In-
General
brought about fundamental
shire
in the lives of Molly Brant and
family members. During the initial
Sullivan
John
Sullivan
her
James Clinton and
of the
war,
most
of the Six Nations
neutral;
of the Iroquois remained
however, took
some,
did his utmost to persuade the Six
to break their treaty of neutrality
Brant
the
Americans, which
they
burning
and Onondaga
finally
did in 1777.
ammunition
ing for
the
conveyed
king.
to those
She is
who were
also
•
fightmin-
ily,
two
ended the
male
Throughout the
several
Niagara,
Now
to
and two female
slaves,
trips
Montreal,
more
use
war
back
than
Molly
and
and
ever
her influence
Brant
forth
Iroquois
York
ser-
Molly
over
the
in
an
claims
Ohio, and
agreement
they
their
made
found
former
resist the
expected
•
British
themselves
seizure
allies,
with
means
of their homelands
to
by
New York in the years that followed.
Complanter was instrumental in main-
because
the Ohio River, the attention
Canoe
George
Virgin-
of the Amer-
Ohio tribes of the British- backed
Western
Alliance, and the last thing wanted was for
1734
Georgia to start another war in the South-
c.
1792
east. To prevent this, Congress appointed
force
forts
in North
convened
Carolina:
organize
American Revolution
the
after
leader.
destroyed
moved
Canoe
Creek,
nooga.
as
•
his
a
the
people
to
heavy fire
towns
as
they
on
the
settlers
passed
under
Chickam-
Tennessee. In the fall
of 1780 the Chickamaugans began
lar
raids on
Battle
the
Cumberland
stations.
of the Bluffs" ( April 2, 1781)
regu-
The
was
with a
of the southern
tribes
that July to
a united front against
were suspicious
with President
the Ameriof his inten-
concludes
a treaty
George Washington
defin-
ing the boundaries of Georgia and Alabama.
United
He was retained
in service
to the
States under the rank of Brigadier
General.
Chickam-
came
the
tribal territories
In 1787, McGillvray
Dragging
Chickamauga Lower Towns.
at
Carolina' s Keowee
to tribal lands.
•
war— even
result
near
Chattanooga
Near
As
present- day ChattaThese settlements became known
the Five
auga
during
Chero-
lions, and all McGillvray got was a general
declaration denouncing American claims
Because the American
ones.
a council
and Choctaw
were
neutral
the
cans. However, the Chickasaw, Cherokee,
out,
auga
South
with
at Little Tallasee ( Alabama)
opportunity to launch military strikes
Cherokee towns
against
them. Many
the
on
River and establish
U. S.- held
were
to meet
boundary for the southern frontier. With
meeting set for October 1785, McGillvray
the
the
the Iroquois
little
Perhaps
and other important
ians were heavily invested in land along
com/
steadily encroaching on
Cherokee territory, the war faction seized
New
by
Spanish.
Washington
1776, Dragging Canoe headed
of 700 Cherokee and attacked
July
settlements
the
called
of the
son,
soldiers.
Hopewell
principal
to territories
western
into Creek lands, and the confisca-
to the British during the war had driven
McGillvray and the Creeks into the arms
many Cherokee towns tried
to stay neutral in the conflict but a war
faction emerged. Dragging Canoe was a
their
Treaty of Fort Stanwix. Abandoned
between
Mohawk
all
abandon
Ala-
British
broke
in 1783. On October 22,
in Pennsylvania,
Carleton Island.
was
war
Mobile (
kee, Choctaw, Creeks, and Chickasaw
Months
•
Seneca, Cayuga,
unbroken,
to
lion of eastern Chickasaw lands for service
Eaton' s Station and Fort Watauga.
earth"
continued
went
a commission
two
1784, the Americans demanded that the
in 1777 and went to Fort Niagara.
vants
spirits
British,
citizens
man
infoplease.
the
bama), and signed an agreement placing
the Creek Nation under the protection
of Spain. McGillvray received a Spanish
pension for his efforts.
An illegal treaty forced on the Creeks at
in 1783, encroachment by its
Cherokee( Chickamauga)
a
along the New York and Pennfrontiers until the Peace of Paris
sylvania
tary which resulted in the successful route
of American forces at Oriskany in 1777.
She left the Mohawk Valley with her fam-
•
and seizing or dequantities of food.
loyalists
and
raiding
said to have
intelligence to the British
stroying
Battered, but their
Iroquois
www.
chief
Warrior
In
heart of Iroquoia,
forty
•
Participation:
General
scorched
by
the
the
Alliance:
villages
enormous
Through the early part of the war, Molly
sheltered and fed loyalists and sent arms
and
the
than
white
became
for the Creek council.
Position:
Colonel
Pennsylvania
through
more
a
McGillvray
Tribe:
western
expedition.
with
forces
British/ Spanish/ American
c.
Date of Death:
of New Hamp-
successful "
a
operation
Nations
with
the
Tsi' yu- gunsini)
of Birth:
Date
against the
about 5, 000
totaling
Clinton and Broadhead
Sullivan,
conducted
http://
Dragging
Brodhead (
men).
Joseph
immediately.
sides
Daniel
combined
by
17, 1793
ican Congress was focused on fighting the
Fort Niagara.
lead the
to
chosen
was
changes
stages
on
ipa/ A0900079. htm1)
had allied with the
supplied
were
Trader( later made chief
to
reinforce-
including his
men(
killed
were
Source:
George Washington
that
nations
Creek ( mixed blood)
In June 1784, McGillvray took offense
•
were held as hostages.
killingof
a. k. a.
expedition
a
Iroquois
or
the Indians
Elinipsico)
of the Seneca
punitive
Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga,
Brant
Revolution,
chief
as
February
spokesman
with the Virginians.
and he informed
when
government.
In late 1778, General
British
dependence,
many
him. Chief
depended
survival
of Indians,
his people were deserted by their British allies he took part
in Indian treaties with the American
1736
Joseph
the
c. 1750
Later
although
had come to believe
relations
Cornstalk and his
Nation, but
bluff. html)
valuable aid to the loyalists.
outside the fort by other Indians, Chief
Complanter first fought with the British
Andrew
colonel in the British army and rendered
Brit
Chief Cornstalk
join,
s
people'
the
of Indians to
coalition
to
Followingthe
then
Participation:
Brant
Tribe:
The American
a
Revolution
however,
his
menu,
American
1998/ brant. html and
woman,
Chief
that
Participation:
While the Virginians waited for
Seneca
War
spokesman)
of his tribe opposed
friendly
tingent
War
Creek
Alliance:
In the spring of 1777, he visited the garrison at Point Pleasant with a small con-
1732
c.
Alliance:
com/
April 16, 1796
Alliance:
refused
that
war)
O' beel):
or
Position:
Konwatsi- tsiaietini):
c.
ish tried to build
Cornstalk,
carf. info/ kingston-
the
1778 Alexander McGillvray was made a
the American
members
Tribe:
g eocities. com/ Yosemite/
Trails/ 7255/ brants. html)
Date of Birth:
www.
John O' bail
a. k. a.
during
a. k. a.
St.
Te-
Position:
1777
fight against the colonists.
now stands.
included
Date of Death:
American
alone
which
Alexander McGillvray
nearlysixtygAugusta
colonists
of the coalition that was forming.
Date of Death:
February 18, 1836
by the side of the
www.
Molly
•
have
Date of Birth:
Participation:
during,
where
hmarker. php)
Chief
During
reports
Jackson put down in 1814.
Sources: http:// victorian. fortunecity. com/
rothko/ 420/ aniyuntikwalaski/ people/ canoe.
html and http:// victorian. fortunedty. com/
Shawnee
Alliance:
near
Tribe:
Position:
Cornplanter
Grand
on
Church,
of Death:
Date
other
rothko/ 420/ aniyuntikwalaskf/
1720
Tribe:
Revolution.
s
(
www. explorepahistory.
c.
their
he had built there. In
htteview/
h ttp
//
Source:
http://
Date of Birth:
a con-
past/ mollybrant. php#
1850 Freemasons restored his tomb.
Sources:
Church
s
and he settled
state,
Still
for decades
through
a. k. a. Wynepuechsika):
laid to rest in the burial
was
of St. George'
ground
before,
of the Iroquois
q
Brant
to the
Station.
Town(
the Battle of Buchan-
cumseh in the Ohio Territory and the
resistance of the southern tribes up
Complanter
to
Georgia)
sistance
Chief Corn Stalk
She argued
same.
the American
after
Molly
of
age
behalf
do the
to
•
This land
state.
recognition
com/
bothpro-
she was
isan
Corn-
the
was
New York
services
Source:
her life, and encouraged
throughout
ty
legality still
g
house
and
land, and
him fighting at the Battle of Horseshoe
Bend during the War of 1812 and fighting in 1814 in the Creek War.
Dragging Canoe influenced Indian re-
grant with his family, remaining
there until his death in 1836.
of her
Molly is
contemporaries.
firm
obtain
whose
remains
in question.
Brant died at his own
five.
•
receive
Church
failed to
He
to
for Mohawk losses
compensation
obtain
in the American Revolution and
disdain
to the
an' s
made
the
on
writings
presstrong individual
heritage through
a
native
often
children
and
England
to
for his
British and pro- Ir q uois. She insisted on
o °
speakingMohawk,
dressed in Mohawk
a
in Ontario to which he led 1, 843 Mohawk
Indian
as
troversial figure because
and
other
boundary of
was a partial
king.
to the
acres,
and recent
records
European
awarded
loyalty
their
retained her
who
commission
was
Tennessee
17, 1792 at Lookout
Trenton,
planter Grant, located in Warren County
about three miles below the southern
s
Molly
war,
was
for which the patents were
16, 1796. The final gift,
of about 700
area
her influence to steady
bolster their morale, and
Molly Brant
ent
the
recommendation
sued March
far
was]
1789 the
In
sylvania
use
warriors,
Historical
•
which [
Throughout
strengthen
from 1775 to 1781.
period
year
After the
middle
for Cherokee
launching efforts to form a confederacy of
southern tribes, Dragging Canoe died. His
followers fought on for two more years.
Dragging Canoe is said to have died
March
Chief Complanter be given a grant
of 1, 500 acres of land in western Penn-
mea-
Brant'
•
that
of all their Chiefs put
that
continued to
western
during
•
uncom-
Molly
of 1783
to the Peace
1784 and 1812.
Iroquois between
gath-
in great
was]
to Miss
them,
over
to
together."
Fort Plain, Fort Clyde, Fort
Plank, Mohawk
six
be ascribed
superior
Wyoming
the
Johnstown,
to
behaviour[
good
sure
in
Valley of the
Upper Susquehanna, Mohawk Valley and
German Flats, Cherry Valley, MinesinkPort Jervis, Chemung River- Elmira area,
Oriskany,
can
commander
that " their
Agreeable
peace between the new Ameriand the League of the
government
taining
political power and
the interests of her people.
of the fort indicated
of Fort Stanwix,
siege
best Authorities
the
own
large Iroquois force that had
a
influence
Fought in additional battles
limited
her
from
woman,
administration
ered at Carleton Island, the
August 1776.
not
used the colonial
she
ing
his Masonic
in the Battle
Fought
intelligent
an
was
government
similarly used her as an
instrument of political control. In describ-
Cliftonian Lodge in
s
laid down
of America
She
The
also
either
from King George ID.
of Long Island
directly
apron
Carleton. He
in April. He received
London
and
in the American conflict
beyond that indicated
and
to fight
Indian assault. Then, in 1792, shortly after
of the king and
power and resources
British government
and to protest the
the
he received
as more war-
also to help other Indian nations threatened by white settlements in the Ohio
corm
country, Kentucky, and Virginia. But the
white
also grew stronger with
booming populations migrating from back
East, and they managed to withstand the
s.,,,,,,+ --
Brant received
1776
eastern
Georgia
k\
i-
Participation:
In
grew stronger
riors joined the effort to hold on to their
ancestral lands. They sent war parties to
•
When McGillvray died on February 17,
1793, he was buried in Pensacola,
ida with full Masonic
Sources:
Flor-
honors.
The Magazine
of American
History with Full Notes and Queries,
by Martha Lamb, Pond, Nathan Gillett,
John Austin Stevens, p. 388- 389 and
http:// www.tolatsga. org/ chick. html)
Submitted by Rose McAphee]
�July, August
June,
2007
5
WHAT JAMESTOWN CAN TELL US
five
tobacco
that
the
Virginia
Indians
were growing, nicotiana rustica, was much
stronger than anything the colonists had
tasted.
RUNAWAYS
Jimothan
Tennessee
east,
that the rea-
such
town
1789— Runaway
Virginia
s
following
indicate
ments
Man
i
advertise
In- • Xt:
that
Americans,
African
•
their
\
see
i.
ii!/
w.
and
of
Court. Some
of the General
members
aways
sought
There
is
in Indian
refuge
that
evidence
run
ISAAC,
aged
Indian
slave,
twelve
He
months.
a
and disposition
height [
is]
outlawed.
feet
5
21 April
named
Man
JIM,
In
of Age, with
Years
seven
Fellow,
set
on,
took
with
lined
Warp
with shell to
with
Clothing
he
that
such
was
he
When
wear.
these
For
Rocky Ridge,
Williamsburg.
to
me
General
to the
gone
seek for his Freedom,
at
and has been
his Way,
on
in
is taken
the
besides
POUNDS if out thereof,
Law
to
made
up
monetaryvalues.
The Land from the foot of the Laurel
rela
Mountain
diets.
several
Dixon,
not
a
for
diet
similar
obtained
all agriculture throughout
and fall;
hunting
through
managed much but
labor. Women
summer,
pots ' of our
enough to send
men
the
throughthe
spring,
Indian
Source: Jon Butler,
[
Becoming
TEN POUNDS REWARD.
SAM, 5 feet
fellow named
high, has
ing fellow. As
he
certain,
bay
horse
iron pot, a
old smooth
ago
or
a
6 inches
well look-
his clothing, I cannot be
carried several things
to
having
him. He
with
5
broad face, and is
a
also
took with him
old
an
very gray about the head,
axe, a handsaw, and
narrow
an
an
bore gun. About three years
he purchased his freedom of his old
Slaughter, and
Mr. Francis
master,
tinued
in that
it
discovered
was
inveigle away
state
con-
till this spring, when
he was attempting to
of
a number
to the
negroes
he had
country ( where
which
upon
been most of last summer)
new
the
Indian
or
insisted
neighbours
duced
slavery again,
him. I imagine he will
as
a
on
freeman,
his old
master,
as
well
said
slave
a
as
served
the Indians
to
I
being repurchased
endeavour
having
having
Dunmore,
tion against
delivers
he
his
and
to
there
saw;
in
subscriber
the
from
away
Dunmore county, in May last, a negro
RUN
to
discharge
pass
from
from
Beard
s
of his Wmgs
hung dangling
Inches long, ty' d to
at
it,
Knees,
something, which we took to be their Idol,
tho of an underling sort, and wanted putting
are
extreme
the
Cloaths
The pieces were these, first a Board
three foot and a half long, with one inden-
and fasten' d
ture at the
the
end, like
upper
were
distance,
Belly;
on
the
lower half
Joynts
by
each
on
or
side,
another
was
of half the length of the
other,
find
and
Board
fasten' d to it
that
pieces of Wood, which being set
stood out about 14 inches from
the
Body, and half
use
of these to be for the
as
high,
the Image
we
bowing
out
Knees,
were
when
packt up with
set
was
this
of the
the
up. There
red and
have
if
R
M '+
x
c
i
ti
L
N
A,
i
z.
_•%...,,,•_,„•
N
June 16, 1775.
that
l
Shelf,
V _
T
Mats
where
we
to
might
to their
wrapt
we
reason
make
a
we
be caught
Superstition;
for
up these Holy materials
and laid them on
again,
found them. This Image
in
drest up, might look very venerable
dark place; where' tis not possible to see
it, but by the glimmering light, that is let
piece of the Matting,
d to be conveniently
for that purpose; for when the
by lifting
and fine black eyes."
As he continues west, the nature of his
observations begins to change. He never
discards his commercial intent, but he no-
tices unscrupulous land- grabbing:
Kentucky River, Sunday, June 11,
1775.
we
up
a
observ'
Found
Captn.
Hancock
Lee
camped at Elkhorn, surveying land.
This is a new settlement by some
Carolina
Gentleman,
to have purchased
who pretends
the Land from
the Indians, but with what truth I
cannot pretend to say as the Indians
affirm they have never sold these
lands. . . "
He begins to assess the actions
of his fel-
low Europeans and ( possibly) to consider
his own values. . .
In
all
their
trades
with
the
Euro-
peans they are imposed on in the
greatest manner. . . They are beings
endowed
with
reason
and common
sense and I make not the least doubt
but theyare
creatures, and in general above our
level in many virtues that give real
preeminence,
however despicably
a
make
those
a,;
I
with
strange
0
r
which
poor people are taught to worship
devout Ignorance.
Beverley, History and
State
4
it must needs
representation,
a
Robert
Y,
habits of wildlife, including buffalo.
But most importantly, he closely observes any Indians he meets:
Their persons are tall and remarkably straight, of a copper colour,
with long black hair, regular features
as valuable
in the eyes
Y
of their Maker as we are, our fellow
I
i.
i
had not leisure
small
thro that little passage,
P
g
w
4.
y
But the Head
representation:
are
light of the Door and Chimney, glance
in several directions, upon the Image
11
r„-_
r,•
4 _ -, ,_
because the Indians
Anns and Legs, to have
the
affront
an
hung
c
mot^
Gazette, Purdie, ed.,
of
when
A
r
GABRIEL JONES.
on
staid longer,
we
which
1•
one
which it is usually adom' d
not there, or at least we did not
f
the
day,
see
shy of exposing them. We put
for the Body,
the Hoops
them. We
in,
4,
d be difficult to
at this
in their several
things,
these
Drawer in
exact
an
upon
were
offering
d the
suppos'
by
very narrow search; for having spent about
an hour in this enquiry, we fear' d the busiof the Indians might be near over; and
ness
which
bow' d out, to represent the Breast
wou'
of the
view
with,
upon,
Board, at about four Inches
page
2
and rich Bracelets,
from thence half way down,
Half hoops nail' d to the edges of the
Head
were
a
Fork, to fasten
a
in the expedishall
It
Country.
these Images
together.
taken
was
these
chaeologists suggest these are wooly mammoth and mastodon bones), and records the
of their
is represented in the Figure
the
Lord
one
as
Idol, which
by
the end
string of about 6
of the Tomahawk. In the third Mat there was
a
reward that is offered.
Source: Virginia
9
Wild Turkey'
a
red, and two of the longest
painted
Feathers
last fall. Whoever
me
fasten' d to it
was
from
Pimento,
the giant bones at Bone Lick, Kentucky ( ar-
blue pieces of Cotton Cloath, and Rolls made
up for Arms, Thighs and Legs, bent to at the
I
of the
come increasingly curious rather than mercantile. He writes with wonder about seeing
versity Press, 2000]
ever
largest that
the
40
to record the land, but his observations be-
America:
1776, Harvard Uni
before
The Revolution
Temple
was
and
quality to the English Coal."
As Cresswell travels west, he continues
and both
winter,
Continued
these Tomahawks
diameter
stratums of Coal 14 feet thick equal in
responsible
were
cooperated throughout the year in collect
ing, processing, and cooking food."
1772.
November 26,
eds.,
foot
Bushes. The soil in general is Black of
a Fat Loamy nature. Coal and Limestone in the same quarry. I have seen
PAUL MICHAUX.
Gazette, Purdie&
three
plenty of Wild Plum Trees and a Spe-
allows.
Source: Virginia
to Fort Pitt is rich beyond
conception. Walnut and Cherry' frees
P
grow to an amazing size. I have seen
corn
bowls common
P
pear- shaped
P
in the 17th century. The na
in London
fish
even
seen as commodities to be assessed for their
des
similar
the Indian
thought
small
the
what the
ropean point of view— land and nature are
P
foot before they come to a limb. Great
enjoyed
would
gifts or as
A Jamestown
as
points and day tobacco pipes. Indianmade
pipe bowls were much larger than
FIVE
In his observations, he reveals his Eu
and beans
and fish filled out the diet, but only
occasionally. Catabaws in the Carolinas
the
Reward
and
Colony,
Y
corn,
Meat
European
that these
either
travels
and keeps
by both men and women typi
fled the diet, supplemented by cornbreads.
ordinary earth' exotic
four back to England as gifts in 1608."
found include projecOther artifacts
seen
him
may
consumed
groups
squash,
managed
found
were
other
feast. "
special
a
colonist
he said,
as
Whoever brings
of
part
Court to
shall have FORTY SHILLINGS
if he
have been brought
went
was
extensive
verdict
among the Iroquois soups
and beans in large pots
example,
cooked with
ware
shards
it is believed
artifacts,
Negroes commonly
away I expected
as
more
this
tively small portions of most Indian
stron-
stamping
that is
simple
fort amongst
the
within
that
other
Outside
the
diet of
starch
a
with quartz and tends to have
with cord- impressed
bottoms
P
Because
rims.
it
make
Creek
Potomac
or
rounded
Osnabrugs,
Copperas died Cotton and Yarn; his
striped
Most
change.
un-
with
study,
Indian
but red meat and
patterns,
tempered
with
the
in
archaeological
have been found: Roanoke
ger and decorated
t
Jacket
Sleeves,
although
centuries,
nuts and berries. Men hunted and fished,
ware
1804)
make his fortune. He comes in contact with
of Indian-
shards
1750-
1774- 1777,
many Indian tribes, among them Delaware,
Shawnee, and Mohawk, while journeying
up the Kentucky River. He doesn' t mention
any Virginia Indian tribes by name.
grown in gardens ( often but not exdusively tended by women) plus gathered
or
resemblin
without
have
from
a journal of his travels. The 24- year- old
seeks ( primarily) land and is determined to
Indian diets apparently remained relatively consistent in the 17th and 18th
prey to shoot
would encircle a
their
excavations
Cresswell (
in Virginia
INDIAN DIETS
hunting
11, 000
over
is tempered
twenty
black Hair
long
Nicholas
Glass beads
Indians
the
A
Nicholas Cresswell,.
Nicholas Cresswell' s Journey
I
colonial contexts (
potteryfrom
and labeled 222 pieces myself on
occasion).
There are two distinct types
that
about
g an Indian' s; and had
Cloth
with him, a Virginia
M
r
one
of Cheshire, and very likely will call
himself JAMES CHESHIRE, or CHINK. He
well
the
i
washed
a
Name
short
for
colo
made
is
but pretends to have a Right to his
Freedom. His Father was an Indian, of the
a
addition,
covered
Slave,
is
41)
corn,
very dose range; or
herd of deer and set fire to the grass to
trap them inside.
1768.
who
for
methods
at
away from the Subscriber, in Cumberland, about the 10th of October last,
Mulatto
r
or
the Indians
on
and approached
skin
RUN
a
VII, APVA 2001
Rediscovery
Submitted by Kelly Govain]
deer: they
in deercamouflage themselves
would
to
ROBERT BOLLING, jun.
Gazette, Purdie and
eds.,
for
wild game. The
other
Henry Spelman,
to colonist
Source: Virginia
Dixon,
Pausarowmena,
colonists trade
relied
also
had two
will
Whoever
Straube;
e;
Mallios, &
Jamestown
nists' only skill was in hunting fowl, so
they were very interested in the hunting
practices of the native peoples. According
is
He
call
they
and
venison
His
Indian.
8 inches.
will give FORTY SHILLINGS
bring him to me.
I
but they
countenance
altogether
are
about
dish,
rare
Not onlydid
may probably be
long curled hair be-
He wore
at] present.
fore his elopement, but [ his]
www. a Pva. or .
Source: Deetz, Kelso,
for use in cakes or soup."
he
where
A
www. histori cJ amestowne. com or
corrosion
they would make it into dried corn meal
many years on the BROOK of CHICKAin
connexions
HOMINY, and has some
Goochland,
For more information, please visit
and the only
is due to the
it survived
ear
an
would either boil this corn with beans for
40
about
born and lived
was
has been excavated
corn
of
i
Jamestown.
colonists at
fragment
one
some of Williams Strachey' s writings that
indicate how the natives used corn." They
years, run away from my plantation on
last Easter
George' s creek, in Buckingham,
was
even better understanding of the Virginia
conducting research, archaeologists found
and
Indians
some
archaeolo-
Indians and their relationshipwith the
products that were buried with
the corncob. After finding the artifact and
families.
an
some
of metal
settlements.
African Americans formed
Rediscovery
and unfinished shell beads. As research
continues, we can look forward to an
Rediscov-
have uncovered
sts
example,
reason
slaves
hope
excavation
peoples.
•
in the
headed to Williamsburg
of gaining their freedom from the
other
Through
the Jamestown
s
For
to
ran
Jamestown
taking
was
details about the lives of these
interesting
masters.
members
beads
glass
trade
that
archaeolo '
a
n
ran
and
copper
Indians?
research,
native
away from
Some slaves
family
and
like enslaved
slaves,
as
bowl to allow
a number of individuals to partake."
gists continue to uncover new and exsho
place between the colonists and the surciting information.
citing
The latest Virginia
rounding native tribes, but what else can
Indian artifacts found include a grindthese and other items tell us about the
g stone, a bone needle, and finished
Slave Advertisements
The
found at James-
artifacts
evidence
Indian Slaves
1744/ 5 to
the
1
the
they did. More likely, however, was
the need for a large enough
Many of
because
was
that the Indians " may not have viewed
pipes as personal possessions but as instruments to be shared during the sodal
activity of smoking, thereby necessitating
South-
Pipe ( 1400- 1600) America,
Indian
speculated
Indians had a higher tolerance for tobacco
000
1.
Colonists
for the larger bowl
son
of Virginia,
London,
Cartouche of Fry-Jefferson Map
of Virginia, 1751
Present
1705.
we think of or injuriously
we treat
them."
While
Cresswell
travels,
the
world
he
knows— and the relationship of the coloContinued
on
Page
6]
�June, July, August 2007
6
7.
het
i
'"—
a
z_'< ,
fir'
...
_.;,..r-•
d.
I
ABORIGENES
RELIGION
ti;
I \
Wu
v
o
r
a
3...
i
Powhatan
Continued from page 2
Religion
needed or according to the season or the
cycle
ill
of the moon.
_
r
Practices
h.-
,.
Petrus Schenk,
Nova Totius Americae Tabula,
4
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA
XI— Aborigenes
From this
warriors.
Query
our
was
colony
the
and
mountains,
most
occupied
with
one
hatans
their
as
falls of the
the
were
divided
tribes
inhabiting
river,
different
forty
of James
to
river
and
the
of Patowto the
upper
Monacans.
the
lands
parts
But
the
taken from
country were
conquest, is not so general a truth
by
them
supposed.
is
and
That
among them. . . .
of this
which
attached
the
havock
rible
as
mountains,
war,
who
between
waters
on
an
in amity
Pow-
Those
being
and those
Mannahoacs;
sea-
confederacies;
head
the
the
to the
and the
into two
the
were
were
union.
and Rappahanoc
mac
of
between
rivers
third
liquors, the small- pox,
of territory, to
abridgement
a people
lived principally on the spontaneous
productions of nature, had committed ter-
rivers,
link of
one-
of 62 years, reduced to
of their former numbers.
the
and attached
another,
about
enumerated
therein
tribes
space
to
Monacans,
and falls of the
coast
the
dis-
we
Patowmac
Those
powerful.
most
that
in the
which
by
Spirituous
of the James
and
of 1669;
census
the
upwards
Mannahoacs,
of about
consist
What would be the melancholy sequel
history, may however be augured
were,
find
I
repeated
records,
a
cover
in
historians
our
of purchase,
part of the
proofs
considerable
country; and many more would
doubtless be found on further search. The
lower
upper
by
unexceptionable
Very little
the
know has been acquired
we
country
altogether
of the
of these tribes severally.
The Chickahominies removed, about the year
waged joint and perpetual war against the
Powhatans. We are told that the Powhatans,
one
and Monacans,
Mannahoacs,
were
languages
spoke
1661,
to
Mattapony
and Mattaponies, attended
in 1685.
bany
Their
however
are
their manners,
only controuls
and that moral sense of right and wrong,
which, like the
of tasting and feeling,
An
a part of his nature.
sense
in every
man makes
offence
against these
by
tempt,
the
is
case
punished by
from society, or,
as that of murder
exdusion
serious,
individuals
is
it
whom
very rare...
The territories
concerns...
federacy, south of the
prehended about 8000
and
tribes,
tells
town
2400
that
us,
Species
cannot
of
just
into
explodes
30
1500
war.
which
voluntary
which lie
find
now
guard
the
fifty
of land,
acres
of their
river
own
name,
from time to time, been joining
whom they are distant
but 10
miles.
The Pamunkies
about
10
12
mixture
or
with
are
reduced to
tolerably pure from
colours. The older ones
men,
other
As
A loyalist
retrace
the
last. Their Kings have
honour
hunt for his
respect
or
man,
another
living
paid
now
as
well
as
Except in Council, he has
a
decides
return
but
main
in
a
disagreeable
injury. . .
from Europe
ticable,
to
ago
that
was
from
fortunate
versions
of the
some
toward
the
sunset
and
an earthlike
paradise, and some toward the sunrise and
an unspecified
One
destination.
of the
most
important
Powhatan
rituals
and
is
best-
that
of
or hunting
who
distinguished
exploit
of adventure
were ritualistically
separated
been
woods,
type
and confined
of delirium
in isolation
or
for sev-
in which
madness, "
raving condition they are kept eighteen or
may have been
Again, the late discov-
They then " returned to their village as
men, having forgotten all that they knew
in their youth," and were
seen to be
equipped with understanding of how to
employ supernatural forces for right action
trajects
passed.
sometimes
of Captain Cook, coasting from Kato California, have proved that,
mschatka
eries
if the two
of Asia and America
continents
all, it is only by
So that from this side
habitants
at
may have
passed
and
latter,
induce
inhabitants
to
us
conjecture
descendants
the
are
of
latter of the former:
the
or
in-
also,
into America:
Eastern
the
former
the
narrow
a
between the Indians
resemblance
of Asia, would
ex-
cepting indeed the Eskimaux, who, from
the same circumstance
of resemblance,
from
of language,
identity
be
northern
to
many tribuand, later, New York. He
the
visits
But is the young
England the same as
the United
and
in life. From
endured
as Robert Beverley
the ranks
the huskanaw
of those
wrote.
who had
would come future
priests and shamans.
Despite
the
replenishing
men
built- in
mechanism
for
the pool of potential holy
through
the
huskanaw,
the
number
of priests and shamans declined steadily
over time. The many losses to the English
caused Indian people to question the effectiveness
of their spiritual
leaders and the
powers of their deities. The last priest died
after
1700,
and the temples
disintegrated.
The old religion quiddy lost meaning to
the people, most of whom would not be
ready to replace it with the foreign religion
of the newcomers
to their land.
after
later
that
colonies
Frederic
W. Gleach,
Powhatan' s World and
Colonial Virginia ( University
of Nebraska
Press, 1997.
States.
man
who
returns
by his contact
by life on the
have happened
disappear
to
he left? Are his
when
altered
values
What would
to
page 5
from
days,"
twenty
Sources:
England
lations in Virginia
again
parts
jail. . ."
the
returns
chosen
must
from the Groenlanders, and these
derived
probably from some of the
of the old continent.
tier?
boys
in some
having
from the earliest times of which
subsequent
and
Teenaged
themselves
any account of that part of the
that
it is not difficult to suppose
earth,
the
world.
eral months. During this time they were
given mind- altering potions to induce a
become
enough
this life. There were several
path that privileged souls took after death,
first
Native Americans and
am
a secondary burial, being wrapped in a
mat and placed on a scaffold with other
corpses. When only bones remained, they
were rewrapped and hung in the home
of relatives for safekeeping until the next
periodic mass burial of bones in a common
resting place. Afterlife was thought to be
reserved only for members of high society,
while common people strove for success in
the
views
nothing if I
the rest.
prac-
navigation
Labrador,
to
if I
On the other hand, I am not permitted to depart the Continent and have
were
from the rest of the village, carried into the
of these
to
people
going from Norway
Iceland to Groenland,
into any sort of business I must
be obliged to enter into the service
Friends
passage
have
we
He
and fight against my
and Country if called upon.
made,
always
is the widest: and this
practised
escape
rascals
Generally,
ing. Those of higher status later received
documented
In
Groenland
traject
a
imperfect
to the
times.
Iceland,
long
shew
America
to
even
of ancient
to
am
I
to status.
wrapped with their jewelry and skins
in mats and buried in relatively shallow, stake- lined graves. Afterwards the
mourners, usually women, set up a wail-
forged a connection to the supernatural
Discoveries,
sufficient
were
never
situation,
to death
America?
to
by
related
the huskanaw, a rite of passage for young
men of the village by means of which they
to
enter
them
and is obliged
he
core,
his only concern:
Saturday, October 21st, 1775.
no
two
the
and attempt to
no means
of
a
to
steps
England. Lack of capital is the
Dem-
compound
rather
his
beliefs
Great question has arisen from whence
inhabitants
of
came
those
aboriginal
streight.
by
kept from encroach-
were
from insult and
them
exist
themselves,
to
the
and
Pamunkies, from
the
for. It is
a name
but
in
reduced
to about
sales
on
and have,
I
ocratical,
speak
have
is
remains
authority of the laws. They
have usually had trustees appointed, whose
duty was to watch over their interests, and
by
ment
that
in each Nation
Government
despotic, Aristocratical,
neither
than
and
these tribes,
be separated
men
in
male
marked out and appropriated
were
with
present only under their names. There
of the Mattaponies three or four
shuts
a
the
constitute
Continued
There is established
more
lands
blended
Mattaponies,
of
so
of that tribe. They are seated on Nottoway
river,
in Southampton county, on very
fertile lands. At a very early period, certain
language,
people in Williamsburg struggle to articulate
the need for a new form of government,
Cresswell observes an Indian council:
a
as
women
the
Smith
whom
late
so
acres
river,
300
about
Journey
s
with England—
nies
of
and
Pamunkies
the
name
length
at
were
left. A few
of America
of James
miles
5000 people,
were
Cresswell'
60
and
retained
history. They
separate
have
Of the Nottoways, not
whole.
only, and they have more negro than
Indian blood in them. They have lost their
corn-
Capt.
warriors.
within
their
treaty of Alhave been the
know, of the Powhatan
we
They
and the
con-
miles,
square
1705,
at
in their
chapter
the
the
the
to
seems
as
very fertile land, on Pamunkey
encompassed by water that a gate
are
by
crimes
Patowmac,
last
This
language.
remain
con-
where
of the Powhatan
Their chief, with
river.
from each of the tribes of the Pamunkies
radically different, that interpreters were
necessary when they transacted business...
so
history
subsequent
far
as
from
be discovered
now
can
in the most
made
purchases
form.
in amity
with the Mannahoacs and their friends, and
Monacans and their friends
Petrus Schenk
among them preserve their language in a
small degree, which are the last vestiges on
earth,
3 to 10. The Powhatan
as
to
of Indians. Of these the Powhatans,
tribes
the
in 1607,
was
sea-
from
by
of
whole
coast
the
waters
southern
was
which
made,
from
country
settlement
to their
of their
cover
When the first effectual
find the pro-
we
warriors
confederacy then would
8000 inhabitants . . .
from the
by
1680
portion of their
inhabitants, was
JEFFERSON' S NOTES ON
probably engraved
cartographer;
and
and the afterlife varied among Powhatan
groups, and burial practices differed according
were
as
ferings to the gods. Such rituals occurred
before hunting and war as well.
i"
ca.
occasions
dancing, feasting, and making of-
giving,
Jpipir
Amsterdam
On such
the first harvest or a military victory, the
people of a chiefdom gathered for thanks-
with
fron-
if he had
into the west instead
returning to England? We will
of
know.
never
Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of
Virginia: Their Traditional Culture( University
of Oklahoma
Press,
Helen C. Rountree
1988).
and E. Randolph
Before and After Jamestown:
Turner,
Virginia' s Powhat-
ans and Their Predecessors( University Press of
Florida, 2002).
Submitted by Andrea Squires]
to
Submitted by Robert Doares]
right to
first, and if he be an old man
ability they can confide, his
Evis generally observed . . .
erything is conducted with the greatwhose
Continued from page 3
Books
advice
regularity and decorum, silence
and deliberation, only one speaks at
est
and
once,
silence
and
Cresswell,
try is
now
then
attention
upon
at
the
war
most
is observed."
hearing
with
profound
its
his
that
colonies,
coun-
is dis-
are
is in
confusion,
stopped and
hardly
all
a
ex-
possi-
of getting home. I have nothing
to support me and how to proceed I
a
an
analysis
dies.
culture
Lear
takes
as
the
main
subject
of his study the Crow tribe of the western
U. S., who were more or less pressured to
a
reservation
hunting
near
way of life and
end of the
the
enter
19th
century.
The
bility
do not know."
when
has been the fate of many aboriginal
of centuries.
peoples in the last couple
give up their
Everything
of all
Hope is first
This
Jonathan
traught:
ports
Radical
of what is involved
the
was
issue
was
genocide. Many of
survived. Their culture
not
Crow people
gone. Lear takes
as
his basic
text
a
by the
describing
statement
Coups,
tribe' s
chief Plenty
great
the
transition
many
the end
years after in the late 1920s, near
of his life: " When the buffalo went away
the hearts of my people fell to the ground,
and they could not lift them up
this nothing happened."
Lear
words.
concentrates
What
they could be
of depression.
can
an
they
on
these
mean?
expression
But he
again.
sets
After
last
Of
four
course,
of dejection,
that
aside
for
good reasons. He argues that if we interpret the statement
psychologically,
we
are
being" guided by our own sense of what is
true" and ignoring the question of" Plenty
Coups' humanity" and the particular oiltural
circumstance
which
he
found
sell. We have to take this expression
himmore
literally, and try to understand the Crow
culture when it was fully functioning,
when hunting ( mainly buffalo), and when
at war to maintain sufficient territory for
hunting were the crucial activities around
which
excellence
and honor
revolved.
�June, July, August 20077
INDIANS IN
INDIANS IN
It
q ,'
t
r
WILLIAMSBURG4 `,,
WILLIAMSBURG
4\
k‘ k,,
P.,-
0.
t
1752- 1771
7,
t..*.
1
F`
r,
A
!,
I
from
Page
Y
he himself had many Years ago
given this Belt as a Token of Peace; that he
now found it intire, not a Bead amiss,
and
1
2
4
them that
concluded
that
1 '
A
Hearts
these
and their Friendship preserv' d
intire: Afterwards, by the unanimous
Con
of all his People,
sent
he
made
justed
to
in the evening
Cherrokee
the
of both
Satisfaction
at the
where
making
together round
they dance
concluded the Evening
Fire,
camp of
a
large
The
it, and
present,
of the Cherokee
to
the
by
the
the
a
and
Palace
which
their
killing
dismissed
occasioned
one
Empress
the
They
another. . . .
with
handsome
a
fine Cloaks, Arms,
s
several
of the Nottoways,
with
League
ancient
Cherokees, which
Place,
to
was
a
toh . . .
will set off in
the
their
Council
ernor'
which
Council
informed
being
that
Men;
great
s
Palace,
Brafferton
of
lege
Randolph
Peter
1769
School
Bursar
ernor' s
of Expenses"
Palace
at the
as
Pr.
from
Brafferton
Nettles
School
4
1771.
Students
others. [
and in
arms
breeches
except
their
and
and
cut
They walk remarkably
a
on
6
and Dixon),
here in
Gov-
few
a
and
Headmen
twelve
hear
We
30,
that
Days, and
of
ing
accompanied
them to
introduced
were
hmore
ere
Hagler,
dants
had
his
all the
taken
Hand,
the
and
and
a
expressed himself to the
Tho
so
I
am
horrid
English
I
have
with
a
thing
by
King
'
j
t
"
1
t-
Council •
r
I
1
P ''
r= '"
i
Y_
1t
'--"
i, ,'
3-
1
J
_-,
Seats,
doing
President
a
pum. The
heartily rejoiced
String of
to
when
Cherokee
Council
he
Chamber
should
a
in
this
and the
with the Governor
and
l
I`-!,,'
c `-!
Cherokee
Oucanestota [
t
4 rriiwi,
Ic -
i,/•
40
There are
Indians
in
Town
among which are Attakullakulla,
r:+
I
_;'
et
,
the
Little
Anconestota?],
Carpenter, &
or
the Pid-
geon. Went to see them, shook
Er smoaked
Part
of a Pipe
them. They are painted,
with
Feathers,
Er
l
111
1 •• '
I
t
'
II
,
9i
i.
I)
-
I I
mer;
the
s::
g'—
j,
from
i
1
i,
j
t
lr
1
,
saw
the
i^
V`
K
j
to
clear
Col. Christian
Cherokees
he appears
Hostages
the
delivered,
--
)
is
the
sub-
who
last
Sum-
to be about
40
Years of Age. I cannot learn that
1',
more
dued
__
id
i,
it.-
1 1
I
-_ , -
was `
444 `
i
Ulf
fill
A I
r
Ii
here
Path between their Country Er
this, which they say has been
obstructed by Weeds growing in
b
Pi
_-
he --
tomorrow
return
arrived
Williamsburgh . . .
Business
ex- \
full and particular Answer to his
Speech. After shaking
affectionate
Hands they departed well pleased.
Indians
States.
at
t
i
perfectly convinced of his Love for
the English, intreated him to come
to the
both male
Ebenezer Hazard, Journal of Journey to the
A
Warn-
him,
see
the
war-
their Ears are cut. It is said their
every
answered,
President
and
of spectators,
Er ornamented
of - -__
them from
the face
tirpating
the Earth . . .
He then presented
to the
number
Hands
Journey
towards
Carpenter,
headmen
Council, promising, in future, the most
inviolable friendship to this and the other
Depredations
of
Power
settled
nation; and on Wednesday they had a
1
j,
Y
ari
J
my Brethren the
their cruel Enemies that
Resolution
be
May] 31st, 1777. Breakfasted
upon
in my
the Little
talk at the Palace,
following
this
of
Little Carpenter, with other chiefs of that
Towns,
grown old, my Heart
the Relation of the
undertaken
will
city, among them Oconostoto
by
Murders and
committed
a compact
other
with
affected
na
negotiation
Williamsburg. Last Saturday upwards
of 40
Purpose.
is
Cherokee
on
Virginia Gazette, May 30. 1777 ( Purdie)
The Indians have
TN
Atten-
their
of the
here
and female, were agreeably entertained.
Horses.
r -
Interpreter;
he
after
-
c me
the
Robert Vaughan
by
twenty
basbwho
fthe Cato
have
South
and
six
ladies
now
and
siderable
into the Council
with
Chamber
Shawanese
riors. After the talk was concluded, they
favoured the public with a dance on the
green in front of the palace, where a con-
The Bodleian Plate- A copper plate engraving illustrating three Williamsburg' s public buildingsNote: Indians coming to Williamsburg understood the significance
of these buildings.
Capitol, they
the
and
are
Pigeon,
Plunder they took from the Inhabitants,
and even offered to give up their own
John
College of William
The
1777
are Oconostoto,
Prisoners in
up all the white
with the Horses and other
their
James
with them in a few days. Among them
the
delivered
Order.
1776.
We hear the Delaware
frontiers.
it is expected
Delaware and other Tribes are left at Fort
Hostages.
Students
peace, which it is hoped will be lasting,
and to request a boundary line may be
drawn to prevent encroachments on their
lands. They have had an audience, and
that
as
our
lion
are
Dunmore
School
1776
tlemen
four of
Warriors
of William
Williamsburg. Upwards of forty Ben
in this
Warriors
Shawanese
principal
the
Ac-
College
others. [
Virginia Gazette ( Dixon and Hunter) May
December 8, 1774
Williamsburg]
Mons
Samp-
settled with them some time ago.
Gazette( Purdie
Supplement to the Virginia
1775.
Reuben
sent in four hostages, agreeable to a treaty
straight
appearance
grotesque
mixed dress.
3
Will
Williamsburg]
and
eyelashes
Students
Indians have killed and scalped one man
refuse
they
School
plus
United
Coach to meet them, and hav-
a
at the college.
Virginia Gazette ( Dixon and Hunter) July
20,
by desire of the Board withdrew and proceeded in
to
with
counts]
hair, which
the
which
eyebrows
Vermilion.
Gov-
plus
and Mary Bursar Accounts]
Esqr.
quick
their faces painted in different parts with
1. 0. 0.
the
is returned
Gunn, Edmund Sampson, plus 3 others.
[
College of William and Mary Bursar Ac-
the girdle, and appears, like a short apron
before and behind. All the hair is pulled
09/ 21/ 1770
To the Pumunkey/ Indian
17.
of the
has brought
George Sampson,
Brafferton
men,
which hang over their upper lip.
are cut from the tips two thirds
expected
Account
one
and Mary Bursar Accounts]
girdle round them with a piece of cloth
drawn through their legs and turned over
1769
Mary
son,
made
sending
hostages.
to wear, instead of which they have a
Students 1770. 5. [ Coland
William
have
are
they
with black hair,
colour
their
dress,
pans. 0. 0. 6.
9,
and
is all cut off except a long lock on the
top of the head. They are in white men' s
of Expenses" at the Gov-
November
but
summer,
them,
ears
round
counts]
potent Warrior Hagler King of the Catawba
Nation was arrived near Town with two
of his
are
again. . ,
at the
the Indians,
to educated
Brafferton
the
in this part they hang a thin silver
Plate, wrought in flourishes about three
inches diameter, with
plates of silver
On Saturday last came
of the Cherokee and
Expenses"
Advertiser
November
Walker,
city . . . Mr. Walker
Baubee,
War with
at
ders,
March 3, 1769
Palace,
Friday,
Dr. Thomas
Bawbee)
of the way round and the piece extended
with brass wire till it touches their shoul-
the
1. 1.
March
Capitol,
the
Their
To the Pamunkey Indians for Wild Fowl.
18, 1757
The
s
this
Copper
a
to them
sent
of Friend-
be raised
and Baltimore
him a young Indian ( son of the famous
eyes,
and good features.
They
Piercing
have rings of silver in their nose and bobs
complaining of some enon their lands
by the
Account
to
at
of
people.
Dayly
held
that
made
Dayly Account of
"
Cherokees.
a
to
To the Indians for Earthen
have agreed to go,
few Days, together with
a
this
of the
one
as
people to Williamsburg
tall, manly, well- shaped
are
They
token
Speech,
long
these
Standing
indisputable
1775]
[
been
have
who
peace with
noth-
Rind), October 26,
Gazette (
nation
ernor'
The Nottoways
lisand
the
or
an
never
31 Indians
white
go immediately
the Assistance of their Brothers the Eng
the Nottoways
desiring
Mary
Chiefs of the Shawnee
Saw four Indian
here
straight Heart
a
Journal
Williamsburg.
December 7,
It is
to Winchester.
Virginians
Nation,
whole
or the
Gentlemen appointed by the Convention,
after-
came
viz. Irncatewhaywa,
to treat with
Cresswell,
Nicholas
of
Nation,
d himself to
express'
reestablishment
the
croachments
to Town
c. after
a
Catawba
done in the Market
smoking the Pipe,&
the Cherokee Warrior made
as
Williamsburg]
Brothers the
by
he
King and Govemour had
to town
and
renew
and
Hos
of these
largest towns I have seen in the Colony. .
sincerely join' d in the Treaty
Belt of Wampum
signifying their
upon
Dayly
came
their
with
of
Maryland Gazette, May 6, 1756
Yesterday
and
1773
College of William
Went
having
Virginia
and left this Place this Morning.
Williamsburg]
their
Hatchet buried,
great Satisfaction in the Govkind Reception,
and from several
others;
smoked,
Connagatucheo
were
and Ammunition;
Students
Three
that Nation.
1774
he
that all Quarrels
ship between us . . .
now ceased so as never to revive, and
to
Present
M..
n,,.-
wx.. ,....
in 1762 escorted
to London
School
5. [
Journal
Govemour
Effect- He said he
Pipe of Peace
Joy
expressed
ernor'
signified
that
. ..
her to go and prevent
about
Savanna
s-
n.,,-.,
j...
."-,'..
! ""-...
Bursar Accounts]
but Truth; and what might be depended
of their
on
gave them great Surprize, as did
with naked Swords on the
some
River
1774.
laid down the Pipe
talk in behalf of the
that
fighting
order
of the
and
Yesterday,
to the
all
himself,
Table, and then
Turkey,
the
Thursday the 9th Instant
and were that Evening entertained . .
with the Play, ( the Tragedy of Othello) .
411.
o.,-
k. Fy..,a„
..,
:.
Brafferton
on-
were
his Honour
by
Head
the
ing
several of his Warriors...
Governor. . .
Stage,
presented
he should speak from
at the
which
Honour
who
following
the
The Emperor of the Cherokee Nation...
received
as
his
Council,
the
on
City.
by
4
of Frederick
Black Wolf; Wiffeespoway, or Capt. Morgan; Genusa, or the Judge; and the other
is a young Man, called Meawah, who is
the Snake' s son, a principal Warrior with
r= =_
0/ 1 <
Maryland
Indians
same
wards smoked
Virginia Gazette, December 14, 1752
attended
ze..,...,,.....
7r,:
k.
hill Cherokees") attended
over
he lighted and
to
in this
"",,.
e,....'
w..
,
ready to hear what they had to say.
Skiagusta fill' d a Pipe with Tobacco which
of the Theatre
Manager
to es and an interpreter.
was
several beautiful
young Prince . . .
Fireworks were exhibited in Palace Street
Hallam,
from
came over
t
held April 23, 1762
Interpreter,
the
Mr.
y...,.,.
N;,.,.
gave the audience
Skiagusta (" the great Warrior
among
with their Son
Nation,
i,
w_,... ,,<
Y.-
N. auY
v.
Governour
desired
the
and Emperess
the Emperor
were
At
C_
Timberlake
Henry
At the Council
very elat the Palace, where
egant entertainment,
f,•,
Ikeh . -7
V-
G
4,."—
h'-"
Cherokee
Three
Lt.
by
17, 1752
Ball, and
a
/
M•
Williamsburg]
Friday
being
Anniversary of his Majesty' s Birth night,
in the Evening, the whole City was illuwas
W.«
m—
Parties,
last,
at,
De-
Last Saturday arrived
Macdonald
County with the four Shawnanese
K
i,
The
There
f,.,.
y,,,
A,,,
4...,,.....,...... ..,,,,
Chearfulness.
minated.
a,,
h,,,,(
with Harmony and
Virginia Gazette, November
Colonel
are Warriors,
assuring them of his
All differences being thus ad-
the
met
they
the
Williamsburg]
in town,
Present
a
Pipe of Peace,
a
Friendship.
by
,, _
and Dixon),
Gazette
Virginia
cember 2 ,
strait,
were
of
7,
1
1-
from thence
1774- 1777
.
4
41-,Continued
rlf,,
i
4
-,
1,1
i
T,
he
was
Cherokees
to
receive
were
but am informed
ever
that
he withdrew his Army upon their
promising Hostages, Er when the
Army was gone they refused or
neglected
to send
them.
Lodged
at Anderson' s. A good House.
Submitted by Nancy Milton]
�June, July, August 2007
8
A MOST " WONDER" FUL WEEKEND
all the planning,
all the excitement,
After
after
all the
after
has
rH
Williamsburg'
AA—, ,
Ili
and
I,
1!
and gone, leav
come
has
everyone
just like
over,
A
1 •. !
of
I
sides.
was
and
also
my
shift
it
were
Government
there
do.
Where
to
her
upcom-
Randolph
with
wedding to Edmund
Elizabeth Harrison Randolph, her fiancé' s
ing
Through the
aunt.
of the
course
conversa-
her
head
pendence may have drastic
future and the future of the
about
effects
on
that
man
is
she
endure
marry. Can this marriage
of war, family loyalties, and differ-
to
the trials
future
ing opinions about faith? How can a
family member, " Aunt Betty," help?
Eve,
her desperation
Randolph
discusses
maidservant,
free with
become
to
household
She
servants.
other
servants
Day
2:
of"
rebels."
ments.
Randolph
divided
was
Each
The
or exhibits.
Park
stage
educa-
great thing about
it had the feel
local
a
with
will
they
At
to
continue
come.
wonderful
this
had
a
running to the French. Elizabeth Randolph
near
for
that guests
could follow
so
captioning
along with the specific words of the song
or
as
story
the
listened.
they
tribe
Chickahominy
A
of
member
performed
even
a
song from the native point of view called
"
Remember the Many," which made the
more
which
digo,
in
Baaah
is
Ba-
a
animals.
about
the
Ultimately,
end
was
Bruce
Khan
together
last
and
during
Hornsby, Ricky
example
when
s
one
the
individual
portrait
corn-
through
(
about
children
his-
nation' s
our
tory. You could really see some of those
off! I' m
same
light
goinese
made
agpoint to stop
Colo al
surea
familieslbs
shirt,
on visions
or
unusual
and
thus
attire
for the occasion
induding
of a
a vari-
slit ears) wire wrappings.
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
[
Collections
description]
references about how the music they play
comes
from
of the
music
The
a
and
combination
of all three
evolution
B,
cultures.
of Anniversary Weekend
controversial
success
CANS
of Interpretive
can attest to the sometimes
that " edutainment" plays in modern
society, particularly in regard to museurns
meeting and exceeding guest ex-
this
in
concept
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
Anne Willis
Contributors:
Bob Doares, Kelly Govain,
but there are many more places and
much
more
subtle
where
ways
every interpreter
come alive. Anniversary
created
memorises
truly
some
make
special
Marianne Martin,
each and
history
Weeked
can
Training
Editors:
CityTM
Revolutionary
TODAY
is a publication of the Department
pectations. We have experimented with
their
style)
ety of fancy ear bobs, cones, wheels, and
with
corngreat to see lots of families
ing out for the event and parents taking
advantage
of the opportunity to educate
also
are
sitting, generally
role
met
adorn-
over this sitter' s
English"
and based
features
historical
several
wrapped
the trade ("
in their finest
dif-
unexpected
concert
and
to be specific.
hold promise for future research. One is
the subject' s earring. Most Natives dressed
Skaggs, and Chaka
made
they
as
most
the
was
at
it impossible
arm),
Other
of the
everyone'
of many aspects of the
tribal usage has been documented.
Win-
eyes
the
dreams, as yet, no consistent regional or
about
message
accepting
living
The
play
the
through
seen
e
s
children'
make
to the
Another
powerful.
occupied
the silver armband, and the pipe or pipe
tomahawk. Many Native men also wore
scalplocks like this man' s, plucking the hair
over most of the head but allowing a patch
on top to grow long. The color and application of the paint on the subject' s chin, cheek,
temple, and ear might seem good dues. Yet
face( and body) painting was a very personal
aspect of self- presentation, often unique
here.
screen
that
accoutrements,
coat ( the blanket
the three
converged
bands
Great Lakes region, but the wide-
Widely used features indude the match-
perof
type
behind
that
several
man' s attire,
in Anniversary
and dances were cre-
Stage, they
Heritage
of
southern
First,
stories
cultures
munity. The
a
community festival or fair, but
national and international
guests
in attendance. It' s true, they came! And
of
different
Jamestown
that
was
songs
ated that tell the
had
and
was
ment
exemplify
learning."
original
Voices,
was
along with different
performances,
"
that
ferences and
village
they
learning
that
thinking about it."
think of three
I can
Village, and
musical, cultural,
that
exhibits
even
example
up into
Village,
Democracy
The visual credibility of this portrait
makes unanswered questions about it all
the more frustrating. Scholars suspect the
subject of being Iroquois or a member of
spread adoption
to
my
American Man [ See Page 11
and the implica-
aware
even
there.
over
Exploration
Village.
various
since
of a Native
of the
and it certainly applies here: " You need
to trick them into learning, without them
message
converses
antislavery senti
people have been
allies'
enslaved
Many
Heritage Village,
vendors
Park,
that
both volunteers
and guests from
places as Texas, California, Hawaii,
and France.
It was
England,
Scotland,
with guests who are grateful to the French
a
for their help in securing
victory at
Yorktown.
Her guests, however, are fearful
French
Park
villages:
separate
tional
finally
idea
one
to
trying
decided
such
Scene 1, May 1782
Harrison
Elizabeth
their
do. I
would be
Anniversary
four
hand,
Week in
Anniversary
shift
volunteer
I
Citizens at War
of
to
hopefully
Wednesday, Friday, Sunday,
special
the
taking place. I had a motto that I often
used when I was a high school teacher,
many
go first:
Jamestown Settle-
were
at
and
shows
even
disguised
I
before, there
out what to
over
Anniversary
reveals
her thoughts about planning to run to the
British who have offered freedom to slaves
and
figure
for
enslaved
an
This
their
Festival
Scene 2, June 1776
sites
not
formances
thing! I could now relate to many of our
Colonial Williamsburg guests as they start
walking down Duke of Gloucester street
with
this
up in the
every
so
should
Jamestowne,
smile
much better understanding
a
were
crowds
and events scheduled
programs, activities,
for each day and I did not want to miss a
to
comes
young gentry woman
terms with her fears that this war for inde-
Lion,
just
were
something
it has for the present day and the future. Many of the guests were so wrapped
was
or
Jamestown
discusses
Nicholas
I
once
overwhelming. The
coming in from
was
ab-
tions
when
head right for Anniversary Park?
Although
I had certainly been
to both
Scene 1, June 1776
Elizabeth
security, and
and
Historic
Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday,
of Royal
guest
a
truly
history at Jamestown
complete.
things
House Backyard
as
enormous,
ment,
Collapse
have
together,
everything
direction,
SUMMER 2007
1:
was
with
was
the thousands of people
that attended ( the aptotal is around 70, 000) now
proximate
of the inner
some
see
held
through
inside,
Day
do-
commemoration.
enjoy everything
I went
Randolph
was
who
As I got off the bus in the morning at
parking lot at Jamestown Settlement,
a
AFTERNOONS
to
able
that
workings
Peyton
and I
others
There really was something special about
being in the middle of it all and seeing both
-.
intermingled
for everyone to enjoy.
I couldn' t help but
VIRGINIA 1607-2007
nated their time for this
7_
ART
that
were
Jamestown
have
at the amount
opportunities
was
for the weekend
volunteer
amazed
time,
solutely brilliant. There
word for you: SUCCESS! I was one of many
signed up
people who
to
this
entertainment
one
utionary
RevolRevolutionary Stories
not
The variety of learn-
been
I
if
ing
that! For
all those involved,
Historic
surely the next.
talking about this weekend forever and now it
is
s
Area during their visit,
Weekend
ing many of us still trying to catch up. It seems
like
WO
anticipation,
Anniversary
INTERPRETATION
ti
Rose McAphee,
truly
Nancy Milton,
Linda Rowe, Andrea
has
Squires
Production:
and
reveals that she has communicated withBeth Lawrence, copy editor
wonder" ful moments for our guests.
her brother,
Gov. Benjamin
favorable
from
response
beau
the
regarding
Virginians respond?
and
Harrison,
has found that he has received
less than
a
Count
Rocham-
will
How
situation.
maidservant
a
British
for
Randolph,
tells Eve
Randolph
and
her.
console
Eve
Betty Randolph'
Governor'
1:
s
Randolph.
Eve
to
then
another
food
some
and
comfort
about
her
responds
to
speaks
in Yorktown
experiences
Elizabeth
leaves, Jack,
attempts
She
has decided to
she
brings
servant,
drink
captured
house.
Harrison
nephew,
Mrs. Randolph
When
to the
run
been
by her mistress,
who
sell her to her
and
has
Randolph
to the
is confronted
had
who
freedom,
and returned
and
decision.
s
Palace Garden
of Royal
Citizens at War
Commander
holds
in
Chief
George
with
Wayne)
determine the best
to
the march
on Yorktown,
they hold will deal
ish arm y'
Nation
An Audience
Patrick
moves
Henry
I
M
s"
debate the
R
IBIA
C
C
M
N'
L
and
future of the
constitution.
The
is
new
E
new republic
I2
E
TO BE DEVELOPED
IGIR
E
the Future?
recall the governor' s abrupt deparand the uncertainty of their fates ever
since.
These enslaved people now ponder
ture
fate:
the
Committee
has decided to sell them
at
of Safety
auction,
away from town and from each
perhaps
other.
III
m
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hairstyle
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Suffered defeat in 1775
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17. Weak
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VIEINITI
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21.
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A French ally
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5.
Victor at the Thames
7.
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Language group of Virginia Indians
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Scene 1, July 1776
Governor'
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Patrick Henry' s Vision for Virginia
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September 1781
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 6, number 3, June - August, 2007
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[2007]
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/7a9fef6bce424ac2b25a30053284e887.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=PRWbGPbIgmT3fo0Pop0HPGiMf0fgvXvjK74anAbhUDb9iTbregzq7qPfYH0ErNlJPxCA5W3OUwuyngyFnewf20--agNGA3cKsSCwrPQxIfjxVufzGfLlJf20tklwWYLf3Ohi71Ba%7EYyiMYVjVa6aB55xcvKb%7E6F4mAlnuocbm5AKwRaf-xZ2hl37P3xblg0LzY7LslIzGsWWsV13io6VGz6uQe8h%7E8aFkZP8NcL0jJPTK1Oa1WuIRVJz5VGwk-Jfg-rrTNw0DK0tP0sYlmUz-eCgjGnFXlshxSAdz4R%7Evhgi0Vz7HSrrIaQn6x3LvzPY5oLR2B1qvyfMOLvBS9z4Ww__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
e5d7c82fd2b53a884a0a6c8267b4d05d
PDF Text
Text
April, May, June
6, No. 2
Volume
1776 to 1781
2007
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
THE HISTORIC AREA
REVOLUTIONARY CITY
New Scex
Hamilton
Henry
Irk
I
A
r
H
I ANS
DAY
1:
eC62/191,/,/,
it "1
it
0, .
Nib
r
ee'
CITIZENS AT WAR: 1776 TO 1781
p. 2
Newsline
See p. 3
huititi 00
•
m
INDEPENDENCE: GO FOR IT!
European Colonization
l' ,.
in the New World
It
I,
I
I!
VIRGINIA ASSEMBLY'S
ACTION
2007
j.
Yr."
In the same year as the commemoration
I
A.
'
t, :
r
N
A
of the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown, both houses of the
General Assembly unanimously passed
without debate a resolution expressing
profound regret" for Virginia' s role in
the practice of slavery. In addition the
Timeline
the Historic
outside
1558 Elizabeth
I
iii;
Triangle)
I
r
I ascends English
n
throne
in Florida
settlement
7
4.
yam,?'
1565 Spanish destroyFrench
and found St. Augustine
settlement settlement
1570- 71 Spanish
Jesuit
York)
Pamunkey (
the
1587 Roanoke
on
River
1^\
r
R
1"'
North Carolina)
1585, 86 Roanoke (
established by
mission
iitt
A <<
Lost
ir
'" '
1608 English
g
Maine)
Sagadahoc (
o/..
M.
ipm/
i/
i/
/
ma
by
French
land troops
The
Captain
and
Smith
John
under
important
However
1617 Rebecca
dies
Rolfe
Pocahontas Pocahontas)
military
in Angola
Campaigns
1619 St. John the Baptist
Luanda,
1620
from
sails
Angola
Plymouth
established
colony
1624 Dutch establish Manhattan
and Fort Orange ( Albany)
1630 Massachusetts
Bay
colony
and Protectorate
passed by
outlaws
Dutch
colonies
1661 Barbados passes first slave
code
in English America
1664 Dutch New Netherlands (
conquered
by
1672 Royal African
New
s(
Penn
Metacom' s)
becomes
2, 900,
blacks
whites
sizes.
passed
The
for
war
for
became
first time in
episode
struggle
with France for
that went
back
in Britain'
of
long
s
global
a
supremacy, a
century and would
In most cases inexperienced
served
2. 5
in the world,
million
million,
colonists,
with
a
compared
a
A
on
who
deceptive,
never
of combat.
Map of the British and French
Black and
conducted
the
across
of
white
Dominions
rebellion
were
Atlantic, with
communications
consequent
and logistics;
on
line engraving with period
0
Y==
f1
4
p0
i
J
o
81%
Black
38, 300, 000
11.
Q
or
Total:
Native
2, 900, 000
100.
00%
divided
white
alle
either.
of Norfolk
in
1775.
The
orphan
of
in 1763
served
to Joshua
Gammons
side of the river.
throughout
the
war
the conditions
but
set by
served
for drafted whites
the
full
term
of
and who
enlistment.
Since owner George Kelly was unwilling
t
t:.
to
manumit him, he had to petition the legislature
in 1792
for his freedom.
He claimed
that he had nearly taken up arms for the
patriots for he had been " taught to know
<
that
Ir,
war
was
levied
upon
for the Emancipation
subjugation
America,
of Blacks,
of Whites,
not
but for the
and he thought
the
number of Bond- men ought not to be aug-
r
mented."
i
i
f
tl
AV
1< ri- '
While
calculated
1. 37%
343, 620, 000
war
William Flora, a free black man served
had
a J
0. 84%
4, 700, 000
the
did not fall within
I
More Races
as
fied with the British
Saul
""
American Indian
71vo
Just
giances not all African Americans identi-
on the Portsmouth
15%
and Alaskan
DURING THE 'WAR
the free black widow, Mary Flora, he had
12. 86%
3.
BLACK ALLEGIANCES
free substitutes
Percentage
0. 15%
hl
the Assembly in 1783 emancipating those
who had been enlisted by their owners as
1
69. 82%
;'
ram
south
colors
1-':
13, 100, 000
r}
been bound
ao o
Asian
l,'
with bravery in the fighting at Great Bridge
s
44,200,000
11
gt
Page 4]
fir
Hispanic
slaves were capwhere slaves
11.
greatest.
in North America
PopulationTN-2--
529, 000
where
The Daily Press, March 30, 2007
a siege
Page 3]
or
in
Richmond,
He
6."
Hawaiian
and
amateur
for the British disadvantages
put down the
problems
343, 620 000
Other Pacific Islander
tured,
supple-
Great Britain had to carry on the war 3, 000
miles
were
in 2000
Native
Shape
have been placed
the
and had
soldiers
ties to
o
239, 900, 000
statues
set sail; Benin,
were immense and perhaps overwhelming,
even at the beginning when their opportuni-
struggle
population
with only
fifth of
1755.
the
Liverpool where empty slave ships
American
as
Continued
SNAPSHOT
White
bears
and forgive
Yet the contrast of numbers and abilities
to promise
to
all the advantages
Great Britain. Britain was the most powernation
resem-
the present.
had been only a regimental
Virginia
frontier and had
example,
was
seemed
VIRGINIA TODAY
Population
monument
usually
5, 000 troops,
little first- hand knowledge
be-
independence
American
important
an
of about 11
on
The
of a fortified position. Many of Washing
ton's officers were drawn from the middling
ranks of the society and were hardly traditional gentlemen.
London,
Ethnicity
Army they created
less than
with French invasion.
threatened
was even
tri-
A"
benches
knew nothing about moving large masses
it
2007,
Africa,
were dropped off."
18th century, Great Britain found itself
diplomatically isolated; at one point in 1779
38, 000,
Continued
30,
and
unveiled.
was
Embrace
Identical
military leaders. Washington, the commander in chief,
the
2, 600
United States
war.
March
mented by state militia units of varying
empire
the
to
"
this
Indian
1685 Virginia' s population:
peoples
For
struggle.
were
a future of reconciliation and justice."
military might, the
had to start from scratch. The
Continental
colonel
worldwide
the past.
later.
centuries
of the
the
were added
on
inscription " Acknowledge
well
a
numbered
independence
a section
was
years—
until
series
a
during
Americans
history
into the 19th century
On the face of it, a military
of Pennsylvania
proprietor
for
mercenaries
confront
authority in
ful
William
War two
war
To
that
a war
force
this
and Brit-
continue
Company
King Philip'
nearly
in American
struggle
British
War
1681
conflict
hired German
the
eight
army
force; at
that
of Virginia
of roughhewn
Africans."
to the American
British
The
one point
in
p
nearly 50, 000 troops were stationed
in North America alone. More than 30, 000
officers
chartered
1675- 76
for
committed
ships
trainedprofessional
of distinct phases, growing
and widening until what had begun in Britin governmental
ish eyes as a breakdown
came
York)
on
go
through
a
trade
half its
of Inde-
the Declaration
pendence was written, American
ish forces had been at war. It was
The
1642- 60 English Civil War,
to the
year before
a
over
longest
War in New England
Parliament
navy
1778
the Vietnam
1660 Navigation Act
British
The
slaves.
knew
authority with troops, Americans
that they had to take up arms to support
their beliefs and hopes for the future. For
states
its
1634 Maryland founded
Commonwealth,
American
conflict.
would
founded
1637 Pequot
African
was the largest in the world, with nearly
nothing if independence was not achieved.
Once Britain had determined to enforce
England
Gravesend,
at
1618- 20 Portuguese
mak-
constitution-
and the Union may have
been to the revolutionaries,
it would mean
of the
ing
descent
bling ship planks encircles the 13- foot,
bronze sculpture"
of embracing figures while " a deck spans a rippling
fountain, symbolizing the treacherous
Atlantic crossing made by so many
entrenched at Yorktown.
was
flags
monument
angle
and the French blockade at the mouth
General Cornwallis
Richmond
beneath
THE TREACHEROUS GAMBLE
explores
New England
names
insti-
racial bias, and racial
In
1609 English settle Bermuda
1614
enforced
insidious
misunderstanding"
r
Lafayette, and Rochambeau
Washington,
under
African
in racism,
S
S,;,
F s.°°_
Chesapeake Bay. The British army
of the
of
rooted
a
establish Santa Fe
other
r•
a
l
P6
s'',
collapses
founded
1608 Quebec
cans
c: vi rr.
at
and
tutions and practices towards Ameri-
Armada"
settlement
discrimination,
segregation
F
y
of human
systematic
r
English and Dutch
by
Spanish
I
m
w,
Spain' s " Invincible
repulsed
of all depredations
rights and violations of our founding
ideals in our nation' s history, and the
abolition of slavery was followed by
_ "•
r,-
A.
disappears
1588
rendous
,,
P
iiziii- iu c
Americans."
alized slavery " ranks as the most hor-
,
i.,,..,.
led by John White,
Colony"),
•••
s
f'
the "
colony (
N
cf.•
it
of Native
meµ:.,
The resolution argues that institution-
it
r
English
the
exploitation
16 ,
et'. ,
t
•.
resolution also expresses regret for" the
t.
AN
1562- 65 French Huguenot
Protestant)
ON SLAVERY
i
to appeal
his choice
of words
was
to the Legislators
of a
they may still reflect" his thinking
refl ct
at the time he chose sides."
Michael L. Nichols," Aspects of the African
American
Experience
in Eighteenth-
Century Williamsburg and Norfolk, The
te --
Colonial
Williamsburg
Foundation,
1990]
�3
1776 to 1781
LA1! ER
r1
r')• •!
it1t'. rt'_/-14Y.-$'..
Jlsv
V
1
1Tio
May
Wi
i,
p`
•
a4;,'
.
/
1.
d;,a "
John
1I' ,'
A'
chant before and during the Revolution, is
an interesting
sider. What
f
s.
Downfall
or the
of Oppression
1774.
c.
in the historic
As
triangle.
Found-
a
ing Colony Sponsor, a great deal of attention
will be on the programs and activities we
throughout
crucial
troops
the year. 2006 proved to
year for us. It was the first time
in ten years we experienced an increase in
be
a
ticket
Area programming
greatly to that fact.
2007
In
planning an equally
year and its success depends,
on providing our guests with an
spectacular
as always,
we
are
is second
that
experience
to
Such
none.
is only possible if all of us,
of our interpretive areas, commit
serious
well
pursuit
cannot be
excellence
and
it
episodic;
because
we
experience
periodic,
happen
welcome
We
want
programming
Such
excellence.
sporadic,
must
everyday
our best.
deserve
of
to the
ourselves
everyday,
who
guests
guests to
our
and
that
activities
exciting, inspiring, engaging, enlightening, and authentic. But we also want them
are
understand the paradox, the irony, and
we faced as an infant nation. We
to
challenges
want them
to
past in an unforgetwant to remind them of
the
meet
way, and we
of that meeting.
lb each guest you will encounter,
table
the
as
Colonial
only the face,
the
You
Williamsburg.
but you
and the
relevance,
quotes
are
the
published
soldier
of linen
use
rifle
suggested
Dietary
as
of alcohol. "
sumption
ogy for the
of
use
The
rum
in
nized by
con-
some
as
for its spread.
to the Rockefeller
more,
go
and click
Packet (
the
on
fol
are
hand
Submitted
Robin
by
orga
column)
Kipps]
JP
i
not
reputation,
learn for themselves. Some want
our
are
guests
others
1 41,
e-,
oT
Some want
the
i' '"''•
r
`'
'
)
rr -
1
i
i
be confirmed
to
vacation
just
are
on
here, before they go to Busch Gardens. They
short, tall, young, old, black, white, high
are
Ds.
school graduates, and
o
Ourjobiis to provide all
job
all
Phid
that
and
them to
motivate
business,
history
none
but
of them with
glad they came
return.
allow
We'
re
business
our
and 2007 is
other,
portunity that will
representatives
of
a
is like
window
you to be
of op-
credible
commitment
our
in the
to
as-
future learns from the past."
that the"
sure
them
make
J
Schlesinger
g
Relevance of
that
to
historians themselves
of their
ers
doomed
a
unattainable
own
experience,
suggested
that
had shaped
times
liberal
agenda.
It
historians
other
prisoncommitted
the
critics
was also
to
fit his
and revisit the past.
But a far more grievous
at
own
a summons
be willing to
to
who
he [ Schlesinger],
history
to
concede
error
said, is to ignore
history
best
and
tence
us "
and
antidote
to
so
outwits
a
to
often
he
es-
dem-
History
delusions of
omniscience,"
recognition
failing,
altogether,
pecially in a nation that had
onstrated
imperial appetites. '
the
1752
Lancaster
issue
of
the
time— specifically
on May 18, 1752. By the
1760s newspaper advertisements
indicate
that his house and store were located
on
Duke of Gloucester Street across from the
Geddy House.
between
the James
River and Philadelphia,
carrying northward peas, pork, lard, and
butter. The return journey brought earthflour,
bread,
bar
iron,
chocolate,
such as chairs,
tables,
He also operated
and chests
a second store
Hill in Richmond.
goods he stocked appeared
r
in the Virginia Gazette, especially before
the Meeting of Merchants from throughout
the colony and sesstons of the General
Court and the James City County Court,
of which
brought
large
numbers
of
people into town. Greenhow' s stated policy
of selling for" ready money only" was probably intended for nonresidents only. Had
his account books survived, they undoubtedly would show that he occasionally sold
to
townspeople
on
credit.
In the
that Greenhow
was
Negroes in wine, or any other commodity,"
even on Sundays—
Continued
England; Queen Mary and William
of Orange ascend the throne
1689- 1697 KingWilliam'
1696 Board of Trade
s
created
from
page 1
but this report
does not
come from a wholly reliable source.
Utrecht:
Newfoundland,
Nova
Britain
Scotia,
he said,
of the fact,
is
omnipo-
War in South Carolina
forcing
so
often
sadly displayed, that the future
all our certitudes."
Georgia
Washington
born
France
of Independence
is
of
1779 Thomas
bill for
Saratoga
bans
Britain
introduces
Jefferson
of
establishment
religious
born
1783
captures
P
Canada
America
Paris
andgains
Florida
King George
of England ( Regency, 1811- 20)
1765 American
III
resistance to the
Revenue
Acts
lead
in colonies
Revolutionary
Tea
sign
War
of Religious
1787 Constitutional
Northwest
Freedom
Party
newly
Acts close Boston
Harbor. First Continental
Association
to draft a
on
July 23,
of
When the
1781. (
In
addition
to
coopers,
Greenhow' s
slaves were probablyexperienced carters
q'
who carried goods to both the Williamsburg and Richmond stores from nearby
wharves,
as well as the
of domestic
workers.
usual
In
assortment
1768
Greenhow
Congress
bans slavery
Territory
convenes
tice
over
continues "
the
age
of
16;
the
next
There
are
likewise
several
had, if it is agreeable, with the said land."
summer
of
1776.
He
was
York
described
as " a
negro man named Bacchus who formerly
belonged
to
Mr. John
Wilkinson,
not
far
He has a father
and other relations in that family, and has
several
under
ratified U. S. Constitution
in New
slaves
year his tithables had increased to six. In
1774 Greenhow advertised his plantation
at College Landing for sale or rent. The no-
from New Kent courthouse.
1789 Washington inaugurated
president
Greenhow' s second
née Tyler, daughter
A slave ran away from Greenhow in the
Convention
Ordinance
Northwest
1789 First
acres
and John
valuable Slaves and Stock, which may be
adopted in Virginia
from
1773 Tea Act
1774 Coercive
and Britain
new constitution
1767 Townshend
smallpox
three
slave
meets in Philadelphia
StampAct
protests
permits
Peace Treat y' endingthe
1786 Statute
1760- 1820 Reign of
third
had four tithables, presumably himself and
manumissions
1754- 63 French and Indian War:
a
Gaol
marriage took place is not clear.)
the
slaves
war against
and
John Tyler of James City County. Elizabeth
was born on January 30, 1744, and died
of
at
legislature
enters
1782 Virginia
founded
1743 Thomas Jefferson
Boston
wife was Elizabeth,
victory
importation
six
the Public
at the age of 29. John
freedom
1732 George
to
1777 American
bought
behind
Coke' s property, as well as four town lots.
Judith Greenhow died on January 7, 1765,
adopted in Philadelphia
P
p
1778 Virginia
40, 000
Britain
of land
of Bunker Hill
1776 Declaration
1730 Virginia' s population:
Indian
103, 000, blacks
peoples 900, whites
1733
troops
and Concord in
Lexington
Battle
War in North
Treaty of
Greenhow
British
engage
Second Continental Congress
Carolina
1713 Peace
May 1761. In the spring of the next year
Massachusetts
Anne' s War
1711- 15 Tuscarora
279, 500,
whites
blacks 186, 400
at
to
supervise colonies
1702- 13 Queen
300,
peoples
Americans
War
are
the
ing way of acknowledging
had
first point
quest for an
objectivity.' It was a disarmenterprise--
a
infamously remarkable for trafficking with
e
Newsline
Jr.:
History"
Schlesinger]
Arthur
Greenhow
nearby
Universal Magazine. His name first sp
geared in Virginia records about that same
goods
r, ,-;!
i
1715 Yamasee
was
,
and Hudson Bay
VIEW POINT
His [
in
1750s it was rumored
y
gains
Arthur
in
near
Britain."
r
. ',,
i.
Great
responsible dayGreenhow' sonwife was was born née
s first Robert Judith, in
1688 Glorious Revolution in
1775 Virginia' s population:
Indian
Davenport.
Their
and want to have a
experiences
l
already have
learning they
by us; and some
announced
both
I
f
ac-
i
i
V
d-
4
learners.
traditional
non-
was
bankruptcy
imported
learn what they think
companying
they already know; some have no interest in
learning( in any traditional sense). In fact all
father, and slave owner
was " born in Staunton
Westmoreland,
on Shockhoe
them to
of
in
whose
i
likv
12,
immigrant
He may be the same John
y
c
November
1787)—
Advertisements that list the variety of
will1
1
40
j
i ,/
j
want to
Some
Kendal
r
rA
b.
29,
coffee, iron skillets, saddletrees, soap, and
you
and I knowyou
are diverse.
Greenhow
of drawers.
players in the
usproud.
Our audiences
August
furniture
will be welcoming some of the largest audiences we will experience
this year. You will
make
GREENHOW (
d.
enware,
army, is that
we tell. Often guests only give us onelarly
center,
to
John Greenhow was an enterprising and
far- ranging merchant. His eight ton three
man schooner, the Robert, regularly plied
newspapers
in the right
state
apol-
common
our
that
Click: Newspaper Titles
Pennsylvania
the
Today
know
we
to
narrow
Click: Historical Newspapers,
an alternative.
included
concerns
too
compass
lowing:
of perspiration and rain water
that could cause fevers.
miasmata
was
a
homepage
Library
combination
create
into
To learn
Note:
*
they conceal filth. Some believed that
linen provided a good environment for the
Flannel
and
opportunities
provide
shirts
opportunity to get it right. You may be that
one
opportunity, and we are counting on
of it. Soon we
you to take full advantage
be front and
it be for Greenhow
from the North of England, merchant, ship
in tents should be avoided.
is caused
It
JOHN
1724,
owner, husband,
gaol fever were epidemic
by a rickettsia ( a type
of bacteria) and transmitted
by body lice.
Crowded and unsanitary living conditions
typhus.
as
to
it
make
disease.
to
diagnosed
cases
art
laments the
concluded
and
body
I,
are
would
options did his slaves have to procure their
own freedom during this time?
of
the
abate
author
the
in
fever is the offspring of the
respiration of human bod
sic)
be diluted ..."
s
particulars: I. DRESS. II.DIET. III. CLEANThe
LINESS. And IV. ENCAMPMENTS."
author
gaol (
perspiration
ies brought
Packet, April 22, 1777, page 1.
of preserving the health of a
in attending to the following
consists
The
The
weaken
susceptible
The
"
Pennsylvania
I.
major
on
in Dunlap'
can
rum
effects
that
maintain,
does
either..."
the
against
But I
Overcrowding
was
of patients and their conditions
18th- century medical theory. The
relevance
are
in the army
Advice was based
were
of
rum
more
of disease
concern.
following
experience
regardless
fects
guard
whatever,
case
that
information.
following
observation
as
no
but extremely difficult to keep the
and healthy. When possible
Prevention
a
it is necessary to
of heat and cold.
strong
the
use
and Historic
sales,
contributed
an
Our guests will be interested in learning
how the Revolutionary army cared for injured and ill soldiers during the war. It was
good
offer
difficult
continue his lucrative intercoastal trade with
Colonial Williamsburg and our sister organizations
to con
could he protect himself as a merchant?
Health ChallengesHow
of the War
Hea
year for
special
Triumphant
Liberty
INTERPRETERS
a
citizen
did the war have on his
legitimate trade with Britain? In what ways
AREA
As you know, 2007 is
Williamsburg
effect
business. How did the economy influence
the way he did business as a merchant? How
was his business affected by the ending of
L',.._.;.. .,_..
Letter from Rex Ellis
HISTORIC
immigrant
" '
7
tub. ..
.
English
iA
r
, ,,; ,
f
w.., .
an
{
ti. _ E
t ``
Tr
r
;
Greenhow,
who chose to remain in Virginia as a mer-
-'
t
i
1,
J
u,_
BIOGRAPHY
fI
i
nJc
--'''''
Ail.
e,, ,
r, f. i
(
0"?!
-
xr
and
.
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he ran
away, and I have great reason to believe he is
harboured
and employed
in that neighbor-
hood." The following January two more of
Continued
on
Page 4]
�1776 to 1781
CITY
REVOLUTIONARY
THE BRITISH ARE HERE !
TRAITOR!
PRISONER
able difficulties far surpassing any thing
any of us had ever experienced," Clark reported, he and his men marched 180 miles
I
A
na.
y
1p
the
7'
r, • '
weather
Ki
bash
4,..
at the
miles wide
point where
At last, in February 1779, the
men
British
French
June 18, 1779
NEW
SCENE:
ernor
of Detroit, and
the
held at the Public
war are
being
charges
against
them
are
ish
Gaol. The
but
serious,
had hidden from the Brit-
French
that the
govprisoners of
other
invaluable
proved
Clark
to
has yet been supplied. Hamilton
being treated as a common prisoner,
without the usual
provisions allowed for
had been ruined crossing swollen rivers.
As dusk fell, Clark maneuvered
prisoners of
sion
troops
war.
of
middle
1778,
at
with
incursions
on
ing
danger would be greatly obviated
the
an
against . . .
enterprise
sent
detachment.. .
a
last
spring."
most
that
on
sanguine
time
that
well
as
particular," and
nized government
by
French
some
for all the
side
the
Mississippi;"
as-
in
it Illinois
Kentucky county lieutenant. The governor
and
sent Clark copies of the Constitution
to
Henry
and
of Rights
Declaration
help
to
Detroit.
new
of
companies
Yet
even
from
Detroit
of
100
by
the time
Slowed
Vincennes.
and
Indian
alliances,
days to
cover
600
to
took
seventy-
invaded
Vincennes
prepare. Most of the fifty- odd
militiamen
who
had enlisted with
French
deserted,
Helms
of his
and
own
same
Word
of
cennes
through
at
capitulation
s
the town at the
it
that
Hamil-
had decided not to
formation that Hamilton
attack Kaskaskia but to
winter
Vincennes
at
garrison of only eighty men, fifty of
them French. The British commander had
with
a
sent
his Indian
allies
with
instructions
Clark
concluded
ments
off
on
raiding parties
in the spring.
the Virginians
to
return
that
without
reinforce-
and their French supwould be unable to withstand the
porters
combined
could
forces that Hamilton
mus-
year. Clark' s decision to attack
typified the daring that character-
ter the next
once
ized the
whole
on
a
Single Battle;"
Governor Henry.
Clark set off on February
130
men,
to
including
on
the
volunteers.
In
by
boat
with
orders
Wabash River, but the
vessel did not reach the
campaign
with about
across
possible, Clark
additional fifty men
him
French
5
country as rapidly
sent his artillery and an
move
as
to meet
Resolved .
am
to
wrote
order
the
I
expedition. "
Risque the
to
he
entire
ended. "
rendezvous
Through
before
Incredit-
men
one
also
of the
noted
were "
who
that
Inhumane"
so
did Maisonville "
they
no
damage."
in Charlotte,
Yorktown,
Still
there
pressment
and then
the Thetis,
'
Colonel
James Innes and his
rode
on the Chicka-
again.
in their
which
was still on the stocks.
IWo days later the enemy sailed upriver
Panic
swept
through
Richmond
at
the prospect of another visit from Arnold,
and Jefferson ordered the public records
moved in preparation for the government' s
Lancaster,
departure.
and Fauquier
Source: John Selby, The Revolution in
Virginia, The Colonial Williamsburg
coun-
against
riots
under
rumblings
were
Northumberland,
Loundoun,
force
hominy River shipyard, where they burned
recruiting and the imof beef and wagons in Augusta,
and
ties,
but
relented. On several
then
Foundation,
1992, p. 271.]
Clark induced may
the terror
Clark
insisted
their
demands,
spite
"
the
Clark
British
almost
man
The Virginians
the
to
three-
settle
of
finally
local
that
affairs
Govr.
agreed
a
very
Hamilton."
to
allow
the
and to permit
for the prisoners to
had
that Hamilton
arms
but Clark insisted that the
requested,
de-
reputation,
had conceived
keep their
day period
their
s
sur-
modified
conceding
commander'
every
favourable
opinion
British
unconditional
upon
At that, the Virginians
render.
sur-
place before rather than after
of
the truce. The terms made no mention
render
take
however. Although
parole for Hamilton,
late on
the British signed the capitulation
February
actual
delayed
24, the Virginians
surrender
until ten
o'
the
clock the next
morning because they wanted to be certain that they did not overlook any prisoners in the dark.
As the savagery with which Clark
ducted
the
against
negotiations
Hamilton
and
reveals,
the
con-
of
the
important
most
us
extreme.
der, Clark
Contrary
prepared
to the terms
to cast them
of
in
chains
he
so
but
being
threatened
often
escort
for
hunted
starved
for
his
to
upon
times,"
very
us
else
rations
our
long
since
expended."
The
reached
prisoners
Virginia,
just
his
term
governor,
Le Mothe
first
executive
17,
1779, Virginia'
account that "
about
us,
a
arrived
two
on
impressive
wrote
in his
Mob gather' d
considerable
which
to
accompanied
us
jail."
to
accommoda-
of Hamilton,
and had the
trader,
John
Dodge,
who
had
his
reasons for hating Hamilton and pledged
to see that the British prisoners will all be
new
and the " Hair
date. Hamilton
trophies to
war
and the
most
s
Indian
began
immediately
in irons. The
Capitol
June
as
brought
General"
Buyer
the
as
ordered
Chesterfield
Jefferson
County,
reached
Virginia governor been captured, he undoubtedly would have suffered accordingly.
Today the evidence upon which the Virginia authorities acted is open to challenge,
particularly the testimony of a disreputable
have
must
we
were
the two sides
for his treatment
superiors,
praised the
well, protected
commander
behaved
who "
and
reported
British
the
1780,
Lion, and Hamilton and Hay accepted a
parole to arrange their exchange in New
York, which they accomplished the following spring.
The British severely censured Jefferson
this
later
Hamilton
"
hanged
without
The
redemption."
most
damaging evidence against the captives
was the proclamation that Hamilton issued
after he recaptured
other
former
Vincennes
French
towns
to entice the
to
surrender.
When the document is read today, it does
not substantiate
the charge
of" Hair Buyer,"
The rest of the prisoners arrived shortly
the leaders
The state confined
afterward.
at least if one assumes that an Indian war
among the prisoners in chains,
with outsiders
them to converse
reasons.
any means of
winter
1779- 1780
them
ing
The
most
severe
on
forbidding
and deny-
correspondence.
was
of
one
the
record, and the Williams-
rarely had enough heat. The poor
diet resulted in Hamilton growing so thin
burg jail
he could slip his hands in and out of
the irons. The bulk of the prisoners moved
William
to King
County in December;
that
Hamilton
ers
surren-
8,
alive,
arrive
march and waylaid at different
in August
French partisans ( Major Jehu Hay, Captain
William
La Mothe,
was
and Maisonville)
In
truth,
the
the
seven
under
prisoners
on
March
animosity among the fronhe had told
we found
the
was
tiersmen. "
of the
leaders
captent for
they not fled to Clark' s
protection. When Clark sent twenty-
feeling
the
the
had
tives
cious informer could easily remand them
to prison in disgrace for breaching their
honor. Jefferson pointed out that the British used essentially the same form for
Americans in New York. Finally, in October
the
occasions
would have murdered
Virginians
us
effect by convincing
had a adverse
British they might as well fight to the
end. Hamilton broke off discussions when
arrived with the in-
St. Louis,
before.
served
the
that an army of 500 was just a few
away. Finally, on January 29, Francis
Vigo, a merchant in the employ of Spanish
at
s
have
Vin-
miles
authorities
others
other
and
ton
at
was
but
Panic swept
rumor
Virgin-
the
according to Hamilton. In his memClark simply said matter- of- factly that
Actually,
Helms'
"
strong
oir
since
reached Kaskaskia.
soon
derelict
18, he had to call
militia to retire from Williamsburg, scouted
in previous calls before summoning
who had
the better part of the County"
guard to Williamsburg
predicted that none would
day.
the
than
rather
order,
only twenty- one
garrison remained, the Virginia
surrendered without a struggle
commander
had been
who
A British
on April 20, compelled
duty
fire without
which they could
fear of the British shooting back, and then
partially scalped him— at Clark' s direct
and
before
17
December
on
comrades
remaining Indians
for not protecting
ginians
behind
could
Helms
send those
French partisans with Hamilton. The Viras a shield
first used Maisonville
was
sent out
the
British
the
ians for executing them. Clark'
captured Francois Maisonville,
before Helms
that the Virginians
scouts
me
shall be absolutely unavoidable,"
urged county lieutenants to
than
executive
Botetourt,
anticipated,
their
learned of his approach. The British captured
the
on
up the pressure, Clark ordered
Indian
to
prisoners tomahawked
Clark
cement
Hamilton
miles.
days of Vincennes
three
within
British
the
calls
my
alloud for
keep
blamed
high
rivers,
stops
the
River on April
destructive.
a breaking
point.
harass the Militia
to
Being very unwilling
more
so]
Honor,
children,
of the populace to
erance
"
calls
James Simcoe landed at Burwell' s landing
demand would stretch the tol-
a
duty
death before the main gate of the fort
during the parley with Hamilton. As
reached
force
by freezing
and
women
several
to about
ranks
the
innumerable
winds,
one
swell his
to
was able
Indians
our
To
and seventy Indians, the
sixty militiamen
British leader rallied the loyal tribes along his
way and
Gentleman I would do [
a
Vengeance."
October 6 with about
on
as
power, but on you Sir who
embrued
your hands in the blood
have
Henry
Setting
counterattack.
to
you Sir
such
to rotate
out every militiaman in the surrounding
counties. The raid was swift- moving and
Jefferson and the council realized
water.
that
honour by it?" Clark recalled
more
country, everything
rejoiced,
by
the James
they
under
eighteen
to
mob "
the
Jefferson' s efforts
Ports-
should
British
the
County
attempt
and quiet complaints collapsed when, with
sudden appearance of the British sailing up
be
to
more
his
rioters head- on, " but when they shall have
dispersed to go and take them our of their
Beds, singly and without Noise."
Steuben' s
near
that
Jefferson advised him not to confront the
the
on
James
to the utmost
reinforcements.
marched
Hamilton
to
flag
lower peninsula north of the
River should the enemy move there
Nelson
to put
death."
excuse
and
partisans
asked, " Why will you force me
myself when
dishonour
you cannot
on
attack
the
Virginians
as
sufficient
a
Indians
harass
to
for 2, 000
Muhlenberg
under
reported
proved ineffectual by
reason of their having a superior force,"
announce
von
march from the town and
later that he had responded, " Could I look
governor and
Montgomery to raise five
Meanwhile,
Council directed
I wanted
the
acquire
persuade
s good intenan
mouth
Greene,
to
called
plan
stationed
Hamilton
the
and enlist their support in
tions
out
John
inhabitants of Virginia'
Illinois
on
Colonel
defense
prior to the actual surrender,
Clark to wonder if reinforcements
cause "
control
British
the
officers
the
Wil-
seize
When the Hampshire
lieutenant
occupation.
sent
troops
ern
coming. Clark rejected the offer and
surrender
bedemanded
unconditional
military
Todd of
County.
eventu-
were
to
of
rules
Phillips
raise
Capitol, and
the
and
Arnold
Once the opportunity to expel Arnold
chronic
with
evaporated,
the
problems
intensified. Besides
the westthe militia
truce
causing
the
on
adjacent
Clark
the
all.
them
Redcoats
liamsburg.
over
William
Hampshire.
British
turncoat— now
General— Benedict
General
Major
commander
would
still with the British
American
Brigadier
been
he captured
day
all
commander
de-
On the evening of February 24, Hamilproposed terms that included a three-
ton
orga-
area "
designating
appointed
the
American
Rockbridge, Northampton, Accomack and
April 20, 1781
The
his account
wrote
that
weeks
of the Ohio . . .
western
river
two
fact,
have
BRITISH OCCUPY WILLIAM$ BURG"
seven
The
Commonwealth
as
within
it
THE TOWN IS TAKEN!
supremely confident,
probably because the intelligence from the
that
most of the
townspeople predicted
extolling
sembly quickly voted a resolution
Clark' s contribution" to the common cause
of America,
1,
11
and pre-
embrasures
equaled
"
ii,
hisgoo
illu-
ally desert. Clark even let a British scouting
party sneak back into the fort to be certain
expectations."
11
1
force until darkness
fact that Clark
to
seems
reported
The
governor
with pleasure that Clark' s success
the
the
and
only one Virginian
Throughout,
were
wounded.
the
after
country . . .
service
to create
yet
the
spite
of
strong apprehension
frontier.. .
and suppos-
a
their
fort
into
to shoot
British
the
impressed
the
of overwhelming
hours,
assembly as well— that " the
power of this State having been
to
Executive
4111
Ai
I
vent the British gunners from firing. According to Clark' s description, the fighting
remained brisk for the next twenty-four
which time Patrick Henry at last confessed
to Congress— and probably
for the first
time
around
enough
Williamsburg
November
Or
A•
allowed Virginia riflemen to creep close
THE WAR IN THE WEST
the
f
the supply his men had taken with them
no
resents
reached
4• '-
his
since
support vessel had not arrived and most of
evidence
Montgomery
Cd
i
Iii
IN
s
1
came
over to the Virginians. Stores of powder
Hamilton,
Henry
of the town
inhabitants
MirVve
op
British completely unaware. Hamilton' s
were engaged
in sports outside the
the
16,
1
I
fort when the enemy appeared. When the
hastily withdrew to Fort Sackville,
village
about about
i
l
Americans arrived at Vincennes, taking
the
Indian
five
was
they crossed.
, .
had to ford; the Wa-
that the troops
rivers
ra
ilk i"
top,
that season. The thaw flooded many of the
1
A
il
a feat possible only because
had turned relatively mild for
to Vincennes,
ti
s' ;
found
Hay,
who
of parole
and
Hay
went
1780. One
exchanges
by
Chesterfield
the
prisonand
except Hamilton
stubbornly
the
to
one
Virginians
refused
offered
to
terms
because
strictly limited their right of
correspondence.
They felt that any malithe terms
so
at the time was likely for the Indians' own
ferson
Virginians
declared
of course
that,
did
although
not. Jef-
the
British
governor' s proclamation " does not in express terms threaten vengeance, blood and
Massacre,
yet it . . . gives in detail the horrid Catalogue of savage nations extending
from south to North, whom
with himself
frontiers:
he had leagued
to wage combined
and
it is well
war on our
known
that
that
war could of course be made up of blood,
and general Massacres of Men Women and
Children." Virginians conveniently overlooked the atrocities perpetrated on the
frontier by their own side during the war.
Source: John E. Selby, The Revolution
in Virginia, The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation,
1992, pp. 195-
198.]
�4
1776 to 1781
1110
4
NEWS
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INTERPRETATION
THIS IS OUR CHANCE
TO SHINE!
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POWERFUL INTERPRETATIONS
A- /
04P-
yl
i!.
to the Heart
Connecting
up of tangible objects, places, people, and events as well as the
intangible meanings to which each is linked.
Resources
Courthouse of York County in the Town of
York the 19th day of August 1776 for the
trial of James
Slave
Negro
a
for Felony
Mayo
belonging
to
and Burglary.
'
Cation (
Robinson,
Starkey
William
Wil
and
Di
Moore,
gg es Junr, Augustine
g
liam Reynolds Gent Justices.
made
lb neglect one is to squander
the power of
both."— David L. Larsen, Meaningful Interpre
Present
David Jameson,
are
National Park Service training).
are the issues that connect
Intangibles
beings, such
all human
birth/ death,
ure,
being
James
mund Randolph
the
Court
of the
said
before
County
the
said James
Negro Man Slave
a
of the County
the thirteenth
Mayo
Iinesday
belonging
and many more. If the
intangible theme to
of this In-
day
August between the Hours of ten and
in the night of the
twelve
force and
Parish of Bruton
at the
arms
People
interpreter
the
period,
taste,
the
At
by
Courthouse
at the
of York
in the said Dwelling House then and there
being found feloniously and burglariously
William
and
wealth
carry away against the
of the said Common-
Dignity
And the said James
arraigned
he said he
and for trial put himself upon
of the Court Whereupon
divers
were
James
demanded
to
thing
that
said
the
opinion
of the
James is guilty
in the Information
as
him is alledged and it
against
said
the
in his defence On Con-
and form
manner
above
witnesses
and
whereof It is the
court
whole
Examined
heard
was
sideration
in
and
sworn
thereof
being
thereof Guilty
the Judgment
not
was
being
if he had any
not
the Court should
of the said James
say
proceed
to
against
him
why
the
upon
by
Neck until
Sherif of this County on Frithe 20th day of September next and the
day
by
the
insufficient the
Goal of the County being
said James is remanded to the keeper of the
Public Goal in Williamsburgh
there to
be
safely kept until the time of his Execution
aforesaid. The said James is valued by the
Court at
The
fifty
five pounds Current money.
of
minutes
Proceedings
these
or
were
Resource
stories.
At
to help you better assist guests, and an
information pamphlet with a list of upcoming events will be available on the Intranet.
Keep yourself updated by visiting www.
being
trade
reality. A tangible that has deep
meaning for the interpreter may have little
Read
or no inherent meaning for the guest.
the guest and tell the interpretive
story
We want our guests to come back and
recommend us to others. Let' s take this opportunity
Submitted by Kelly Govain]
Gamble
Treacherous
Continued from page I
anything to the risque unless compelled by
a necessity into which we ought never to be
supplying the army with food became
problem. At the same time, Britain had to
even
a
kind of war from any the
a different
country had ever fought in the 18th century.
A well- trained army might have been able
of
to
French
itself
Junr
Digges
Augustine
drawn."
Reynolds Gent
Negro
Slave
to
belonging
John Mayo
of Felony and Burglary before Jusin a Court held
convicted
of Oyer and Terminer
tices
in this County
past for which
the
of August last
by
prothereof
said Court to be done
of September then next
day
was
him and Execution
against
Ordered
20th
day
Sentence of death
nounce
the
19th
on
and
cumbersome.
The
the Americans' reliance on amateur militia
and
character
inhibited
decisive
British. There
following
set to the
was no nerve
would
capture
The Britishgenerals
the
see
main
to
do it,"
as
understood
en gagg g
be
ought to
American
that the
should
the loyalists.
avoid
casions
a
in
Congress
side
he
Action,"
general
September
1776, "
all
on
to
or
They continually
In the end, independence
came
quest did to the English.
war
oc-
upagainst— a
g
to mean more to the Americans than recon-
at the
of the
be defensive. " We should
theywere
underestimated the staying power of the
patriots and overestimated the strength of
more
outset
what
support in the population.
in chief, they did not know how
the enemy moves with so much
celerity than we possibly can."
for his part, realized
Washington,
of their organized
revolutionary struggle involving widespread
British
the
and the weakness
army made the Americans, as a Swiss officer
noted, more dangerous than " if they had
a regular army." The British never clearly
rebellion.
that
but, said
objective;
commander
forces
the
anywhere
center
to
by
action
destroy
came
of authority
ing Washington' s army in battle
the
bar and It appearing to the
Court that the said James before the day appained as aforesaid for the Execution of the
was
difficult
the British in open battle,
maneuverings
conventional
and local
their
eager to confront
nature
fragmented
whose
ing a professional army with which he was
as one
great breadth
of the ter-
The
and the wild
made
he never saw himself as a
his troops actually spent a great deal of time
skirmishing with the enemy, harassing them
and depriving them of food and supplies
whenever possible. In such circumstances
unconquerable.
was
Although
guerrilla leader and concentrated on creat-
observed at the end, America
officer
in America
Moore&
Justices
a
forces, but,
the American
conquer
rain
James
to shine!!
physical to communicate.
Submitted by Andrea Squires]
operations
William
the Historic Area
americas400thanniversary. com.
using the
October 1776
Graves
in
break rooms throughout
g
physical
Present
Starkey Robinson
will be available
in-
P
P erformed is the story, but it is still imperaY
this
tive for the interpreter to " interpret"
of territory
William
notebooks
aids
Gordon
[
told
S. Wood,
The American
Revolution:
A History, A Modern Library Chronicles
Book, New York, 2002, pp. 74- 78]
put
said Sentence had escaped out of the Public
Goal It was demanded
Person
of him whether
he
Convicted
as
III
aforesaid and if he had any thing to say why
he be dead and It is Ordered that Execution
be done
the
is the
He said he had nothing besides what he had
before said Therefore It is Considered by the
the
in
day
the 21st
Monday
on
aforesaid
conviction
Court that he be hanged
Order Book 4
of death
Sentence
pronounce
memories
of York County
David Jameson
Peace
The
to connect
evoking
object,
abun
Show our
through
touch.
1774- 1784) p. 125.
Court of Oyer and Terminer held
a
Value of twentyshillings each of the Goods
g
and Chattels of the said Serafino Formicola
and
location,
the
when
senses
the
Williamsburg,
of real sensory experience
in telling interpretive
terpreters
wage
Town
take
and
Source: York County
ously and burglariously did break and enter
and one [ g] uinea of the value of twenty
six shillings
and three golden rings of the
did steal
is
guest
stories
experience
use
the
guests that you really care by paying attention to detail and reading your guests to
determine what they want and what they
need, sometimes before they tell you.
dance
times,
400th
if not exceed, those expectations.
Realities
Colonial
America' s
to Physical
Connecting
For
With
through imaginative
experience
to the Senses
smell,
can
resource,
in the story.
guest to meaning
in
feloni-
scituate
also
sound,
object,
their
Connecting
said County of York the Dwelling House
of one Serafino Formicola in the said Parish
County
time
place,
engaged
the
and first mentioned
to
with
day
same
guest
personally
sight,
joy,
revenge,
an
or
event,
to
of Cumberland
uses
connect the
Court and gives them
and be informed that he the
understand
slant
interpreter
of the said
Justices
on
bar Ed-
the
attorney General for
of Virginia comes into
Commonwealth
John
to
Esqr
the
to
set
fail
or
success
love/ hate,
money, power . . .
said
The
as
of sensory
description.
Mangle.
Anniversary this year, the spotlight is on
this region, and we need to take this opportunity to do our best work.
Our guests will be arriving with very
high expectations this year. We must meet,
INGREDIENTS FOR
.---—
of Oyer and Terminer held at the
court
John
Historic
or
ii
t. •
I!•
s-,
grs -'
a
yC ®
L
T-
1
At
training is complete! Now it is time to
show our guests what we have to offer, not
only Colonial Williamsburg, but the entire
fT
j/.,t:;
i,
i„„
same
who
was
11.:
the Sentence formerly pronounced against
him
should
be executed
not
he is
He said
the same Person and that he had nothing
UUUUU• I
say for himself in bar of the Execution of
the said Sentence Whereupon
It is Ordered
to
by the Court that the Sherif of this County
cause the said James to be hanged by the
Neck until he be dead
on
III
IUUUUU•••••••
11.. •
®..
second Friday
the
III
after the next County Court which shall be
held for this County and he is remanded
IUUUUU••
to
U
•
•
•
•
the Public Goal there to be safely kept until
the time
The
of his Execution
minutes
of
aforesaid.
Proceedings
these
TEM=
were
U
signed David Jameson.
signed David Jameson.
Source: York
County
.
.
i..
111111
i•••••
Order Book 4
1774- 1784) p. 125.
Becoming AMERICANS
is
a
publication
of Interpretive
John
Editors:
went off[ and]
In
Bob Doares,
Rex Ellis, Kelly Govain,
Rose McAphee,
2007
All
otherwise
editor
Colonial Williamsburg
reserved. All images are
The Colonial Williamsburg
Greenhow married
Maryland Gazette
The
Foundation.
property of
Foundation,
noted.
Colonial
Williamsburg
NN
sure
third time.
to
point
2
Jamestown's 400th
7
subtle."
a
unless
Foundation
DOWN
1
Washington took this approach to war
ACROSS
Believed
9
French
out
to cause
America
fevers
3
of Revolution called
this
This federal
in his
14
Merchant,
64th year, to Miss [ Rebecca] HARMAN, of
James City, aged about 16 years."
John Greenhow died in August 1787,
about
eighteen
was
months
following
his third
very short Illness" and
buried with his second wife in Bruton
marriage, "
after
document
was
ratified
runaway
first British American
Passed
in 1789
Free black
who
fought
with patriots
at
Great Bridge
Oyer
21
New Virginia
of
22
German- hired soldiers
American traitor who seized Williamsburg
in April
the
George
1781
10 Connect all humans interpretively
13 British governor of Detroit
15 Second governor of Commonwealth
and
20
a
6
slave code
in 1661
19
English- born Williamsburgmerchant
g
Virginia allowed this in 1782
8
A Greenhow
Virginia,
Likened history to an antidote
4
5
observer
12
Parish Churchyard.
0 2007
was
fellow,
11
of Williamsburg,
graphic production
The
rights
The
1786
of six feet
able
difference in the bride and groom' s ages:
Lately married, Mr. JOHN GREENHOW,
Squires
Beth Lawrence, copy
upwards
the
Milton,
Production:
Diana Freedman,
Emanual,
high, about 26 years old, a strong
of a daring resolute temper, very
Contributors:
Andrea
Continued from page 3
and about ten days ago beat his overseer and
Anne Willis
Nancy
Greenhow
Greenhow' s slaves took off. They were" Fox,
about 40 years old, who is clad in cotton,
Taming
Crevieaux- Gevertz
Margot
EIIMEM
TODAY
of the Department
of
Virginia
county
created in 1778
Ohio
Rogers Clark
west
16 Banned importation of slaves 1778
17
hero
1777 American
Victory
18 First governor of Commonwealth
of
Virginia
4/ 07- 5478506
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 6, number 2, April - June, 2007
Description
An account of the resource
1776 to 1781
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2007
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/9d23211cfd934add498696a82e7d826a.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=sK7hIKOprVnVFB0x7CfrjKIGril0Xdf8mLdTaf5b2KCvUAGViVsHlts5jxqgFrD22o9iBSLC-j4DzKBB4VagZUUtWcRy%7EJGl1iTCFA%7Ef3i9Pqz0pn2n1y4F8kvcCt4RYa8dGImFOQRAYKjaKL03emJOJFIFXuvuXKVLN%7EVMdlwzXiMvPNXfXUqvNIzqXjOtBt88m-quBO3qY6MfAE5sKNCm1SAnLSg5X6ykxBERqABqSUWXreh3qaT9CA9oWK8b9As%7Ee63zMcrW6F3DX%7EnioU2jtBfVk4J34QNCa8h3GsNxAv1I4jTSBHq2UeaIyoWDt6XNRgk2lURBwXsivDcd16w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
ca8d3f2bccc8b9a9345c2960ca4da3a8
PDF Text
Text
April, May,
Volume 6, No. 2
1774 to 1776
June 2007
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
THE HISTORIC AREA
REVOLUTIONARY CITY .
See p. 4
t
_
=
_..
t_
1
jr
4y
4!.
DAY
t
i:
I-
i.
1 ;
3.: f"
SPRING FOCUS: JAMESTOWN
Newsline
on the American
women
born
in Virginia
did not change
Pamunkey ( York)
Covert
River
Rise of Paramount
1570s
I
Chiefdom
MARRIED
of Powhatans ( Tsenacommacah)
Black
their husbands
1607 First permanent English colony in
established
with
Experiments
al without
it,
arrive
hostilities
1609- 1614 Anglo- Powhatan
1612
Could not own property as an in-
at Jamestown
1608 First En g lishwomen
Rolfe
5—
4
y
Could not make contracts,
--
Could
Pocahontas
—"
rw,.,
1618 Death of Powhatan
of
1619 Establishment
--=-
.
Jamestown
Painted
and the Discovery"
Tli, Susan Constant, the Godspeed,
Griffin Bailey Cole, 1949 Cour-
by
suits at common
law
acquired a life interest in
wives
brought
to the marriage
Husbands controlled the family estate
including income wives generated
of the Library of Virginia
tesy The Capitol Collection, Courtesy
not initiate
Husbands
lands
General
Assembly—
execute
Could not possess personal property
representative
the
at
,
''"--
t..
government—
marriage
deeds, or write wills
tobacco
marries
a special
sdettle
settlement
cultivation begin
1614 John
Wives
Had no legal identity separate from
in America
receives charter to settle
WOMEN
White and Free
r
1606 Virginia Company of London
America
as a
result of the Revolution.
1570- 71 Spanish Jesuit mission on
the the
Revolu-
Lion and the creation of the new republic consider how the legal staus of all
and
Opechancanough
OF
WOMEN
As we focus
1781
1540/ 50s Powhatan
a . .
LEGAL STATUS
VIRGINIA
1540 to
ir`
r,
c-
COLLAPSE OF ROYAL GOVERNMENT: 1774 TO 1776
20 and odd" Africans ( Angolans)
Point Comfort
at
arrive
1620s Tobacco becomes main export
In
crop of the English colony
1622 Powhatan
by
1625 Virginia
becomes
1633 Middle
a
of
1634 Establishment
1643
legislature
bicameral
with
1660s Slave
Indians
the
enacted
laws
the
ends
war
at
Nathaniel Bacon'
burned
TYeaty of
1691
Middle
ground
Plantation
doned
established
by
College
founded
and
new
establishes
Assembly
Plantation
at
a
an
language,
and
of
probable
its first ten years, the English
have established themselves
The
aban-
Live
in
on
Page
n
b
M,,.,,
hate equality.
JOHN RANDOLPH OF ROANOKE, N. D.
L
AA
makes
attend
f,.(_
spirit
more
high and
aughty than in those to
northward. It is, that
'
Y•
case
of
slaves.
they have a vast
Where this is the
in any part of the world, those
2?
R
of
the
colonies,
leadingin
Had no access
mili-
,
only an enjoyment, but
of rank and privilege.
EDMUND BURKE ON VIRGINIA,
1
,
1619
into
at
Held legally culpable if they commit-
vibrant
a
ted a crime or ran away
to a new
Denied the right to a jury trial if accused of committing a felony
in the founding
States.
Page
on
Denied the right to testify against a
3]
white person in court
.,
a
l +
1-
4
4
*_ ..
t¢'
C
and leadership."
n
Q
N
5
A,
1
1 k
Q
fI",,, '
1'
I
N I
1"
1:
R'
A N
E A
s
may -.
lb , ,
7=
1
'%
1.'.. '
-
,
ems
, ..,
wit
x,
•,
6
1
4
4-
t
Q,?
v
Y'_ _ _,
L
4
1
2
1
r
0 -.
1\
VIRG
i
i
Z# —
4f
'
, ,
ti
r
J\.` 1I `
4'1
Mom
4.
J
tea; ,
N`,,,
1,
a
,
lA-`
T H E'
?
helped
organize
originally
published
in 1612)
Island
coming an officer because of a limp caused
by a stiff leg. Determined to be a part of
the unit, he marched as a private for eight
months in drills until his " handicap" was
overlooked. With great determination and
skill he persevered and General Washington made him a most trusted g
general.
While studying military tactics, he read
in Memoirs Concerning the Art of War by Mar-
`-`',_
shall Maurice
qualities [ of
S
;
7
de Saxe that " The first of all
a
general]
is
With-
courage.. .
out this the others are of little value, since
theycannot
be used.
The second
gence, which
f>,
is intelli-
expedients. The third is health."
must be strongand
Source:
1624 (
Rhode
t jF
1775
London,
a
militia unit, but was disqualified from be
i
o','~ .
'
:, -(
t
4
,;.
t"
A.
c,-
himself to reading military treatises on the
military arts of " tactics, military science,
f/
y .,
A'
Mr "`
j,
As the Revolution approached he devoted
b
t
-.
a
+
4
afhl '
%
n
Greene
Nathanael Greene was a largely selfeducated young man who ran the family
iron foundry and business in Rhode Island.
I; ,
tg
4-
o
' '
General Nathanael
.
14j
E
who
kind
w.
He
T
rr
or
separation
in
ram
1
to legal marriage
Protection of family from sale or
Representa
time
expressed
credo
to the law as were
children
Were defined as the taxable property
e
'+
Women
of their masters
and spread throughout the
culture
If %
w
H
G- .
A
°
r
are free are by far the more proud and
jealous of their freedom. Freedom is to
them not
o
4
1
in Virginia and the Caro
multitude
,
of lib
the
liras,
control
ti
colonies . . .
the
erty still
their
for successful
into practice.
established
put
1
I.•
f..
y+ ' ,,.
0,.. ,'
these
ti
'>'
4
y
liberty,
circumstance
t -,
ti .''
oi''I
Indian
i' -
r
y,
i
American
American
Were invisible
and
enterprises
Ci j ""'
•
I
n, ,
in
were
of the United
1
EQUALITY
I
and
forms took root.
requirements
civilian
major
t
Sz >
TODAY
love
African
At
property in land, a
assembly for ordering local
republican
3]
LIBERTY AND
aristocrat; I
America.
Continued
SNAPSHOT
an
North
government,
British
r.
am
fie
private
and
political
c
I
three
never
the
Women
Enslaved
Middle
Continued
VIRGINIA
and
Jamestown, would blossom
as
Enslaved
carry the English
institutions ( secular
and social
representative
seemed
might
deeds
Could dispose of their estates by will
away from North
commercial
political
key
stable
colonization—
occasions
execute
the
would
across
lish profitable
tary—
as
off
enter into contracts
Could
Jamestown, England' s first efforts to estab-
run?
anynumber
laws,
religious)
any difference
I think it
made
that
empire
affairs,
long
the
legal identity
sue and be sued
Could
and islands
It is even possible
named
capital, Williamsburg,
for King William,
in
on
Indians
1699 General
of
Would it have mat-
English?
the
Island,
separate
Could
But Jamestown survived and by surviving became the first transatlantic site
of
sponsor
Enjoyed
America altogether and have confined their
activities to the Caribbean instead.
war-
the
would, and here' s why.
Had Jamestown collapsed,
of William and Mar
clergy
by
America
to
to educate
letter
tered? Would it have
the
General Assembly
1693
English may have turned
Paris,
that
colony, Sir
governor in Virginia,
leaders
to Company
deputy
blunt
a
Madrid,
news
a
abandon
Widows ( White and
Free Black)
Puritan
other
coast
the
in the West Indies.
any in Europe.
But what if Jamestown had been
Indians
Yorktown
might
joined
moving to Providence
of Central America,
groups
all
have
might
settlers
warning that if they did give up they would
lose a country as good as, if not better, than
Rebellion;
s
previ-
and would not
Company ( chief
Virginia
Thomas Dale,
to the
the
fleet and army sent
Alarmed
by hearsay that
by
Spinsters and
9
"
the NIof settling at Plymouth,
grims might have ended up in Guiana ( a
suggested alternative), and Massachusetts
starva-
on
Havana.
wrote
From
dramatic
turn
WOMEN
4d1'
the establishment
Instead
settlers
Spain claimed
own
in
11r
/
the
disease,
their way to extinguish the
had in fact
that Jamestown
were
Jamestown)
Jamestown
Jamestown
came
colony and
been overthrown
killed.
1646 Opechancanough
with
interlopers.
and Lisbon
from
its
as
colonized
of English settlements in New England.
During
attacks.
of Europe.
capitals
ships
uprising
from
Other
which
region,
have discouraged
could
have
might
mid- Atlantic
the
months,
Dutch,
or
Sole
UNMARRIED
Spanish,
the
as
Femes
satisfaction,
believed
generally
perished
English
the
nine
year rumors of an imminent( or actual)
Spanish assault on Virginia swirled around
tolerate
Berkeley
for
such
nations,
French,
de Velasco.
Alonso
mainland.
the
on
power
European
ambas-
ous
the
1644 Second large- scale Powhatan
1677
was
have
of the Americas
Sir William
Governor
Don
colonial
III of
Philip
from his
with evident
and Indian
tion,
original
eight
settlers
establishes
1676
it
must
1660s large- scale immigration
Treaty
reported
and
future
counties
of English
at
Velasco
Williamsburg) established
1630s-
1613,
news
Jamestown
colony
royal colony
Plantation (
Virginia
good
Nothing had been heard from
of Virginia Company
Collapse
of
summer
in London,
sador
Opechancanough
1624
the
Spain received
led
uprising
WHY JAMESTOWN MATTERS
Black and White Line F' grariml
fertile in
David McCullough,
1776,
Simon and Shuster, New York, 2005]
�2
CITY
REVOLUTIONARY
1774 to 1776
THE COLLAPSE: BEFORE AND AFTER
FLEEING . . .
DEFENDING . . .
DECLARING . . .
Scene: May 15,
The
4
g, `_ ,
i,,
74,--
/
^,
dii4 . ail
r
v.
3
t
f"
fm;
e-
,,
k i
sJ\\,,': ED% /:
dT _
`
t;
!
c, r
7,7
s '
$=, `
':
t, •
P- • -::
ordered
Governor
Dunmore
Congress,
Dissolves
Capitol
at the
arrives
unhappy with the House of
for their protesting the
the port of Boston by the
closing
tered
ofand
What will
government.
will the
he
react
WOULD
thisfired
for the people of Wil
Virginians
of Williamsburg,
Virginia, Subjects of his most gracious
majesty, King George III
learned
rea-
moved
you . . .
Betrayed
y
have been betrayed."
morning
unthinkable
wife,
and
children,
husband,
A
occur.
to
domestics
some
quietly making preparations to leave
home and many of their belongings,
to
Perhaps
return.
social and
those
are
their
which
events
fateful June morning.
g
On the evening of February
capital
bonfires,
the
Williamsburg
Charlotte Stewart
Dunmore,
the
to
wel-
Countess
of
Murray, lady
population of the city. Imagine
at being joined by his
entire
his
lordship' s pleasure
wife and family after
he havingarrived
of 1771
long
their
separation,
in Virginia in the
is
from New York to
Circular Letter
autumn
the
assume
Earl of Dartmouth
for
request
end to the
an
posi-
trade,
slave
took
a
counterfeiting
ring in Pittsylvania County, and sponsored
several gala fetes at the Palace for occasions
such as the annual celebration of the King' s
Accession.
May 1774 in
In
between
nations
in
to
which
Boston,
dissolve
Dunmore
to
political
the " tea
over
forced
a
his
ball
ahead
as
the
party"
Excellency
planned by
honor the arrival
went
machi-
and
governor
House,
the
burgesses
the
the
of Burgesses
House
of
spite
of Lady
scheduled
the
evening. Virginians never let politics
interfere with social obligations. "
Virginnext
ians will dance
die!" said Philip Fithian,
tutor to the children of Robert Carter III.
Sir:
His
having
Majesty
Order in Council
der,
his
against
campaign
Ladyship—
her
child— continued
social
by
way with
to
entertaining the ladies
society, one can imagine the
Virginia
and
in the
citement
drew
delivery
her
keep the
burning. Undoubtedly being
fires
visited
The
Shawnee,
in the increasing
now
ninth
the
Palace,
city
as
the
time
of
ex-
for her
near.
having
been the
residence
of royal governors since
1716, had never
witnessed the birth of a governor' s child.
On December 3, 1774, Lady Dunmore was
safely delivered
arrived home
of
a
the
daughter.
next
day
Her
husband
triumphant
in his victory over the Shawnee Indians
in the Ohio Territory and found " that his
little brook of fondlings"
one.
At
pleased
had increased
by
were
christening, Virginians
learn that the proud parents had
the
to
honored their colony by naming their new
baby girl Lady Virginia! The college faculty
expressed
Lord Dunmore "
and may
feel the enlivening Pleasure of
reading in the Countenances around you,
wherever you turn your Eyes,
such Expresyou
always
to
day
this
any sort of Arms
or
fit
thought
to
by
his
prohibit the
of Gunpow
from Great Britain
exportation
Ammunition, I
or
you a copy of the Order;
and it is his Majesty' s command that you do
take the most effectual measures
for arrest
hereby
right ought
c,
5.
be
to
That the Legislative
17th-
and
forming
society. Onlythen could their rights be
Ywere
a constitution
that would regu-
late the form and practice of government.
The great contradiction for George Mason
and members of his committee who were
charged
with
declaration
the
drafting
was
problem of slavery and the protection of
natural rights and property.
the
Robert
Carter
convention
Nicholas
toput
were
content
blacks
were
on
to
compelled
p
P P
paper
accept
what
without
Virginians. Once
not
the
others
saying:
Ed-
again
they enter into a state of
society" in Mason' s statement that people
could not" by any compact deprive or divest
the
When
clause"
their
posterity" of their natural rights. The
derived from the contract theories of
from
the Judicative;
and
originally
Members
taken and the vacancies
6. That
Elections
of Members
to serve
of permanent common
evidence
Interest with and attachment to the Com
munity have the right of Suffrage and cannot be taxed or deprived of their Property for
Public Uses without their own Consent or
that of their Representatives
so Elected nor
bound by any Law to which they have not in
like manner assented for the public good.
7. That all Power of suspending Laws or
the execution of Laws by any Authority
without
consent
any Sort of Arms
may be attempted
or
the
Military
be imported
to
your Government,
of the ship having such
under
master
Stores
Ammunition
or
shall produce a
the Privy Coun
board
on
license from his Majesty or
cil for the exportation
of the
with governments
fense and a means
some
of Affections
as
from the applauding and
The following month
Lord
birthday,
and
west,
ball
was
held at
Charlotte' s
in the
s victory
of little Lady Vir-
Dunmore'
baptism
the
strength
own
of the Representatives
constitution
liberty.
equality
might
remained
the
rested
entirely upon their own,
virtuallynonexistent, abilitytopreserve it."
freedom
Source: John Selby, book Virginia during
the American Revolution, The Colonial
Foundation,
A
DECLARATION
OF RIGHTS
full and free
and their posterity,
them,
and
and in
a
few short
would
on
horizon,
the
all this
will
evaporate.
months
Those dark douds started
ing
of the Second
Richmond
where
resolution
putting the colony in
and where delegates
and
Continental
further
and
Lexington
a"
by
meet-
a
was
in
adopted
posture of defense,"
elected to a sec-
were
Congress.
inflamed
with
Convention
Virginia
a
good
news
Concord,
Passions
were
of bloodshed
removal
at
of the
gunpowder from the Magazine, the" spring
gun" incident, and the Royal Governor's
threat to
the
arm
if
Williamsburg
Reflecting
slaves
calm
and burn the city of
not restored.
was
and
independent,
of which
ent Rights,
the
of Life and
equally free
inher-
Nature
when
and
basis
the
as
have
certain
by
into
enter
they
State of Society they cannot
deprive divest their Posterity
joyment
by
made
of
good people of Virginia, in
Convention;
which rights do pertain
the
representatives
to
1992.]
of Rights
Declaration
Virginia
g
dark
looming
sayabout
principle of
the blacks'
universal,
While
a
any compact
namely the enwith the means of
liberty
acquiring and possessing property and pursuing and obtaining happiness and Safety.
all power is vested in and consequently derived from the People that Magistrates are their Thistees and Servants and
2.
at
That
all times
3. The
stituted
to them.
amenable
is
Government
for
the
or
common
benefit
and Security of the People
Community of all the various
tion
be in-
to
protec-
Nation,
or
and
Modes
on the
pomp and ceremony
of the arrival of her Ladyship and the reuniting of the family just over a year ago, one is
struck
by the irony of the stark contrast to
forms of Government that is best which is
this
scene playing out in the wee hours of
morning of June 8, 1775. In some haste,
and certainly with some fear and trepidation
tration
the
shall
for Lady Dunmore and the children,
and
with no pomp and ceremony this time, the
first family of Virginia, under cover of darkquietly and with finality, departed the
capital city and their Virginia home. Who
ness,
of Williamsburg or for
the colony of Virginia could ever
amongst the
that
matter
residents
have imagined
it coming to this?
Submitted by Nancy
Milton
and Phil Shultz]
confronted
of producing the greatest degree of
and Safety and is most effectually
secured against the danger of Mal- Adminiscapable
happiness
and that
be found
these
any Government
inadequate or contrary to
a
Majority of the Commuwhenever
purposes
nity hath an indubitable inalienable and
indefeasible right to reform alter or abolish
it in such Manner
to the
conductive
4. That
dusive
no
Man
or
or separate
as
shall be
judged
most
public Weal.
set of Men is entitled to
Emoluments
or
ex-
Privileges
from the Community, but in Consideration
of Public Services, which not being descendible,
neither
Legislator,
or
ought the
Offices of Magistrate,
Judge to be
hereditary.
rights
of
and
hath
a Right
Prosecu-
to demand
with
to call
the
Accusers
for Evidence
the
to be
and
Wit-
in his favour,
and to
a s
an
Trial
speedybyimpartialJury
age
of his Vicinage without whose unanimous
ei
consent He cannot be found guilty, nor can
he be compelled to give Evidence against
himself that no Man be deprived of his lib-
erty except by the Law of the Land or the
of his Peers.
9. That excessive
bail ought not to be re
quired nor excessive Fines imposed nor cruel
Punishments
be inflicted.
10. That General Warrants whereby any
Officer
or Messenger
g
maybe
commanded
to search suspected places without evidence
of a fact committed Or to seize any Person
or Persons
not named
or whose
not particularly described
articularl
Offences
and supportedby
evidence are grievous and oppressive and
ought not to be granted.
11. That in controversies respecting Property and in suits between Man and Man
the ancient Trial by Jury is preferable to any
other and ought to be held sacred.
12. That the freedom of the Press is one of
the great Bulwarks of liberty and can never
be restrained but by despotic Government.
13. That a well regulated Militia composed
of the Body of the People trained to Arms
is the proper natural and safe Defence of a
free State that standing Armies in time of
peace should be avoided as dangerous to
liberty and that in all Cases the Military
should
be
under
strict
Subordination
to
and governed by the Civil power.
14. That the People have a right to Uniform
Government and therefore no Government
separate
ought
to their
Cause and Nature of his Accusation
and unusual
Vir g inia
personal
foundation of government.
1. That all Men are by
were
to
wits
a Man
the
ginia. It's safe to say that the popularity of
Virginia' s first family was at its zenith. But
clouds
and
injurious
not to be exercised.
Judgment
Williamsburg
only
hearts."
grateful
a
in honor of Queen
Palace
the
to
be derived
can
ought
guard their liberty. Thus, if blacks were
Y
deemed to be outside society, their enslave
ment would not be nullified by anything
of the Ports of this Kingdom.
sions
their
on
solely
contracted
societies
provide external deof adjudicating internal
Otherwise, individuals had to rely
disputes.
from
same
Peoples
nesses
then
as
sufficient
from enjoying. For this reason
people entered into covenants with each
other to form societies
that wouldprotect
and
as
representatives of the People in Assembly
ought to be free and that all Men, having
tions
rights
e
be
to be again eligible or ineligible
8. That in all Capital or Criminal
prevented
the
the laws shall direct.
century. All persons, including
blacks, had certain natural ri g hts that the Y
could not alienate
but could be forcibly
a
that
supplied by frequent certain and regular
Elections in which all or part of the former
the
their
and
Members of the two first may restrained
from oppression by feeling and participating the burthens of the People they should
be fixed Periods be reduced to a private station return into the Bodyfrom which they
it
a new republic
and Executive
powers of the State should be separate and
States"
Distinct
late
to
enclose
ing, detaining, and securing any Gunpow
or
During this summer and fall of 1774,
with his Lordship in the west conducting
19 October 1774
Circular
Virginians'
the
crush
to
Governors of the
Whitehall,
unless
action
t
government that had been a cornerstone
of British and American
political thought
Crown
the
to the
of royalgovernor
of this colony. Duringder,
Y
Y
which
first years of his tenure here, relations
into the Province
were cor
between governor and governed
aggressive
of
Free and Independent
words
Royal
C"
for almost
tion
He supported
on Williams-
to the
from
Governors
the
dial enough.
put powder
burg. To avoid violence, Carter Braxton negotiated a compromise where the powder
would be paid for out of royal accounts.
1774,
26,
of the governor, and her charming offspring.
This festive occasion, it seems, was enjoyed
by
militia marched
with light from
ablaze
to
Colonies
and fireworks, all
cressets,
to
come
was
city
the Virginia
on
led
to this
this
and that he
occasion,
never
should look back
we
political
this
on
arms
should not think it prudent
city of Williamscolony of Virginia, the
in his majesty' s
is about
burg
under
in the capital
residence
River. The governor, however,
to hear the people were
as
1
r,
parthat
into their hands in such a situation."
found the solution to the
Pendleton
o' clock in themund
Under the command of Patrick Henry
Convention's problem by proposing to insert
s
the governor'
year later around three
of June 8, 1775, in
A
re
surprised
was
betrayed.
Y
they
had
the
James
the
and troubled
foreyou
when
marines
and
rt
The United Colonies are, and
new
gunpowder from the Magazine
and moved to a ship waiting at anchor in
stand before you a vexed
I stand beman.
I
British
Britain
or
protected by
assembled!"
outraged
were
the
that
crown
L I' ....,:
or
first necessary to enumerate the natural
rights of the
people that would form that
April 20, 1775
People
of Great
understood that in
mean mean
liamsburg?
to
was
troops
p
g
King' s
the
upon
x
4
states
allegiances
18th- century philosophers Virginia's educated political leaders
mus-
hear
NOT
the
all
C9
i
such declaration."
"
From
powder
but the British
those
upon
in town.
citizens
T= -
they give the assent of the Colony to
the
their
rights—
Instead
son!
does
What
announcements?
their
troops
burgesses
How
his
negotiated
arrives
defend
to
lament
Randolph
as
In Lexington the
Burgesses
es
to
Randolph,
and Concord
Lexington
most
dependency
the
prepares to re
turn to Philadelphia, word of the battles at
Lord Dunmore
do?
Peyton
Today,
Assemblytruce.
the
British
against
retaliation
governor, Virginia' s most influential poliof the Continental
tician and presidents
of Government
Enemies
threatened
patriots
Governor Dunmore
of the gunpowin the Magazine. When some
der stored
Scene: May 26, 1774
from
absolved
`
i
t,
United1,ti,
Colonies free and independent
removal
the
S\
i
colony in General Congress be
reinstructed
to propose
to that
s P ectable
body to declare the
this
before,
Eight days
had
ik' -
unanimously that
appointed to represent
the delegates
News from the North
0 _
E•'
Calls
Resolved
Scene: April 29, 1775
The
IN/
Convention
for Independence.
Q
y
The
Virginia
T
ej/
1
s //
V
41"
a
1776
from
ernment
establishment
15.
or Independent
of Virginia
ought
of the Govto
erected
or
within the Limits thereof.
That no free Government
or the Bless-
ing of Liberty can be preserved to anyPeople
but by a firm adherence to Justice Moderation Temperance Frugality and by frequent
recurrence
to fundamental
Principles.
16. That Religion or the Duty which we
owe to our Creator and the manner of dis-
charging it, can be directed only by reason
and Conviction, not by force or Violence and
therefore all Men are equally entitled to the
free exercise of Religion, according to the
Dictates
of Conscience
And that it is the mu-
tual Duty of all to practice Christian Forbearance, Love, and Charity, towards each other.
Edited by Brent Tarter, Revolutionary
Virginia: The Road to Independence,
for Virginia Independence
Published
Bicentennial
Commission, University Press of Virginia,
1983, Volume VII, Part Two, pp. 449- 450.]
�1
1
3
1774 to 1776
h-,
R
FORUM
BIOGRAPHY
a.
Sy-
t
s,
4
_ „..,
r-
•
'',
7,
R. t
1
3 ; \
P.
It is interesting to review the life of Eliza
A.
beth Randolph
Ai
ii1;:.
y
ps
tit. criu
nJc
RECOVRECOVERING
ERING
1
s-:.:"....
VIRGINIA' S
FORGOTTEN
Peyton
Horn
HISTORY
d . ier,
i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,
4 /
1,)
r,(
Z
r
W .
,.
a,",;,:,
w
.
colonies
k",.,,,_,.,<.. . ,., ,...
grims and New England with Puritans, but
what of the settlers of Jamestown? Captain
Smith and Pocahontas
John
The Three Cherokees
probably
best known figures of this time and yet their
story is completely misunderstood. Pocahon-
Estimated
was only 11 or 12 when she met 28- yearold Smith. They certainly knew one another,
perhaps were fond of each other, but they
for Virginia ( East of
Population
tas
Red
Black
Zbtal
2,
600 [ 6%]
43, 600
500 [ 9%]
63, 500
900 [ 22%]
96,
White
1700
1,
1715
1, 300 [
variety. Consider this
comment from Nathaniel Philbrick' s current
1730
900 [. 05%]
103, 300 [ 67%]
49, 700 [ 32%]
153, 900
be
1745
600 [.
02%]
148, 300 [ 63%]
85, 300 [ 36%]
234, 200
1760
400 [. 01%]
196, 300 [ 60%]
130, 900[ 40%]
327, 600
400[ 40%]
466, 200
John Rolfe,
was
Then
is Jamestown
there
disease, and
a
the"
could
Jamestown
starving
440 of 500
following
he
time"(
100 [ 88%]
5,
74,
100 [ 77%]
20,
hardly
winter
came
buried in just
1775
300 [. 006%]
279,
months."
He adds ominously, " the most
lethal days in Jamestown were yet to come."
While Plymouth conjures up rosy images of
1790
200 1. 002%]
settlers
were
God-
fearing
first Thanksgiving,
Indians,
ing
and
of
as a
500 [ 60%]
186,
Source: Wood, " The Changing
itself
ginia
the Civil
the
has
War,
a
the
s
accident
3
with
America' s
By
1730:
55
after
1865,
lagged
century
well behind
urban,
and cultural
By
1750:
There
economic,
Successive
development.
historians,
professional
northern
tional
South
the
North in
universities,
generations
mostly trained
constructed
a
of
history
the
to
South
the
America.
modern
in
re-
in an
Gazette,
POPULATION
1 Native
slaves:
INFORMATION
but tho' a Vein was opened
1 Native
slaves:
were
100, 000
slave
that
population
by
grew
1750:
One out of every five
World
New
other
no
natural increase
In
1780:
One out of every twenty
in Virginia
slaves
by Dr. Monger
eight
months
later,
society had
quickly and
so
African-
was
she
1746),
married
Peyton
so
Lecture for" Enslaving
Randolph
dren, but they were both members of large
and powerful Virginia families. Peyton' s
early
had
been
Sir John
Randolph.
was
Street house
indicates
that Elizabeth
was lite-
ate. She would have to be to rise to the chal-
Training, January and February
Virginia"
lived
for about ten years before her death.
born
African-
His
mother, Lady Susannah Randolph,
born
Evidence
Source: Philip D. Morgan
Eliza-
Virginia. Elizabeth and Peyton had no chil-
a
with them in their Nicholson
in Virginia
slaves
when
of Williamsburg, who then held the important position of Attorney General of
father
In
vio-
beth was 22 years old ( in March 1745
in Virginia;
slaves
a
knockd down by Lightning, but received
little Damage), it proved in vain, and he expired without speaking a word."
in Virginia
American
when
who happened to be on the Spot, and was
in Virginia
American
Va.);
County (
of Berkeley, which kill'd him and his two
youngest daughters. He lived some Minutes;
na-
this
1745
struck the House of Col. Benjamin Harrison,
largely
as
In
died in
in the Maryland
lent Thundergust arose, and the Lightning
of
history (
irrelevant
in Charles City
Mantle, p. 38.
s
or
a
memory) that emphasized
the centrality of New England Puritanism
to the nation' s cultural roots while depict-
ing
Powhatan'
eds.,
Some
1700:
the
recorded
23, 1745) a most terrible Accident happened
800
foundation
By
For
747,
AMERICANS IN VIRGINIA
myth almost completely eclipsing that of the
South and becoming in time synonymous
founding.
and her
had six brothers and three sisters. Her father
ABOUT INDIANS AND ENSLAVED AFRICAN
long history. Following
political ascendancy of
North led to New England'
305, 500[ 41%]
in Wood, et al.,
Population"
1700 TO 1780-
of Jamestown and Vir-
relegation
of Burgesses,
and her sister Hannah
depress-
in which it is hard to find any enduring lessons. It is a story we would rather forget.
The
of the House
August 16, 1745;" Last Friday Evening ( July
and failure
greed,
1723,
mother was Anne Carter Harrison, a granddaughter of Robert " King" Carter. Elizabeth
with local
friendship
carnage,
the
women,
is depicted
Jamestown
chronicle
and
men
ca.
Burgesses, of Williamsburg.
Her father was a gentleman justice and a
six
hardy,
b.
of Peyton Randolph, Speaker of the House of
300
member
442, 100 [ 59%]
when
RANDOLPH (
Harrison of Berkeley Plantation and the wife
1%]
1610),
to 1609-
refers
Peyton died. After his
d. 1783) was the daughter of Col. Benjamin
first year, 70
the
During
success.
of 108 died. The
out
56,
900 [ 3%]
of the " death,
starvation"
book Mayflower."
counted
Smith.
not
38, 100 [ 87%]
Congress,
ELIZABETH
intention of marrying her, and although
named John it
married an Englishman
she
from the empire. Then
control over her household of 27 slaves.
2, 900 [ 7%]
est
of the Conti-
temporary burial in Philadelphia, Elizabeth
returned to Williamsburg as a widow facing
an uncertain future without children to support her and the daunting responsibilities of
managing Peyton' s estate and maintaining
had the slight-
never
of the House of
President
separation
Continental
Mountains)
the
1685
in love. Smith
not
were
Speaker
later
ing the increasingly tense meetings of the
AN OVERVIEW BY RACE AND REGION, 1685- 1790
the
are
and
suddenly in October of 1775, while they
were in Philadelphia where he was attendp
What
town.
what
nental Congress, she witnessed personally
and publicly the final events that led to the
u
do most people know about JamesPlymouth is associated with the Pil
Randolph,
Burgesses
n: _
do ,,
nenin
1774. Consider
1774 to the summer of 1776. As the wife of
x
Letter from James
before
may have prepared her for the relentless
personal and public challenges that she was
forced to grapple with from the spring of
writing, Virginia' s importance as England' s
first successful colony, the wealthiest and
lenge of running a complicated household in
populous of British mainland America, and her key role in leading the thirteen
27 slaves on the Williamsburg property.
which she would have managed
most
into
colonies
revolution
England
New
was
English
America, of
been in
not the
beginning
of
existence
for thirteen years before
landed at Plymouth,
and
Mayflower
the
Virginia had
course.
years were critical. At Jamestown
the hard lessons were learned about how
those
to
colony— the establishment of
political and social institutions such
sustain
stable
as
the
a
church,
government,
communities,
and
plied by
setts,
and
other
were
quickly apMassachu-
of Plymouth,
settlers
English
of
leave
forces
colonies.
would
ferent
took possession of the land and dispossessed
its native peoples. To maximize profits and
events
the
and
half
a
continent
centuries
ideas,
ethos
fitting
America.
two
of
a
controlled.
forcibly
arrival
of
the three
at
African—
of
and stigmatized
and
beginning
with
and conflicted
peoples—
first encountered
by
[
which together
a
past;
but which ul-
James Horn is
at The
each
began the
who
Colonial
and
vice
1774 Governor
at
and Mary
the
established
e
Yorktown
1 730s Number of Virginia- born
Americans
Foundation
of
America (
develops
Stamp Act protests
Williamsburg
Patrick Henry' s Stamp
incident
major
take
who
port
place
in
Act Resolves
Congress
to
independence
moved
to
1781
Williamsburg
occupied
by
British
instructs
a
British General Lord Cornwallis
motion
leadingmember
a
Mrs
Bride,
Mrs.
Grimes,
Mrs.
troops
surrenders
not go to church" and that " The Govr, his
lady and Mrs. Dinwiddie, Mr. Attorney and
his lady, the Councilr and his lady dined
and supped with us this day."
In 1766 her husband,
was
elected
Speaker
Peyton
Randolph,
of the House
of Bur-
gesses, increasing her responsibilities as
his
wife
and
approached,
tion
hostess.
in the Virginia
mond
and
As
the
Revolution
Peyton Randolph' s participathe
Conventions
Continental
in Rich-
Congresses
French
to
forces
American
at
and
Yorktown
in
Philadelphia put greater social and political
of
1775
on both of their lives.
she traveled
with
In August
her husband
to
Philadelphia for the meeting of the Second
Continental
Congress
where
Randolph
was
again elected president.
on
October 22, 1775, just as the Revolutionary
crisis was escalating in all of the colonies.
Elizabeth
Randolph
was in Philadelphia
for
some time after his death, leaving the house
hold of slaves without a master or mistress.
issued his
proclamation offering freedom to slaves if
they left their patriot masters to fight for the
British.
In 1781
eight of the 27 slaves
from
the Williamsburg Randolph household took
up the British offer and were " gone to the
enemy" when the British were in Virginia
once again. Perhaps
the
ty
ofof their futures ( now that their master was
waters
for
Burwell,
Mrs. Atto. Src., visited Mrs. Blair who could
It was at this time that Dunmore
capital
Richmond
slaves
in the Continental
introduce
adopted in
rebels
Convention
its delegates
at
frees
will fight American
1776 Virginia
page I
of Rights
state constitution
1780 Virginia
Magazine
s
Declaration
from
Williamsburg
Dunmore' s Prodamation
a
Virginia
Party
Williamsburg'
exceeds slaves
as
Tea
2005).]
was
Peyton Randolph died in Philadelphia
and
1775 Gunpowder
brought from Africa
Yorktown
dissolves
Dunmore
of Burgesses
House
"
demands
of research
Continued
School ( Brafferton)
pronew
of A Land As God Made It:
Jamestown and the Birth
Newsline
of William
a
people.
president
Williamsburg
author
other
long
they shaped
a new
and
European,
who
world and forged
Africans
descendants
shared
Indian,
Jamestown and
cess
society.
because it is about
our
at
oppression
countless
American
matters
to terms
painful
the
American
Jamestown
past
presaged
exploitation
African
The
Mrs. Randolph
P
of the gentry society in Williamsburg. In
1751 John Blair wrote in his Diary that
this
Africans ( Angolans)
dozen
system
coming
James Horn
1765
commemorative
be
their
African
that
could
blighted the lives of
College
be-
would
there
a new democratic
philosophy that
eventually bring together the difpeoples of America as one nation.
is therefore
It
religious
increase production, planters and farmers
required a regular supply of laborers who
that
1723 Indian
page 1
year to mark the 400th annivershould
sary of the founding of Jamestown
the
highlight
not just
Virginia colony' s
of
early years but the unique contributions
and
public a different story of
a story at times conour nation' s beginnings,
flicted and tragic but which ultimately laid
to the
modern
emerge
political
commercial
and
during the next two
by which Europeans
across
and present
of
liefs,
merely the first in a vicious cycle
repeated
plunder, and exploitation
war,
of law,
rule
were
ans
Jamestown in 1619
foundations
would
an
With the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown we have a unique opportunity to recover Virginia' s forgotten history
the
that
from
of modern
timately laid the foundations
America. From English traditions of the
origins
enduring legacy. Hostilities
Indithe English
and Powhatan
between
of
destructive
powerful
also
too, the
some
representative
private property, local
family life— lessons that
witnessed,
Jamestown
Continued
Matters
Jamestown
Why
ignored.
was
the work of
masteruncert was
Continued
on
Page 4]
�4
1774 to 1776
r,
.-
i,
t.,
t,
4.-„-,---$
HISTORIC
w.
r.
r
gip
t
t(
Set
1774: Good
1,
aside
t
t,: ,
of the
carrying away of the sins of the penitent
his death and resurrection.
1l
1•
t (
Jesus. Called" good" because of the benefig
cial effects of Jesus' sufferings, namely the
The
by
l+
t,
r
of
crucifixion
Easter
on
first
the
was
moon
next
or
the
festival
resurrection
from
It
was
four times
observed
that" this
On Easter
the
all
the
throughout
with
It
and
cockfights
the
was
other
a
popular
amusements
coupled
sometimes
colony,
slaves
a
at the
term
all Virginians
to
college
g
into
production, Virginia had been
law since 1660 to export all
by
her tobacco
to Britain
British
In
merchants.
had become
dependent
Association
the
heaven forty days
goods was disallowed
of that year. In addition all
to Britain were required to cease
December
exports
damage
to
British
to
Parliament
encourage
Jesus'
finding
t
In
to the
SPRING
and
fields,
festival
important
peach
That
orchards.
brought
summer
manufac-
challenges
much
ruined
same
and
spring
drought
severe
a
that
and wheat
of the tobacco
crop in Virginia.
celebrated at Bruton
Wheat:
demands
marked
calendar
in
Virginians
tion
to
the
of
the
agricultural
the
work
days
the
for all
addi
In
countryside.
produced
anxieties
by
the
approaching war many farms were faced
with men leaving to fight in the war and
the threat of slaves running to freedom
offered
British
by the
Spring was
in
November
crucial
the
time
and
orchards,
of
for
29, 1774:
Trinity Sunday
May
30, 1774:
Trinity
and
Term at the college
began.
Anne
by
Willis]
lay
Heap
beeves,
hills,
make
out
or
ships
and plant
cabbages;
the
decision
of the
eight
who left.
Peyton Randolph' s will left " my beloved
house, lots&
my dwelling
the outhouses
thereto belonging in the city of Williamsburg,
of the
same, &
also my
wean
tend young
Fence
and
fill
build
ditches,
Er jewels,
all which
estates
real &
per-
lambs,
make
ever." She was made an executor of his will.
kill
mutton
fish
for
As the widow of the Speaker of the House
for
sheep,
breed
horses,
sturgeon,
calves,
and
gullies, clean
and cart
roads,
of Burgesses
and a resident of Williamsburg,
she undoubtedly knew of the passage of
the Virginia Resolves of May 15, 1776, and
the adoption
of the Virginia
Rights and the Virginia
Declaration
Constitution.
of
Eliza-
beth Randolph lived in a very different world
wood to town
pota-
Continued from page 3
influenced
butter,
castrate
kill
sale,
Other:
Randolph . . .
dead)
sonal I give to her heirs, exrs, Er adrs. I give
to my sd wife also Little Aggy Er her children
Lucy Er her children to her Er her heirs for-
manure,
and lambs born,
calves
fishing,
shear
town
garden; plow and masow carrots,
peas, beans,
turn
lambs,
seine
manure,
Building Trades
rings
and
without her husband; the hardships of war
would shape the remainder of her life.
pumpkins, and turnips
Plant peach seed, nut and fruit
Interpreter,
the
brush,
textiles.
chariot Er horses Er all her wearing apparel
sell
burn
and
Making and burning bricks: problem with
wet weather during drying of green bricks.
Fees felled in spring make it much easier to
remove bark, especially oak
with the furniture
toes,
Orchard:
Source: Linda Rowe,
Livestock:
furnishings
Early harvest of crops like green peas, asparagus, etc. Fruits, herbs, and vegetables
may be dried ( preferable to summer drying
due to lower humindity).
Some bottling
of fruits and vegetables as well as making
syrups, ketchups, marmalades, jellies, and
jams and candying flowers.
car-
FARMING
weed
Prepare
nure;
May
and
hills,
household
Blankets and bed rugs are stored. Fireplaces
wife
Submitted
beds
cart wheat to
Vegetables:
Parish.
make
of all
Before and during the Revolution the
relentless
plant, weed, and replant
Thresh and glean, plow fallow,
com-
memorating the descent of the Holy Ghost in
flames of fire upon Jesus' apostles. The Lord' s
seed,
sow
manure
water
Cut and
Corn:
Food Preservation
can be covered with chimney boards.
economic
planting crops, tending
ing for livestock.
the
market
in the spring of 1774 Virginia had an early
May frost that damaged many apple and
faced the
colonists
beds,
Prepare
Housekeeping/ Gardening/
i
elsewhere.
addition
and
trade
to
ways
v
and securing
their commodities
tured goods
ne‘
1775.
reconsider
ascen-
Pentecost
Whitsunday or
seventh Sunday after Easter).
was
•
Y4., '
` ,,
Easter.
after
22, 1774:
Supper
I
•
was
December 1775. The Association
and
an
all importa-
of 1774,
phia in the autumn
tion of manufactured
after
passed by
was
of
difficulty
manufac-
Congress in Philadel-
Continental
the First
.
SPRING!
Day.
commemorates
was
the
on
by
Virginians
exchange
delivered
goods British merchants
to Virginia from all over the world.
14, 1774: Easter term at the college
Pentecost
to
ships
tured
ended.
May
British
on
be marketed to the rest of the world
Tobacco:
May
based
largely
economy
Coercive Acts. Now the
12, 1774: Ascension
This festival
sion
tobacco
required
designed
1774: Easter
began'
May
on
by
ball.
A p ril 11,
an
When
referred
Fifthian
holiday
cockfights.
agricultural
As
Monday
Easter
day
with
for
time
the
out."
come
1774,
Monday
two-
enjoyed
of
Easter- Sunday, all
being
April 4, 1774: Easter
to
Jesus'
commemorating
One
the dead.
d to meet together High,
seem'
black, White
Low,
equinox.
at Bruton
Parish
the
full
the
after
vernal
the
year the Lord' s Supper was adParish. Philip Fifthian
a
ministered
Sunday
after
d
Spring cleaning: a thorough washing down
and 1775 offered
1774
the colony moved closer to a separation
from Britain and trade within the empire.
Sunday
.
u
as
3, 1774: Easter
April
I•`.
r
t •
challenges
considerable
GET READY FOR THE
l
y1
I.
l
'
1.
of
summers
i.
f
tl •.' 4 ' t l
t
Friday.
memorial
as a
i
x`
1774
LIFE
goglr
1
w,
April
n
a;,
AREA
S rin
Spring
F
4 ,.',,,-'---
trees, and grape vines; graft
Spring 2002]
fruit trees, cart cider to town
COOK' S CORNER
Traditional
religious
The
for
in the Jewish
roots
foods,
Easter
symbols
like Christian
have
Easter,
their
of Passover.
celebration
of the Seder meal— lamb,
components
parsley, bitter herbs, and roasted egg— are
foods available in the spring in the Middle
East,
and North America.
Europe,
In
colo-
nial Virginia
from
those
18th
holiday customs evolved
practiced in Great Britain. In the
century the popular Lenten food, hot cross
buns, were eaten only on Good Friday.
James Boswell' s Life of Johnson includes several
references
the
English
luck to bake
baking
buns that support
it
that
was
good
Good Friday.
Philip Fithian, the tutor of Robert Cartat Nomini Hall, left a record
children
er's
of
to
superstition
on
feast
Easter
an
Lamb
in Virginia.
noticeably absent from the menu.
April 3, 1774, Easter Sunday
we
had
an
..
Beef Er
dinner;
elegant
was
Greens; roast- Pig; fine boil' d RockFish, Pudding, Cheese etc.— Drink;
good
Cyder,
Porter- Beer,
Brandy Toddy.
Journal d Letters
Letters
e:
17
177
Vickers
of Philip
Fithian
Tutor
A Plantation
of the
Old Dominion
Rockfish
ernor' s
served
was
Palace.
of preparing
delicious.
frequently
Mary
boiled
at the
Randolph'
s
served in separate dishes. If any of the rock
be left,
Gov-
method
is
simple
and
TO BOIL
A ROCK
FISH
have two boats
of butter nicely melted with chopped parsley, or for a change, you may have anchovy
Williamsburg
Foundation
dish
next
of lemon
The
Virginia
Housewife
by Mary Randolph, 1824
The puddings eaten by Dr. Johnson
and the Carter family were 18th- century
versions of a 20th- century one- crust pie.
Fruit puddings
were popular when cher-
ries, apples, peaches, and plums were in
season, but bread puddings and rice puddings could be prepared any time of the
15
ACROSS
1
Attempted
a
1570
of
establishment
year. The ingredients in Mary Randolph' sin Virginia
a
dish that will
rice puddingguarantee
4
Brother of Powhatan
who have childhood
those skeptics
surprise
6
of
an
unappetizing
pound
a
dessert.
8 "
of
rice
in milk,
until it is quite tender; beat it well
mash
spoon
to
with a wooden
the
grains;
pound of
melted
a
lemon
add three quarters of a
and the same of
sugar,
butter;
a
nutmeg,
gill of wine, and
peel; put a paste
boiled, and
and
half
some
six
grated
in the dish,
it may be
with butter, sugar,
g
a change,
eaten
is
Laura
a
Randolph,
1824
Fighting Quaker" general
culture predominant in New
17
Jewish
Passover
He married
19 ' Tutor
20
Editors:
Anne Willis
children
after
Easter
Contributors:
23 She did not marry John Smith
24
25
meal
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
Pocahontas
Carter
to
Forty days
Africans
Becoming AMERICANS TODAY
is a publication of the Department
of Interpretive Training
President of 1776 Convention
18
of Vir
capitalg inia
This Virginia body called
Laura Arnold,
Third
for independence
Bob Doares, Kelly Govain,
James Horn,
DOW N
2
Feast
Marianne Martin,
day
3
A favorite
5
Peyton
1Yeated
for The Interpreter
of The Interpreter planning
volunteer for this publication.
a member
board and is
Arnold
Virginia Housewife
of first Jamestown
22 Jamestown burned in his rebellion
Dunmore' s baby
7
The
Laura
21
celebrated
with
Lord'
s
Supper in
Church of England
by Mary
Origin
16 These blazed for Lady Dunmore' s welcome
14 Distinct from legislative and executive
S
wine.
By
mission
Religious
g
England
PUDDING
RICE
Boil half
gently and skim it well; when done, drain
off the water, lay it in the dish, and garnish
horse- radish;
a delicious
pickle, and one of pepper vinegar— shake it
over the fire till perfectly hot, and serve it
up. It is almost equal to stewed crab.
and bake it. For
best part of the rock is the head and
dean it nicely, put it into the
shoulders—
fish kettle with cold water and salt, boil it
0 2007 The Colonial
make
butter, some salt, a large spoonful
eggs,
rockfish
The
with scraped
it will
day; pick it in small pieces, put it in a stew
pan with a gill of water, a good lump of
memories
Er
Rum
butter; the roe and liver should be fried and
fish
at
Randolph'
Governor'
s
Rose McAphee,
Nancy Milton,
Linda Rowe, Andrea Squires
palace
s
temporary resting place
in Article 16 of Virginia Declaration
of Rights
Production:
Beth Lawrence, copy editor
Diana Freedman, graphic production
9
Astronomical
determiner
10
Seventh
11
Indian school
12
Dartmouth'
of Easter
Sunday
s
after
letter
Easter
about
this
0 2007 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All rights reserved. All images are property of
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, unless
otherwise noted.
3/ 07-5478479
�
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 6, number 2, April - June, 2007
Description
An account of the resource
1774 to 1776
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2007
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/1183c948dbb4dee7540ec340edfc4d26.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Zz8agw5O9QLtzw2EJGqcm2lLA1TqVZTUVoHSxILRLgCH79M5pnIITofXCOB3r9SIxg1MYUnO8GzxJj9e%7EgzQYBLOx97NDY3jxMz%7Eph6vKMYwxIIhG2b0IVAry37pbtEopEwTua7VM1pnitv1TOFXePR2t8Jy4VZ%7EC9ggKsjHN4juQa7RzJhCCI6yYdnMRKU8YlFvzlTscPoasMimRwlRLEeOxpjF1Ejiflm-lXunYOLI2xYak5hdx8xOFMnvKuoz4HUAnpdY3zJFmLE%7EavprL60nsFqp-jtTs%7EMKGfd2hmZUnIOwGtDPgNhExI-C1DNsWt4S4Z8RujxsKwVyjDs%7EsA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
78cd1391417c469e74cf3875a6cb8863
PDF Text
Text
March, April, May
6 No. 1
Volume
1774 to 178i
2007
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
9
nIN
non
n
n
4
II
nlr
i
4`'
4
1, _
C
r
ma
.
Stories
NATION BUILDERS
in the
occur
hours and will be
morning morning
world is familiar with Virginia'
The
were
Meet
u
,
these
Nation
shape
-
their
times
of the American
26, 1774
Dunmore' s Dilemma
front,
least from his
not
in London.
riors
and
Indians,
supe-
of Bur-
House
intent on spoiling all his
seem
How will he navigate Virginia' s
gesses
plans.
political
waters?
Dunmore
of
One
A
1791—
Washington,
1796,
Henry,
to
citizens
their
consider
in
burg
acquaint
To
herself
with
Randolph,
colony' s leaders. The burball at the
this
are giving
gesses
Ca P ttol in her honor, and she wants
be
prepared
and
political
to
meet
her
assist
legisla-
the
husband
his
in
the street
aspirations.
with
4: 15
on
that
declares
respond
House,
all
that"
front of
men
are
Ain' t
ti
Pamphlet,
former
a
dis
slave,
for the black Baptist
vision
church
Surprize",
great
is once
as Shake-
was
edited,
rearranged,
and
to suit the tastes and technologies
and courtesans),
deemed
nonessential
scenes
that do not
and inappropriate,
as
Othello juxtaposes the 18th century
against the 21st century by casting an Afri-
Cof
their husbands.
can American
debate
Envisions the Future
Father
of the
American
Republic
Washington,
Henry,
created
Lafayette—
in
up his experiences
and expresses
his hopes
future
the
of
the
front of Raleigh
In
Lady Washing
de
Marquis
the
or
sums
Williamsburg
for
founder— Jefferson,
different
A
to the
All programs
are weather
Times
republic.
young
Tavern]
permitting.
Shakespeare
still
intended
his
y," which was th
standard
bdeebtction t
he
Gare
in
1700s. David
P
rick, renowned for his Shakespearean char
acters,
suffered
a rare critical failure
role. Contemporary
in this
reports blame part of
the failure on his almost
unheard- of deci-
sion to use black makeup, thus limiting the
effectiveness of his highly expressive face.
This exciting, fast paced blend of 400
years of theatre opens March 15 at 8 p. m.
sion(
in the
are approximate.
in the title role. Scholars
whether
m.
Raleigh Tavern]
3: 50 p. m.
August 1777
ton Visits the Capital
warriors
it questions the need for wives' chastity to
Conclusion
Conversations with townspeople
w
avoid
of slavery puts them all at risk. [ The
feehouse Backyard]
people of Williamsburg
touch their lives.*
lives. In the midst of uncertainty, enslaved
Virginians, like Lydia Broadnax and Eve
from the Randolph
to
the audience
which he is pastor. He gains recognition
even as the shadow
for his congregations
how this document will affect their
wonder
hope
17, 1752)
directly advance the plot are removed( military discussions, revels) and a scene considered essential to today's audiences between
the two female characters is purged, being
ofMoor
4:35 p.
Looking Forward: A Founding
In
ifelr
Thy Rod and Thy
at
After the reading of the Declaration
residents
of Williamsburg
Independence,
Citizens at War, 1776- 1781
r
his
cusses
Me
news
r,
Fall 1793
p. m.
Staff
republic.
That Freedom
the Empress
of the 18th century, not unlike many modern productions of classics, but Othello sur
vived relatively unscathed. This production
is based on a 1755 promptbook and a 1773
published edition. Both share many traits
common to the period: characters seen as
unworthy" in noble drama are eliminated
clowns
Conversations with townspeople
changes
1776
July
p. m.
Glorious Cause" of American
to " the
Gowan
of the
some
and learn how these
great fanfare and celebration. She
honors in her husband' s name for his
liberty.[ Capitol, South Side]
and
rights
between the dramaticscenes listed here, meet
for
the
tors
In
3: 30
for information
finest ladies,
about
asked
of Williams-
one
burg' s
Virginia
has
Dunmore
Lady
society,
Ariana
the Ball
to
service
recalls
Side]
West
Builders
Nation
Gathering of
what
self- governing
a
a"
Shakespeare
rewritten
important lessons in citizenship he learned
in the former capital and challenges
current
on
speare' s Othello, the Moor of Venice premieres
in this year's 18th- century Play Series.
receives
remembers
we
the stage,
in for
again
Jeffer-
has meant to him. He
occasioned
Virginia Gazette, November
I
Although
George
or
which
storming
Founding
founders— Thomas
our
1796, Patrick
son,
Capitol,
for
Prepares
I
1!
26, 1774
May
Lady
1
t
the Revolution
on
responsibilities
troubled
to
Reflects
Williamsburg
disputes,
Boundary
even the
whose
today to
ideals and visions
Back:
Looking
p. m.
Father
The royal governor is having a vexing
morning! Pressures surround him on
every
45
at the Palace
Governor . . .
the
to order some about her to go and prevent their killing one another."
of Independence,
P
and unfulfilled.
2:
were received
his Honour
Stage,
_
dream, the promises of the
both realized
Declaration
Nation
Thursday the 9th Instant. . . and were
with the
that Evening entertained . . .
Play, ( the Tragedy of Othello) ... which
continue
our
Cherokee
gave them great Surprize, as did the
fighting with naked Swords on the
line
and
influence, and inspire
mod' >
May
on
often
of the
attended by several of his War-
riors . . .
by
Jefferson, and Henry.
Builders, who helped
less than Washington,
A
1 _
the
Emperor
•.'
II
contribu-
by
°'
y
n
patriots stood.
These people, preachers and house servants,
enslaved and free, were nation builders no
a`
first
these
shoulders
ti_; ,
their
possible only
people of history
overlooked
k:
I•
But
republic.
made
ai
4
of these great men were essential to
winning independence and establishing a
tions
I
4
A ''``'`
4 , <<
his-
s
EVENING PROGRAMS
i,
efforts
self governing
e 8 u
L
The
4
... .
torical giants, men like George Washington,
Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry. The
Collapse of Royal
Government 177
1776
k•..
l
1
I
Monday
in This Week.
advertised
t
h
WILLIAMSBURG
SPRING 2007 PROGRAMMING
STORIES
Revolutions
Revolutionary
isAkNI
T DAr
1 FOR COLONIAL
NO.
18
REVOLUTIONARY
I •- {
i i
Kimball
Theatre.
Consult
This
Week
for additional dates throughout the year.
Martha Washington arrives in Williams-
Todd D. Norris
a
REVOLUTIONARY CITY/ STORIES 2007
REVOLUTIONARY
of Royal
Collapse
1774-
1776
p. m.
May 26, 1774 Enemies of
Government, Governor Dunmore Confronts
The Challenge
Archibald
olas,
and
the
1776
Robert Carter Nich-
Cary,
Independence
Virginia'
the
s
discuss
Delegation"
of Rights and
Declarationconstit
futuresan
The
state
n
of
of Virginia'
other members
new republic
is their
July
1776
What Holds
recall
the
ture:
how
the Future?
abandoned
s
servants
depar-
governor' s abrupt
threatened
felt
he
and
family away from
Williamsburg, fearing for their safety
how he hurried
now
people
ponder
fate; they are not eligible
for freedom under the terms of Duntheir
own
more' s
of Safety
and
Proclamation,
mittee
them
the
decide
might
Comto
sell
away from town and from each
MAY 7)
other. ( BEGINS
August—September
monwealth
the
ofs
makes
known
republic.
for
of
Virginia
Governor' s Palace, Palace,
Virginia
the
Cominto
movesiv Henry
into
Patrick
his plans
for the new
at the
Capitol
this
un-
meet
people
these
on
of
dramatic
the street
listed
scenes
with
some
how
touch their lives.*
April29, 1775
Gale
ordered
before,
the
Governor
removal
of
gunpowder
stored in the Public Magazine. When
some
retaliation
against the
patriots threatened
governor, Virginia' s most influential politi-
and president of the Continental Congress, Peyton Randolph, negotiated a truce.
cian
Today,
as
Randolph
Philadelphia,
ton
[
In
prepares to return to
word of the battles at Lexing-
and Concord
arrives
in town. [ In
front
Tavern]
4:
3: 30 p. m.
vided!
July 27, 1775
10 p. m.
ties
They
Kate,
1775
Dunmore
meet
to
con-
slavery, news arrives
their futures. What does
really mean for
The Coffeehouse Backyard]
Conversations with townspeople
4:30
p. m.
Soldier!
Alexander
fallen
on
argue
about
15,
May
Hoy,
a
hard times,
1776
The
carpenter
his
and
Citizen
who
wife
has
Barbry
his enlisting in the army. Mrs.
that Alexander
is too old
a soldier
and that the
him. [ In
without
a
Susannah
loyalist
mother,
navigate
their
and
family can' t
front of Raleigh
Tavern]
ways
through the gossip- riddled town. Mr. Randolph' s loyalty to the British king is making
4: 45
p. m.
May
and Independent
The
Virginia
15, 1776
take the
Resolved, Free
States!
representatives
The Declaration
representatives
bold first
of Independence
is read
have
adopted
their
own
of Rights and a Constitution
for
In between the dramatic scenes listed here,
meet on the street with some of the people of
Williamsburg and learn how these changes
touch their lives.*
3: 05
pm.
June 18, 1779
men
of
step in break-
War in the West
Henry Hamilton, the British governor
of Detroit, and other prisoners of war are
being held in the Public Gaol. The charges
against them are vague, and no evidence
has
yet been supplied. Hamilton resents being
treated as a common prisoner, without the
usual provisions allowed for officers and prisoners of war.[ The Coffeehouse
Conversations
3: 25
p. m.
Backyard]
with townspeople
September 15, 1780
In Des-
perate Circumstance!
Barbry Hoy, a local woman who followed
her husband southward with the army, returns to Williamsburg. Her husband Alexander was captured
of the free
A Declaration
to the citizens of Williamsburg. This news
arrives only a few weeks after Virginia' s
Hoy is concerned
become
July 25, 1776
the new state.[ Capitol, West Side]
Slaves!
others
at War, 1776- 1781
of Independence!
Declaration
Proclamation
enslaved?[
p.
m.
of
change
Dunmore' s
the
and
Eve,
issues
could
that
17,
to
Liberty
2: 45
were
of honor and
Conclusion.
Ariana Randolph,
her daughter
Di-
were
Tavern]
November
the
survive
A House
the
front of Raleigh
As
to
Conversations with townspeople
liberty
spirited.
by
call
s
Conversations with townspeople
from
Dunmore
Citizens
and
They must now set
about establishing a republican form of government.[ Begins in front of Raleigh Tavern
and moves to Capitol, South Side]
love of country. Any who would challenge
their rights and liberties had better beware!
front
Eight days
tions for independence.
Court
A
Virginia'
of American
defense
Proclamation,
The
1775
answered
who
together
of the
learn
and
Williamsburg
changes
3: 15 p. m.
the North!
had
the
men
brave,
proud,
bound
West
between
In
3,
ing from Great Britain by passing resolu-
of Tar and Feathers
for the people of Williamsburg?
Side]
mean
Capitol,
Tavern]
September
p. m.
for the
of Raleigh
1776
Patrick Henry' s Vision
As the first governor
3: 45
arrives
complicate
Conversations with townspeople
protesting the closing of Boston Harbor by
the British government.
What will he do?
How will the burgesses react? What will a
his
enslaved
The
front of Raleigh
The
here,
Lord Dunmore'
In
with the House of Burgesses for their
happy
respon-
sibility.
[
Assembly!
Lord Dunmore
of Independence
To
uncomfortable.
further, Edmund, the only son of
the family, falls squarely on the patriot side.
matters
2: 45
Late June,
lives
their
Government,
CITY"'
in the siege of Charleston,
and she now seeks work at the Raleigh Tavern.
She tells the story of the
war
in South
�2
March, April, May 2007
In 1770, Jefferson represented
Howell,
a
early release from
bound until the age
the
From
he
unmarried
an
the
men
was
free,"
born
the
based
of his client's
curtailment
lengthy
was
Jefferson argued
the
on
Jefferson
liberty
vial
three
line of reasoning, did not even require a refrom the opposing attorney, George
Wythe,
Jefferson' s friend and mentor. The
i
court
ell to
cn
continue
law required How-
held that Virginia
he reached
in his
the
ton,
of 31.
age
lil
in
s
he
Williamsburg,
instructions
approved
not
the title A
under
of British
America.
appealed
but
in
maintained
also
of
N
e
general
a
Virginia
for
Reli-
freedom
the
George
to
wrote
reacting
were
emancipate
of
Wythe
to the passage
w
Vr ^
t
a
of the
to set themselves
the
minds
to work
of their
subjects
prejudices,&
that as zealously as they now endeavor the
contrary, a thousand years would not place
them on that high ground on which our
colo-
common people are now setting out." Jeffer-
aboli-
son wished
to be remembered
ton of domestic slavery is the great object of
desire in those colonies where it was unhappily introduced
the
Virginia
state."
as the author
of Independence
of the Declaration
in their infant
on
from their present ignorance&
Rights
that" the
1786,
to
grievances, arguing that their" natural"
had been
rights
as
free- born Englishmen
He
work
to
celebrates
Jefferson
of Europe
mists'
violated.
in Vir-
Statute, he stated that " If all the sovereigns
the
later
of the
redress
Albemarle
of the laws of the commonwealth.
letter
a
document Jefferson
In the
BIOGRAPHIES
the Revolution and the Enlightenment. In
The document
published
Summary View of the
was
George III for
to
to
of
statement
man's mind and is a powerful statement of
proposed
delegates
s
Congress.
First Continental
was
his
wrote
for Virginia'
represented
Freedom
gious
of Delegates
Convention
to the First
egate
Philadelphia.
a supreme
Jefferson' s Statute
pen produced two docuimportance to the emerging
ments of great
1774,
as
a
delUnited States. In August
Jefferson'
was
appointed
was
revision
until
master' s service
in
ginia' s new House of Delegates from 1776
until 1779, when he was elected governor.
As governor and a member of the Board of
Visitors of the College of William and Mary,
Jefferson had a hand in abolishing the
Grammar and Divinity schools. After independence was declared, Jefferson, along
with George Wythe and Edmund Pendle-
s
buttal
A
Congress
the laws of nature" with the state of society.
that
generations was unusually
The judges, unmoved by Jefferson' s
harsh.
1775
the natural rights of man " as derived from
law that applied
a
Continental
The document
greatservant woman and
grandparents ( a white
a black man) and that
through
of Howell'
actions
December
dependence and became its primary author.
servant
Claiming (
are
through
On June 11, 1776 Jefferson was appointed
to a committee to draft a declaration of in-
probably for the first
that " Under the law of nature, all
time)
August
and again in May 1776 Jefferson attended
to
come
of 31 because
child of
mulatto
woman.
BIOGRAPHIES
Samuel
had
who
Court in Williamsburg seeking
Howell was
servitude.
General
the
man
mulatto
1774 to 1783
Statute
for Religious
0
and the
Freedom
and
r
of Virginia.
founder of the University
,
ti
I
blacks at the Wythe property between
y
and 1791. Lydia moved to Richmond with
/
r
Wythe in 1791.
THOMAS JEFFERSON
THOMAS
president
governor of
of Virginia, author of
Commonwealth
the
Declaration of
and
Independence
for
Statute
Virginia
Religious
the
his" freed
will
i,
Virginia,
planter,
Jefferson (
of ten
and
surveyor,
From
1752 he received
house
He
Plantation.
at Tlrckahoe
and my stock in the funds,
in trust, with the rents of one and interest
to the
Wythe
6
Douglas, and from 1758 to 1760 he studied
It
Small
Dr. Wm.
LYDIA BROADNAX,
of
good fortune, and what
destinies of my life that
George Wythe;
Scotland
the
fixed
probably
Broadnax
It is
then
was
proprofound in
likely
a slave woman
first
that the
Martha Jefferson noted that
name
appeared
and gentlemanly manners, & an enlarged
liberal mind. . . He returned to Europe
Wythe'
s
in
lists. She received
having previously filled up
of his goodness to me, by procuring for me, from his most intimate friend
G. Wythe, a reception as a student of law,
his direction,
the
Fauquier,
filled
that
tation
read law with George Wythe
from
became
1762
1765.
to
days
a
cases
practicing attorney arguing
before Virginia' s General Court from
1767
to
he reached
After
became
ing
10, 000
some
and
200
acres
married
He
slaves.
Skelton (
Martha
planter managand between 100
née
the
45
ent,
and according to law, Wythe
for her financial well- being.
his
Wayles)
1
on
of his
marriage
lasted
death
1782 from
in
childbirth.
gained
They had
until
years
during
complications
six
children
of
was
grief- stricken
at the
loss of his
newly elected
County. In his Au-
Assembly
as a
burgess from Albemarle
tobiography
that
he
I
wrote,"
made
one
effort
in
for the permission of the emanof slaves, which was rejected; and
body
cipation
regal government,
nothing liberal could expect success. Our Minds
were
within
narrow
limits
circumscribed
indeed,
by
to
all
an
be
during
belief that it
to the
subordinate
matters
labors in
even
the
habitual
to
religions
subservience
a
to
bigoted
but hers."
our
duty
country in
direct all our
mother
of government,
observe
was
to
her interests,
Wythe'
household
s
Wythe
she
paid
received
and
intolerance for all
CITY/ STORIES 2007 Continued
grim defeats.
Carolina and of the Americans'
[
In
front of Raleigh
3: 45
p. m.
Taken!
Randolph.
Eve was the first female to appear
on the list of Randolph' s personal property.
Her value of£ 100 indicates
that she was an
important part of the day- to- day activities
in the household
and
that she might
have
been Betty Randolph' s personal maid.
The
widow
Randolph
bequeathed
Eve
Randolph
noted that she had been forced to
sell Eve because
of her " bad behavior."
The
money from the sale was to be used to buy
a slave girl for Ann Copeland and a slave boy
for her nephew Peyton Harrison. The widow
Randolph' s sale of Eve indicates
that she took
greater offense to Eve' s decision to join the
British during the Revolution than she did
to the departure of the other slaves who ran
to the enemy. Eve might have remained with
each year
returned to Williamsburg. Advertisements
placed by Harrison Randolph in the Virginia
Gazette and General Advertiser in 1782 suggests that he purchased Eve from his aunt:
earn
some
money
in
September
name
God Amen.
of
I
Lydia
intolerably good
health, do
the British and the other Randolph slaves
TWENTY DOLLARS REWARD,
of the
FOR apprehending
slave,
make
who
left
York
EVE, Negro woman
after
the surrender;
she is about forty years old, very black and
slender, has a small mouth for a Negro, and
a remarkable
mole on her nose:
She has
since been seen on her way to Hampton.
She carried with her a variety ofstriped and
of
checked
delivers
Virginia
cloth
cloathes.
her to the subscriber
Whoever
in Richmond,
shall receive the above reward.
Perhaps the " bad behavior" that Betty
Randolph
mentioned
in the codicil to her will
was Eve' s decision to stay with the British.
The
Town
1781
September 28,
p. m.
Promised Land, or A Matter of Faith
is
British Occupy Williamsburg
American
turncoat— now British
over
the
the
nounce
Redcoats
Capitol
rules
of
and
Arnold
raise
the
the
talks about
new
seizes
British
officers
occupation. [
African
An
there
nected
an-
to
Conversations with townspeople
4,
1781
Running
the
to
[
his
face of
will be
war
are
citizens
no
as
with
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
Anne
equal and
church
state
government
had been. A
the
con-
Church
young soldier
questions of faith in
and world- changing
Backyard]
events.
Contributors:
Bob Doares, Rose McAphee,
Nancy Milton, Lou Powers,
Linda
Kristin
Rowe,
enslaved people prepare to leave with
them. Can she be convinced not to run?
4:40 p. m.
September
Yorktown
and Victory!
The
other
Or will Eve join the more than 600 former
left their rebel masters in the
who
slaves
to
follow the British northward?
Phil
Shultz,
Spivey, Rene Willett,
Kathleen
Williams
Production:
Conclusion.
Lord Cornwallis and the British army
Eve
and
prepare to leave Williamsburg,
As
Willis
The Coffeehouse
Freedom!
Carolinas
all
Editors:
preacher
for the future in a
hopes
him
confronts
July
The
Baptist
the
England
of
Capitol,
American
where
society
where
South Side]
p. m.
Becoming AMERICANS TODAY
is a publication of the Department
of Interpretive Training
Coffeehouse Backyard]
Conversations with townspeople
Brigadier General— Benedict
4:05
The
4: 15
townspeople
April 20, 1781
Williamsburg.
page 1
from
The
The
flag
[
Tavern]
Conversations with
whom
dear" Patsy," and never remarried.
On May 8, 1769 Jefferson took his seat
in the General
in
Eve was the mother of George, who was
baptized on July 6, 1766. Peyton Randolph
left Eve and her children to his widow Betty
the
was
consists
nieces
mother,
free female
a
a burial
ground, which property
of a house and half acre of ground
in the City of Richmond, and my household
furniture, and whatever ready money, and
other
goods I may die entitled to, or possessed
of to Philip Wythe( Judah) and Benjamin
Wythe ( Judah), free boys of colour, grandsons of my sister Letty Robertson, deceased,
to them and their heirs and assigns forever.
tion
her
to
and her
her freedom.
REVOLUTIONARY
s
daughters reached adulthood. Jef-
two
only
ferson
ten
the
and
and
in 1788. She was probably one of the two
Their
Martha'
census
my last will and testament.
And I hereby give, devise and bequeath
all my property, subject to the said reserva-
con-
wife' s slaves
for the medical treatment that
January
life together at Monticello.
was
20, 1787— two
Taliaferro,
1772, and the young couple began their
married
she
death— Wythe
wife' s
remained
she
the
on
this
The
1787.
nephew.
after
widow
as
per-
city of Richmond, being old
and infirm, but in my perfect senses at pres-
grew up at the Wythe planin Elizabeth
City County ( present-
Lydia
Virginia
lifelong
a
and
1820 the
Broadnax
that Lydia
to
Broadnax
over
veyed descendants
his majority, Jefferson
In
1783,
Lydia
after
free
six
individuals
taking in boarders.
Lydia wrote in her will
of
20,
noted that
age
a
1820:
from
1782,
women
deed
brother, Richard
1774.
in
Hampton). On August
day
He
Tax
Property
treatment
responsible
was
Possibly
Williamsburg
then
man
years of
ever
Personal
by
testify
free
was
appeared
of
In
woman
and 45 years of age, and two
the age of 45 lived. She
over
25
continued
George
1783, 1784, and
the
medical
August
emancipation
office.
Jefferson
in
the ablest
on
free
s
household
a
household in which
a
between
she
Broadnax
Lydia
of
States Census.
head of
to
unable
was
color.
reported
taker
and 1788. Wythe emancipated
1785,
Lydia
Lydia'
of
member
on
United
Gave Mrs.
she"
she
enslaved
her June 1780 will. It is likely that Eve and
George ran to join the British in 1781 and
that Eve did not return to Williamsburg.
In the July 1782 codicil to her will Betty
poisoning by George
killed her former
and two enslaved
sons
when
shillings.
Galt and Barraud
1784,
of Gov-
who
a
as
household
doctors
to
me
and familiar table
acquaintance
ernor
and introduced
eighteen
1786 Williamsburg
the
measure
under
cook"
Wythe' s
by
to Lydia
reference
January 24, 1778
on
was
freed
that
an
owned by Peyton and Betty Randolph
deaths, in trust
their
the
EVE,
and George to her niece, Ann Copeland, in
the
trial because
s
1810,
head
the
in Richmond
tavernkeeper
fessor of Mathematics, a man
most of the useful branches of science, with
correct
a happy talent of communication,
1762,
of
In
LYDIA BROADNAX
wrote,
my great
was
Sweeney'
woman
for two years. He studied under Dr. William
learnSmall, an exemplar of Enlightenment
Jefferson later
However,
at
James Maury. Jefferson then
and Mary
the College of William
the Rev.
attended
Sweeney
master.
a
and freed
EVE
lives of the
during
after
woman
of said Michael Brown."
use
Lydia survived
ON-
freed
my
Benjamin,
man
Brown,
former, and
two
his
attended the Latin school of the Rev. William
under
to support
other,
Lydia, and freed
1752 he
In
of the
.,
school
one- room
his
wrote
bequeathed
Wythe
Nelson,
boy Michael
with
tutoring
at the
as
in Richmond, which I bought of
ground
until
1740s
he
when
1803.
her
to
William DuVal " the houses
third
the
was
late
the
private
cousins
and Jane
referred
who
Lydia"
woman
neighbor
William
r .
Peter Jefferson
mapmaker)
Randolph).
née
children.
and
to
and
master,
April 20,
on
his
to
in Albe-
born at Shadwell
was
County,
marle
ing.
her former
slave
Jefferson
by
property taxes. Lydia took in boarders
early as 1799. She continued to cook for
as
k
Freedom,
owner
in possession of property in
1797, the first year that she
was
paid
diplomat, founder of the University of Virginia, architect, husband, father, and
sister
Lydia
Richmond
second
States,
the
It,
third
JEFFERSON,
of the United
17t 9
citizens
to
leave
his
Williamsburg
as
for Yorktown.
1781
On
to
Beth Lawrence, copy editor
Diana Freedman,
addresses
general
of
28,
men
and the
he
prepares
Guests and towns-
people are recruited to march to the Courthouse.[ In front of Raleigh Tavern]
graphic production
m 2007 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All rights reserved. All images are property of
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, unless
otherwise noted.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 6, number 1, March - May, 2007
Description
An account of the resource
1774 to 1783
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1774©2007
-
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Christmas 2006
5 No. 4
Volume
THE INTERPRETER'
r
ir''
Christmas 1774 to 1783
r
S NEWSPAPER
Christmas
Christmas
Progra}
7
AI
11
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See
i
page
2
NO.
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The Christmas Season
4
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page
WILLIAMSBURG
1 FOR COLONIAL
CHRISTMAS IN WARTIME
Newsline
0.;
an,.,
DAY
1.
1.-
1.
ti_
Food
iI
ming
„ >
CHALLENGES
FOR
AMERICANS
1
THE NEW YEARS
December 25: Christmas Day. The first
day of the Christmas season( through
and
5),
January
of four
one
1774 TO
times
tt
during the year when the Lord' s Supper was celebrated at Bruton Parish
Church and elsewhere in Virginia in
colonial
the
period.
Will our people survive?
r^
Can we trust the Europeans?
5:
s.
What
%;
h
enter-
Christian
December
e•
first
Feast of St. Stephen,
December26:
r
,
of St.
John
of
the
of Freemasons
local
show that
celebrated
African Americans
What freedom
Lodge
Williamsburg
1
ma-
Should I run to the British?
What will happen to my loved ones?
this
They processed
as a
group,
wearing
their
of
insignia
the
order,
walking
r-
WINTER CELEBRATIONS
in the proper rank from the lodge to
Church for
Bruton Parish
Winter provides a special opportunity to
a sermon.
draw connections
they hosted a dinner and
which the ladies of the town
41.-
Afterward,
ball
to
and her
England
1:
January
traditional
1752.
colonial
English
night
in the
modern
Night.
Twelfth
as
usage
in
night
The
word "
reveling."
the
Twelfth
Epiphany/
Christian
Epiphany
the
year,
feast
of
and
a new star
the
birth of Jesus
the
magi
eastern
tion
year prompt
on
of
time
the
or
wise
their
his birthplace
bearing
frankincense,
men
arrival
at
and myrrh.
gifts
of
gold,
Taken from Linda Rowe' s Article in
Vol. 23, No.
The Interpreter,
11
SNAPSHOT
TODAY
at Dorchester
On December
the
across
Heights:
and 1776
1775
crisis.
a
swept
storm
the
province.
In
temperatures
vicinity of Boston,
dropped to the low twenties, and a foot
fell. On Christmas Day, a Monstill bitterly cold, but clear,
snow
day,
it
and
the
was
troops
continued
with
their
any day. . .
This is the last day of the old
routine
listed
as
distressed
gressman
service,'
Nathanael
Samuel
British
December
and disorder
have
Green
Ward
the
and
Arnold
is wounded.
Sir Guy Carlton
general
hope for improvement of his
then
focus
sharper
by
of
the onset
A look at each turn of the year during the
war reveals
how the morale of the troops
and
their
mirrored
commanders
coun-
and tragedies that
umphs
came
to them at
Jersey and
control
comes
to
Wash-
when
his
that
British
of the
command have only agreed to serve
until the end of the year. The Connecticut
men intend to depart on December 10, cit-
expire
at the
the
in their
clause
contracts
attack
to
just
the
militias
enlistments
his
under
command
Cambridge,
at
ber. They
handsome
in
early
his headquarters
live in
Vassal
supplies
him,
House.
Decem-
Delaware River.
the night
of December
Wash-
25,
at
News that
have not arrived
fierce
the
badly
The
grim Christmas for threadbare
starved soldiers, who are reduced to eating
attends
dogs. Martha
church service on
a
of the
generals
forces
Arnold
Benedict
Montgomery
have occupied
and
launch two
they
surprise
on
to
This
Richard
a
violent
weather
December
battle at Trenton
under
Montreal
November 13. On December 31, in
blizzard,
again
on
American
and the loss of their
Rall, the Hessians
corn-
spair
ing
since
prevents a further
The army retraces
to
attacks
on
30
and
win
a
on
pulls the Revolution
firing
Continental
Army is
a
force
been
so
weak
as we
of
the
means
and
stand
sistere,
which
means "
to
the nighttime
sun,
still."
of Jesus into one that would
on
hours are
be acceptable
to all. Constantine also declared Sunday as
the official day of rest. ( Until then ancient
Christians
observed
the Jewish
Sabbath
on
Saturday.) About this time the date of the
observance was identified as December 25.
for non- Christians
observed
in
December
include the following:
Native Americans: Many Native American Indian
tribes
and winter
solstices.
recognize
both
Pueblo
summer
Indian
tribes
the solstices
and equinoxes.
page 2
is the holiest month of
the year for Muslims. Its date is calculated
by the arrival of the first crescent moon
that signals the ninth lunar month of the
the time when Allah revealed the Qura' n to
to
but
Muslim
calendar. This observation
Mohammed.
confu-
honors
It has fallen in December, but
may occur as early as October.
prodigiously
1
for
t
r
Judaism— Hanukkah (
1
E_
t
l: [
1"}
suffering has
We have never
our
Source, David McCullough,
l
i`
t
111
L
it. I
also
x=_
J
f
r
J= f4r= ''
as
.
Chanukkah) recognizes the war fought by
the Maccabees in pursuit of religious freedom. When the king of Syria conquered
9
Judea in the second century B. C. E., he disallowed worship in the Temple and stole the
sacred lamp, the menorah, from the altar.
When
the
Maccabees
retook
Jerusalem
three years later, they found sufficient oil
to light the menorah for only 24 hours, but
1776,
Schuster, 2005]
the flame lasted a miraculous
r
known
the Festival of Lights, Feast of Dedication, or
t;
shall be tomorrow."
Simon&
from the Latin words sol, which
Islam— Ramadan
be reckoned with.
en-
standing we have burned up all of the
fences and cut down all the trees for a
around the camp,
been inconceivable. . . .
with
greatly
Con-
a
provisions raw
cook, and notwith-
mile
month
gence of the sun. The many ancient stone
structures located throughout the country
were created by Native Americans to detect
to eat their
to
the
associated
called Soyal, which recognized the reemer-
galvanizing civilian support, shockthe British,
and convincing potential
Continues
v
for want of
around
are
3.
want of wood. Many regiments have
been obliged
and
Chris
celebrations
of de-
out
reign.'
suffered
in
Most
with it, non
various
push
January
by
that the
rituals
hold
had many rites observed on or near solstices. The Hopi tribe held a ceremony
second
2. They
January
victory at Princeton
news
allies
raging
a
associated
worldwide
Other holy days, rituals, or celebrations
surrender.
steps
across
the Delaware,
taking their
prisoners with them. Success has made the
army confident enough to cross the river
season."
Meanwhile,
next morning they attack to
taking the Hessian garrison by
and overrunning the town. After
its
prominent
pew and bowing politely to
the other ladies, wishing them" the compliments
north of' Menton,
miles
towards Princeton.
strike
her place in
Day, calmly taking
ice- swol-
The
fighting,
mander,
promises
and half-
nine
the
across
south,
surprise
tians
December
longer than the daylight hours. It is the opposite of summer solstice.
By the fourth century, Roman emperor
Constantine had accepted Christianity. In an
attempt to unify his subjects, he combined
many of the pagan and Christian traditions
about
shoes.
the
en-
the traditions
Christians,
of the birth of Christ and
At winter solstice
no
family joins
tree
18th-
Hessian- held town of Trenton
batteries
Boston.
an indoor
winter solstice. The term solstice is derived
of
in the midst of raging winds, snow, sleet,
and rain. To add to the difficulties, a significant number
of Washington' s men have
outside
for most
December.
go home on January 1, leaving Washington with only 5, 582 soldiers to
man an
eight- mile semicircle of forts and
river
While,
and
ington leads his troops
len
decorated
century Virginians would have had cause
for celebration sometime during the season.
The following offers some highlights of the
historical and present- day observances that
generally occur during December.
the
they will be home for Christmas. The troops
from New Hampshire,
Rhode
Island, and
Massachusetts
not have
oc-
successfully
in
end of the month. He decides
the
across
During
promising
their
confident that
problems, the
s
most
his
in
Jersey
Island
are
Delaware into
the
New
would
evokes thoughts
abandon
has been crushed. To compound
Washington'
under
militiamen
to
Na-
the 18th century. Although the colonists
and Hessians
Army
cross
Rhode
the
Revolution
is
army
and
cupied,
end, the British
an
in Boston,
still ensconced
suddenly realizes
about to disappear. The
ing
to
With
Pennsylvania.
autumn
British
the
Continental
the
New
1775
are
December
By
force
year' s end.
As
situation.
1776
tri
the
to Europeans,
and African Americans
or left cookies for Santa Claus, most
and Arnold is left clinging to his
around the city all winter, with no
lines
winter.
18th and 20th
following
wrote
31, ' Nothing
day,
sion
We
penetrations
gomery is killed
on
soldiers'
Town
into
Christmas
the
of
reflec-
of things, particularly in
Just as the holidays pique
were familiar
tive Americans,
of Quebec City. The initial
seem
successful, but Mont-
Lower
on
a
24,
of
whole
a
of which
terattacks,
needed
and New Years
Folk Art Collection.
s
poignancy of wartime today, so too
were
events
of the Revolution
brought
camped
Christmas
personal
to
us
coming of
the
state
Washington' s
VIRGINIA
and
ington
Day.
commemorates
of
new
tradition
for secular revelries.
manifestation
via
the
of religious feasts
the eves
6: The
the
or
with
in
night"
spend
to
enjoyment
occasion
In the
Oxford
Twelfth
Day Eve, the eveDay ( Epiphany,
suggests, "
of making
The
identifies
This is consistent
January
in
sense
Twelfth
6).
January
to
of
holidays
Winter
the
Dictionary
before
the
beginning
Virginia.
5: Twelfth
January
the
the
in
from Colonial Williamsburg'
Rivet;
between
century Virginia and the 21st- century lives
of our guests. Modern holiday traditions
grew out of diverse celebrations, religious
observances, and cultural practices, many
DECEMBER SNAPSHOTS OF THE
ARMY
REVOLUTIONARY
day
New Year' s was not a time
celebration
ning
25)
March
the Delaware
Crossing
colonies
adopted January 1 as the first
of the new year ( instead of
this
Washington
invited.
were
will there be for me and
my family?
day annually
in the 1770s with great ceremony.
sons
will we secure?
J
dlefiliii1
t
the
Evangelist
Minutes
from
What will the war cost us?
What freedoms
Feast
want
Will we win the war?
martyr.
27:
Americans
European Americans
z
home.
at
taining
do the
us?
obser-
of the season included
vance
Secular
1783
Native Americans:
a•-=--
Submitted
by
eight days.
Rose McAphee]
�Christmas
CHRISTMAS
1774 to 1783
INTERETATION
PR
i'
Y
1'
i
1:'ig'%''..' 41 1.
4f'..::
4.,:.*
Continued
from
ve(
I
'
1
r
1
lo• `
V.
s
t
44-4
f.
page I
fall
the
of
Philadelphia
Sir
to
a
r
Howe in September, Washington'
William
4.
attack
British
the
on
_
44- 0
Palace Kitchen: Preparing Holiday Feasts for
F
l"
f
k
:
the Governor( except December 9.)
l,.
.
Geddy House and Foundry: Family Holiday
z
°,
t,
t
Germantown
at
r;
t
.
I
t
,,
;
i4.
i
'''
Traditions
"
a
,•
army has done little to slow British progress
south through the middle
states.
After a
vain
1
t!
s
F r
--
L
1777
Since
I Jar r
t, ,
ai
i
Margaret Hunter Millinery Shop:
Sat. Making up the latest gowns
s
1}
, -
I.- ,
i,:
n
. 1.—.
.
1:
Sun. Discover the latest Gentlemen' s suits
s
and Ladies' riding habits.
Haste to the Wedding at the Benjamin Powell
in October, the Americans retreat to Valley
Forge for the winter. The great American
victory over British General Burgoyne' s
5, 000 soldiers at Saratoga does little to en
Washington' s dispirited
and poorly
courage
supplied army, whose enemy is entrenched
comfortably in nearby Philadelphia.
There is no assurance that Congress
will
adequately
On December
Forge
her husband'
by
at
winter
Valley
doing what she
dying. On January
s side,
aid the sick and
to
can
the
spends
6, Epiphany, ( also the Washingtons'
teenth wedding anniversary), the
has his
kill and
officers
because
of the
bury
nine-
general
horses
their
of providing fodder
difficulty
for them.
1778
Sir Henry Clinton besieges
29
The city' s fall on December
In December,
Savannah.Savannah.
British
the
foothold in Georgia.
a
gives
Washington' s army is in winter camp
at Middlebrook,
New Jersey, where
the
general
compared
to the
well
family,
Christmastide
Middlebrook
Valley
healthy
relatively
Washington
North
of
Carolina, he finds " but the
21,
December
and do not
defeat
Col.
Cowpens
spend
to
return
until February.
to
north, the
difficulty of buying food
by the total collapse of
for the army caused
Continental currency forces Washington
I)
ters at Windsor,
New York.
On New
drunken,
Day,
exasperated
camped
at Morristown,
troops
Year' s
Pennsylvania
New
mutiny and kill two captains who try to stop
Wayne perthem. Major General Anthony
suades them not to march to Philadelphia
to
000
men
command
can
confident that the 10,
German
under
weakened
the
The
Morristown,
New
Washington
captain
with Congress. Wayne
settle
accounts
tiates
with Congress to meet the
for
demands
pay, better
furloughs, and discharges.
back
Despite
October
the
19
Yorktown,
Virginia,
British
The
5 to
Virginia Gazette: " Williamsburg
mutineers'
the
provisions,
Bassett'
to
blanket."
Nathanael
the
food but
lad has nosh
General
at
window
army and exclaims: " Poor
than half naked and two
more
lent
Day with
Morris.
couple
enjoys
friends
general
ice. •,
of the Illinois
in the
war
confusing
field
Revolutionary
Kid' s
curtain
on
•
had
his
headquarters
On December
the
Gates
Horatio
places
southern
Nathanael
2
terri-
Greene
re-
at
of
Charlotte,
vember
r
1-
cj
t'%*
ri•:...•
a
.
1.:
lw.
G
vy.
"`+
''
of the
songs
is
a
publication
a
TODAY
Training
Editors:
has
Anne Willis
Nancy
Linda
Kristin
Milton,
Rowe,
McAphee,
Lou
New
Willett,
Williams
Paris
United
the
Holiday
Meanwhile
From
Diana
States and Britain
The
editor
graphic production
The
rights
otherwise
noted.
before
appears
state
senate
Congress
chamber
9: 15
in
a. m.
BRIDE CAKE
Duke
spent
at
Sally.
The
home
on
the
Mount
and
charming
with Mama
Madame
Christmas Eve, and such
made,
for they
were
I
day
racket
glad
of
coming.
Submitted
by
Apollo Room
11
noon
Sat.
Sat.
11
a. m.- noon
30
a. m.- noon
March
18th- Century
House
a. m.
All
of Gloucester St. Sat.
Holiday
a. m.,
and
and 10: 30
9:
Wythe
"
a. m.,
a. m.,
1
p. m.
Letters
Sat. and Sun.
1- 5 p. m.
Keepsakes"
December
16,
Decorative Arts Museum
17, 30,
and 31
2: 30- 4 p. m.
and
came
a
for
Dewitt Wallace
writes:
a
Vernon
General
servants
their
the night
s
and Drums
Writing
stays
30
Young
Sun.
Christ-
tell you what
the
Raleigh Tavern
mas
who
10: 30
11:
Tavern'
A Fine Time
Fifes
on
Army
10
for the support he
leaves Annapolis
for
Raleigh
Eve and joins Martha at Mount Vernon
by nightfall. The house swiftly fills with
family and friends. A young girl from Fred-
Washington
the
Sat.
and Sun.
in the army. He thanks " The
Power
of the Union" and the
Bob Doares]
1
4. ,
Rare
Benjamin
Theater
out are not listed in the weekly guide.
r
Breed Animals
in the Maryhis
to resign
to check back throughout
x
Learn About Colonial Williamsburg
commission
patronage of Heaven"
has received.
Please advise guests to reserve early. If they
do not get the program they want they
9- 9: 15 a. m.
Dancing at Hannah' s Wedding
During Tours of the Benjamin Powell
Magazine
I must
Foundation.
Colonial Williamsburg
reserved. All images are property of
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
unless
2006
All
Freedman,
9-
10 a. m.- 4 p. m.
been signed
having
Evening Programs:
Randolph Yard Sat., Dec 9
Peyton
Charleston, South
of the lodge,
the day. Popular programs are often sold
to Ham
Hog
members
out well in advance. Programs that are sold
Yard Sun.
Magazine
Recruting for
ericksburg
Production:
Beth Lawrence, copy
cool
other
Weekends 2006
Palace Stable Yard Sat.
the American
army' s entrance into
city. He takes leave of his closest officers in an emotional
ceremony at Fraunces
Tavern
December
4. On December
23
on
Powers,
Phil Shultz,
Spivey, Rene
Kathleen
lot of
House
IYeaty of
Supreme
Contributors:
Rose
a
A Warm Way to Start the Day
the
land
Crevieaux- Gevertz
Bob Doares,
and
•
should continue
September, British troops leave New York
he
Margot
at
Powell Property Sat. and Sun.
10 a. m.- 3 p. m.
9th)
November 25 as Washington
except December
rfvrlgranulated
presides
of the Department
of Interpretive
season,
Open
return to the masonic Lodge for a reception
stuff.
Yule
overon
Becoming AMERICANS
skills
and
and open house offered by members of
Williamsburg Lodge No. 6 to all interested
guests. At the lodge, a lodge historian will
present a brief overview of the history of
Lodge No. 6 and answer related questions.
will be
writing, help with meal preparation, sing
a
evacuate
Sites throughout the
area
Recession
and participating guests who are masons
and their
children
with people of the past, try their
1783
between
r
Kx
30 and
welcome
Procession/
sonic Lodge, current
of all ages, but especially for those
g
p
y
from ages six to twelve. Children can meet
Carolina, on December 14.
The'
NO
of
Britain and North America in the
Members of the 1774 Williamsburg Ma-
the
of Colonial
hostilities
Newburgh,
in November.
there
negotiation
December,
and Museums
children
end of
Washington
at
in
weekends
Area
devoted to sharing fun, food, and festive
of the holiday season with
entertainments
peace treaty drags
on. The British sign Articles of Peace on Nothe Paris
commander
as
army. Arriving
WI/ tot# 41: :
joins him
for want of food."
perish
to
valuable
three
time.
plentyYork, where his army is encamped. Martha
for the defence of everything that is dear
and
On
Historic
Kid' s
General
in the Great
House: December 27, 2006
families for a fabulous journey back in
in the west.
Since March,
Masonic
9- 10, 16- 17, and 30- 31.
Williamsburg
Clark, hero
British- American
throu
through
24, 2006
Weekends:
Holiday
December
1782. He pushes into Ohio to destroy Chilliand Shawnee towns, in order to close
cothe
the
figure
first half of the 18th century. 2- 2: 30 p.m.
winter
at the
again
was an important
Awakening, a series of revivals that swept
City"' Programming
until December
continues
against Vincennes,
campaign
finds himself in the field
Parish
league of John and Charles Wesley, White-
Mary
western
George Rogers
continues.
Bruton
minister of the Church of England, and col-
1782
tories
at
church on Sunday, December 16, 1739. A
s
for pay.
claims
Whitefield' s appearance
-
Christmas
the
spends
tl
-•
exhorting Congress to maintain its
for libertyand to settle the army' s
y
months
many more, if timely notice had been given
of his preaching." Experience a reenactment
of famous 18th- century evangelist George
a,.
home
Robert and
at our
tion, and' tis thought there would have been
where
at the
stays
Chew and
close
The
as
starved. A country overflowing with
are now sufferingan armyemployed
thirds
of Benjamin
The
hay,"
good
Quartermaster
The
men
a
Greene looks out his
snowbound
fellows . . .
the
where
him from his hips to his toes
cover
his
save
army begins
encamped at
Congressman. One
Many
Philadelphia.
Rev. Mr. Whitefieldpreached
Christ? There was a numerous congrega
404
of
Martha'
s(
Friday, De
Church, on theewords, What think ye of
war is not
officially
still in the south and
Burwell
December
cember 21, 1739: On Sunday morning last,
in possession of New York. Washington is
summoned from Yorktown by his family on
November
tour tickets.)
15, 2006
fir
the
are
.
and French at
Cornwallis to the Americans
daytimepackage a includes
acka
The Comet Comes to Williamsburg:
negog
surrender
exclusive
a visit with a colonial character, making
holiday decorations, a visit with tradespeople, and various colonial games with a
trained costumed guide.( Children must be
accompanied by an adult. A valid Colonial
Williamsburg admission ticket is required
to purchase
1781
exertions
a
to
reports
writes: "
war
Jersey,
every kind of horse
eat "
ing
American
of the
winter
with
cope
forces.
American
dispirited
the coldest
left behind
This
I
r
l.
el.
support
26 with 8, 700 of his best troops,
as above
111
111
f
Jersey,
is exasperated with the
cam
ai n.
P
lackduring the Yorktown campaign.
from the nearly banklater, on November 28,
Three weeks
rupt Congress. Sir Henry Clinton withdraws
George and Martha arrive in a tumultuous
December
I
to
Washington
l;
Rhode
his garrison from Newport,
Island,
and leaves New York for Charleston on
1
A Kid's Holiday Memories Tour: Same dates
1
distribute his army all over New Jersey and
Jersey
ar
New York. He maintains his own
his stepson Jacky dies of a fever contracted
of financial
I
Package
S+ .
SEAS
2006 HOLIDAY
brother- in- law) in Eltham, Virginia,
1779
nWILLIAMSBURG'
17.
January
16 and 30
A Kid's Holiday Memories Day
COLONIAL
s
December
Join in work done by enslaved children
and earn your own" Christmas Box".
HISTORIC AREA
army will
Tarleton' s forces at
Morgan'
outposts.
Box"
IN THE
CHRISTMAS
Cornwallis' s
threaten
Banastre
on
In the
over.
in Philadelphia
arrive
shadow
Dararmy in the midst of distress."
ingly, he assumes the offensive and splits
his army by sending Daniel Morgan,
on
an
to
goes
The Washingtons
there
spa-
is mild
at
winter
are
who
in mid December.
at the
weather
previous
men
supplied.
his
meet
The
House.
and the
Forge,
and
his headquarters
makes
Wallace
cious
House
in "
Randolph House and Kitchen:" A Christmas
westernmost
23, Washington
sends
g
a desperate
plea for provisions to Congress,
now lodged at York, Pennsylvania.
Martha
Washington
a,
support the American
ever
forces.
dos...
---.__
PLACES
TO GO
Apothecary Shop:
Prepare
for the
winter!
Governors Palace: Christmas with the
Governor' s Family
Sat. and Sun.
Take one pound of flour well dried, one
pound of fresh butter, one- half pound of
sugar, a pinch of mace and nutg
meg, eight eggs, wash one pound of currants, pick them well, and dry them before
the fire, blanch one- quarter pound of sweet
almonds, and cut them lengthways very
thin, one quarter pound of citron, onequarter pound of candied orange, the same
of candied lemon, one- fourth cup of brandy;
first work the butter with your hand to a
cream, then beat in your sugar a quarter of
an hour, beat the whites of your eggs to a
very strong froth, mix them with your sugar
and butter, beat your yolks half an hour at
least, and mix them with your cake, then put
in your flour, mace and nutmeg, keep beating it well till your oven is ready, put in your
brandy, and beat your currants and almonds
lightly in, rub a bundt pan well with butter,
put in your cake, and lay your sweet meats
in three lays, with cake betwixt every lay.
Bake at 350 degrees for at least an hour.
The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy,
9
a. m.-
4
p. m.
Hannah
Glasse,
1745]
�
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 5, number 4, Christmas, 2006
Description
An account of the resource
Christmas, 1774 to 1783
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2006
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https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/731619a16ea0c2e3cb75581975a8c9b6.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=kl%7EIbmNT3lJeIQW5uj1gjFQI0z9nci6q9DbJsC9hiOaBzkpvRQq5kY6WV1Ne8aWppSELQdZHSV5sWUFYNsW9%7EteAGf3MJnq2LyPF1%7ELGnUZe6Ql3OadpPM4Up2H89xFayc%7EAy4oOLVv8gS2XkkQfa4jvpM2wwIdM6VS00WJ1%7EfEREJSCZcUgO7j5-ktnHQQtZednaqNV-CGkhQ%7E4fZ0JWaxciEymWUswJfuiN3lxJtLFf5JO0oGxfZ7LFc3JVSyjysF6cMyrGwi584xBpwzkzZxtliBJoiFjr5UBOrl2LKaPoE9z56zzdZmJCSwZhKl4OPwauGvQmgsm8uEPx9B70w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
bd55496d1d4d24c8a47455e2a199633c
PDF Text
Text
Volume
September, October, November 2006
5, No. 3
THE INTERPRETER'
1776 to 1781
S NEWSPAPER
REVOLUTIONARY CITY"
HISTORIC AREA
See p. 2'
i
4
1 '
40
i
CYD
I
i
iv
my
See
III
t.
-
I4
4
i
DAY
te
kJ .
v
t
ti4.
CITIZENS
April 29 to
October 19,
AT WAR:
1776 TO 1781
1781
BRITISH SHIPS ARRIVE
CITYTM
REVOLUTIONARY
IN NEW YORK HARBOR!
The British armada that sailed
Newsline
into New York Harbor in early
summer,
April 29:
141 ‘
Lafa Y ette and his Continental
Army reach Richmond.**
May 21:
from
Reinforcements
New York
forces
British
Virginia
in
Clinton
bringing
arrive,
the
in
Cornwallis
under
7, 000.**
to
May 24:
if,
11m
numbered
more
naval force ever seen in American
waters,
the largest
sent out from
the British Isles to defeat a distant
foe. With no fighting ships of their
own, the Americans
faced
an
almost impossible task of defend
lor
i;
The British evacuate Petersburg to
1776,
than 400 ships. It was the largest
ing against such might."
pursue Lafayette to the Rapidan
River near Fredericksburg.*
May 27:
Cornwallis forces American
evacuation
of Richmond.**
s.
June 4:
George Washington
Thomas
l
;
Jefferson
Capt. John Jouett Jr. sees Tarleton' s
troops
in Louisa
at night
and
Jefferson
and
County
to Monticello
racesMIND SET OF TIE FOUNDERS
to warn
Charlottesville
to
As
General Assembly.
Jefferson and all but seven
to warn the
legislators
new
June 19
were
and
militia
Lafayette
join
1, 900
making
Continentals
as
of ideas,
men
well
day.
their
leaders
his command.*
was the displacement
char-
aristocratic
book
tionary leaders were not merely victims
new
of
founders
the
consequence
from power of the uncommon man, the
But they
of their
new
the
man of ideas.
They helped
circumstances.
led
that
changes
Yet the revolu-
their
were
day,
willingly destroyed the
sources
of their
own
surprise
greatness. . .
Preoccupied
with their honor
became governors, judges, and even presidents. Of course they were neither " intel-
reputation,
in
revolutionary leaders inevitably
became characters, self- fashioned performers in the theater of life. Theirs was
not
and
Cornwallis
reaches
Williamsburg.*
June 26:
The main American
Bird' s Tavern
about
army reaches
10 miles from
Williamsburg.*
legislatures
state
nor "
on
page 4
avoided.
never
GENERALS
happen
character
Joseph Reed:
staff,
family" as he called it,
prized especially Joseph
history
need is not
we
fathers but
founding
more
more
day
as
we
of
view
understand
apt to
are
it,
idea of
their
of the founders.)
character
the
was
him. The founders
on
were
and
connected
to
themselves
under-
standing apart from the world
or
scholarly isolation. Unlike
in
ideas and
critical
intellectuals
the
society
never
saw
today, they had no sense of
adversarial relationship to the
edly, sometimes
assuming a classical pose
of heroic and noble preeminence, but they
men worried about
were not individualists,
young Philadelphia
served as secretary and
attorney who
became his closest
for
admiration
Reed'
confidante.
his
commander
s
was
so
with
a
keener
of the distinctiveness
sense
will
period
boundless."
that
General Nathanael Greene
of not only what we
of that revolutionary
Greene of Rhode Island,
a
handsome.
Good- natured Quaker who walked with
a limp, new little of military life other
than what
at
est
he had read in books,
when,
thirty- three, he became the youngbrigadier general in the American
he would stand
army. With experience,
second only to Washington."
important,
the
what
end what
of the
of the
in America
most,
ian
was
to
come
our
culture
One
of
popular, " Old Put"
Connecticut was afraid of nothing but
Indomitable,
ties
of
a
democracy
life and
Knox,
bookseller,
Greene,
to
was,
like
a man
capable
thing,
proved
an
outstanding
and
4.
our
leader,
Illustrations
r .
'
an
separation
p
f .• .
N ITED STATES
9
political
10'
eventual
I
between
9j
E R I C
AM
S
'-
A /
s--
rd,/''"
1
From the bell Authorities
the
United States of
America Map
•
/,,;,/
by
, ,.
J\
8 3. —
17
J
o
the
11 a
b' '
r'' 1
N '\' \
Ilx., 1
44.,
w
and
on
shore
After three
3, 000 British
troops
had arrived.
Housetops
were
covered
with
four hundred ships large and small, sev-
enty- five warships, including eight ships
of the line, each mounting fifty guns
or more. As British officers happily reminded
one
another,
it was
the
largest
expeditionary force of the eighteenth
century, the largest, most powerful force
ever sent forth from Britain or any nation. . . .
American
colonies
of
1776,
it
was
a
display of military might past imagining. All told, 32, 000 troops had landed
Staten
Island,
trained
a
well- armed,
force
more
well-
numerous
i'/),.
WA
1.
f" i,-11'",.,
4'' r'k.
L^_
r//.
i,
r
Proprietor
1,
a'"•
1
o„:,
sS . .''
made,
his wife,
ex-
and
consider
the
vast
expenses
incurred, I cannot help being astonished
that a people should come 3, 000 miles
risk,
trouble
fortunes
and expense
to rob,
at their feet."
Source: David McCullough,
York,
-.
N4\
writingto
1776, New
y
it
y` r`'
N"
Reed,
plunder and destroy another people because they will not lay their lives and
—
1,lc ';"\ /„
j
I
ships
hoarse."
gazers'; all wharves that offered a view
were jammed with people. The total British armada now at anchor in a ' long thick
cluster' off Staten Island numbered nearly
at such
Q
4(i/rei/ dr/ n the Prate n
r ',
niya,, i..,
from
the
pressed what many felt: " When I look
down and see the prodigious fleet they
have collected, the preparations they have
c/ nlU//
w:`
on
in America.
1
Aj
ideas and power. As
Cartouche
'
Joseph
+
of
than the entire population of New York or
even Philadelphia, which, with a popula
tion of about 30, 000 was the largest city
*•
a
of 1783.
22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30]
-
i
prices
pay for
1776,
Simon and Shuster, New York.
4,
i
i ,
fleet
Nothing like it had ever been seen in
equipped,
soviet}.
was
soldiers
New York.
on
of
of accomplishing almost anyand, like, Greene, he remained
steadfastly loyal to Washington."
Source: David McCullough,
we
value
saw
marked ability, which Washington
from the start. Under the most trying
conditions,
through the darkest hours,
Knox
what
Characters]
Revolutionary
quality of
American
artilleryman
his friend Nathanael
of
Howe' s
Still, by the scale of things in the
Source: Gordon Wood,
the
had
tellectual
General Henry Knox
gregarious,
the former Boston
of
of civility and sociability and their
political
a
large command."
Big,
we
sake
egalitar-
democratic
General Israel Putnam
growth
and
public personas.
impossible
revolutionaries
the
the
duplication
and
undoubt-
social identities. They were enmeshed
in the society and civic- minded necessity,
for
thus they hid their personal feelings
generation, but more
have gained. For in
intellectual
individuals
were
their
a
subsequent
made
of
an
They
culture.
greater appreciation
have lost by the passing
we
remarkable
leadership
have
come
in
appeared
sighted at sea beyond the narrows on Au-
integrally
With the proper historical perspective on the
last quarter of the eighteenth century and
talented
General
and 8, 000 Hessians
posed
praise
return-
gust 12," a fleet so large that it took all day
for them to come up the harbor under full
canvas, colors flying, guns saluting, sailors
public person trying to show the world
he was living up to the values and
duties that the best of the culture im-
being
a
sighted
that
politics
effectively and why subsequent
could not do so.
in America
generations
Reed,
in command
cheering themselves
hard months at sea
generation
combine
Greene
life,
Washington
able
Cornwallis
the
can
ships
another 21 ships. Another 100 ships were
as
his military "
was
Charles
Instead
outer
45
off Sandy Hook. On August 4, Nathaniel
is what leads to the
character
bashing
current
standing of them and their circumstances.
We need to find out why the revolutionary
to
way
oth-
by
of Americans
ing from South Carolina carrying 3, 000
troops with generals Henry Clinton and
inner personality that contains hidden
contradictions
and flaws. ( This present-
hap-
that
the
words,
and viewed
their
the
again.
What
immediate
intellectuals
were
in American
then
for the
his
very
revolu-
know that something
We
wonder.
WASHINGTON
on
the
other
or
these
ers,
being alienated and political leadwithout being obsessed by votes. They
pened
those
the
suggests
them that
They
modern
without
and
SNAPSHOT
UNDER
for the
or,
represented
were
they
lived mutually in the world of ideas and the
world of politics, shared equally in both in
that fills us with envy
a happy combination
TODAY
REVOLUTIONARY
politicians,"
between
separation
ers
VIRGINIA
in the Congress,
or
of these terms
meaning
tionaries
Continued
British ships began arriving in New
York Harbor during the intolerably hot
and dry midsummer of 1776. Samuel
Webb counted five ships on July 25, eight
on July 26, and 20 on July 29. To the
own
lectuals"
under
British Ships
create
to
eventually
undoing, to the breakup of the kind
of political and intellectual coherence they
Without
represented.
intending to, they
in fact, the lead-
were,
political
the
that
evitable
con-
politicians who competed for power, lost
and won elections, served in their colonial
June 25:
Of
doubt
no
ing intellectuals of
as
3, 000
about
is
the common man rose to power in the
decades following the Revolution, the in-
to
Adams
to
of their
analysis
he presents them in his
Revolutionary Characters:
acters
There
Steuben' s men
of the
respond
or
guests
Gordon Wood' s
sider
Nelson Jr. of Yorktown
and Wayne
founders"
the "
our
questions about Washington,
and Jefferson it might be helpful
elected governor.**
Von
to
their
escape.**
June 12:
Thomas
interpret
we
nation
Y
i
y
Simon
and Shuster,
2005,
pp. 37, 147- 1491
�1776 to 1781
THE DIE IS CAST
RUNNING TO FREEDOM . . .
SECURING FREEDOM
In August of 1780, justices of the peace
noted that Betty Randolph' s 19 tithes were
01t
to be added to the list for Bruton Parish, an
Alibi,.
her bond laborers
that
ll
eaindication
r
still
were
in Williamsburg.
letter
A
his
p
4"
t
from
St.
George
sticker
IA•
to
Fanny on July 11, 1781 reveals
that several
slaves
Williamsburg
joined
Cornwallis in June
and July of 1781.
also
Tucker
informed his wife that Betty
M ; x'
lb'
wife
'
N ,
j"'
1;
-
i
-
+
i
h
'". ^;'
4,
1".
fi
e`
tl
Randolph
did not have any slaves in her
household. Tucker writes: " Your old friend
II *
Aunt
Betty
in that
is
Skipwith'
Sir Peyton
t
child of•
A
situation.
is with her,
s who
!
1
z _ _
was
•
deserted by its nurse, and the good ladyItilli
was left without a human being to assist
her in any respect for
c
days."
some
Soon after, Betty Randolph moved her
remaining household slaves to Berkeley
The Scene: April 20, 1781
Plantation in Charles City County so they
would not be exposed to the deadly epi-
to Freedom!
Running
demic of
A group of enslaved people hear about
freedom offered by the British for service to
left their rebel
Global
in the
masters
From
reveals, "
commenced
Carolinas to follow the British northward.
the moment
in
that
enslaved
1775,
took to their heels,
women
Eve:
Cassandra
Quest for Liberty,
and
men
with
rhetoric
inalienable rights of free people
ringing in their ears, entrusting their aspirations
for liberty not to their Patriot masabout the
And
of
what
General
you?
the British
Army
and
Cornwallis
here and they
are
the Ne-
welcome
and
men
faced
women
during
choice
British
the
What
difficult,
a
life- altering
Enslaved
household
times
of
members
the
theran
and the
of
left Virginia
16,
would
It
but not impossible,
to
slaves
1775
or
Were
the
Coming
he
when
reason
Henry
was
talk-
the
black
pg. 8)
bit overstated given the 5, 000+
African- Americans who also fought with
a
colonial
the
have
and
militias
"
because
they had to travel to Norfolk to reach him.
arose
Another opportunity
in 1778,
when
the
to Norfolk.
British
returned
Continental
the
Army and Navy. Schama goes
to
on
characterized
by Gary Nash as the
dirty little secret,' is
War'
Revolutionary
encamped
New York
outside
been
long
City, intent
immediately
way to bring about the fall
of that British stronghold and to restrict the
finding
upon
southward,
ever
after. Never was more
joy painted in any countenance than
theirs. The Marquis rode up with
precipitation, clasped the General in
a
enemy' s advance beyond the city.
The theater of war had been
his arms and embraced
moving
with great BritLafayette had been
however,
s'
in
advances
him with an
The
easily described . . .
at the request of the Mar-
not
ardor
city, take
Virginia.
General—
the
with
the
British
and Camden, South Carolina, however, the
began
tide
Nathanael
to turn.
Greene
appointed
Washington
head
as
of the
The
most
splendid
increased;
southern
and
Carolina. Cornwallis moved
to see their beloved
north into Vu-
vied
quarters
French greatly influenced
of events and focused attention
our
as
point of an allied attack.
New York had been so heavily fortified
the
1780 that Washington
throughout
French
general
and the
had felt it" im-
Rochambeau
prudent to throw an Army" there. Admiral
de Grasse, whose fleet of 29 warships with
with
women
each
and
other
in
countryman.
His
are at Mr. Wythe' s house.
Aunt Betty[ Randolph] has the hon-
course
Virginia
on
then
demonstrations of joy and eagerness
ginia and in the summer of 1781 established
From then
a base of operation at Yorktown.
the
He
line. As he
men,
children
the
were
and cut
figure.
the Continental
army, and the British suffered setbacks at
Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse in North
on,
troops
entered the camp the cannon from
the park of artillery and from every
brigade announced the happy event.
His train by this time was much
Charleston
at
victories
lines.
for the purpose
visited
plans to capture that
Carolinas, and then occupy
After
French
paraded
Lord Cornwallis had sailed
subordinate
Charleston
to
1779.
south
sent
explain:
The story of this mass flight ( of AfricanAmericans with the British after the war)
aptly
British. He had
against the
sive
officers
were with him.' lb my great surprise
he recognized my features and spoke
to me immediately by name. Gen.
Nelson, the Marquis etc. rode up
a
that
wrote
probably did not imagine that
in a few months he' d be taking his army
offento Virginia for his last and greatest
Washington
and Gen.
with one or two more
his
he
what
Hand
quis de St. Simon— rode through
Pennsylvania Lu-
a
knew
a
action.
George
with 1, 200 New Engalready
land and New Jersey troops. In January of
1780, British General Henry Clinton and
that
news
1781,
ish
in Rough
was
and
Muhlenberg,
pastor,
Possibly
for Ran-
earlier
blacks,
For
of
more
few horsemen and his own servants.
to
The Count de Rochambeau
beginning
the
had
leisure. He approached without any
pomp or parade attended by only a
and the
men
line had time to
Continentals
in
reality
in America." (
Dunmore' s Ethiopian
join
Regiment in late
a
At
Victory!
he prepares
as
The French
The
to
tenaciously
liberty
will gain their freedom. It is said that this
is universal among the Negroes
sentiment
pahe
1775 ( the issuance of
Dunmore' s Proclamation).
been difficult,
dolph
by
when
for New York. The majority of
that time did so
November
after
of 1776,
of
population " secretly wished the British
army might win for then all Negro slaves
joined during
who
slaves
owned
slaves
summer
struggled
celebration
about
ing
The
period.
Revolutionary
emancipation
triots,
British
Melchior
Randolph
first opportunity was between the spring of
1775,
when
Dunmore began to consider
the
Revolution: "
for hope,
faced this decision at least three
during
and
rhetoric
from
Britain, the Slaws and the Ameri-
Crossings:
can
the
the
are)
themselves
own lives. ( pgs. xvi, xvii)
Author Simon Schama writes
make.
have to
to
These
men...(
their
and certainly
dangerous,
choice
the
make
hope of eventual freedom?
the
on
King' s
emancipated
enslavement
an
occu-
Should they take
pation of Williamsburg.
and run to join forces with
their chances
the British or should they stay with their
masters
the
who
people
Enslaved
to
people in the process of entering their own
stories and creatingtheir
own destin Y•••
you do?"
important
but
ters,
groes to their cause. In exchange,
they' ll give us freedom. What will
his
addresses
of Williamsburg
leave for Yorktown.
Pybus
hostilities
general
citizens
militia.
form.
and
On to Yorktown
The
Epic Journey' s of Freedom:
Runaway
Slaves of the American Revolution and Their
In
army. They debate whether they should
leave home, as have more than 600 former
who
Williamsburg.
Manual]
Virginia
Enslaving
the
slaves
Colonial
smallpox. [
The Scene: September 28, 1781
of
lodge
Count
de
Rochambeau
to
at her house. . .
That evening, the officers attended a
grand dinner with an entertainment of
popular tunes played by a French band.
The party ended about ten o' clock " after
mutual congratulations and the greatest
of joy,"
expression
as an observer
noted.
shocking in the best sense, in that it forces
an honest and overdue rethinking of the war
the
third party. This
third party of African- Americans, moreover
accounted for 20% of the entire population
had told de Grasse in May: " There are two
against the enemy:
places for an offensive
the Chesapeake Bay and New York. In view
and de Barras had driven the British fleet
The best opportunity for escape was in
1781. Perhaps the presence of British forces
of 2. 5
of the southwest
in Williamsburg in April and again between
June 25 and July 4 helped 13 of the Ran-
caught
dolph
Eight
the
Sam,
republican,
land with Rochambeau' s heavy weaponry.
The next day, Washington issued from
his headquarters at the Wythe house a proclamation saluting Lafayette and expressing
gratitude and enthusiasm for the presence
and support of the French army, navy,
and commanders. During the next days in
Williamsburg he ordered inspections and
Again,
and
the
dolph'
between
distance
Norfolk
Williamsburg
it unlikely
made
Ran-
that
took this opportunity to seek
s slaves
freedom.
decide to
slaves
urban
for freedom.
run
Billy, George,
slaves—
Henry,
involving,
as
ish
Eve,
or
Dick,
black
and
Jimmy,
Nanny—
from
ran
the
Randolph'
in
quests
will
the
in 1781.
ran
slaves
on
that
dolph
slaves
Virginia
a
and
be
between
paternalism
tragic, it was,
bitterly
event
in the
history
do?"
of France
by
Rose McAphee]
and the United States
yni `/
Iz
J
45'
I LI,
i;;'
4
T r',
6'
AM S B U RC, %) L;° F01
_,--
1
R
/
t
V
t
r.
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V
1
i ,...
K
ty .
I/<<
I
41'
w
a
•
Z] '•
r,
t
0r„ yi>>,,.,,
ayr
1,1
olt,,,,,,
n
l i'""
R.
y
r
,-
s;
aX
r
beginning
on
while
the
waitingfor
of his
August
New
armyfrom
he put it, to be parin the fifth act of the play.
was
pleased,
as
Rochambeau, and
French
left
the allied army at Baltimore and
of Elk, Maryland, hoping that water
to Virginia
f
on
could be found for the
general had not seen for six years.
The generals set out for Williamsburg
September 2 and arrived on the 14th.
St. George Tucker
letter to his
y
wife
described
the next
,'
,`
i; o,
l, k,
kii.,. e
t,,,,,/,•„i`
i•
i„
J
He had
now
o' clock
his approach
noon
passed
in the
before
we
rear
the event
in
was
in the
after-
announced.
camp which is
of the whole army,
our
had time to parade
the
supplies
to
18, Washington
met with Admiral
de Grasse on the 110- gun French flagship
Ville de Paris and convinced
in Virginia
through
him to remain
the end of October. De
Grasse also offered to supply Washington an
additional 2, 000 men and sent ships to bring
On
September
a
and
24,
Washington
made
the composition
of his
their
command-
ers. Weather had slowed the landing of the
troops
on the
shores
of the James
River,
but the last contingents finally arrived in
Williamsburgon
September
P
26.
Two
days
Y
later the army set out for Yorktown, where
Cornwallis found himself ill prepared. British
intelligence
had underestimated
the strength
of the French and American forces until after
the French navy appeared in the Chesapeake
Bay in early September, and Cornwallis had
no idea that Washington
and Rochambeau
were approaching until September 8. Thus
he had delayed fortifying Yorktown until it
was too late. Despite his vulnerable position,
Cornwallis thought the cost of a hasty flight
from Yorktown too great, as he would have
to abandon
ships
and wounded
day:
their
the allied troops from Maryland.
Washing-
19, the general urged Lafayette " to prevent
if possible the retreat of Cornwallis toward
Carolina." Lafayette managed to tighten the
i
,.)
Al.
to
Washington' s party then stopped for
two days at Mount Vernon, which the Amer-
A'
I""'-'
and
appointed
About four
J
a
upon,
advantage
of the troops
brigades
j
i
yn,
the
reviews
about
i.
ii, ui,,,,
settled
was
maximize
States"
men
de Grasse
Comte de Barras arrived from Rhode Is-
final decisions
transport
k g,,, ''
7
44i4}14
a•,:.
eI
y
because
the
ican
1', L/ ZA13ETH
•
object
of
admirals
from the Virginia capes the day before. The
tember
troops.
a
r,
hardly
compliance
Once Virginia
ton sought to
Head
t
U
feeble
the "
lux
9iq/
T
i ,,,.,
1.
7,,,,
F•
New York." He could
French
ensure their readiness for battle. On Sep-
eneral Francois- Jean Chevalier de Chastel-
j
z'+ ."'•
1Z
LM'
0
f.'"'..,.• ,' .
'/
safer
in their Naval Officers to force the harbor of
Washington,
J
3n, v„.//
It+.++
wrote
dear
steer
instead in the
operate
of the Chesapeake Bay. Washington
simply that there was a" disinclination
ticipating
,..
LD I`//'%""/
y'
waters
York and
y,"-
R K. +„
of New York and
net
or
e
,,
learned that
de Grasse had indeed decided to
that
he hurried to Virginia
a
'
On August 14, Washington
news
intimate knowledge of his home terrain. As
i
r
from New York."
there
come
of
3IN
a( -
of Virginia, you will probably prefer
Bay, and it is there that we
think you can render the greatest service,
besides which it will only take you two days
to
In the midst of the festivity came the joyous
and the distressed
supply him with the necessary
launch his own attack on New York.
October 19, 1781
in
Rochambeau
to
ii,
i,
agreed.
winds
the coast
on
Chesapeake
of
Submitted
expected
was
of 1781,
summer
state
that
British
formative
ru/
x'+++'/
a surer
history
entanglement
America:
l
offer
freedom." ( pgs. 9- 10)
And what of you?... What would YOU
Combined Armies
the
Showing
Although the
the
to
prove
Brit-
of African- American
1780 imply that the Ranhad not yet joined the British.
of the Map of
from
side,
behaved very well. But in
royal, rather than the
liberty.
nonetheless,
Be-
Randolph
Betty
neither
the
was
desperation
would
June 1,
wrote
Part
s
struggle,
road that seemed to
of
unfolded
Randolph plantation in James City County.
suggest
that
the
Several
documents
widow
as
American,
chance
a
colonists,
up in their
end... it
Great Aggy, Lucy, and Peter— ran to
the British. Five more slaves— Denbo, Roger,
core,
rising in Virginia to
40%. When it came to the blacks
million
much
as
its
at
3, 000 troops
escaped
and
soldiers,
his
sick
and the loyalists
equipment,
and
slaves who had run to him.
By September 29, the allied armies had
reached Yorktown, set up camp with no
opposition,
and set the stage for a siege.
Submitted
by
Bob Doares]
�3
1776 to 1781
i
l
NNs
A'.\
1
fT•-
Nis . 21*
ti ;
FORUM
y
WAR
1'
I
THE
THOMAS PAINE'S
T_ a
ARGUMENT
'
j
g ,,
Jon Butler. BecomingAmerica:
I
before 1776, Harvard
e
1
The Revolution
6r `
University Press, Cam-
,`
1
bridge, 2000, pp. 225- 226]
3
= \
1J.
p
o
1776
Thomas
Paine
saw an
ea
America radiantl}
for independence
destined
he
when
pub-
ti
rt
7,`
Q_
.,
j
}', • ,
4
Common Sense in January 1776. " The
time hath found us," Paine exulted. Amer-
the
I
..
c
"
the
1..-:,,,
a•?•
I4t
and
by a power,
very ignorant of
so
pendence
stress
destiny,
broadly
was
the
on
distant from
so
not
European
freedom
immense,
Common
s
modern
the
which
to
cause
a
struggle
preceded
Paine proved
transformations
with
pen-
of the American
elements
that
Britain.
especially prescient about one very important fact. The America
of 1776 was not the
of
America
1716
or
of
1680.
At
ies
were
Americans
development
vital
extraordinarily
had
produced
domestic
well
as
economy without forceful
planning and, certainly, without
important
emerged
as
to
Politics
provincially driven,
sophisticated, and cohesive,
only from
region
always
assertive,
institutionally
not
as
and direct
subtle
of this achievement.
consequences
an
central
export
understanding
the
within
but from
colonies
broadly
available
turned
European
A
consumers.
life capped
secular
by
into
colonists
goods
powerful
and unprecedented
vigorous
pluralism
proved simultaneously
astonishing and distressing to Europeans,
added new and not always welcome choices
religious
to
American Indian
Africans toward
life, and turned
religious
with Chris-
engagement
an
would
that
ultimately transform
African- American culture, though not before
tianity
1770. As
mon
Paine indeed
result,
a
Sense
at the
utterly remarkable
what it
understood
revolution
wrote
first
the
was—
in the first
modern
TODAY
of the
is a publication
loyalties
separate
United States
Kelly,
Milton,
Virginia
All
All images
Williamsburg
are
Although
Wood
it
as "
that
of Independence
editor
have
and Independent
Free
full
by "
Power
contract
and to do all
Corn-
Acts and Things
other
States may of right do."
union, few Americans
which independent
Despite all the talk of
in 1776 could
Still,
basis
Congress
the
for
its
provincial
of creating
conceive
a single
some
Like
authority.
the
legal
various
it had been created
conventions,
in 1774 simply out of necessity, and it was
exercising an extraordinary degree of political, military, and economic power over
had
Americans. The Congress
established
maintained
negotiated
was
an
With
abroad.
to
obvious
and
permanent
independence it
many leaders that
legitimate
union
a
more
of the
necessary. Although a draft of
confederation
was ready for consideration
states
was
a
mid- July 1776,
not until November 1777, after heated con-
by
Congress
the
as
early
as
troversy, did Congress present a document
of union to the states for each of them to
It took nearly four years,
1781,
for all the states to ac-
reject.
or
March
reserved.
unless
a confederacy called
United States of America" that was esa continuation
Congress.
authority
crown:
The
Colonial
otherwise
to
states,
dian
coin
affairs,
earlier
exercised
was
by
control diplomatic
granted
the Britrelations,
and money from the
soldiers
and borrow money, regulate InY
and settle disputes between the
Although
was
of the Second Con-
Congress
a simple
needed to
settle
majority of
minor
seven
matters,
noted.
ing in
war,
borrowing
a
making treaties, and coining and
money. There was no real execu-
but only a series of congressional cornmittees
with a fluctuating membership.
tive,
and
treaties,
each
with
ancient
charter
over the disposal
of their
state
dedaring
were
entitled
affairs,
The
to
All
and
restrictions
barriers
trade
between
eliminated. The
state
privileges
of all states.
discriminatory
states
the
were
proceedings of each
all the states. These
judicial
by
honored
were
making
of
citizens
the
citizens
travel
many
forbidden
were
war.
after Virginia,
to
the
the state with charter
largest
amount
of
western
of the Articles
of Confederation
by all the states. But the Confederation
had to promise, in return for the cession of
claims by Virginia and the other states, that
formed into distinct re- publican states."
The Congress drew up land ordinances
in 1784 and 1785 that provided for the
Northwest Territory to be surveyed: formed
into neat and orderly townships. In 1787 it
adopted
the famous
that at once
Northwest
acknowledged,
Ordinance
as the
in the 1760s had not, the settlers'
British
destinies
in the West. In the succeeding decades the
Land Ordinance
of 1787 and the Ordinance
substantial
of 1787 remained the basis for the sale and
powers granted to the Congress, made the
United States of America as strong as any
republican
confederation
similar
in history.
the political evolution of America' s western
together
provisions,
Nevertheless,
distant
a
with
and Rhode Island, wanted the
the national domain would" be settled and
than
stronger
was
and immunities of the
central
the
Americans'
the
fears
1787 was the greatest
in the British
century of experience
left no doubt that this confedera-
from a
was something very different
Under
the Arreal national government.
tides the crucial
powers of commercial
and
regulation
indeed
taxation—
final
all
Apart from winning the War of Independence,
by
intensified
authority,
territories.
of
empire,
authority— remained with the
Congressional resolutions
continued
the
Confederation
Northwest
Ordinance
of
accomplishment
the
It created
en-
Congress.
an
tirely new notion of empire and in one
stroke solved the problem of relating colonial
dependencies to the central authority that
Great
Britain
had been
unable
to solve in
the 1760s and' 70s. The monarchies of early
lawmaking
modern
by conquest or colonization; they inevitably
considered these new provincial additions as
permanently peripheral and inferior to the
they had been under the ContiCongress, only recommendations
that the states were supposed to enforce.
to
be,
as
nental
And
should
nature
stated
IWo
be
there
decentralized
doubts
any
of the
bluntly
of the
confederation,
each State
that "
its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction,
and right, which is not by this confedretains
expressly delegated to the United
States, in Congress assembled."
eration
The
United
possessed
army, issued a continental currency, erected a military code of
law, defined crimes against the union, and
and
Union
Article
republic.
needed
omission
states.
conclude
establish
Alliances,
Peace,
merce,
daimed
States, they
War,
levy
to
thirteen
who
larger majority, nine states, was required to
resolve
important issues, including engag-
Foundation.
and I irginia.
tion
Continental Congress,
the
by
actually a dedaration
States of America,"
was
united
states
production
property of
Foundation,
states
century or more and
symbols
and traditions that
the Declaration
drawn up
was
states.
Williamsburg
rights
of the
most
new,
a
nation,"
they usually meant
Massachusetts or Pennsylvania.
or
requisition
Randolph,
Beth Lawrence, copy
Colonial
states.
their "
even
ish
McAphee,
Wayne
Freedman,
people' s
While the
emotionally
binding. When people
about their " country" or
1776
talked
the
Green,
Maryland,
people expected. The states
from conducting foreign
were
the"
Production:
The
was
for
had developed
sentially
tinental
Robin Reed, and Garland
2006
existed
before
and thereby
this document
legally
establish the Articles of Confederation.
Contributors:
Diana
to their
paled
The Artides created
Bob Doares, Wesley
Nancy
discussion
cept
Crevieaux- Gevertz
Rose
theory
of the state
little
was
they
until
Training
Anne Willis
Kevin
there
existed in 1776,
Editors:
Margot
political
the
approve
of
Department
Interpretive
modern
society. . .
AMERICANS
Becoming
Corn-
precipice of something so
that it is not dear even he
of
plans for a central government.
Whatever feelings of American nationalism
of
explosive,
material
of
arrays
constitutions,
formation
the
full- fledged continental
region.
A vibrant,
. ', '
Pennsylvania,
The
revolutionar-
state
explorations
constitutions,
from what it had been only decades earlier. Emigration, forced and voluntary, as
the colonial
well as conquest reshaped
population, creating a diverse and uneasy
mix
anywhere
else.
of peoples unknown
the
creating
accompanying
in
not the
time that the
same
they were drafting a central government.
Yet in marked contrast to the rich and ex-
had
Economic
the
this
territory, finally agreed to surrender its
claims to the United States was the way
prepared for other land cessions and for
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
little people now that
we were
sixty years ago." In 1770 America
had become a society strikingly different
indeed"
were
1781
y-
Map of parts of New Jersey,
citing public
mightily.
Common Sense indelibly
critical
and
required
Britain
contributed
Paine'
etrated
labor,
painful
Sense
Yet
from
control
ratification
find
own.
Massachusetts
rights
character
dian populations. Nor did " the times"
in America
on their
independence
American
1
c
1
Paine' s
choice...
over the unsettled
and
interior,
land pooled in a common national domain
under the authority of Congress. Only in
r
i-- -_:_- :_
us,
sent
no authority
as Maryland
fir, `
{
h
s
engagement
colonies'
n.
i
7.-=
people largely ignored the
with African and In-
of the American
i
American inde-
us."
Articles
r`)
t._;
f
-
s,
from every part of Europe." Soon, America
would " be too weighty, and intricate, to be
managed with any tolerable degree of convenience,
LL
1
The
the
of
maintain
W,' -
liberty
religious
River.
beand
land. But states without such claims, such
for the per-
asylum
of civil and
Mountains
claims to this western territory wanted to
as
was"
Mississippi
and
=-,
s ''
p"
America. " America would have flourished
lovers
Appalachian
over
lands
delayed their approval. States like Virginia
Y
PP
g
P._:
is the parent countryof
America." Indeed, Britain ad only harmed
secuted
western
Congress
i \\
N i ,_
7
and not England,
i
the
to the states in 1778 for ratification gave
i
ica owed little to England because" Europe,
6
the
of
lands
i ' t;
much, and probably much more had no
European
power had anything to do with
disposition
tween
ti
lished
her." America
The states' rivalries were most evident
in the long, drawn- out controversy
N TIC'
the
nc
l
proportion of people in each state, with
slaves counting as three- fifths of a person.
1
i
v
to
a
an
alliance
sovereign
among
states
than
re-
closely
a
single
our
embassy" by some states), and each delegation had only a single vote. The confederation was intended to be and remained, as
firm
a
league
of
changes
the consent
in the document
of the
dominions
realm.
which
But the
became
the
of much of the
Southwest as well, promise end to such permanent second- dass colonies. It guaranteed
to the settlers basic legal and political rights
and set forth unprecedented principle that
new states
settled
would
enter the
union
on an equal footing with the original States,
all
whatsoever."
respects
Settlers
could
with the assurances
that
they were not losing their political liberties
and that they would be allowed eventually
to form
new
dependent
republics
as sovereign
and in-
as the other states of the Union.
With such a principle there was presumably
no limit to the westward
empire
of the United
Source:
expansion
of the
States.
Gordon Wood,
The American
Revolution: A History, A Modern Library
Chronicles Book, The Modern Library, New
York, 2002, pp. 70- 741
friendship" among states jealous of their
individuality. Not only ratification of the
Artides of Confederation, but also any subsequent
new
for the development
leave older states
Confederation Congress ( called "
Article Three declared, "
model
center
Ordinance,
in
government— something not all that different from the present- day European
Union.
to
Each state annually sent a delegation
the
Northwest
thus
meaning that is
today. The confederation
more
cooperating
metropolitan
daimed
hard
literal
appreciate
sembled
of America"
States
Europe
Carpenter' s Hall, Philadelphia.
required
of all the states.
The local self- interest of the states prolonged
the congressional
adoption
unanimous
major
until
ratification
disputes—
tionment
debates
over
of the Articles and delayed
of the
representation,
states'
Union, and the disposition
lands— involved
1781.
the
contributions
concrete
of the
state
the
their
j
appor-
I
to the
western
interests.
determination to
way to the small states'
maintain equal state representation in the
Congress.
After
much
wran
gling over the basis for each state' s financial
contribution to the general treasury, the
Confederation
eventually
settled
on
the
P
IN
llln
irn
l(
i
0
t.
y
I_
Ii
uu
t.
4 -
Virginia and other populous states argued
for proportional representation in the Congress, but these larger states had to give
unicameral
j
j'
The
lil I
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Williamsburg
as
Colonial
the
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Capital
HISTORIC AREA PROGRAMMING
FALL 2006
n
fall of 2006
The
Alb,•
4
to the
t
the
age
City
afternoon.
Government to the morning of Citizens
at War. In light of dedaring independence
morn-
Area
the
as
programming moves
Programs that pres-
from
will focus
meet
of the
events
to
a return
offers
programs in the Historic
ing
ARevolutionary
back
afternoons
year 1774, Collapse of Royal Government days, and 1776 or 1781, Citizens
At
TRADESMEN' S PAY
There
which
was
their
and
with
their
upon
hour, the
one
Tradesmen
by
by
dosing of the
drop- in programs
Hopes
week,
been
was
rifle,
from
the
rency here in Virginia.
Wages could be credited
in Virginia
current
Merchants would then debit the
adjust
casualties
master.
purchases at his particular
of
matter
and
between
negotiation
the
July
Portsmouth
Chesapeake
to
English
in
coins
notes—
treasury
1754,
from
paper money
The
Ibbacco
established
would
that
Act
Inspection
receive
along
his
land
on
Virginia
the
de
capes,
for
begins
and
north
the
toward
September
Viomenil move from Maryland to the
who are
troops,
the
with
army
Virginia,
September
north. After conferring
on board de
flagship they
Williamsburg
September
on
French armies of 16, 000 men
march from Williamsburg to
Yorktown.*
to
return
of
inspected
at the
been
of their
value
from
tobacco
22.*
September
warehouse
delivered.
where
In
1774
the
a
September
of
1730
in
rivers
to
in
be
lin.
II
in
•
•
•
Near Gloucester, Virginia, French
•
cavalry attack a foraging party
under Tarleton and pushes them
back. Additional French forces
and Virginia militia begin a siege
In
of Gloucester Point, which helps
block any overland escape by
inspector
iuu•••••
had
tobacco
hogshead
®.
•
in
•
•
Cornwallis.**
October 14:
1, 100
approximately
pounds. A" transfer note" was issued
tobacco inspector for less than a hogshead
iWo British strongholds fall, allowing
bythethe
be added
to
UU•••••
other
inspected loose tobacco to make up a hogs-
allowed
warehouse
be
Yorktown.*
October
from
passed
or notes)
were
ACROSS
another
until
4
the
usually from a merchant for the
of tobacco specified on the note.
6
A French
general
as
10
Stopped
at
they represented whatever that amount of
tobacco might be worth at the current price
11
Connecticut
12
Rode
note
had
They
no
final
the
fixed
or
one
holder
intrinsic
value
any given day. When these notes were
taken to a Scottish merchant, store money
on
was
or
often
transfer
given in exchange for the crop
although sometimes
for a
note,
3
avoid
here
Vernon
Mount Vernon
on
his
way
from
1781
Kevin
Colonial
Greene,
15
He became
Kelly, and Anne Willis]
16
Established
Williamsburg
by Wesley
Foundation
Deemed
run or not
and
assembly
by
Admiral
in Richmond
in April
governor in 1781
by the Tobacco Act of 1730
with
than
New
operation
navy.
ordinance
of Confederation
Authored
9
October
greatest
accomplishment
storm
Gloucester
October
19:
prevented
army of 7, 247 men at Yorktown.
General Washington, with the
congress
Common Sense
1781
*
Cornwallis surrenders the British
New Hampshire general
of
de
Virginia
to Gloucester.*
of
This 1787
8
capes
to
to run?
safer theater
York for French
escape to
general arrived
south
5
Grasse
14 This
moved
7
Jefferson
Virginia
lb
3
to
approach
Driven
general
2
visited
summer
warn
This
Washington
to
general
British
13
slaves
1781
Submitted
The
to
who
Mount
in late
1
her
in 1781
smallpox
Virginia
lesser price.
c 2006
Unifying" articles"
moved
Betty Randolph
16:
A violent storm and a steady
bombardment prevent Cornwallis'
from escaping across the York River
DOWN
person to
redeemed
amount
to
receipts(
allies to complete a second
parallel of breastwork doser to
head for shipment.
The
at Yorktown.*
October 3:
of tobacco weighed
of tobacco that would
17:
30:
earthworks
®:.:
hogsheads
full
29—October
British surrender their outermost
the
the
28:
The combined American and
marching
de Grasse
Grasse' s
s
James and meet in Williamsburg.*
and Rochambeau
from
to
the
French troops under Lincoln and
Williamsburg before
in
26:
The main body of American and
until shipment to England
the
for
Location: Wythe House Gardens
14:
Planters received a " crop note" in exchange
and hear their visions
Preparing for a Siege
ge
bad tobacco would be burned.
the
for
Take part in the meeting of General
Washington' s staff as they prepare for the
is forced to return
Graves
Washington
arrive
de Rochambeau'
by appointed tobacco inspectors.
The good tobacco would be retained at
while
hold
Meet with
Day 2 Programming
September
Jamestown
at
de St. Simon.*
Marquis
September
heavy
support
own troops
inspected
warehouse
future
The Siege of Yorktown**
tobacco
planters'
the
in
arrives
NOTES
warehouses
does
of the new nation?
Virginia' s leaders
CROP NOTES AND
TRANSFER
what
the citizens
siege at Yorktown.
their
Comte
After
where
19
newly issued
the
not
General Washington
some
England,
New York, closing an escape
for Cornwallis' s forces.*
route
fortifications.*
move
circulation.
money included
current
and
In light of declaring independence from
de
to
him
orders
Old Point Comfort
land would
August
the
Location: Governor's Palace Gardens
Bay and
Graves;
fortify
the
Day 1 Programming
Grasse damages the part of the
Yorktown
occupies
General Clinton
after
gold pistoles, and Portuguese
gold moeadas and deobfras. There were
coins
James
experience.
British fleet under Adm. Thomas
Cornwallis
Spanish
French and German
the
City guest
the American people.
de Grasse
Outside
along
Sites. These
The Challenge of Independence
Sept 5:
raids
August 2:
was
Virginia current money was all metallic money in circulation
in the colony.
This
induded Spanish silver dollars ( re-
also
of
side
page 1
Bay.*
Chesapeake
by July
River.**
the
Interest
customer.
south
that
the Comte
The Comte
under
conducts
from
August 26:
9- 24
the
admiral,
2 3, 000 troops
Cornwallis
charged usually five percent and you could
not charge more than the law allowed.
ales),
the Revolutionary
is sailing with 3, 000 men
the West Indies for the
from
before
at three Historic
programs are designed to further enhance
Grasse,
heavy
Americans
the
on
on to
moving
16.*
for
master
British army inflict
the
money.
paid in
going to pay for the goods
needed. These transactions were ala
the mornings
the
programming
intelligence
the
French
were
merchant
overall
the
reflect
Please consult the weekly guide for these
advertised programs.
upon
leave
From his base in Suffolk,
they
to
PROGRAMMING
During the fall of 2006 " Revolutionary Citizens" programs will be featured in
Area
Historic
interpretations
rt
CITIZENS"
members.
the
within
sites
their
Patriot
REVOLLI' TIONARY
on
scheme.
James
Williamsburg and
River on July 6. At Green Springs
Anthony Wayne attacks and
Individuals would have to establish how
ways
Williamsburg
The
debate
enslaved
affect the
adjustment
moves
cross the
store.
they
at War days.
experiences
Continued
Cornwallis' s troops
to the trades-
That is not to say that some were
credit usually established with the
employee' s
day
Other
tobacco
4:
July
and the colony. In theory " par" was set at
125 by law in an attempt to hold hard cur-
their
of the
of Collapse of Royal
afternoon
and voice the
hold— not the least of which is how issues
other
the
hold
Guests
issues pertinent to this important house
excite-
the
on
house
Newsline
currency. Pound sterling
the money of account between Britain
account
construction
the
future
or
in Virginia
man's
with
along
house— on the Citizens
found at Great
also
the
with Virginia' s leaders
Randolph
to
Special
possible attractions.
The Challenge of Independence"
brick
or
of the
barn and
for
paid by
are
does
of the new nation?
plans for the siege of Yorktown in 1781 at
his Williamsburg headquarters— the Wythe
actions
response
of Boston.
port
Plantation
ment
depending
were
guests find
of his govern-
the" recent"
on
the
by the " piece"
produced).
Most money statements would have
bucket,
the
forth
and how they
compensation
paid.
day, the
holding
Palace
s
members
of the House of Burgesses in
working
circumstances
and
ment
journeya
another
particular
of
rate
should be
individual
negotiated
masters
arrangement
agreement
compensated
were
Instead
masters.
men
their
standard
no
tradesmen
Governor'
the
Lord Dunmore
what
concerns of the American people. " Preparing for a Siege" finds George Washington111166
and members of his staff discussing their
days.
at War
Store
Prentis
England,
for the citizens
the
on
the
N,
r
A
by
I •'
ilu
i llii
1 t : Fez
3
144 4.
1111I
• ,.
lllii...
A -
assistance of the French, has won
this
general' s
independence
p
for the colonies.*
John E. Selby, A Chronology of Virginia
and the War of Independence 1763- 1783,
Charlottesville,
Virginia,
University
Press
of Virginia,
1973
8/ 06- 5391352
�Red Issue)
Citizens at War (
Please substitute this puzzle for the one printed in this issue. Enjoy!
1
2
3
4
5
111
6
8
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1611III
www. Crossword
W eaver. com
DOWN
ACROSS
3
4
Unifying "
Randolph
Betty
smallpox
6
A French
10
Stopped
in late
1
articles"
moved
her
slaves
here
to
2
To run or not to run?
3
Deemed safer theater of operation than New York
1781
5
for French navy
New Hampshire general
general
7
This 1787 ordinance greatest accomplishment of
8
Authored
Common Sense
October
1781
in 1781
general
who
at Mount
summer
11
Connecticut
12
Rode
visited
Vernon
to warn Jefferson
on
Mount Vernon
his way to Virginia
and assembly of British ap-
proach
13
Driven from Virginia
14
This
15
He became governor in 1781
Established by the Tobacco Act
16
general
This general moved south to Virginia with Washington
avoid
capes
by
Admiral
arrived in Richmond
de Grasse
in April
of 1730
1781
Confederation
9
congress
storm prevented
escape to Gloucester
this general' s
�Collapse of Royal Government ( Blue Issue)
Please substitute this puzzle for the one printed in this issue. Enjoy!
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
10
13
12
14
15
16
18
17
www. Crossword
W eaver. com
DOWN
ACROSS
helped
force
4
Liberty
Pole
7
Patrick
Henry
11
General
12
Home county of Archibald
15
Political
17
Revolutionary
18
Synonym for " resistant,
becomes
compliance
this in June
Charles Lee' s headquarters
1776
in
May
1776
1
Drafted Virginia Declaration of Rights
2
with this
State of Virginia
3
Family divided
militiaman
5
Virginia
6
Cary
cartoon
adopts
this in June
Most populous colonial city
8
Influenced
language
1776
of Virginia
Declaration
of
Rights
obstinate"
9
Patrick Henry disappointed not to become this in
February 1776
10
Southern colonies' predominant ethnic group
13
Virginia Convention and Congress disagreed over
expansion of this
14
Instrument of redress
16
Nickname for Susannah
�
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 5, number 3, September - Novmeber, 2006
Description
An account of the resource
1776 to 1781
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2006
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https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/bf0772e19ef30b8e23bf37e29617e521.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Lc5Fe%7E%7EuZO0LTaJ%7E8Wy8Q3p5rwD6h8f3sYxsluqUMncjjDHz3l3MRda8M-zegO7BwBceM9nLmuDcejbbgT-q%7EgZKC0j7z96w1-DufbNpQ269YXch5X-5FRBoGB0gHdhNksKkg48GpQWdWBog5JFbdwCMBL78Bw9NTv7BqNx05YozG0QRqZO31%7EUAAhOZo%7E2-9IqpXb5A4sMd8gxiiZ1p32BiuT5HaiuxbHQwP2j1N28fCxLKyDJYsCGaWCHU9WDI4j6ybjr-69eivxwGeugd4B4dhSV8i-QP8iQkNAirS90Yp7-TXa8zRb2lIhdh9I765kfKEsjVPgKBf0Z2xOVVTw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
143278eb313d40846a788ebcbd5681bd
PDF Text
Text
September, October, November 2006
5, No. 3
Volume
1774 to 1776
I _ .
THE INTERPRETER'
I
•
a
S NEWSPAPEP
REVOLUTIONARY CITY"
In...
'
Box 177EHISTORIC AREA
4010
g
i
lOcrAi
See p. 4
1
DAY
J
is
J
Ll
IJ
L
U LI
141
M
L
p2
COLLAPSE
J\-1, Ai
=
to
January
1776
May
1774 TO 1776
OF ROYAL GOVERNMENT:
IMMIGRATION
M
MMI
REVOLUTIONARY CITYT'
DIVERSITY
Newsline
British
1:
January
Norfolk. Virginia
burn
large
a
on
of houses in
diverse
jj
Lord Dunmore
27:
1
initiates
abandon
sa
I
Committee
the
of Safety. Most of the remaining
houses are destroyed to prevent
the British from using it as a base.
i'
t
Sir
Henry
he
Congress
by
of
stayThe
discipline
of United Colonies
April
of
ports
an
Safety
all
to
of
a motion
independence
for
calling
committee to
12:
is
of
the
were
With the
the
same.
could be, and
term
of
for
individual
liberty
of
aides,
by
posed
than
and
expense,
xP
original
six
two
niority of
Dunmore.
the new state constitution.
because
file
felt
Veteran
Boston, Massachusetts
2, 203*
New York
[
1774]
15, 500*
recognize,
the
fought
se-
against
crumbled
and,
but
delegation,
sheriffs
clergymen' s salaries,
a
English
Patriot.
before the
who,
[
the
19, 800*
lb
the
to
commissioners
Dunmore'
Indian
s
the
compelled the
to
and to
for
Germans and Dutch: c. 63, 000
sponsibility
that royal authorities
Scots,
Southern
had
short
Maryland and North Carolina
re
greater
En g
English 45% ( the least diverse of
southern
Slowly and pragmatically the course
drove the delegates
toward the
events
of
no
return.
in
session,
blockade
and
Finally,
to
response
depredations
last
the
on
round
African Americans: 42%
day
Dunmore'
Non- English
British
the
The effect
tinent.
system
economic
and
West Indies
Congress to do the
for
same
the
Norfolk,
called
entire
which
under
the
South Carolina:
ratio of 2 to 1
on
In South Carolina' s rural counties the
con-
ratio was 10 to 1)
Source: Jon Butler,
mother
country had monopolized the tobacco trade
and which Virginians had previously sworn
that they had no intentions of overturning.
The
resolution
anticipated
Congress
in
Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 2000.]
a
step toward independence by several months. Yet the delegates continued to
VIRGINIA' S MINUTEMEN
major
ambivalent.
remain
the
crown' s
Their
The 1, 000 places in the regular army
were filled quickly, for the army promised
poor farmers a living wage at a time when
nonexportation prevented them from sell
ordinances
preof government
the possibility of restoring
operations
new
open
authorityTheyextended
Committee of Safety for only
the
ing
year and
one
ions
permitted it to issue contracts for only six
months
of the
to
one
year at
sheriffs
authority
lasted only
m inuteman
are
executive
powers of government...
restored to their proper channel." Virginians
were still not ready to leave the empire.
Colonial
The
marched
Williamsburg
1752]
100
28,000
Foundation,
pp. 77- 79]
[
3, 000
1775]
5,
in military
900*
[
1775]
14,
000
necessitated
s
and
1775]
Based
on
census
1, 880*
reports
English Historical Documents,
University
Press,
1969]
to
"
for the
ration
ensure
affairs
expanding the
p owers. The conven
and
establish
to
thority
Virginia
Oxford
the
chores,
t
y;/'
1,
one
and
and
and
sulfur.
In
r
1: _
p
for
counties
some
other
that,
because
reason,
of
weather
Lewis
wrote
George
]
of
Minute
Men
compleat,
is dailyexpected to regulate it."
xP
battalions
were unatwere
e
minutemen
tractive to smallholders for precisely the same
reason that they appealed to gentlemen:
1their purpose, celebrated by George Gilmer
F
and lamented
bycommon
soldiers,
was to
replace the democracy of the independent
I
4
0.
c
t
volunteer
4`
i'•
r
i41
I
addition,
had not held
3er
ii.ertiover[
i
Battalion
The
L'
111N,
lit
ously described it, the convention ordered
those
Fielding
a a'
public powder mills, let
of munitions,
wore
county committees
the face of the Law," as Mason had previ-
look back
little prospect of the others being so, a
convention
i
manufacture
saltpeter
he would
Washington in November 1775, with " only
AN
assigned
that the
off to battle,
confusion,"
it greater
economic
power than any Virginia govern
ment had ever known by granting it aucontracts
Williamsburg,
war
delegates'
the
for
b
would be limitless.
tion reaffirmed the committee' s supremacy
Charleston, South Carolina
1705]
out
County
responsible
to find no one following:" I know not from
what cause, but every denomination of the
people seem backward" in enlisting in the
service,
Gilmer said . . .
All over the prow
ince, farmers refused to join the minuteman battalions. " Virginia is in the greatest
Source: John E. Selby,
in Virginia: 1775- 1783,
more
of an Albemarle
company, was
p
y
recruiting soldiers, feared that when he
until"
The Revolution
produce. The minuteman battalanother matter. George Gilmer,
theirre
who, as captain
time. The
a
to appoint
counties
23%
35 %
Africans outnumbered the English by a
imperial
to reject the
was
Europeans:
English
s
they resolved to open Virginia ports to ships
of all nations except Great Britain, Ireland,
and
colonies)
Virginia
ercise.
point of
of their
1760s Population
Scot, Scotch- Irish, and Irish: 15%
war
government
ceased to ex-
long
Colonies'
Africans were the region's most numerous
people slightly outnumbering the English
abandon
of
English: c. 63, 000
g
Scotch- Irish, and Irish: 42, 000
Africans: 4, 500
arising
caused
pace of
assume
functions
Population
Pennsylvania' s 1760s Population
difficulty ..
accelerating
convention
expedients
accounts
campaign
the most
convention
Gradually
term
settle
30%
Africans: 16, 000
particularly
laws for public
had expired. Appoint-
to charge the Contig
expense
Committee of Safe
land
Ma
round
lengthening
1769
10, 000
1722
in-
Scots, Scotch- Irish, and Irish: 15, 000
war,
six regiments;
convention,
1771]
natural
English: 52, 000
g
Germans and Dutch: 22, 000
the
nent, Benjamin Harrison pointed out to the
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia,
Baltimore,
480*
and
Settlers in New York: 45%
New York' s 1760s
Y'
5,
migration
Pennsylvania:
tobacco,
since
of tobacco
inspection
the
were
Congress to accept
itself how manytroops
p
9, 100*
d tYcounty)
and
1700]
forced
and Pennsylvania
The Story of
bythe
they succeeded in having
included among
the 1st and 2nd regiments
that number. If every colony could decide by
than
Island
Rhode
from
Middle Colonies
of debts payable in
tion
scribing
carefully left
for positions that
rank- andsome
scramble
congressional
Virginia
the
morale
failed to persuade
1708]
displaced
New York, New Jersey, Delaware,
had been named by the governor from a list
submitted by the respective
county court.
The delegates also provided for the arbitra
the
exclude
enlistments
had
once
the
of
the Convention
seems
very
of serving themselves, Cousins or
Convention leaders appealed to
Friends."
Population of Colonial Cities
to
jeopardizing
who
accept
that "
desirous
SNAPSHOT
their
thereby
those
obstade
to
because
sought
worse,
the
ensuing
Congress would
VIRGINIA TODAY
It refused
regiments
in
Newport,
brigadier
two
unexpected
an
plan, however.
the
more
and self-
1765]
general,
or secretaries.
Congress
to
June 29: The fifth Virginia Convention
[
each, thus
men
used interchange-
was,
a major
half- finished,
6, 700
and old
new
quartermaster general, and adjutant general, each with appropriate deputies,
government.
1700]
of 68
convention
a
generals,
Mason and emphasizes
George
exception
ably with " regiment" at the time. In addia number
tion, the delegates provided
of
Virginia
It is drafted
colony, on
of the regi-
in contemporary terminolqualifying
ogy as " battalions" although technically the
draft a declaration
the
to the
Shore, the
companies
the
minute-
them
adopted in America
passed by
the
of both the
size
With the
regiments
relieve
charge
the Eastern
commanders:
Convention.
a
to
at
tees to appoint
two
as regular,
payroll.
additional
decided
to ten
units
a state constitution
had been
crease. After 1750 many Europeans had immigrated to the colonies, making for greater
diversity.
August session to
gu
and every October thereafter.
authorized county commit-
convention
from
of the three
troops
new
directed
so
ing
ordered
side
do
The
entirely
part of
western
Continental
seven
duty
on
increased
a
The first Declaration
adopts
the
on
who
ment
Virginia.
Rights
is,
standby
The convention also appoints a
and
designated all the
men,
for
adopts
the
new
on
convention
when, after two
Convention
resolution
one
that
days of vigorous debate, the
June
in
tion
direct its delegates
to
fir
as
tions
service.
peninsulas, two in the Southside,
the Eastern Shore. The conven-
Tidewater
forms of
new
seven
already
be recruited
to
colony. The convention
regiments stationed on each
enlistment
introduce
rights
was
the
number
in
the
recommends that
adopt
in
would
against
the
over
the two
settlers
of German
15: Virginia becomes the first
Virginia
join
to
and
colonies
colony
debate
some
One regiment
slaves.
government.
May
After
regiments
counties.
15: Congress
met
war
required, the delegates opted for
Norfolk and Princess Anne
May
that the
clear
being prepared
expedition
South.
and her
orders evacuation
that
another
year. General Washington' s requests for support were increasing, and from
Great Britain came frightening rumors of
Virginia Committee of
10:
-
through
of Burgesses from Williamsburg—
House
of the
last
domains. An exception is made for
importation
f
Indians
their lands and pushed west while the number of Africans had greatly increased, both
Ie
Convention
Virginia
it had become
since
of all
to trade
Britain
nations except
opens
of unequal
x
December of 1775 realized that the military
establishment
had to be greatly enlarged
Congress,
1775,
-
VIRGINIA PREPARES FOR WAR!
the
in effect nullifying the British
Navigation Acts and Prohibitory
Act of December
often
New Jersey: 40%
troops.
April 6: The Continental
the
Hall
The
to counter
improve
to
Virginia
the
'"
h/
r
1 ii l
Duringhis
colonies.
attempts
among
I1
" ;
s
in the
quarters
Clinton' s invasion
southern
1 ('
p`, r
fi / 1
ma /
Palace. He has been
south
sent
American
I-
it
Williamsburg
establishes
s
i
-
1,
1
R
March 29: Major General Charles
Governor'
1*-
411t:_
offer to negotiate.
Lee arrives in
1
and
status. The population of the British North
in the early 17th century
was made up largely of American Indians
and Englishmen, but by the 1760s many
4
r
i'
ofR
February 19: Virginia Committee
g
Safety rejects Lord Dunmore'
and
ems
backgrounds
IColonization
jj
negotiations.
peace
February 6: Americans
Norfolk by order of
COLONIES
brings together people of
Norfolk.
January
MAINLAND
1,
r
and
soldiers riot
number
to1TD
PEOPLES IN THE
fire
open
ships
17074
R
nation."
suborindependent
companies
with " proper
iWhere the officers of the indepen
dent volunteer
companies
had been chosen
by the troops they commanded, minuteman
officers were selected to by special district
committees chosen by the county committees.
Several
appointments
of the district
were
committees'
considered "
Improper,"
or
elec-
The Alternative
of Williamsburg(
See
p. 3)
Continued
on
Page
3]
�2
1774 to 1776
PROTESTS AND ACTIONS
DIVIDING . . .
COERCING .
RESOLVING . . .
a .
U
ii
iii
i
fir
ti
I
f
i.
1
7'
fittr J'
1,
r
4,,
it
Randolph,
her
warns
father' s
to
loyalty
Al
1! `t
P
j
to
did not think
I
only because
scruples
your
to
unquestionable
rumors
is
Lord
Dunmore' s
an
unfortunate
questioning his
by
might
ily they
tors,
of
a
about
rumor
Dunmore.
an
in
Circulating
the
the
subject
cur
town
ing the spring of 1773, prior to the arrival
1774,
of Lady Dunmore in February
the
alleged" rumor is exposed in a letter writJames
by
ten
of Norfolk to Charles
Parker
Atys daughter
at
stories
r
created
this
Dd
a
as
conexion
if he
augers
as
have fed the
Randolph
house
a
family
divided"
Randolph
was
of
on
may
indeed
become
fronts.
two
loyalist
John
to
the
and governor while his older brother
Peyton
held the office of speaker of the
king
house
and
President
elected
was
Continental
Congress.
In
of
the
John's
addition,
only son, Edmund, sided with his unde
and supported the patriot cause.
John
Randolph,
attorney general for
the
colony,
intelligentsia...
British
with
a
pillar of the colony' s
Randolph had taken a pro-
was "
stand in
Robert
member
an
of pamphlets
exchange
Carter
Nicholas.
Dunmore,
have Randolph returned
that there
spokesman
laboration
their
the
would be at least
that
between
retribution
after
as
college
House of Burgesses to
in
and
body.
the two
del-
ensure
imperial
one
The
to
close
col-
invited
officials
from the populace... The night
fled, a mob ransacked
the Randolphs
home in Williamsburg."
Selby, John. The Revolution in Virginia,
1783. Pg. 47]
the first Virginian to be
1775-
Peyton Randolph,
dubbed " father of our country", was a Virginian to the core. His service to the colony
in the years leading up to the Revolution induded Chairman of the Virginia Committee
of Correspondence(
the
1773). He
presided
Virginia Convention ( 1774- 75).
reelected to the House of Burgesses
sen
as
chief
as
to
IWo
Continental
the
Association'
imports
on
committees
agreement
lating
that
to
mentioned
of Milner'
by
Norfolk
the
had reported for
the
be
a store
imported
a
in North Carolina. Word
Warwick
preceded
they arrived
of the merchants.
Though
to
Williamsburg
its Commit-
and
Wallace
not
agreement
insolent
out against them,"
Steuart. A
Nicholas ( the
and
formal
Charge
Parker would
committee
write
Young
member, "
be)
to-
comptroller-
spoke
very
they
The
young Nicholas he mentioned was undoubtedly George, son of colonial treasurer Robert
vio-
to
of their premises and faced a range
of reprisals. A coat of blistering hot tar and
Carter Nicholas.
feathers—
nearly tarred and feathered."
used them very
to have
searches
fatal remedy Amerithe tax protests of
a sometimes
employed
cans
during
"
1760— was among the worst. On November
1774, Norfolk loyalist merchant James
but the' Treasurer [
Parker
to merchant
wrote
Charles Steuart
some
in London, " I would willingly hope the Patriotic fever here is at the hight [ sic] as we
have
had
lately
of the most
some
mund Pendleton,
week of November,
with Virginia' s
extrava-
ber
7
at
that
which began
and boarded
Monday
John Hatley
Yorktown
Norton,
the John
and Sons of London,
Norton
merchant
agent
John
and
to become
The
ordered
to
the
two
merchants
would
an arena
(
"
conventions.
These
conventions performed a variety of functions; they elected representatives to the
general congresses that met in Philadelphia, arranged economic embargos of British goods, organized military preparations
first promoted by Patrick Henry' s famous
Give me liberty or give me death" speech
at the
Second
Convention
in Richmond)
and generally provided for unified action in
the impending
crisis.
Fifth
Virginia
Convention
met
the heels of a House of Burgesses
been adjourned
in October
on
that had
1775 and never
reconstituted due to lack of a quorum.
About mid- morning on Monday, May 6,
1776,
gesses, about 45 men, filed into the house
had
Wallace
usual till the first of Decemr."
to wres-
Ed-
was
done nothing to violate the Continental Association, which allowed them" to import as
of
delegates
that Lord Dunmore
the House
the
remains
chamber
to
of the
formalize
a House of Burgesses."
Warwick
elected
December. It was obvious to
ford, addressed Cary' s committee, saying that
such proceedings was more arbitrary then
that
and
of the
and
Pendleton,
would become leader
who
minds
called conventions
order. The " Several
suggested
the
ship Virginia at ten o' clock after learning it
contained two half- chests of tea imported
by
wrote,
were
any the Americans
complaining of &
tended to destroying their Cause." Munford
party on NovemCitizens of the port
Yorktown.
assembled
"
tea
own
he
Pendleton
1774,
of the Committee of Safety the next month.
Another
cool head, Colonel Robert Mun-
gant proceedings you have heard of."
Parker referred to the turbulence of the
second
were
intended
was
ill,"
Mr.
interfered."
others
It
men
Carter Nicholas],
Robert
Speaker [ Randolph],
27,
allow
The
Parker' s letter implies that the
and
were born the Virginia
case.
violently against them Er asked how
durst insult the Majesty of the People."
conse-
subjected
were
as Thomas
the real revolu-
to actively contest the king' s policies; thus
Complained
were "
a
very
their
consider
hearts
August
these burgesses
of Safety until December, what Parker
an " Occasional
Committee," chaired
to
the
the previous
as
not elect
wrote
mer-
of
notables
tle over the continuing dispute with Great
Britain. Virginia governor Lord Dunmore
dissolved the House of Burgesses in May
1774 for officially supporting the city of
Boston, whose port was to be closed by
the British ministry in retribution for the
destruction of East India Company tea
mer-
Committee of
having "
of Er
embargo
suspected
for such
ries of meetings
name
in Nansemond
Crossroads
s
whom
Warwick
to
to
the
was
from across Virginia had gathered in a se-
Southside
were
by Cary assembled
Con-
s mora-
clear
sign
would
there
Shopkeepers
quences.
it
made
hesitated
who
Revolution
were but the end results.
Since
called
December 1.
after
the
and John Adams,
in
actions
Anthony Warwick and Michael Wal-
tee
of safety to
committees
since,
attitudes
the Revolution.
during
unfortunates
little tea" for
in Philadelphia. Congress mandated
for local
words
tion was in the change of sentiments
and
correspondence
County,
for
case
first Continental
at the
embargo
their
in 1772
chants
curtail trade with Britain. The
made
begun
he
magistrate
ministers
in this
committee
the
retrieve
House
the
of Bur-
adjournment
Members
met, but did
neither proceed to Business, nor adjourn, as
stated simply
This body
joined with a
the building,
Virginia
Edmund
Pendleton
that they" let that body die."
of men filed out of the room,
second group waiting outside
and reentered as the Fifth
Convention.
Over the next several
days these delegates, presided over by Edmund Pendleton of Caroline County, saw
to the administration
of Virginia
the fate of loyalists
and delib-
tea
from North Carolina and to deliver it to
erated
the
for
delegate to the Continental
Dividing . . . Continued
When
of
Prentis
Williamsburg.
of the Gloucester County
arrived on the scene just after
members
committee
"
Committee of Safety in Nansemond,
matter ended."
business, but their real purpose in meeting
He
and
to
had
cast
it
ness.
the
committees "
burnt the
Ship,
the
river.
intended
page 3
wrote
the Ship lay." Prentis had to print
Gazette:
public apology in the Virginia
News of the Yorktown
tea party circulated
"
in Williamsburg as nearly five hundred mer-
arrived
chants
on
that
in the capital
for
November
Wednesday,
a
meeting
9,
where
Williamsburg
Parker
the
Er
tar
blamed."
and other such
ing up
...
the terrible
Congress
the
gathered
document.
Yorktown,
at the
on
to
with the
sign,
which
we
next
reluctance
of
prompted
the
program. Parker
there was a Pole erected
Col. Archd. Cary,
Raleigh tavern
the
accept
base " A Court of Tar
and Feathers"
Wmsbg
to
The effect of the incident at
combined
merchants
Capitol
to
a
wrote: "
by
At
Order of
strong Patriot, opposite
which was hung a
upon
come
townspeople
after
was
generally
all the" preach-
of refusal
consequences
the Association
association
delegates
had
signed
was
by
almost
ev-
erybody." A report of the Nansemond Committee published
December
1 said Warwick
and Wallace" this
Virginia
was to discuss and vote on a motion
Gloucester
and public busi-
when
Er Cary
feathers
Nevertheless,
Randolph
other
personal
that
wrote
they were expected to sign the Continental Association.
Most complied, and Peyton
and
who
gentlemen
on
of
Duke
on
got word that many of the gentlemen were
planning to leave the capital— a blow to the
of the season— they " removed
commerce
have
to
a
incident
Cho
Parker
but that could not be done
over
was
Street unnerved
where
some
Congress
on
they found that the " Tea had met
with its deserved fate." The men of York
into
incident
The
noon,
and
here the
that
of the College of William
to the
Senate
Virginia
as-
an
these
a
Mary Board of Visitors, used his position
egate
formalized
month, Virginians
The
Revolution,
the
dedicated
a
Yet
where
itinerant
for the meeting
would
Williamsburg
convention,
for such bold
man
of their transgression had
in
With
to
and Wallace
nature.
did
the crown
culminated. We say culminated and not
Ar-
Highly respected by his contempoCary would become president of the
Safety
chants
sure.
time
1773.
raries,
lace
enforce
rumor.
the
During
the
1774.
January
bbl
a
Burgess
us
philanderer, which
a
upon
populace between 1765 and 1776. The
Declaration of Independence and military
imprisoned
ever
Tea Party of December 16, 1773,
reached Williamsburg in January 1774, Vir-
torium
for
good
no
independent
all allegiances
or parliament of Great Britain and
that they give the assent of this
Colony to such declaration..."
villain,
was
reputation
a
was
a thing
almost happened
in Virginia' s
capital in November of the same year.
When
of the British reaction to
news
elections
political in
governor
Others ( especially the Randolph family)
denied any truth to it. Dunmore did have
the
in
received
this
know for
Williamsburg
such
gress
Some may have
may
believed that the liaison between Susannah
and
Malcolmb
the
sharing stories with his friend in England
or is there a modicum
of truth to it? We
never
in
one
actually subjected to a coat of tar and feathofficial John
ers like the one Boston customs
next
is the only written mention of this rumor. Is it just a gossipy man
However,
late 1774. No
sociation
prevent it.
can
and
from
of Chesterfield,
the
vigilantism,
the
just
was
stranger
meeting
bless you to any
thing. I have always consid
ered Jack
represent
Jefferson
No
action.
and prayer on June 1, 1774, the date
British Navy closed the port of Boston.
In August, Virginia' s elected representatives,
greatly mistaken indeed he has paid
Er is security for something
considerable
already, not a word of
god
to
controversy, Cary is remembered in Baptist histories as a persecutor of that denomination
in his own county
notorious
the
what
is worst they say Jack&
mother
know all about it, but pay
for his fun there, if Im not
this
chibald Cary
it
under
but irascible,
ation,
Sukey, Er
free
absolved
to or dependence
ginians felt outrage. The Virginia burgesses
staged a colony- wide day of fasting, humili-
writes:
Thers terrible [ paa?]
Wmsbg about the G
the
most
the Boston
Steuart of England. Parker
Colonies
states
1
Conservative
raising of the Liberty Pole in front of King' s
Arms Tavern on Duke of Gloucester Street in
with Governor
affair
[
gaze upon her unforgiving arms."
1 of Revolutionary City" program-
ming portrays the town's
instance of revolutionary
loyalty to his fain
his loyalty to the
was
g
large mop& a bag of feathers,
barrel] of tar."
dire
a
refrac-
who
Day
hope that
cause
Randolph
appointed
this colony in General Congress be
instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the United
A Court of Tar and Feathers
colony to become suspect.
Susannah
i
i
The Liberty Pole will stand— as
all
warning indeed to all reprobates,
consequence.
enemies
Resolved unanimously that the
delegates
the
Governor, not you. That your reputa
lion is compromised
by the spread of
them
Scene: September 3, 1775
The
these
discredit
to
Calls
are
they
Besides,
me.
intended
are
laud
to
Convention
for Independence
it
k '.
more
protests grow
Ariana Randolph to daughter Susannah:
heart,
Virginia
if
1
ihL--.-
The Scene: May 15, 1776
r
violent.
Dear
c
E
British king may
leave the colony for
the
family
j
0•
L
1 • .$.-;,',
A.
her
that
,
to
C
mother,
Susannah
if American
England
loyalist
a
daughter
the
require
i.
Divided!
A House
j1a r
0.,
A -". ;
1
ii
r,
1
The Scene: April 15, 1775
I
l _
ii
u
1C`
4
R
1
Ariana
Apo
gl
F
day
voluntarily signed the
agreed to
by
the
general conwell pleased
dare independence
The convention
itself
into
a
to de-
from Great Britain.
periodically
committee
of
resolved
the
whole,
whereupon Archibald Cary, delegate from
Chesterfield County, took the chair and the
120- man body debated the question. The
debate was not so much over the question
of independence as it was over what form
it would
take. The convention
considered
three separate resolutions and, on May 15,
unanimously approved a version cobbled
together by Pendleton that incorporated
portions of each. Only treasurer Robert
Carter
Nicholas
the floor
is known
in opposition
to
have
taken
to the resolutions,
gress, and dedared they were
therewith . . .
and seemed sorry that their
openly
intentions should
they
end,
tea."
unanimity. The resolution was delivered to
Philadelphia by Thomas Nelson Jr., and on
never
did
be misconstrued,
intend
to
Though he escaped
burg
that
the
unscathed
November
less fortunate
taken
secret
in August
up in Smithfield
Coercing . . .
1774,
1775,
by
as
said
in Williams-
citizens
Continued
he
he added
his support
Henry Lee, presented it for the consideration
of the Second
delegate,
of
June
page 3
7 Virginia' s senior
for the sake
was
of Isle of
on
the " competency
questioning
of
in so arduous a contest." In the
was
Warwick
when
America
Continental
Resolving . . . Continued
Richard
Congress.
on
page 3
�3
1774 to 1776
FORUM
NEWS
i
3
ti '•
T
tus°
yPr.
1'
f .
fhl-
+
kj
STAFFORD County, AQUTA, Nov. 2, 1775.
1. n•
RAN away last Night, from the Subscriber,
a Negro Man named Charles, who is a very
S
11 ;:
1
1,
4°
r
t
F
117, -
f[
f.
tT ^
r
t
i j'
shrewd
I
I,
and
sensible
write;
me, he must
Letter from
As
begin
we
programming,
and reflect
on
d
b
far
so
February,
what
in 2006.
called
program
new
vacuum.
and
Ciy
Area division.
that
time,
have
we
has been working
Area
the
other
on
departments
arrival
of
a
new
Peyton
at the
made
the
that
fall approaching,
brace
the
selves
for the
2006. We
the
new
we
challenges
we
of its
and
ing
to
Citizens
tionary
City in
at
programs
programs, along with
of interpretation from all of
for
make
for
ence
our
crowned
and
William
co- sovereigns
in
Mary
1689,
and Mary agreed
to
the
Conventions:
execu-
an
holders
but from
a
Dixon&
Hunter),
18,
1775.
89),
the
legislature
Revolution in Virginia,
will ( or governor' s will) was also a prec-
key ideas that colonists
being violated by the Minisright of free
crowned
elections
untainted jury selection,
parliament,
Parliamentary consent for taxation, petitoning, frequent parliaments and the right
tfoning,
have
their
for their defence
arms "
and
conditions
forbade
as
excessive
bail,
gives
text
you
which
learned
Mary would of
co
this
of
of this
the
badge
for men
of his corn-
They then mounted him on his
horse, and drove
generation" had
frame their thinking
helped
of distinction
badgeplexion.
of precedents
historical con-
founding
the "
and
list
short
sense
a
The populace very deliberately led him
to the stocks, and having prepared him for
the purpose, gave him a fashionable suit
of tar and feathers, being the most proper
be
Bill of Rights.
also
The Virginia Gazette reported his
punishment:
Wil-Wil
course
behest
at the
Association.
William HI
sovereigns
1689
See
Hopefully
fines,
excessive
in
II
convention.
law." It
by
the
as
and Mary
to
suitable
allowed
wife
Wight County on suspicion of violating the
between
struggles
and parliament.
monarchs
Continued from page 2
Coercing . . .
a
royal
to
opposition
in the
Ham and his
to
to
Stuart
the
in
meeting
established
edent
of George III. The Bill
the
royal consent. The idea, then, of
without
contained
reign
exemption, " It is calculated
Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American
to
convention"
and slave patrollers.
describe the meeting of the legislative body
of the grievances that Jefferson
in the Declaration of Independence
also
the term"
convention' s
Woody Holton, Forced Founders: Indians,
of parliament were called to meet
did not have royal permission to do
They adopted
the
to exempt the gentlemen and to throw the
whole burden on the poor."
run
so.
as minutemen
the slaveholders'
with
was
exile,
and into French
service
houses
but
to
As Gilmer paraphrased the soldiers' view of
Prince
England
Dutch troops and James II
of England
out
objected
on more than three slaves ( or other work-
Glori-
when
William of Orange invaded
20, 000
also
ers) from militia duty and thus also from
the so- called
1688-
Continued from page 1
decision to exempt anyone that paid taxes
itself.
During
Revolution (
ous
by
abide
acted in
a committee
from parliament
come
The parliament then drew
bill designed to safeguard those rights
a
of Rights upheld
will
guests.
in the years lead-
parliament
presented them with
of abuses ascribed to James II that
list
also
our
so)
November
capacity. It was a direct blueprint for the
practice adopted by every colony in North
America in 1774- 75 and the precedent had
for Independence.
protested were
try during the
educationally enriched expert
an
adapted
to the War
and
sites.
units,
much
Gazette (
outgrowth of the legislative commit-
penned
solid base
our
too
ROBERT BRENT.
Virginia
formulation
Revolu-
identified
indeed
the Mares, so that I get them again.
committee
not accept as " precondition" to
taking the throne. The English Bill of Rights
was one of the influential documents in the
of
the
the
York. The
near
reason
tive
but would
a
from 2: 30 to 4: 30 and
ternoon
I
indulged,
gather around
to
was from
and they provoked" many disorders." Small-
key ideas
by colonists
that William
six
with Revolutionary
continue
beginning
were
he
determined Resolution to get Liberty, as he
conceived, by flying to Lord Dunmore. I will
have 51. to any Person who secures him and
the
17th- century origins
and strategies that
the
are
of the
some
up
and Brothers- in- Arms. We will
Victory
who
was
against
militias
apprehensive
no Cause of Complain, or dread of a Whipping ( for he has always been remarkably
concerned
reason
I am
oured to be taken. His Elopement
Toy-
of the
but the real
begin arming county
to
was an
this Kingdom."
for
full plate for the fall includ
Prelude
two special event weekends:
We have
ostensible
in Ireland
rebellion
forces
aimed to" subvert... the laws and liberties of
Founda
the
a
of defense
charge
Accomplices,
may prove daring and resolute, if endeav-
before had
a
ports of call gave us
a glimpse of how exciting and
demanding
2007 has the
potential to be.
tion' s support
kingdom. The
power
monarchs
English
of 2007, which should prove
year for all of us. The
of the Godspeed
voyage
take
to
Minutemen
were
interesting
an
to
to Attempt
previous 60 years or so. Forming a cornmittee was not a novel concept but never
Bill of Rights: When
em-
ourselves
1642
some
House of Commons
the
he intends
tee system that parliament had devised over
ing
challenge
as
Stuart
the
in
King Charles
were
prepare our
for the rest of
begin to steel
also
challenges
be
weather,
cooler
and
the
involving
events
between
had prec-
colonies,
was
of
us!
With
to
a
in the
other
a
by
to believe
get to Lord Dunmore; and as I have Reason
to believe this Design of going off was long
premeditated, and that he has gone off with
What follows
Great
professionalism and a
to carry the day. Huzzah to
determination
all of
summer
is Reason
one
opposition
lamp by which my feet are guided, and
I know of no
this is the lamp of experience.
way of judging the future but by the past."
with
met
was
the
in the
as
in Virginia,
colonists
one
has been working at full
heat and more visitors made
and
spring
or
various
Patrick Henry in March of 1775 at the
Second Virginia Convention: " I have but
everyone
throttle. More
well
by
by
properties, and our very successful
family and children program initiatives, just
a few. It has been a
to name
long, hot sumand
to
became
and parliament
in 17th- century England.
Thus, let us follow the injunction offered
Hopes
mer
harass
to
support
voice
light Bay, with a Blaze and white Feet, about
3 Years old. From many circumstances, there
burning
first established
used
tactics
struggles
strides
great
Randolph and
city of London
the
and
another
of
occasion
and protest to use upon customs agents,
alists, and the Ministry
of Lord North.
Committee of Safety: The committee
edents
the
e. g.,
Guy in
the
pro-
contem-
the
use
politicians. Thus effigy burning
familiar— and popular— means of
voicing political opposition. Thus American
patriots had a ready means of intimidation
as
as exciting
in all of the
the
carriage,
upon
would
and
and
improved
projects going
of the Historic Area;
interpretations
reflections
Ibries
of the Whigs
supporters
for understanding their conflicts
with the
crown
and parliament. Many of the ideas
of Revo-
Just
on.
Those
basis for
a
'
This premise holds equally
present.
for how 18th- century Virginians used
the past— an English past— as the medium
every aspect of the two- hour managed ac
cess program. But that is not all the Historic
are
most
and two MARES, one a darkish, the other a
rival
true
lutionary City with overwhelming positive
guest feedback ( although there were crit
ics as well) and increased visitation.
Since
through
be well known
10 Inches high. He took a Variety of Clothes
which I cannot well particularise, stole several of my Shirts, a Pair of new Saddle Bags,
1680s,
the
It
alized with the March 20 launch
upon
tion but also of protest. In the 1670s and
guests
and events. The past
porary circumstances
is an important medium for understanding
truly required " all hands
The fruits of our labor were re
deck."
on
vide
our
and
meaning
of 18th- century
experiences
Williamsburg.
The
help
we
importance
the
of the varied
produced
not
interpreters,
As
understand
This
production of Revolu
tionary City would marshal resources from
of the Foundation and
every division
every department and unit of the Historic
a
read
waited
House of Commons
Lexicon of Protest
interpretive
Revolutionary
of Lords
accom-
January
new
was
House
moment
a
been
In
a
initiative
program
in
has
created
we
take
can both
has a large Nose, and is about 5 Feet 8 or
fall
into
transition
should
and
as he always
of Virginia and Maryland. He is very black,
Robin Reed
our
we
Fellow,
and
a shower
him out of town,
of eggs,
correspondent
the smell
informs
through
of which
our
us, seemed to have
and standing
armies in time of
about how to respond to the actions
of the
peace witha material effect upon the delicate constituNo one in the
parliament' s consent. The Bill of Rights
ministry and parliament.
tion of the motleyed gentleman."
2Y
served as a model not only for the Virginia
British political nation
could mistake
the
out
Continued from page
Resolving . . .
The Declaration of Independence
work
the
yet finished.
not
under
egate
of the
During
convention
the next
America.
of Rights
It contained
of individual
liberty
to
Declaration
County.
fluence
such future documents
to
was
as
of Man
"
the
charter
By
the time the
adopted
a
absent Thomas
6,
July
constitution
be- commonwealth,
an
Fifth Virginia
on
over
for
the
Jefferson
to-
objections
of
who
freeholders
of Virginia
the
final
of the document.
establishing
ment, the
as
a
should
vote
on
Besides
form of governchose Patrick
Henry
convention
Virginia' s first elected governor.
soon
to be joined by others
a
felt that
republican
state,
under
also
soon-
the
form
Conven-
it had
the
congress
had been born.
against
a
A
new
united
common
an
annual
burning the Guy" ( Guy
leading conspirators,
arrest)
upon
and
effigies
and
was
was
agent
theof
had secured those Tiber
one
Association.
of
speaking the same constitutional language,
but interpreted the meaning of the key con
cept in very different ways.
and helped popularize bonfires
a means of
popular celebra-
Reprint
as
1774)
foe,
where
by Gary Sandling]
Continued
he
was
elected
Peyton died in Philadelphia
buried
president.
October 22,
as
on
probably from a stroke.
Edmund Randolph was born
family
of Virginia
in August
justice of the peace for
County( 1777). He was selected
of Virginia
in 1786- 1788.
first
James
City
as
governor
Edmund served
brothers
The
a
indeed
who
as
1775,
yourself.
are
the
once
not
were
father
Abandon
am
son
your Family&
not your Sisters,
Randolph,
August 12,
Submitted
by
Rose
suggests
the turmoil
of the
I should be as sorrie as you to See the
Constitutional authority of Government
over America given up, it is not for our
intent it Should, & if the Colonies prevail
to
Edmund
REFRACTORY"
Despite
Steuart.
J. Randolph."
to
FOR THE
In
about you. Come back
will prosper all your Undertakand afflicted
your affectionate
John Randolph
the
in
lucky.
written
left corner,
fall of 1774, James Parker clung to false
optimism in his last letter of the year to
again.
so
In the upper
the alternative.
Chapel.
admonishes
return
CURE
in England,
wretched
Er Heaven
Father,
A
cabinet
united
son
God' s Sake
For
and later as secretary of state]
year after Peyton' s death in PhiladelPeyton' s body
phia, Edmund accompanied
back to Williamsburg
in 1776 where it was
general
s
of
August
...
ings. I
Washington'
death
letter from John to Edmund
attorney
in
were
and
Father
He
1776- 1777)
his
after
and he, too, is buried at the Wren
from the very beginning, opposing his
father' s views. Edmund served as aide- dein 1775,
page 2
at
and Mary. Incidentally,
requested that he be brought
back " home"
cause
and
later
John
into the
of 1753. Edmund sided with the American
camp to General Washington
was
mayor
of Williamsburg (
from
Chapel
Wren
the
College of William
1775,
Randolph
beneath
of Wil
identifies the setting as the Capitol courtyard. For a writing surface, patriots have
laid a plank across two tobacco barrels.
One barrel is labeled as a gift for John Wilkes, newly elected Lord Mayor of London,
who campaigned on a platform of sympathy with the colonial cause. Some of the
gentlemen merchants appear loath to conform, but a liberty pole sporting a barrel of
tar, bag of feathers, and the inscription " A
leadership on both sides of the Atlantic were
executed
The Alternative
statue of late Virginia Governor Botetourt
estructon.
itsdestruction. Thepolitical
of
commemoration
Fawkes
now
that
Dividing . . .
(
elite
had dispersed
sparked
the
of the United
Nations.
tion
very institution
group of Catholic conup the houses of parlia-
Fed-
and the Citizen, issued
in the
Rights
by a
by blowing
"
our only graphic depiction
of the Liberty Pole incident, which depicts
Virginia merchants being forced to sign the
ties in the 17th century— parliament— was
ment
in-
in the early days of the French Revolution,
and was a partial basis for the Statement on
Human
In February 1775, London publishers Robert Sayer and J. Bennett printed a
invoking.
history of
were
true inheritors of English liberty and that the
spirators
eral Bill of Rights, the French Declaration
of Rights
colonists
of parliament
from Orange
The Virginia
that the
17th century. The supposed attempt in 1605
the lives of King James I and members
ringing statements
and the right to self
delegate
James Madison,
precedents
on
be adopted in
government, as well as a pioneering statement of religious
freedom that owed much
to
for the Dec
also
month,
guidance of Fairfax County delGeorge Mason, that body created the
the
first Declaration
but
laration of Independence.
They were part of the common
mezzotint satire,
Burniiffi
world. In a sense, t he
the Anglo- American
time- honored
ng- n- egy: This
washamsBurg,"
were
means
of protest had strong roots in the
colonists
claiming that they were the
result.
But
Declaration of Rights
the
was
1775,
McAphee]
(
December
28, he wrote:
of which I cannot entertain the least Idea)
Insolence,
Contempt, &
Confusion
will
long predominate here . . . I am still of the
opinion, notwithstanding all the noise of
arming, Er mustering,
the Colonists
never
will attempt fighting.
Submitted
by
Bob Doares]
�4
1774 to 1776
INTERPRETATION
MONEY
LIFE
r 4.
a
Autumn 1774 and 1775
in
Autumn
for
time
ing
of
Virginians
depending
Virginia
was
in
living
on
for families to
critical
was
harvest,
the
secure
countryside,
it
slaughter
and 1775
1774
increasing conflict with Britain and an uncertain
political future and fear of war.
Weather
was
a
In
from
the
many crops
late- spring frosts. Landon Carter
in his diary, " May 5 I said yes-
recorded
would be
there
terday
hard enough
frost... the ice
a
was
down 6 inches
dog to walk
deep and icicles
of the
All the fruit killed, Apples,
for
ground.
it, hard
on
a
5
6 out
or
even
peaches, everything and abundance
black jacks turnt quit black with frost."
diary
how hard and
observe
is, towards
looked
bring
it is alarming to
evening
in the
No
rain...
24 of May,"...
and
but
they
since
West,
little
14:"
July
school
After
Great
This
barn at Great Hopes
constructed.
to
the
sel— but the tobacco looks
The
dry
autumn
of 1774. Carter
9, " that
without
wheat
11,"
the
dry
drier time,
is inconceivable how
weather
a
In
the
even
October
on
20,"
As to
never was
go round
hardly
day."
mills
very few hours in the
to the poor harvests, farmers
addition
had to adjust to the Continental
tion
which would take affect
Associa-
on
1774
aware
that
forced
as "
the
would
association
a committee [
be
to
was]
in every county, city and
be
en-
in the
legislature,
shall be attentively to
of all persons touching
The
autumn
faced with the
crops (
by
1774),
the
but
Dunmore
20 feet, built
whose
business
It is
a
started
ten
massive
the
edges
blunting.
steel out of the
In
Farmers
go inside.
of
posts.
durability
as
dis-
we were
our
axes rolling
actually broke
of the iron felling
edge
any 18th- century carpenter would
took the broken axe to our friends
As
we
in the blacksmith shop and had a new piece
of steel welded in place. We were back in
business that very same day!
five locust posts in each wall,
hewing
the
There
are
eight-
on
foot
foot
centers,
continuous
horizontal
cated
beam
crowned
pine plate,
in a long
with
32-
a
the uppermost
wall.
lo-
We
pine logs near Rosewell
Gloucester, and had them
beautiful
27
Plantation in
delivered
to
one-
by
nailed
three-
across
as
foot
well
the thin
as
strips
shingles,
lath that will be
shingle
as
we
riven
clapboards
each
over
up the roof. They
right- hand corner
for the
in
and
walls
a
a
easily split oak
for punchmachine
nails
nail hole through each
finished
of this
The
them.
currently on display
Museum
in Pennsylvania.
one
door
end and
gable
each
on
under
the
above
the
long
a
large
a
wall. Air
a
shingle
the Mercer
at
barn has three doors:
The
on
small door
ventilation
also
circulates
which stand about
sills,
shingle
construction
from
is copied
machine
punch
one
and through the
ground,
Inside
the
barn will be
a
foot
open
latticework
poplar and pine poles,
from about four feet above the
peeled
of
stretching
ground all
way up to the roof. The tobacco sticks
will be hung on these " tier poles." We will
the
also
be
one
side
building
storage
for
walled
open-
house
shed
to
for the farm cart and
space
to
visitors
The
an
of the tobacco
watch work in bad
house
tobacco
a
as
place
weather.
be finished
should
on
use
this
winter.
Submitted
leaf
from
a
soft,
a
transformation
green, virtually
fragrant,
and
material
of chestnut
tobacco
house.
of tobacco
plant
useless
valuable
brown, occurs
Through
the
brown.
(
If
fear
the
of
farms at
will
not
II:
over
two
and
and
•
or
coal
warmth.
Additional
added to bed
to
into
cider
or
become
burning.
Depending
flexible ( in "
blankets
condition
cause
mold
controlled
fires inside
the
case").
The
cured
leaves
are
and tied into small bundles
called"
hands."
curs
outdoors.
Prizing,
or
pressing
the
hands into shipping casks called tobacco
hogsheads,
is
accomplished
with
a large
lever press. It takes several days or a week
to complete
each hogshead.
The hogsheads
and, if they pass inspection, loaded on
board a ship with hundreds of others for
transportation
to England or Scotland.
Submitted by Wayne Randolph]
Worm, sucker, top, cut, and
hang
Strike and strip at night
Tie in hand at night
Pack and prize
Hoe hills for next year and sow
seed
Corn:
Gather tops and blades for fodder
Gather and husk corn
Plow fields for next year
II
11......
1.
IIIWheat:
11
111
and
more
rugs
humidity
harrow
in
winter
nips
3
ACROSS
4
Liberty
helped
force
compliance
with
7
Patrick
and
11
General
Henry becomes
Charles
this
in June 1776
Lee' s headquarters
in
5
Virginia
Most populous
8
Influenced
15
Political
17
Revolutionary
1
Drafted
2
State of Virginia
for"
resistant,
in June 1776
language
city
of
VA
Declaration
of
Patrick
obstinate"
disappointed
not
to
become
Livestock:
in February 1776
colonies'
group
Virginia Convention and Congress disagreed
over expansion
Instrument of
16
Nickname
of
Fatten hogs and beeves
Build shelter for cattle
13
14
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Pull pumpkins
Make cider and peach brandy
Cart cider and brandy to town
Gather apples and grapes
Plant grapes and sow apple
seeds
Henry
Southern
militiaman
into December.
Synonym
this
colonial
10
cartoon
DOWN
18
adopts
Rights
May
9
1776
or made
Orchard:
Family divided
6
Pole
year, air- drying of beans, etc. may go
on into the fall. Some years the garden will
continue
producing food for the table well
Foundation
and
Cart wheat and straw to town
like
Supply of firewood brought
to town and stacked for winter use.
Sow
Plow and sow other grains
Vegetables: Gather peas and beans
Dig potatoes, carrots, and tur-
this
of the par-
Tread, thresh, and clean wheat
wheat
12 Home countyof Archibald Carythis
Williamsburg
will
These hands of tobacco leaves are piled up
until all the tobacco is processed. This completes the work done in the house.
The final preparation for shipment oc-
active
titular
0 2006 The Colonial
days
stripped from the stalk, sorted by quality,
Carpets
for
sliced and dried,
the
in the air. This
three
In four to six weeks, when the tobacco is
Anne Willis]
jelly.
on
Planters
fully cured, it is taken down on a day when
the humidity makes the leaves soft and
III
Ill••••••
coverings.
cellars,
to
was to set small,
o
Ill
ill
in Vir-
Second sowing of cool- weather crops
greens and peas. Apples
gathered
stored in
shift.
Clear new fields
by
reinstalled
window curtains
its color
AUTUMN FARMING
FOR FALL!
fireplaces
and/
the
of
Mosquito netting and gauze covers from
the summer
removed. Chimney
boards
wood
occur
in the
month
Food Preservation
for
not
too hot),
spores to begin growing on the leaves.
Planters facing this critical threat would remove all of the tobacco from the house, dry
it outdoors, and reload the house to help
prevent mold formation. Another solution
Tobacco:
Housekeeping/ Gardening/
removed
does
are
threat to curing tobacco is too
moisture
ficult times for all Virginians.
READY
complete
Another
much
had an impact. These were increasingly dif-
GETTING
sequence
conditions
problem.
a
Submitted
the
often moved their hanging tobacco from
higher tiers to lower ones to help with this
crucial time. High prices and
of goods like hoes and axes also
shortages
through the
still
slaves
and the actual bloodshed
32-
it
December
losing
our
leaf will stop at a khaki- green color, and
raw
were not only
after
this
as when
difficulty
association
so
are then taken to an inspection warehouse
Tobacco
Curing
critical
The
Garland Wood]
by
wide,
house to drive the moisture out.
eaves.
into
The tobacco house will be sheathed
oak
built
we
a square
ginia increased anxiety. Some families were
affected by the men enlisting and leaving
the
so
ing
of
finished roof frame.
the
from
sideways
lapped
as
run
hand- wrought
Great Hopes. Unlike the black
for the barn,
ters
well
courses
nailed at the bottom
the pine hewed beautifully. We will
use pine for the pitsawn joists and raf-
also
and lapped
as
the
as
The
an
for
famous
one case we
association."
brought
four-
the
locust
black
fast post. Locust is also
a heavy and hard wood;
and
do,
four- foot
a
post- in- the- ground building, so we
its construction
by locating and
mayed to find the
axe.
on
which
the conduct
1775
left to right
tobacco
accommodate
sticks
are
long,
feet
hung tobacco, slowly taking leaf moisture
away to affect the cure. The leaf color will
change from dark green to yellow to a deep
Side
jobs.
same
is four
the house allow air to circulate
of marketing their
exporting to Britain was disal-
since
lowed
town
observe
of
greater challenges.
by
framing system to
foot- long tobacco
chosen
by those
who are qualified to vote for representatives
inches
locust,
December
prohibiting the importation of all
from
goods and wares ( including slaves)
Great Britain and Ireland. Virginians were
1,
house is 32
work
for the
room
foot- long house of eight rooms could cure
up to about five acres of tobacco. Vents in
Peyton
with the nails exposed to the weather.
Plantation
Hopes
Hopes and
very different from the
seen in the city of Williams
wooden
roofs
burg; they are rough split in appearance,
40
Each
has been turning
for the
and clapboards
the
nails
shingles
is loaded from top to bottom by " rooms."
roof. The
shingle
crew
and the blacksmiths
site,
the
on
other
Great
The
has been to al-
on
rain,
deal of
great
a
October
everything," and
it is agreed on all hands there
most
but
soon
day. It
out this
rode
detrimental
a
rain
will be destroyed,"
sown
lap
are
being
October
records on
ing
and
Construction
earth
the
Wood
discuss
not
into
continued
re-
construction.
the
weather
Randolph
being
process
Black locust is noted for its
heat and Drouth!"
is
in the
hewing
poor, much of it is dead with drouth" and
again on July 29"
the corn is roll' d up with
the
to
crucial
were
it is all
dismal,
many shingles
buildings at Great
Plantation
oak
lap
side-
out
why tobacco
process of curing
tobacco. We hope many of you will have
an
opportunity to watch this exciting re-
barns
board,
long
the tobacco
autumn
construction
Randolph
Wayne
at
sticks are taken high
that cross the house interior. The house
clapboard carpentry
We have asked Garland
describe
in tas-
out
corn
see
and
summer
Barn
Hopes
p
the
day is warm,&
very dry— I was
out the
rode
grows to be
surprised to
ground
arose &
has fell here
rain
on
country
clouds
promising
no
the
dusty
some
with Ben I
a
June 11: "
on
the Tbbacco
Building
The late spring and summer brought a
severe drought.
As Phillip Fithian describes
in his
leaves
up to the roof peak and hung across poles
TRADES
in every seahad suffered
challenge
1774
son.
The first tobacco
Randolph
Wayne
posed daunting challenges
against the backdrop of
all Virginians
the
to the house.
and hogs, preserve foods, cut firewood, and prepare their homes and fields
for the coming winter. The autumns of
beeves
to
earlySeptember
p
growing and begin to dry in the
field. Certain signs indicate that the plant
is ripe and ready for harvest, which is done
by splitting the stalk down its middle and
severing it at the base. Once wilted the split
plants are hung on a stick and transferred
98 percent
the
agriculture,
into
finish
demand-
a
With
everyone.
August
predominant
this
redress
for Susannah
ethnic
Sell mutton,
hogs, and steers
Butcher hogs(
g
Other:
December
December)
Overseers hired for next year
September)
Cut firewood and cart to town
Ditch fields, grub, and fence
8/ 06- 5391350
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 5, number 3, September - November, 2006
Description
An account of the resource
1774 to 1776
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2006
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/a1d54fe65a9586cb91f5d87bd31afdff.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=usZm9MioO7a15cbgkpwO47QBA4IjmdERq95REbk%7EPmd541I1iaawTFLa3dFGDtdmh-s%7EZoxvsO6HlHo7TvT68iubw%7E796nPhHz6ZucEvz0F5GpAdS-ro8bN1LusK1zEjQbi9MJwD21tOwXCfDNu-eFeBz3cPpqyXpmQrdo9Hj1eCLwGvzljTfm8a335LmCIItLHAFrWT5X83pYE1JHeia56YqAjU8zP0gxP%7Eyp2GVbm4GvVtizQQsyv4EQX1X-Z8gTXWtRBORWnO8nBeIs0vD9l7b41mYv0VXrUpytri8Bg7655HddZw1D6rd9jy%7ESd8LTgVipAg4XV-aXVmtJiUQA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
23d3e1f5e5902f1994e6e3505a7062d5
PDF Text
Text
5, No. 2
Volume
July, August 2006
June,
1776 to 1781
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
The Revolutionary
Historic Area
City"
S ee a. 2
2,
n
_
I MS
DAY
=
i r
Tm-
i •-_
r./...
,
J
;°
..
11,_
1
a
A
TO
OCTOBER
1I.
1781
A^
'
i•
[
Liberty was realized when the citi-
°
1
1
1
1776
with
accordance
from
his
ri,
Virginia
the
Richard
Lee
Henry
K
1
independence.
P
in
a
Williamsburg
Convention
a
7/
i
c
of Rights adopted in
Declaration
ti
adopts a constitution
for the new
i
14
commonwealth, establishing
a republican
government, and
as
Henry
by
On Thursday,
liamsburg
5: After terrorizing
in search of water
provisions,
Cape
on
August 5 and
reaches
New York
by
August
August
27: Battle of
Virginia
the
New York;
York
British
the
14.
and
New
ture
take
25- 26: Washington
Delaware
the
crosses
11: Battle of Brandywine
September
cap-
Brooklyn
its retreat to
France'
two
The victory
exceptions.
December
on
25,
proved
1776,
army could fight and surcelebrated British
townspeople
Burgoyne'
17,
defeat
s
at
That
1777.
hand.
s
It signed
Saratoga
a
on
tipped
victory
formal
alliance
with the United States in February 1778.
Recruiting soldiers for the Continental
17: British
Army remained problematic. Returning
Germantown;
to
Valley
October
Burgoyne
General
service
are
approved
sent
to states
Confederation
and
by
and little
rations
planter with
a
struggling
could mean condemning
a
his
solor no
family,
family
Assembly offered
poverty. The General
incentives to boost enlistments— first extra
ratification
and
6: France
1779.
The Cost
of Freedom!
of
out
Virginia
14, 1779:
never
was
extremely
voted for the draft
who
office
the next
met Congress'
of Virginians
stream
unpopular.
s
became
were
year. Although
quota,
a
steady
continentals.
1780
12: British
capture
Charleston,
before
Even
Carolina.
on
page
3
ropeans
French
the
dedaration
was
read,
putting out feelers to Euto replace lost British contacts. The
Virginians
Continued
were
were
eager
to trade
with Americans.
pent- up demand for manufactured goods
coupled with the risks of running a British
The
VIRGINIA
TODAY
blockade kept the cost of French goods high.
But for Virginians
there was a ready market
SNAPSHOT
for
AMERICAN
TOTAL
tobacco
by
vigilance
POPULATION [
2. 5
million
One Fifthmen,
and
by
Island'
6%
was
nearly every
or
indirectly
pledge of
oath ordered the
sign
A
a
oath
loyalty
a
national institution,
American
History, pg.
was corruption.
used as a synonym
for civic virtue;
interests
that
virtue
now
faced.
and
571
navy
increased
beginning
in
war
money was printed to cover these
Some delegates talked of raising
taxpayers
did not want higher taxes
captured
then
and
mustered,
Militias
British
against
disinterested"
terested,"
of
this
older
as a synonym
meaning
mean
for " unin-
indifferent
the characteristic
or uncon-
to
The
state.
identifyTories.
in
a
sacked
message.
structural
but they
regulars.
sent
was
British.
to
were
match
no
on
Finally,
May
1992,
pp. ] 04- 105.]
in Williamsburg
all
tabs
could
Lafayette
September 14, 1776
Late on the afternoon
the
on
do
tember
was
Cornwallis ranged
until July 4. Cornwallis
not
take
to
arms
up
cling with
paroled
making them promise
against the British. Tray-
British
overland.
were
which
at Yorktown
on
August
With the British in the
region
and
forag-
surrounding countryside, the militiamen of lower Tidewater were reluctant to
Their first priorities were protection
of their families and personal property.
muster.
The
resources
stretched
fleet arrived
with its
3, 000
soldiers
allied
French
in
of lower Tidewater
farther
ever
on
when
August
but
this
have
were
French
26. The
northern
and American
Williamsburg
the
the
and St. Simon' s
sailors
army arrived
September 28, 1781.
on
demand
time
for
things
was
high
different.
The
supplies
were
with real money— gold and silfor what they needed. The sense that
paid
a
major
would
surrender
impact in Great Britain.
Sup-
plies flowed into the greater Williamsburg
area from as far away as Maryland.
The war ended in 1783.
Virginia' s ecoproblems
persisted
well into the 1780s,
thing was dear— the General Assemhad become a constituent- led legislature.
one
George
Mason
was
not
pleased.
He
noted
many of these new delegates came from
families less socially prominent than those of
former burgesses.
They failed to
see
the
greater public good; rather they pandered to
the local voter. Or perhaps they truly represented their constituents' interests.
Submitted
by
ette,
2.
the
ing
Kevin
Kelly]
de
and
Francois- Jean
Chastellux,
rode
En
route
Washington
and
his
the American
commander
had
not
seen for over six years. As the three generals entered the old colonial capital, Lafay-
basic provisions strained the resources of the
region.
Cornwallis left Williamsburg, only to
reappear
general,
Chastel
Sep-
party rested for two days at Mount Vernon,
perhaps 1, 000
slaves
seeking their freedom, and nearly all
carried smallpox. The invaders' need for
the
de
of Friday,
Rochambeau,
into Williamsburg. They had left the allied
army at Baltimore and Head of Elk in hope
that shipping could be found to transport
the troops and save a tedious journey
mid- June, he swung his army
which
arriving in Williamsburg,
In
he occupied
French
Chevalier
through central
freely
14, Washington,
another
larger British force.
the
Virginia.
the
repudiated paper money
do the best way they could.
S. Wood,
General Washington Arrives
g
20,
continentals,
keep
to
Virginia
But
shadow
their
Assembly
York,
New
British
that
wrongly
prices. Williamsburg
believed an enforced set price would end the
inflation. By the 1780s both Congress and the
someone
The Radicalism of the American Revolution,
gen
Richmond
in
with 1, 500
Lafayette,
strong.
nomic
residents
imagine
g ire
Source: Gordon
the
joined with Arnold' s at
Petersburg. The combined army was 7, 000
believed the high prices were caused by merchants who either hoarded
goods or inflated
the
that disinterestedness
cannot
we
who is capable of rising above private
profit and private advantage and being
unselfish and unbiased when a personal
interest might be present."
Cornwallis' s army
bly
understanding
made
most
early January, 1781. His 1, 200 troops were
there to stay. In late March, Major General William Philips, with nearly 2, 000
troops, joined Arnold. In April and May,
they raided up and down the James River.
but
People
lost
describes;
the
males
ordered
again
Arnold,
Benedict
problem
Virginia
have
cerned. Perhaps we cannot quite conceive
winter of 1781, for a good reason.
of the monetary system, many Virginians,
in July 1779,
like those in Williamsburg
directly
56-
a
Not
Gordon Wood. The American
A
British
and delegates heard their
benefited from it."
Revolution:
the
However,
payable with paper, as a way of retirlarge amount of circulating currency.
Virginia
population:
enslaved
white
to
signers
g
was
1777,
adult
to the
alliance
Cornwallis would have to
ing
s
of
summer
ver—
the
more
taxes,
York' s population:
14% enslaved
occa-
when General
ordered
French
expenses.
New Jerseys population:
8% enslaved
Slavery
the
Assembly
and
slaves:
BUT
Rhode
In
out.
General
created public expenditures
at levels unheard of in the colonial era. More
Southerners
New
called
Again
However
40%
were
"
s
back the currency. As long as the paper
was accepted,
it held most of its face value.
children
of population
Most slaves were held
France.
to
enslaved
Virginia had the most
in
1778 coupled with a monetary crisis drove
prices skyward. In late 1775, Virginia funded
the war with paper money. It had few assets
people
500, 000
women,
1776]
August
fought in
g
most adult townsmen,
draft, which
a
Many delegates
an alliance.
in
was
there
For example,
for
the
war
though
Virginia,
scares.
eastward
turned
South
departed
of the
money, then land in the west. When not
the assembly
volunteered,
called
enough
United States form
May
virtue
thus put an enormous
ing. Even most educated people now use
fleet carrying British troops entered
1777,
the bay in August
the militia was
to
for
1778
February
For
pay.
15: Articles of
November
Congress
diers told tales of poor
Saratoga.
surrenders at
sional
eral,
The
we
Dunmore
verylittle
eastern
in
war
his army retires
Forge for the winter.
at
July
near
at
for the
set the tone
were
October
is defeated
October 4: Washington
The
s
army
1776 and
in August
General
After
1776,
Howe'
Continental
vive.
3: Battle of Princeton
was
indepen-
won.
decreased.
Washington'
at Trenton
the
January
of
There
of Trenton
that
north.
the
River; Battle
777
celebration
realization
the
Pennsylvania
December
and
cofe
the
enlistments
Heights
City
in Wil-
months,
previous seven
recruiting of soldiers had gone well. But
troubling news about the invasion of Canada
reached Virginia during the summer
Island,
Long
The
cheers.
by
During
through
sails
Declaration
the
publiclyread
was
dence would have to be
and
Virginians
Dunmore
to
tempered
25,
July
of Independence
P
of
1776: A Declaration
Independence!
August
men—
assumed
Dr. Johnson defined disinterest as being
superior to regard of private advantage;
not influenced
by private profit." Today
Citizens at War
Thomas
Jefferson.
25,
was
it better conveyed the increasing threats
Congress
drafted
Independence
July
often
1
from
of
Declaration
accepts the
, tin,
governor.
4: The Continental
July
I
it
burden on individuals. They were expected to suppress their private wants
and interests and develop disinterested
ness— the term the 18th century most
l
ai ,'
citizens.
citizens,
1
Patrick
chooses
7
because
women,
Republicanism
4
Ai
Convention
virtuous
independence
r
America.
June 29: The Virginia
and independent
they were never independent— had to be
free from dependence and from the petty
interests of the marketplace. Any loss of
4.
4
i
9
first
the
passes
active,
To be complete
a
u
i
12: The Virginia
r
w-r
`•
3
I, i
k-
never
I
r
moves in Congress to declare
June
of equal,
1li' !,, .
I
1
that is, willing to sac-
rifice their private interests for the sake of
the community, including serving in public office without pecuniary rewards. This
virtue could be found only in a republic
f
J. '
4':
Convention,
'`.
zens were virtuous,
l*
Newsline
instructions
r
'
Republicanism
THE REVOLUTIONARY CITY"
j
June 7: In
ill, .
CITIZENS AT WAR: 1776 TO 1781
(
1776
DUNE
p. 4
inSee
pi.. ,.
"
although
ill with
fever,
rushed
out
to greet the commander in chief and embraced him, according to St. George" flicker,
with an ardour not easily described."
French and American troops hastily lined
up for a salute. That evening the officers
attended a grand dinner, highlighted by a
French band playing a popular tune from
Andre Gentry' s contemporary
opera Lucille.
The party broke up around ten o'clock,
one observer recording, " after mutual congratulations and the greatest expressions of
joy." But undoubtedly Washington found
the greatest pleasure that night in the news
that de Grasse had chased the British fleet
away and that de Barras had arrived with
Rochambeau' s siege guns and heavy equipment from Rhode Island.
The French navy supplied ships to bring
Washington'
from
s
and
Maryland.
Rochambeau'
Units
soon
s
troops
began
arriv-
ing at College Landing and others came to
Jamestown
and
to Burwell' s and
Tredell' s
landings on the James River. Contrary
winds continued to impede movement up
the river
and
kept some
soldiers
on board
ship for fourteen days. By September 26,
however,
General
Viomenil,
who
Lincoln
had been
and
Baron
left in charge
de
of
movement, reached Williamsburg with the
last contingents. Tivo days later the army
set out on the last leg of its journey to
Yorktown.
Submitted
by
Kevin
Kelly]
�1776 to 1781
TRANSFORMATIONS
DECLARING . . .
J
TA
4
-
-
We,
yy
1
I::
of
therefore, the Representatives
p
United
the
FOLLOWING . . .
States of America,
.
tl.
+'
*•
BELIEVING . . .
.
W
in General
mr
Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude
of our intentions, do, in the Name, and
11Piltr
ir4666,
of the
Colonies,
ib=
by Authority
t.
14 - '
Colonies
solemnly
these United
Right ought
declare,
are,
and
f
Allegiance
all
i
connection
political
E,
1111.
14/
1
to be Free and Independent
L
that
41
411"-
111-
111.1.
between them and
the State of Great Britain,
1
I
of
they are Absolved from all
to the British Crown, and that
States;
II
Y
of these
good People
publish and
That
'
i
r'
t
is and ought to
4fpr,
be totally dissolved; and that as Free and
all0
Independent States, they have full Power
r
fiances, establish Commerce, and to do
r '
other Acts and Things which
1,
the
read
new
is
Independence
of Williamsburg.
few
weeks
of Rights and
their
other
sacred
for
and
Was this hyperbole?
because the
September 15,
In Desperate
our
Barbry
it
No
leigh
self
evident,
all
that
created
equal"
q
ate
straits,
for
exchange
that these
phia
In
news
colonies
South
officially
States; that they are
to the British
from all Allegiance
and Independent
Free
Absolved
Crown, and that all
political
days later,
approval to
an
to
teen
leaving
are
colonies
country. Ever
III declared America
in "
the
mother
ended.
declaration,
of
and avowed
of ravishing
that the end is worth all the
citizens,
our
only
delegates
celebrated
The
created equal"
institute
not
George
against
charges
III—
his American
against
abuses
more
than
social
compact
between
these
thirteen
colonies.
the
justify
We have become
cast.
lies
What
people.
Blood has
a
list of
long
of the
a new
ahead,
nation,
we
of implementing
this
As our representatives
States of America
citizens
of this
declaration
of this
declared
new
is
new
must
nation
civil
new
sta-
of African
and
considered
were
the
outside
most
separate
did not
the
create
Thirteenth
the
ended
tution
In
over.
United
1920,
in 1924
divine
each
Providence,
Americans
we
right to
affirm
other
our
of
protection
performed
drivers,
as
its
won
the right to
Act
Citizenship
to
state
States.
and
vote,
allowed Native
in federal
vote
in
vote
1865,
In
since.
slavery in the United
individual
In
mutually pledge to
Lives, our Fortunes, and our
we
the
elections (
elections
were
decided
states).
this
declaration
sacred Honor."
has become the universal
credo
Historian
the
John
armies
Army
ing
of
war,
received
the
food
The
and
troops
a
same
bread
g
I
1
t
'!,,',, ! ,
H
a
per week.
cider,
molasses
9
Y,
A
a
r,
1
eriarargairatirisom.
commerce
Holland
asleep. A
while
satire
of England
shown
as a cow,
the
its horns
general decay of British
most
View
picturesque
being
sawed
a view
° '
even
their
or
of
the
full
army was"
all military
on
for them.
are
on
clog
method
,,••..
commerce
off by
of the
due to the
war
state
America,
being
Nation
milked
by
with General Howe
in America.
maker,
of the
This
black and
is
one
white
of
line
the absence
nine
one
of the Declaration
of
of church-
of Rights,
of Rights,
Virginia
true
Mason
churchman:
This
conscience."
power or institution
of
reasonable-
politics. " Toleration"
that is, some higher
was allowing
individu-
als to follow their consciences- a privilege
that could be revoked at any time. Madison
had the satisfaction of seeing a compromise
or
revision
of article sixteen
adopted
that re-
placed" toleration" with" free exercise of religion," but the Declaration
beer,
spruce
in the Declaration
pearance in Virginia
implied condescension,
equivalent,
of Rights cannot
be said to have disestablished
gallons
hundred
In
did
soldiers
rations,
the
men
England
in
Virginia.
Consequently,
not
especially
move."
welcomed
August
wrote, "
upon
in
have
or
pregnant,
1777,
the
the
clergymen.
General
the Church of
Dissenters
took
the
children,
it to
the
corps,
to
officers
than
commanding
"
he
was "
obliged
to
give Provisions
Continued
on
to
page 3
men
like Jefferson
establishment
Declaration
of Rights
exercise?"
and
For
the right
in
one,
alto-
1776
to
"
non- Christian
to abandon
belief altogether. Characters
army entirely of these persistent females
who
performed any number of" necessary"
war,
free
beliefs
the
admitted later in the
dismantlingthe
Virginia
every reasonable
in their power to get rid of all such
tasks. As Washington
would
passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious
Freedom ( first introduced in Williamsburg
in 1779) in 1785 would be a long one.
What gets lost in the enthusiasm over
use
He
not absolutely
necessary.
."
however, to find it impossible to rid
Nor
gether. But the road from adoption of the
are
are
was,
they regularly sent petitions'"' '
and Madison be satisfied with anything less
multitude
every movement. The ComChief therefore earnestlyrec-
brigades and
r,-
of Philadelphia
popular and most copied prints of the period. [ Unknown
engraving, England, 1778]
the
that
receive
mander
as
France and Spain assist. In the distance
on
'
r
A
The
based
Three
the
ommends
c
that
to the House of Delegates, beginning with
its first meeting at the Capitol in October
1776, demanding everything from an end
to mandatory church taxes to legalization of marriages performed by dissenting
who
w.
found
sounding statement did not go far enough
for James Madison, the youthful delegate
from Orange County making his first ap-
of women in particular, especially those
1
slaves
Keep in mind
need
r+
le
of
day,
per company
George Washington
1
that
in Baptist and Pres-
conventional
a
dictates
Continental
was
quart
per
Virginians;
wording at face value, but they also knew
that they were still subject to rules and
regulations put in place in colonial times.
Not
4 ,)
to
vegetables,
One
religion;
All men should enjoy the fullest toleration
of the exercise of religion according to the
"
except
men
per day. One pound
day. Three pints of peas
man
per
of
pounds of candles
men per week, for
to
guards.
Twenty pounds of soft, or eight pounds of
hard, soap for one hundred men per week."
M1
Y
r
nurs-
women
one
when
4
The
the
as
issued
or
of different religious
exercise
was
dollar per bushel for peas or beans.
One pint of milk per man per day. One halfpint of rice, or one pint of Indian meal per
at
free
sixteen
per-
of fish,
flour per
beans per week,
always
i"
a
laundry,
as
followers
or
per week.
one hundred
'
women
originally set in 1776: " One
of beef, or ;/ of a pound of pork or
pound
one pound
Declara-
religious freedom in Virginia was still years
away in 1781. For his original draft of article
standard
men
fr
language
contributed
These
cooking.
ration
Virginia
Back Story: In spite of the" free exercise"
Continental
the
rations
their
of
American
hole in the social fabric.
all
Like
states, "
it
formed typical duties such
of
4, (
Rees
tasks that
some,
toward
in Virginia;
servants
followed the troops throughout
for
the
based support for the needy left a gaping
soldier' s welfare."
or
i,. .
sell
who
of
life
byterian messages of equality before God;
that a continuing connection between
church and state was still a real possibility
a
performing
and,
ones
personal
of
the
Matter
layer
religious
era
comfort and strength
community of men.
and their accompany-
just
women
children
the
U.
preceding
not
was
Numbers
man
of freedom.
i'
sutlers(
that
for African
or
groups
operation
provisions to the army),
or slaves, and laborers.
the
a
that parish churches barely made room
enlisted in the army
as well. They
not
were
to
Amendment to the Consti-
women
the
ever
country and around the world,
the language of equality expressed in the
the
on
who
trains"
in
or
upon
the
from mere toleration
views
to
groups
several
were
layer
about
Revolution:
for the allotment of alcohol.
rights
with
reliance
men
these
Land,
discloses
tion of Rights has moved Virginia away
The
typical
Faith"
Virginians
Amen-
armies.
not
Promised
information
and
baggage
as "
There
cluded from their
by
firm
to
contraband."
of
men,
often
ing,
a
is that " for the support of this Declaration,
a
referred
were
"
to the
republic.
was
free and equal society at the
grounds
nation's birth, it served to inspire those ex-
for
not.
and what
remained
did
women
or
majority
enslaved,
if the declaration
But
a new
know
the vast
men,
peoples
His Majesty and
Thus,
the die is
1776,
political
same
Native Americans
that
In
rights.
Americans
as
are
did not imply the Foundshould
all Americans
the
enjoy
tus
subjects—
termination
equal
seven
already been shed and, I fear,
lives will be lost before the great task
more
as
have
new
twenty-
camp follower"
the 18th century. Most
believed
Fathers
ing
all
phrase "
men
who
term "
of
UNFINISHED BUSINESS
make a law to tell you
what to believe or where to
of the
Continental (
the
but essential
When any government threatens the safety
and happiness of its people, " it is the right
of the people to alter or abolish it, and to
government."
declaration
lists
is
children
both
con-
worship."
the
were
church
care
followed
They
and Regimental ( British)
can)
see
This
means.
and
supported
the
can
our
in Philadelphia have taken that fateful step.
This
see
Revolution?
will be no state
then
camp followers"
the "
were
women,
these
of deliverance."
day
our
Who
this
maintain
all the gloom I
light and glory. I
rays
reconciliation
was
to
us
and
in a
that nobody can ever again
watch them die. . ."
we
of
and support and defend
laundry. We
future
want to make it the law
the camp
women,
Baptist preacher
for the
Here in Virginia they even
"
her food in
offers
there
The
for many when he
the toil and blood
spoke
aware
and in desper-
for work.
American
Yet through
states.
King George
open
well
am
Southall
his hopes
netted to the government, like the Church
of England had been. A young soldier confronts him with questions of faith in the
face of war and world- changing events.
to the townspeople
appeals
for the wounded
starvation.
and treasure it will cost
thir-
embrace
Adams
John
said " I
provides
these
since
Independence
My fellow
recourse.
the
any possibility of
Rebellion,"
was
that
candid world why
a
despair and
mers,
Bedraggled
she
We do their
that
the
Independence would be won only through
a
long, bloody battle of winters and sum-
on July 4, Congress gave its
extraordinary document, the
of Independence,
Declaration
reasons
Princeton—
where
followers . . . cook their food.
printing of the decwith the signers' names included.
laration
is and ought to be totally dissolved." On July
2, 1776, Congress agreed to the separation.
lino
and
Renton
at
Congress authorized
and the State of Great Britain,
tween them
was
Carolina.
The
protect the signers from
18,
not until January
of George Washington' s
wake
victories
be-
connection
it
in the
1777—
hang together. Or most
all hang separately."
effort to
retaliation,
now
are
shall
we
an
Ra-
the
away by
She was
Southall.
James
assistance.
assuredly
has just reached this
city from the Grand Congress in PhiladelIncredible
at
turned
about
new society where all citizens are equal,
camp follower whose soldier husband
was captured
in the siege at Charlestown,
had actually created their own blacklist
for the British government. Perhaps Benjamin Franklin
summed it up best when he
are
work
Hoy, seeking
is initially
said, " We must all
men
An African American
talks
a
men
We hold these truths to be
1780:
Circumstances!
Tavern,
tavernkeeper,
once
had
Scene:
The Promised Land, or A Matter of Faith
Scene:
The
knew full well
signers
The
Scene:
The
they had put pen to paper they
committed treason. In essence these
that
state.
fortunes,
our
Bob Doares
by
September 28, 1781:
BUSINESS
lives,
our
honor."
not,
was
own
a constitution
Honor."
Photograph
each
The
Virgin-
after
have adopted
representatives
Declaration
the
and our sacred
of IndeUpon signing the Declaration
pendence, Thomas Jefferson's final words
required everyone
to " mutually pledge to
1776:
of
a
only
s
a,•
we
1
Bob Doares
of Independence!
citizens
the
arrives
Providence,
4
RISKY
Declaration
to
news
ia' s
by
Scene:
The
of divine
protection
our Fortunes
July 25,
I
mutually pledge to each other our Lives,
Photograph
A Declaration
P ,.
Independent
States may of right do. And for the support
of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on
a4«
The
411
I'
to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Al-
t
religious
in " The Prom-
ised Land" speak approvingly of the phrase
mutual duty of all to practice Christian
forbearance, love, and charity towards
Continued
on
page 3
�1776 to 1781
WAR
FORUM
r..
w
i
t
t
f
Y
Tt„
i
`
}
A
1
err
A REVOLUTION
,./'.,
ON
THE STREETS
On
15,
May
1776,
Virginia'
resolutions.
Continental
Congress
the
declare
colonies
dependent
were
and to assent to
states,
forming
a
deaths
and
draft
to
were
colonies
the
and the work of
Independency"
new
framing
Education
the
to
our
to
Great Britain
and
had
of America'
aims
in
pledged
s
1778
not
was
until Gibraltar
recovered,
was
ques-
government,
they prepare
themselves
some
participate
local and national? How should
Regiments,
these
or
1776 before dawn
on a
there
of
a"
storm. . .
terrifying
as vicious as any
living memory," ninety British ships
sailed into the narrows and by noon " a
Spain to humiliate
forty pieces of artillery had landed and
rapidly and smoothly assembled in perfect
Britain,
in
fully equipped army of 15, 000 men and
Bour-
neither
bon monarchy really wanted a strong and
independent American republic. Spain, in
formation
particular, feared the spread of republicancolonies
ism among its South American
and
sought
Mississippi
to
its interests in
protect
was
Revolution:
as
a
sprinkle
the wards
disinfectant)
three
far better
trained,
better
disciplined,
than his American counterpart was be-
yond question,
with
on
Furthermore,
the redcoats were in far better health over
all. Proper sanitation was part of British
army life, and discipline in this regard
was as strictly enforced as any aspect of
the daily routine. Even after their long
vin-
four times
or
as the commanders
both sides well appreciated.
tients' hair daily, change linens, sweep out
egar(
Loyal-
plain."
better equipped, and more regularly paid
86- 87.
the hospital,
the adjacent
That the rank- and- file British regular
the
Library Chronicles
Library, New York,
A Modern
History,
on
ists greeted them by the hundreds.
Valley.
Gordon Wood, The American
A
the
summer
a
encampment
on
Staten
Island,
the British troops, as their officers noted
and deliver dead patients' belongings to
were not allowed
master. Nurses
day,
Service."
22,
great danger of American interests getting lost in the machinations of European
powers. Despite the desire of France and
to
perhaps to the Enemy,
of the oldest and best Soldiers In the
1776
magnificent clear morning, after a night
was
Book, The Modern
Desertion,
by
22,
On August
Continued from page 2
in
Women
extra
loose
government
is
what
had
France
Britain
1799. The United States
since
France
the
proper form of republican
and right balance of powers be
tions:
with the
Following . . .
monarchy to
shift
from sub
fundamental
raised
fisheries
peace with Britain. But
bound to Spain against
separate
the
momentous
citizens,
concerning
boundaries
and its
a
since
ally, France, and with the aims of France' s
ally, Spain, which had been at war with
The
times.
others
Newfoundland
the
be reconciled
to
and
territorial
s
to
straightforward.
and
clear
make
of
generations
own
of sovereignty from
people, the
jects
successive
down
Americans
transfer
on
objective
rights
meaning and legacy of those three resolutions, their impact on the lives of people
Revolution,
who lived through the American
and influence
was
this
America'
for
the
independence from Great
nation—
But
had begun.
government
for Citizenship" addresses the
republican
new
the
Britain—
rights
had declared"
Virginia
a constitution.
of
declaration
a
to
relative
Despite
and cementing foreign alliances. Meanwhile
hack in Williamsburg, the convention' s delegates
was
population.
end of the war, the peace
of
still had to be won. The main objective
whatever
the
war
country, more
tary deaths— nearly 1 percent of the population, second only to the Civil War in
at the
necessary for
of
confederation
costly for the new
than 25, 000 American mili-
long
The
three
propose that
free and in-
to
themselves
Congress considered
measures
August
conven-
passed
representatives
s
OF NEW YORK
Advance of the Enemy" by A. W. Thompson]
fifth
the
meeting in Williamsburg
tion
BRITISH INVASION
repeatedly, were in excellent health, in
tween its different branches? In what waysstriking
contrast to the reports of rampant
to be absent without permission of their suarmy were allotted provisions; in return
in the conduct of
should citizens
illness among the rebels.
freedoms?
is
new
price of
he
eternal
liberty
was
wrote
true,"
in 1782,
role?
we
Our
infallible,
an
come
corrupt,
Many of
our
these
us today. "
invites guests and
ship"
us in the
the
never-
the
the
new
for
sources
about
and
that
schools
of
forums
and
conferences
new
re-
and
regular
between
times
our
designed
to
and
(
in
the past and present,
and the late 18th cen-
vitally important today.
Horn
James
of Research and
Director
O' Neill Director
of the Rockefeller
Continued
Newsline. . .
September
Library
from
page I
In Desperate
1780:
15,
Circumstances!
25:
flees
British
to the
Arnold
Benedict
after
for
spying
Cornwallis' s troops
are
from
forced
to
North Carolina.
I 78 1
17: Battle of Cowpens,
January
"
of Confederation
her
In
April
20,
The British
followers."
the
April
20,
of Guilford
to
She
Freedom!
health and
those
of
morale
women,
'
camp
the
soldiers."
way for women to earn money
with the Continental Army was
Another
rations
sick
the
nursing
and
wounded.
On to Yorktown
challenged
ups
Washington
The
at
Yorktown, Virginia
Revolutionary City"
Chronology
The American
Events
from Gordon
Revolution,
pp.
Wood,
xv—
xvii]
the
to
the
cannon
locksmiths,
either because
heat
of the
during
of a wound
out
the
battle,
the
carpenters,
took
American
hatters,
had been
or small- town
origins
counterparts."
Source:
David
McCullough,
g
New York,
Schuster,
Simon&
1776,
2005,
pp. 156- 157, 166- 167.]
Margaret Corbin, wife of artillery man
stepped
bakers,
and weavers— who
of the battle.
position at the
unskilled
blacksmiths,
they were not greatly different from their
his place and assisted in firing the cannon
with the rest of the crew for the remainder
John Corbin,
country-
farmers,
tradesmen—
for
glory. In their rural
or the extreme
day. Mary immediately
young
recruited, not pressed, into service, drawn
by the promise of food, clothing, and
steady, if meager, pay along with a chance
at adventure, perhaps even a touch of
New Jer-
swab
to
sponger
collapsed
John
were
were
and
cordwainers,
Regiment
sey, on June 28, 1778, Mary hauled water
barrel.
They
laborers,
Mary McCauley, fol-
of Monmouth,
Battle
the
majority
Ireland.
Revolu-
of her husband John, an artillery man.
During
great
men from rural England, Scotland, and
roles and
of the
lowed the Seventh Pennsylvania
in to fill her husband' s
cannon
he
after
killed
was
Continued from page 2
Believing . . .
at the Battle of Fort Washington in 1776.
She assisted
with sponging
for life. She
disabled
though
Even
could
nurses
and
did
receive
regular
pay and remain with the
army throughout the war, the job itself carvied special dangers. They were constantly
to
highly infectious diseases like
dysentery, and various " camp
cleaned- up after patients
diseases involving " bodily fluid
They
other
also
and loading.
allowed
1775
was
for every ten pahospitals. The salary
nurse
one
in Continental
two
dollars
supervised
of July 27,
resolution
month.
a
other
received
Matrons (
nurses
double.
those
and assisted
1776, Con-
In
gress raised the pay to four dollars a month
and in 1777, to eight dollars a month.
Rules and
Direction
for the bet-
created in 1777 to
care
receive
were
rah Sampson
dressed
after
hands
required
use,
and
wash
to
pots
new
stay
as
clean
soon
patients,
and
sober,
as
possible
wash the
faces of old patients, comb
pa-
t_
A.
Y
'
1•9 s.
other
and Anna
Marie
conceal
to
as men
woman
4
pension.
women,
like DeboLane,
her husband
and Anna
their
retired
each other"
both awarded
were
Deborah
extraordinary
instance of
heroism
by discharging
the
ful and
gallant
General
religion
female
ited
an
Virginia
duties of
a
the
in
garb, and with the
performed extraordi-
Danyluk
to the
decision.
They had
and
offered
They
worked
to
army
(
hard
and
on
a
to
make
families,
and
in
serve their country. They worked just as
hard and suffered just as much as the men
to
they worked beside. Despite Abigail Adams'
the ladies,' many
famous plea to' remember
contributions
women
appropriate
age
and
the
fighting
of Revolutionary War
It is only
have been forgotten.
now
sacrifice,
to
remember
honoring
their
them
as
cour-
well
as
they supported."
Submitted by Rose McAphee]
men
Bracken,
until
The
for
supporting the army and its cause. Some
broke traditional gender roles in order
at all.
born
1818,
and
in
its
England)
members
from
saw
meetinghouse
was
no more heard from after the Revolution.
addition
even
John
years. The Presbyterian
danger.
living
a
beliefs
edifice— Bruton Parish Church— for many
that
journey
hardship,
their
difficult
a
for all faiths, as well as the right to
the church through a lean period of fewer
parishioners, strained finances, and loss of
some church land. Moreover, Williamsburg
continued to have only one large church
offered
who
made
in the " Christian"
Brushortly to be called Episcopalians).
ton Parish Church had the same minister
1773
give up the security
to
embark
discomfort,
themselves
Women
states, "
services
as
ued as loyal members of parish churches
(
nary military service, and received a severe
wound at the battle of Germantown."
their
of Rights
For another, many Virginians contin-
the
in the
soldier,
squarely
hold no religious
faith-
to
According
Assembly, Lane, "
soldier."
war,
revolutionary
courage
of a
Said
the
p `
corner. It will take passage of Jefferson's
statute in 1785 to guarantee freedom of
exhib-
That
0
in the Declaration
keeps Virginia
pension for
legislature
a
The Massachusetts
services.
.
voluntary, rather than state- enforced, support for one' s fellows. But that language
Deborah
Virginia.
to
'-
who
identities in
their
fight for their country. On discovery of her real identity, Deborah was honorably discharged. After the war, Lane and
era
chamber
F
veteran' s
to
order
of the
were
disabled
a
There
United
empty
i
I
soldiers
1779. Corbin was the first American
to
regulation
They
for disabled
4
iy
mem-
Congress
that
and was also granted a stipend of$ 30 and
a lifelong pension of a soldier' s half- pay in
ter
of
of the military Hospital
States" described nurse' s duties.
original
an
Regiment
of home
Congressional
was
ber of the Invalid
the
surrenders to
gender
in support
tion. One woman,
participate in battle. Nurses were in high
demand and there was a constant short-
The "
19: Cornwallis
traditional
arms
declared, "
and Victory!
Oct.
While the dregs of society did indeed count among the king' s troops,
and faced punishments if they did.
There were some women who actually
army preferred female nurses to males
because it freed able- bodied, healthy men
The
who
of Faith
28, 1781:
of female"
great
surgeons)
September
the
camp
Unfortunately for
explains, "
of
with
Danyluk
Kaia
pains to avoid having prostitutes in camp. They believed the presence of
women
of' ill- repute' was detrimental to the
went to
tients
p
Land, or A Matter
2002.]
Service
s
aspect
another
reputations
A
The Town is Taken!:
Running
3
evacuations."
Occupy Williamsburg!
1781:
no.
followers' had the stigma of prostitution atcached it. In reality, very few women engaged
in that activity in the American army. In fact,
commanding officers of the American forces
North Carolina
1781:
vol. VIII,
Army, historian
about
writes
with
Courthouse,
The
of the Conti-
Updated
58.
Women'
paper
Revolutionary
fevers."
ratified
Battle
51-
pervising physicians, surgeons, or matrons.
They were forbidden to steal from patients
Wounded in the arm and chest, she became
March
15:
1995),
Spring
smallpox,
March
en-
Army. Published in
Continental
the
Continental Soldier ( Journal
exposed
Articles
in the
soldiers
The proportion of Women which ought to be
allowed. . .": Female Camp Followers with
South Carolina
1:
coffee
from John U. Rees,
Excerpted
age.
retreat
and
bread,
to
7: British General
October
and
to the
gallon pot)
through
for more than a year.
them
a
and
September
beef,
carried
en-
tury, and thereby underline why the ideas
and principles of the American Revolution
remain
have followers
to
nental Line),
the Foundation will help people make the
between
duties
soldiers'
prepare meals. At Yorktown in 1781, follower
Sarah Osborn mentioned that she" cooked
gage the public in wide- ranging discussions
moment,
about questions of contemporary
connection
it necessary
tent. There
a
to
the
when
occasions
made
civics
emphasize
history,
usually performed by the
of six, the same number
was
messes
ward
the
took
officers.
citizen
website,
citizenship
solely for
usually assigned
men
were
priperformed
others
men,
It
women."
trenchment."
of
responsibilities
lessons
the
of
join
to
public
ship. In the development of new programs
for " The Revolutionary City" and Historic
a
in
soldiers
for Citizen-
conversation
ending
and
rights
Area,
Cooking
the
people careless."
fundamental issues still
confront
the
washed
women
some
service
same
a
Education
while
manly for enlisted
the
permanent reliance?"
he predicted, " will [ might] be-
rulers,
follow
to
chose
of " wash
that
was
mary
is evident
as
are
yet secured against [ tyrannical laws] by
spirit of the times. . . But is the spirit of
people
role
It
vigilance. "
that "
who
they were expected to perform some sort
of service to benefit the troops. Their pri-
people safeguard or achieve their
Jefferson had little doubt that
How might
the
for their
Anyfemales
"
black
Baptist
congregations
of
Moses and Gowan continued to grow, but
The Promised Land" closes with a poignant reminder that there is a dark side to
the joy and hope the people in this scene
slavery: when will it end? And
display—
they might have added—
unti/ it ends, slavery
stands to trump the benefits of" free exercise"
for the African American
Baptists
in
Williamsburg. White Virginians remained
quick to associate slave religion with rebellion and to keep laws on the books to keep
it in check for years to come.
Submitted by Linda Rowe]
�1776 to 1781
ENGAGE ! PROVOKE!
DELIVER!
II
INTERPRETATION
INTERPRETATION
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The country is
lives and livelihoods
and
war
at
The
everyone' s
affected
are
by
events
the
are
Geddy'
The
sequently,
occurring at an ever increasing
story doesn' t only exist in " The
Revolutionary
City," but in all of the His-
HISTORIC SITES
of
will
guests
how
system
Engl
owthegave ishrise colonialto decades of
governmentdissent in
growingnot
the American
to
mation
radical
into
a
a
and transfor-
revolution
new
colonies,
nation.
gentlemen
Great Court.
RALEIGH
What
stories
rested
often
Raleigh Tavern
liamsburg.
was
decoration
within
role of the
governor.
however, the function
the
itself changed
s
appointed
little
special
The
tavern?
until
Everard
the
interpretation
and
the
on
impact
their
Everard
Mr.
on
was
sell
to
commissioner
was also
given to runaway
place in Wil-
their
played
Lord
affected
by
the
pardons
if they returned to
slaves
masters.
Wythe House
The
Wythe'
people who labored, played and plotted at this popular Williamsburg establishment. Experience the revolutionary events
in
staff interprets Mr.
Fifth Conven-
s
and signing The Declaration
of Independence. Guests learn of the combined
Step into the shops of the 18th- century
working trades of" The Revolutionary City."
War
brings great changes.
Explore how
tion
and
adapted
women
work and lives to meet the
and
establish,
to
slave efforts
sustain,
promote a gentry lifestyle and how
that lifestyle was affected by the Declara-
APOTHECARY
Visit
the
Apothecary
for
their
In
challenges.
learn
of
facing
while
due to
medicine
of medical
portation
Britain.
offered
George
the
his
con-
Act
of
all
for
produced by
silversmith'
a
found
fineries
hand.
s
Dunmore'
have
tion
in the
James
extravagant
the
Lord
slaveholder,
talents
militia,
James,
As
a
Proclama-
s
his
The
Randolph
House
staff
explores
how the British occupation of Williams-
burg in 1781, was the opportunity for
the Randolph slaves to be " gone to the
enemy." These
enslaved
had to make a decision
men and women
to remain
with Mrs.
Randolph or to join the " baggage train"
of over a thousand former slaves seeking
immediate freedom under the authority
and protection of Cornwallis' army. Guests
experience the story of enslaved AfricanVirginians' ethical dilemmas by exploring
their
choices,
decisions,
and
the
conse-
quences they faced no matter what deci-
business,
Guests
and
Wythe and
as
well
and
officers.
house guests
that took place
imagine the discussions
officers,
his
of this original
as
other
his
student,
Thomas
George Washington,
men
his
of influence.
of
effects
the
move,
where
better support his growing family.
The
Magazine staff interprets
from
and
1776
beyond.
emphasizes
terpretation
and
tiered army
three-
a
as
an
expedition
of
drilling
recruits
in Vir-
war
and form-
the
after
Interactive
government.
events
Third- person insuch events as the
opening military action of the
ginia, the Battle of Great Bridge,
ing
war
patriot' s household in the family' s
in 1778, to Dinwiddie
County
James Geddy takes up farming to
this
on
dour
the
see
readily
collapse
of
experiences
training
program
offered.
are
The Courthouse
The
staff
explores
the
of Great
civic
and enslaved
Hopes
duties
Plantation
of white
citizens
1781
and the
people in
consequences for their families. Through-
out the war years, enslaved people could
choose to join the British or remain with
their masters.
Some
enslaved
males
could
choose to serve in the American military,
as substitutes for their masters, in exchange
for their freedom.
In
1781,
Benjamin
Val-
entine performed his civic duty in the
militia, leaving his wife, children, and enslaved people behind. What role did Sarah
Valentine play in protecting their home
while
her
husband
was
at
war?
Guests
presents the " Committee
of Safety," an interactive first- person
program that interprets the role of
experience the daily activities of a rural
Virginia plantation even as the war raged
of Safety to commission
the
command the troops, to appoint
Mr. Powell did quite well as he, too, be-
Committees
officers,
to
equip and feed them, to pay the
military expenses of the state, to imprison
its hostile inhabitants, to hear appeals from
to
agents
the
Court,
Admiralty
from
the
County
Courts of Inquiry, and from Courts Martial.
Committees of Safety throughout the coldde- facto governments in the
time of great change
and upheaval.
vies
served
as
nonim-
from
supplies
pos-
that Mr.
headquarters
as
Washington
rooms
Jefferson,
the
They learn
home
between
and
of healthcare
of
of Independence.
Wythe
can
shortages
war
foundry
of the local
takers
such
the
secure
and
sible
few
for their
use
ready
royal
to
tion
master
challenges
of
time
a
and
luxury serand laboring
a
Nonimportation
the
support
rights
helping
his involvement in Virginia'
HISTORIC TRADES
these tradesmen
As
British goods, James Geddy' s business faltered and his profits dwindled. Unlike his
brothers, William and David, who found
of British Americans through
s role
and freedoms
Raleigh.
out at the
of
household.
s
as
household
colonial
a
a
their
of 1774
Everard'
Mr.
staff
volunteer
associations
lived and worked there? Meet
played
also
changes,
House focuses
the
that
these
and
usage
changed
Dunmore' s property and welcomed a new
neighbor
in Governor Patrick Henry. The
stayed there? Who
Who
there? Who
only the
the Palace but
The
TAVERN
life like in
was
of the Revolution
events
business
family.
James
on
family
of its prisoners,
on
decisions
of
nearby hill in the Capitol'
a
how the
the Palace
Virginia through the
on
of
his
during
vice
under
the
also
s
interprets
had
war
very
may
put
sion they made.
of
the capital moved to Richmond.
to further tests.
and his
Guests visiting the Public Gaol will investigate crime and punishment
in colonial
fate
family,
Despite
GAOL
whose
us.
the
wartime
government,
home of Patrick Henry, his
and staff. Guests come to understand
is
Palace
of
leading
demands
the
Capitol,
the
with
explore
is much changed, but despite
The Palace
CAPITOL
discover
Come
toric Area.
the
silversmith
that
staff
House
Geddy
consequences
rate.
tours
1441H. '
1,
zi --
rj
27-:
mg— r
THE REVOLUTIONARY CITY"
During
y'
1
1.
THE HISTORIC AREA
1-- -)
IIIIIIII
_
iN"'
CITIZENS AT WAR
—
Ili! J1
k
iv
Ti
iw
j
N
MO
—
i.
7114,
around
them.
came a citizen at war. He was named to the
Williamsburg Committee of Safety and also
profited nicely from army contracts, building barracks and supplying wood. War and
independence changed his and his family' s
life. One underlying theme amongst those
changes
must
responsibilities
Great
always
be
remembered—
family life goes on, no matter what. The
day- to- day, season- to- season realities and
still
had
to
be
met.
The
Powell House site is an excellent venue to
portray how much things changed and yet
II
UUUU••••
GUNSMITH
remained
®
the same.
sess and maintain their own weapons. Step
Much is happening throughout Williamsburg, no matter the place or time
of day. Guests are able to put their entire
experience into perspective as they explore
into the Gunsmith'
the past come to life.
Whether they
the
chose
the
a
fowling
piece or rifle,
1776 had to pos-
of 1774-
militiamen
workshop to discover
s
and
technology
expertise
necessary
accommodate
this requirement.
MILLINER
AND MANTUA-
Submitted by The Historic Area
to
into the
Step
shop of
fashion
makes
and
the
Revolutionary
who
for the
accessories
and
women,
the
cover
the
ladies.
newly
maker,
Stay
arrived
a
who
creates
suitable
Becoming AMERICANS
•
TODAY
®.
is a publication of the
U.....••••••
and dis-
while
goods
I
whole
family,
every sort of gown for children, babies,
Mantua-
Department of
to
Interpretive
season.
11111
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
with
and
needles
shears,
wield the tools of their trade to
Anne
the tailors
clothe
citi-
ACROSS
and
soldier
1
SILVERSMITH
From
the
fine
hollowware
silver
equals
This
the
dust
on
the
sterling
and
money in relation to the
all Virginians before and
floor to the
discover
shelves,
equals
sterling
upheavals
12
how
faced
formed
was
defeat
at
war
She
16
WIGMAKER
Step
15
into the shop of the peruke maker and
what the fashion- conscious mem-
bers of society have
as on their heads.
on
their
minds
as
well
preceded
the
defeated
in
here
October
17
3
army
Captured and sacked
A result of a British blockade
5
This listed
27
Bob Doares,
Richmond
charges
King
against
took
her
fallen
husband'
s
the
6
the
Dela-
8
to "
camp
place
at
New
Jersey
I{ evin Kelly Rose McAphee,
Dana Metheny, Nancy Milton,
George
Linda Rowe and Phil Shultz
on
the
banks
of
9
often
This
1865
wrongly
attributed
amendment
to
Article
slavery in U. S.
16 of the
Virginia
Rights
promoted
the
exercise
Constitution
of
this
of
French
He
Production:
1776
Henry Lee moved
general
who
in Congress
this
fought
in
Williamsburg
impede
Cornwallis'
Beth Lawrence, copy editor
Diana Freedman,
production
Washington
could
do
movement
13
Declaration
Richard
with
11
free
The Virginia Convention adopted this on
June 29,
River
Stigma
town
Rex Ellis, Jim Horn
in 1781
III
ended
18
Contributors:
an
4
Washington
followers"
discover
Service provided by women who accompanied
Battle of Monmouth
by
time.
2
Forge
was
ware
during
for
Valley
Burgoyne
black Baptist preacher
with France in 1778
1777
14
Willis
DOWN
Williamsburg
battle
silver
on
This
10
alike.
A
7
zen
Training
Editors:
TAILOR
Armed
Team]
II•
MAKER
Milliner,
City Planning
Signing
through
the
constituted
little
to
Virginia
Declaration
this
s
of
p 2006 The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation.
All rights reserved.
Independence
All images are property of The Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation, unless otherwise noted.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 5, number 2, June - August, 2006
Description
An account of the resource
1776 to 1781.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2006
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/3fbebfd63659cacef24b41479121c8ef.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=DKNpjrI3jO1QbMxKrLqXIZsZFPgsPvj7U7-wN%7ESET8V1u2JoDONhYj8EULF7QlvjmPo%7Et8Qidk2RjYAQJMo1PTjOJUpqLnF9IQtF3eJitJ37FqsZuyqfYFMACuJSnXmdqjzvdKYdIC5vhCPoraKBXY1uE7H0U-fJwEtq5YYztYzH2tvMRooNP8BGNrDn0%7EfWJLFub9eUta4cJWoPyMxbLbsxemwgpssT5O90m8ga9-4dAxK8IDRuKmbOspIDsBbKcJ9xR%7Epu72Gmw9iH4jHi0wG%7EzDSyeTgKbyiqKbNu2wiWKkgNWF-2uj2lCT5TyAFDVEWZQU8XlP5Y0Rw9bU4Udg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
51a6e21338ddbb37902718e2ddcf8221
PDF Text
Text
5, No. 2
Volume
July, August
June,
THE INTERPRETER'
The
2006
1774 to 1776
S NEWSPAPER
Historic Area
Revolutionary City"
MD
iif
r s. a .
ikNIS
DAYDAY
t^
COLLAPSE
See p. 2
See p. 4
OF ROYAL GOVERNMENT:
IA-
i
1774 TO 1776
i
JUNE
1774 TO
JUNE
1776
THE REVOLUTIONARY CITY"
Colonic;
auei plantations
in America
have
been, are, and of right ought to be subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial
Ne W S 11 n e
crown and Parliament of Great Britain.
r,
1774
31- June 22: Parliament
rebellion.
4r
Acts and the
Coercive
the
passes
s
26,
May
Dissolves
Dunmore
Governor
i
Assembly
the
September
r'A mac- .
of
1774: Enemies
5- October
Continental
meets
in
We are fighting fear the subjection, the unuorrditional submission of a country infinitely
more extended than our own, of which
every day increases in wealth, the natural
AA
26: First
Congress
strength, the population. Should we not sue-
I
Philadelphia
ceed. ..
26,
Raise High
1774:
the
r
41f
1775
A P nil
15
A p nil
A House Divided!
1775:
18: Paul
Revere' s
19: Battles
April
29,
e'
r
ride
of Lexington
the
i
North!
10: American forces
May
Fort Ticonderoga
capture
of Royal
Collapse
Lake
on
Champlain
10: Second
May
Congress
1775:
1 5:
June
Washington
appointed
Aug.
in
the colonies
November
Dec.
31:
open
17,
Proclamation:
III declares
Colonists
eral
Dunmore' s
defeated
are
at
Paine
publishes
Sense
evacuate
troops
at
and
June
held
open
boycott East
Independent
Congress
Free and
States!
4, 1776:
convention
July,
an
xiv- xv]
Continental
had
no
formed
was
1775
in the internal
modeled
authorized
to
towns
create
affairs
Continental
a
Virginia'
on
cities,
committees
November,
had established
The
s.
and
counties,
enforce
to
most Virginia
the
police the association.
intimidation to ensure
of
some
16, 000
More
than
1, 500
1,
were
and
were
it to
on
duty
voiced
1776]
He
so
much
free
into
L.
1"
Y'
of
1775
Otis, " The Rights
of the British
1764)
Kings are the servants, not the proprietors
of the people.
Thomas Jefferson, A Summary Review
of the Rights of British America, 1774)
the
for
colony
war.
General George Washington,
of the
reached
larly reported news of Dunmore' s raids in
the
Norfolk
region.
the
events
quieted
Virginia
and the
men,
truce
Dunmore
down.
and
a
response
Henry, with
marched
toward
governor fortified
for the lost powder was
the
Payment
the
to
week,
the next
immediate. Patrick
arranged and Henry
retreated.
was
short.
opened
the
On
June
General
1,
As-
sembly. The assembly was to consider Lord
North' s peace proposal. Then, in the early
and
morning hours of June 8, Dunmore
his family fled and took refuge on HMS
Fowey moored off Yorktown. Royal government
in Virginia
The
burgesses
liamshurg
before
had
one
such
raid
Dunmore
but
he
forced
was
would
to
remain
Norfolk,
abandon
in
Virginia
1:
fill
iftti:::_ .._
waters
until August 1776. By the end of 1775, the
Continental
number
had
Congress
of Virginia
incorporated
regiments
a
k
into the con-
tinental service.
In early 1776, Virginians had to decide
they were fighting for. Liberty and
what
ilh•_-_-..
1, 1i.-.L,.
4
Sense
mon
made
a
come
lingered
to
an
end.
awhile
for their right
also
powerful
case
that
in Wil-
returning to their homes.
Tv
s //
I/,"
01 f
George was America' s oppressor. To ensure
ties
the
f
f
King
of their rights and liber-
colonies
needed
to win
the
war,
4i'
would
But
no
Euro-
pean country would openly support
outraged,
in Lexington
suspected,
and
After
at Kemps Landing, Dunmore issued his
proclamation that offered freedom to rebelowned slaves. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of slaves joined Dunmore' s forces.
They wanted the right to elect their legislative representatives. Thomas
Paine' s Corn-
things
of 150
14, 1776)
to own property ( both land and slaves).
motion
events
January
items such as salt. The Virginia Gazette regu-
create
conspiracy
company
Streams of
to
was
again
spent
was
companies.
militia
Dunmore threatened
unless
news
1775,
1-- ]
fall
the
freedom, naturally, but
immediately
were
that
so
slaves
But
i)'tli ` _--,,
James
Colonies Asserted and Proved,"
Few people know the predicament we are in.
August 26, 1775.
on
of
and
the Palace.
1'r'
Ii%
A
opposition
counties
allow
set
Williamsburg,
*
Wi -
ended
tion
the continuation
a
s: 4:
rights
of our fellow subjects in Great Britain.
when all around one are wra ppep•
ed in sle
when
was
A,•
essential, inherent, and inseparable
notes
convention
printing £ 350, 000 in treasury
to pay for a possible war. The conven-
led to the removal of gunpowder from
the Magazine
in Williamsburg on April 21,
Concord
ti
were
Hearing that the convention had approved
Henry' s proposal, Governor Dunmore grew
When
absent
entitled to all the natural,
parliament. . .
The reflection upon my situation and that of
this army produces many an uneasy hour
third
The
conventions.
Convention
independent
own
Colonists
sick
or in any other of the British
dominions, is by the law of God and nature, by the common law and by the act of
authorized
1775.
1775
from David McCullough,
IFF'
1775
strong- arm tactics.
1775,
Patrick Henry electri-
March
In
Men
500
The
that
14, 000 fit for
than
Fewer
July
war
footing.
committees'
he called
Militia and Volunteer Troops
Boston,
They
compliance.
1774
months
coun-
of safety
employed
committees
to
their
England
their
on
of the
Congress declared Par-
role
and adopted
colonies
the
alarmed.
New
1775,
put Virginia
tablishing and restructuring the militia. It
created a central Committee of Safety to
Congress in Philadelphia
fied the Second Virginia
S ARMY
to
was
how best to
August
after
Continental
liament
VIRGINIA TODAY
OF
business
main
Convention
17,
July
on
First
to the
SIZE
Third Virginia
manage the colony between the meetings
association
generally quiet, but
WASHINGTON'
the
in Richmond
met
ITWO
new recruits marched into Williamsburg.
The various county committees gathered
war provisions and tried to procure scarce
winter
SNAPSHOT
When
exile.
readying
By late
from Gordon Wood,
The flight of the governor forced those Virginians still loyal to the king to reconsider
their options. Many felt they had to go into
1.
stop all British imports on November
Seven delegates were elected to attend the
ties
Chronology
1775)
Every British subject born on the continent
of America,
Government
to
City"
programs
Pole
Liberty
Most
Congress
of Independence
The American Revolution, pp.
26,
THE CONFLICT!!!
The'
of freehold-
meetings
exports
Association
Continental
Revolutionary
Parliament,
r
of
number
a
association.
The
Wilkes,
October
and
withhold
of
approves the
Declaration
John
The convention passed ordinances establishing a professional
army and rees-
protest the closing of Boston Harbor. They
also elected delegates to the convention.
At
The
1776: Resolved:
15,
i, •
gen-
a
1.
August
on
the
in September 1774.
Boston
July
to meet
to
and inhabitants to decide
ers
Slaves!
to
Company
convention
During
to
May
reassembled
goods and called for
the
Mar. 17: British
burgesses called
the
burgesses
the
counties
1776
Common
Virgin-
show
and agreed
rebellion
1775:
Liberty
10: Thomas
for Boston,
To
India
Quebec
Jan.
1774.
Raleigh Tavern
George
King
19,
day
action,
17: Battle of Bunker Hill
23:
a
which
Act,
of fast and prayer on June 1. After
Dunmore
dissolved the assembly for that
Continental Army
June
support
for
is
of the
commander
ia' s
Port
for the Tea Party, reached
punished Boston
Virginia
by May
The Citizen Soldier!
George
of the Boston
News
Continental
convenes
15,
May
will follow and the grandeur of the British
empire pass away
SIDES OF
an
from
The Gale
1775:
`"
AL
i
Pole!
Liberty
we shall be considered as their most
implacable enemies, an eternal separation
I
October
Blows must decide whether they
are subject to this country, or independent
King George III, 1774)
Quebec Act
Government:
Act, 1766)
The New England colonies are in a state of
r
111- ,
March
Declaratory
-.
rebels.
that
take
allies.
rAr
tow
If the goal was to create an independent
nation,
maybe
back the
new
a country like France
united colonies.
would
A second reason many Virginians supported independence was that Virginia
would
become
it
the
was,
real
lacked
state.
As
and the Commit-
conventions
of Safety
tee
constitutional
a
legitimacy.
There
troubling signs in the spring of 1776.
Slaves still ran to Dunmore. Tenant farmers
were
on
the Northern
Virginians
mon
good.
ernment
Neck
were
restless.
Many
put self- interests above the comBut others believed that a gov-
based
on
a
written
constitution
THE
GENERAL
NEW
WASHINGTON
He [ Washington]
carried
himself
like
a soldier and sat a horse like the perfect
Virginia
gentlemen.
It was the look and
bearing of a man accustomed to respect
and to being obeyed. He was not austere.
There
was no hint of arrogance. "
Amiable"
and " modest" were words frequently used
to describe
him, and there was a softness
in his eyes that people remembered. Yet he
had a certain
distance
in manner that set
clearly spelled out its power and limits
could reclaim order. When delegates to the
him off from, or above others.
Fifth Virginia
his officers, ' lest you subject yourself to a
want of that respect, which is necessary to
support a proper command."'
that
the
a
Convention
wrote"
finnis" in
old house journal on May 5, they knew
had been born.
new age
Submitted
by
Kevin
Kelly
Be
easy. . . but not familiar,'
David McCullough,
1776,
he advised
pp. 42- 431
�1774 to 1776
THE CENTER DOES NOT HOLD !
RUNNING . . .
DISSOLVING . . .
ENLISTING . . .
11
r.1'
J!'
--
tl
i
t.,.-
.„
i
a
s
Dana
by
Metheny
26,
May
of Government:
Fnerniec
Dissolves
Lord Dunmore,
the
of Burgesses
for protesting
Harbor by the British
closing of Boston
government. The burgesses
the
plans to intensify
their
Association,"
an "
East
India
Lord
by
copy of it in hand on
Thursday, May 26, when he summoned
the burgesses
to the Council chamber to
disband
have
by drafting
Order of
boycott
Way!"
Y
of Burmid-
the
marks
in
scene
was
a
response
some
private,
to
public—
As in any
preceding days.
good play, the dramatic tension of this
climax
spawned subsequent actions
on
taken
the
part of the real- life players, culminating in a grand, final act staged at Bruton
Parish Church on June 1.
the
That
Boston
ade
its
British navy was to blockHarbor, cutting off the city from
day
trade.
the
passed
Parliament
which called
Acts,"
called
colonists
for
the " Coercive
for the destruction
retaliation
the
measure (
this
Intolerable
theta "
in
Acts")
of East India
tea by Boston
patriots disguised as Indians
in their" tea party" of mid- December 1773.
19, the Virginia
On May
General Assem-
bly was in spring session when the Williamsburg newspaper reported the British
ministry'
intentions
s
toward
Boston.
Bur-
gesses' plans to hold public manifestations
of support for the citizens of Massachusetts
day
the
on
Dunmore
dissolve
blockade
the
the
began prompted
his prerogative to
exercise
to
s
colony'
only elected
body
of
composed
chronology of events that follows
a difference ten days can make!
The
what
On
called
and
Jefferson
Lee,
23,
Monday, May
cal burgesses,
Francis
Thomas
by
Richard
Henry
Lee, Patrick Henry,
Lightfoot
and several
group of radi-
a
together
including
perhaps George
others (
Mason
among them) met secretly at night in the
Council chamber to plan a resolution for a
of
day
and prayer
fasting
June
on
1,
the
ef-
fective date of the Boston port closing.
Jefferson and the others felt they needed
to justify
the calling of such an event by
legislature,
the
the
since
fasting
days
crown.
public
of the
Among
Council
the
the
John
chamber,
of
proclamation
was
prerogative
hooks in the
Rushworth'
s
his-
tory of the 17th- century English Civil War
provided plenty of precedents for national
days of fasting proclaimed by the Puritan
Parliament under Oliver Cromwell. In the
of
absence
frequent
monarch ( Charles I had been
a
beheaded)
the
of
use
admonish
Puritan
the
fasting
British
legislators
made
proclamations to
to pray for its
nation
passage through the turbulent times.
The language of these Puritan
Proclamasafe
Lions
in
decidedly
was
more
flavor than that of
earlier
revolutionary
such decrees
rally the people behind
arch in times of danger, such as
to
made
French and Indian
fervor
of
burgesses.
the
War.
Puritans
Based
on
burgesses " cooked
up"
the
mon-
during
the
The revolutionary
suited the radical
these
precedents, the
their
resolution,
explained
action.
He
put it.
On Tuesday, May 24, the conferees
had colonial treasurer, Robert Carter Nich-
House
known for his piety), introduce in the
their proposal for a solemn Day of
and Prayer, includFasting, Humiliation,
ing a procession from the Courthouse
to
the
have
voice,
Church.
The
with
resolution
seems
to
perhaps one dissenting
though Jefferson later called the vote
passed
unanimous.
in
ter who has fallen
November
tended
to
inflame
have
an
the
damaging
in-
by
from meeting in
the burgesses
met
the
next
in
27,
May
Apollo
Lion
They
commodities.
an
attack
to
compel
on
made
threatens
other
East
wrote "
That
sisters
to "
Person
His
colonies,
and
of all,
able
of the
whole
such
the
wisdom
upon
to
the
in
general
those
united
time to time
America
call would be answered
This
when
the
ters
Congress met in Philadelphia
in the fall
of
Meanwhile,
1775.
planned
to
in
bur-
formalize
to
specified
that
nonim-
in
Williamsburg
in
of
the
the
week,
have been
to
able
that
sations
Despite
ball
took
night,
and
his
stepped
hall
Oh,
place.
on
eavesdrop
Friday
events
as
the
to
conver-
of
burgesses
in the presence of the
had been ejected from it
who
day before!
By Saturday, May
the
just
the
spreading
liamsburg.
ters
hack
were
gesses
across
the
pulpits
in
Virginia'
more' s
"
word
28,
about
for
and
the
29,
in
slaves
them.
Lion
the
Before
Dunmore'
half the
and
women
For
seized
Virginians
the
Holton
Virginia,
that " As
early as
had begun liter-
patriots."
finalized
excepted,
morning of Wednesday, June
who were
in town and
the burgesses
1,
most
the
at
of the
surrounding
ten o'clock
at
whence
the
sion
Speaker
Mace"
addressed
Tory
Price,
conduct
the
Courthouse,
in
Parish.
chaplain
Randolph "
and
solemn
procesIn the church,
of
House,
the
Gwatassembly. Thomas
master
of the grammar school
the
Continued
on
page
4
he
and
Richard
Dunmore'
s
Henry
unparalleled
s
has,
from
a
few
Scotch
d Dunmore,
Llor]
extensive
poor— faced
good
Men
has
consequence,"
of all
is in-
war
time
rich,
separation
1
in
everyeng
and
middling,
from loved ones,
armies close to towns and farms.
A Citizen Soldier" focuses on the Hoy
family that had fallen on hard times even
before the war. Although Alexander Hoy
is a carpenter
in
of some skill and is known
the community,
he
has accumulated
debt that makes it increasingly difficult
for him to make ends meet.
At the same
time that he seeks a way to provide a living for himself, his wife, and two young
daughters,
Alexander
senses
that
he
is
shirking
fighting
his responsibility if he leaves the
to other men. In spite of the
dangers
to which
it will expose
the Hoys,
enlistment could place much needed cash
in Barbry' s hands and give Alexander a
renewed sense of purpose in the fight to
secure
independence,
a
cause
which
he
supports.
Back Story: With prices spiraling upward, shortages
of household
necessities
such as salt, and the absence of the family
member
brought
or members
in crops, ran
who customarily
shops, or did the
piecework and odd jobs that sustained
families in peace time, women left on
their
own,
especially
straightened
armies
close
ones
in
circumstances,
already
faced
bleak
on
to
the
move
farms
and
battlegrounds
towns.
and
Confiscation
and destruction of property, not to menLion bodily harm to wives and daughters
left alone, only added to the distress of the
possibility of death, capture, or serious injury to fathers, husbands,
on
the
home
front
and sons. A war
brought
women
face
For poorer women like Barbry, the peelitical beliefs and passions that took their
husbands and sons off to war sparked con-
siderahle resentment.
Barbry was not alone
on this
score,
as is evident
in the words of another woman in similar
circumstances
who was " troubled
to think
that he should love to be going so notch in
the war and
leave
me with
helpless
chil-
dren
in very poor circumstances."
Many
women railed against recruitment
officers,
accusing them of luring their husbands
away, which is precisely what recruiting
was designed
to do!
Nonetheless,
even
united every Man in that large
Archibald
Cary agreed. " The
most
a
neutrals
Virginia,
Proclamation
from
the
Peyton
Lord
in
Colony."
had
them
to the Bruton
Thomas
kin,
led
said "
Lee
of Williamsburg and
countryside
assembled
citizens
into
Dunmore'
argues,
loyalists
the
being
governor. Through-
their
for the coming Wednesday. On Monday
and Tuesday, May 30 and 31, organizers in the capital
city and in the counties
On
fear of
patriots and having a black regiup of their " runaway" slaves
argues
plans.
were
made
turned
their
states
serving with the British army as well as
the loss of their own slave property terri-
out
}
in
Women—
in her lament
subjects
Fast-
slaves
ran
actually
Soldier"
carnage for the first time.
children.
white
as
that
slaves
Citizen
to face with the sheer horror of battlefield
Proclama-
s
great majority of runaway
men, but interestingly
Holton
spring 1775, free
ally to demonize
scheduled
Founders,
found that the proclamation
many ways a disappointment"
Pied them. Holton
Day of
Prayer
leaving
while
A
prospects. A war on home ground meant
masters
patriot
Forced
Proclamation "
Humiliation,
ing,
s
of
ninety- nine percent
who did not accept Dun-
Wil-
from their
Governor'
offer
in
was
that
minis-
in
events
On Sunday, May
Virginia announced
resolution
many burlocales
own
been
offer
behind.
ones
Holton,
s
for
ment
their
s
manumissions.
of life
loss
and
out
points
that
in the
their minuet
an
the
with
slaves
only
capture
of the House
wife
all
families and loved
were
the Governor
Bacon'
people to he freed
when
legislation
1723
since
families
eration.
and
able
to make the
given the opportunity
choice
of uncertain freedom at the risk
bur-
arrived in
who
February.
through
prohibiting
Now
gesses' meeting at the Raleigh Tavern, had
earlier
been picked for a ball at the Capitol
in honor of Lady Dunmore,
are
since
has such
1676
Woody
the
Ne-
were
building, taking advanduring his westday of
in
Virginia
passed
s absence
the
hereby
Servants,
s rare actions
against the Shawnee
campaign
of Life,
And 1 do
c.
impossible for enslaved
allow Virginians
time to prepare for
cutting off trade. Though it is not certain,
we think that the First Virginia
Convention
Ironically, May 27,
S Crown
forfeiture
all indented
Except
would
ern
be looked
of freeing individual
slaves
from petitions who had demonstrated " meritorious service," it had been
of goods would begin August 10, 1775.
nonexportation
The delay in implementing
in the Capitol
every
thereby become liLaw inflicts upon
as
Council'
tion
of Dunmore'
the
made.
the
of goods and slaves would begin
November
1,
1774, and that nonexporta-
tage
ar-
to resort to
or
patriots and they "
to bear arms. Not
are
Rebellion
portation
met
and
scene "
brought
MAJESTY'
of Lands, &
declare
willing"
in Convention in
meet
August
which
Association,
the
when
Arms,
him.
unaccustomed responsibility for family
sustenance, food shortages, high prices,
and outright danger when the fighting
they joining His MAJESTY' S Troops ..."
For enslaved people belonging to" rebels," Dunmore
offers freedom if their mas-
the
from
may
require."
Continental
gesses
of
interests
which
measures
re-
groes, or others, ( appertaining to Rebels,)
free that are able and willing to hear Arms,
deliber-
to
congress . . .
general
to His
such
Offences;
further
on
a
and
orders "
STANDARD,
Penalty
confiscation
meet
bearing
Government,
ommended . . .
ate
S
Traitors
as
be applied. And for
this purpose it is recappointing deputies from
the several colonies of British America,
to
of
capable
MAJESTY'
rights
to
The
What
Lord Dunmore
martial law." He
execute
arbitrary taxes,
all British America,
on
his Proclamation,
In
he is too old and that the
tensely personal and represents the plight
of
offer?
gues that in order to restore peace and order
in the colony it is now necessary for him
to
ruin
united
the
unless
our
submission
attack
an
and
of
one
the
There
that
is all we have.
of freedom?
chance
one
ya' ll gon do
we all free?"
What
in
times, and his
Mr. Hoy. No! I' ll not be
giving you to the army. You
the
endanger
governor
will happen if they are captured
turned to their masters?
nonimporta-
and
also
and
honor his
day, Friday,
a
against tea
families
the
Capitol,
the
session
themselves to
association
India
Will
the
crown,
Raleigh Tavern.
at the
pledged
they
extralegal
Room
and
lives for this
their
Church.
Barred
homes
their
in future.
the
the
or
consider
their rebel masters. Should they leave
t say so explicitly, it must
him that the House had taken
usually taken
action
to
receptive
people
measures
crown' s representative,
1775:
people gather
royal governor' s offer of freedom to slaves
who will take up arms
with him against
he didn'
galled
17,
Liberty to Slaves!
populace with their
the
on hard
family can' t survive without
Proclamation:
c
Enslaved
his
burgesses
that the
making
further
to
is
Dunnzore:
he
for
concerned
Scene:
The
weekend,
reasons
Soldier!
g
wife, Barter Y, engage in a public argument
about his enlisting in the Army. His wife is
such
Dartmouth
the
suspected
as
Jefferson
olas (
I
upon
over the following
Dunmore
Williamsburg
representatives.
shows
highly
accordingly."
letter to Lord
a
Although
this
May 15, 1776:
A Citizen
Alexander Hoy, a 30- year- old carpen-
dissolved
In
House
The Scene:
published by
conceived
House,
reflect
late spring of 1774. Placed in its historicontext,
the
dissolution of the House
some
of Burgesses,
Paper
a
ENLISTING
and
Speaker
his Majesty
and the Parliament of Great Britain; which
are
cal
in
hand
Your
as
resolution,
decisions—
Mr.
of the House
my
point of a series of events that occurred
in Williamsburg over a ten- day period in
portrayed
said: "
makes it necessary to dissolve you; and you
Make
Dunmore
in
a
He
them.
Gentlemen
Wayfor
of the
had
Photograph by Dana Methent'
dil
I'
their
Company goods.
dismissal
25 probably saw
printed broadside
the fasting measure. Gover-
Dunmore
Terms
protests
your Governor,
gesses
announce
agreement to
an
Make
The
Assembly
the
royal governor,governor, antownspeople
that he has dis
House
the
of the
nor
Governor Dunmore
`
May
appearance
announcing
1774:
ter
Wednesday,
the
The Scene:
solved
e .}-
9
1
t
i
Photograph
to
ti+,
1
‘,. _,,,,, ,
d.,.
pounces
n
i
Barbry
Alexander' s decision
bravely
to enlist
accepts
once she un-
derstands that he has made up his mind.
She sends him off with words of affection
and encouragement
even as her apprehen-
sion mounts over how she will provide for
herself and her two young daughters. We
are
left
to wonder
how
she will
fare,
but
resent
we can suppose that she might continue to
pointing a dagger to their Throats,
hands of their Slaves."
find work that taps her skills as mistress of
wrote;
white "
ranks
thru the
Following
alist
members
Dunmore'
of
the
Carter
joined
patriots. [ See
Forced Founders,
actions
two
loy-
Governor's Conn-
cil, Robert
the
and
s
William
Byrd
Woody
pp. 156- 160]
Submitted by Anne
III,
Holton,
her own household, simple though it may
have been. Women wove cloth, altered and
repaired
nursed
uniforms,
bandages,
soldiers.
and
Armies
on
the move usually had a few paid positions
for women
Willis]
made
sick and injured
that
made
use
of these
Continued
an
same
page 3
�3
1774 to 1776
p
44. .
yj. ,'
FORUM
r/..'
MONEY
y,
r
ft<,
14.-' '
VPii;:i••`
rip
good
the
on
River
m\
7
Your
last year at this time
consistently high.
above
numbers
are
and
support
your
g
1
programming throughout the
g
g
new
Historic
year is
this
attendance
professionalism
for the
Area,
The
including "
ary City,"
grateful.
from
Colonial
a
has told
us
that
experiences that
take
connect them to
human
ence
our
what
Williamsburg
today' s
audiences
stories
presented
mosphere
that
passionately
told in an at-
and provocatively
them
encourages
be
to
ac-
participants in their learning. We have
all worked hard to do exactly this, and we
have instituted a very successful start. But
rive
all need to
we
intensify
ming
that
Lions
of
of
a
ment that
a
and
to the
expecta-
our guest experience
to
of engagement, authenticity,
elevates
level
new
presenting program-
changing
guests. We must build on the
dynamic, interactive environ-
our
creation
on
appeals
and
our momentum,
sustain
focus
our
this
Tavern,
where
in
the
called
general
general
which
measures
interests of America
sentiments
of
one
the
still
burgesses
a
convention
I,
August
to
ings of' Freeholders
endorsed
and
Boston'
hailed,
Some
for
s
idea of
the
Council
the
a
s
northern
and,
city
directed
to
Now
The
that "
Revolutionary
City"
up and running, and complementary progranuning spanning the years from 1774
through
1781
the Historic
look
is taking
Area,
with
the content
place
fresh
Today and
align
to
new
our
throughout
a
time
Americans
Becoming
at
it' s
take
for Day
rind articles
of scripted
I
Citizens
enrich
and
our
extralegal
convention
A
highlighting
connect
guests
the Historic
As
and
the
Area
in
helping
end of
one
another.
your thoughts
welcome
for making Becoming
and useful tool
karts Today a relevant
our interpreters.
Amer-
suggestions
Have
a
for
It
hard
army of
work, hard work
was
being
the
to
common
with tools, they could drive a yoke
or' hove up' a stump or tie a proper
knot as readily as butcher a hog or mend a
handy
oxen
pair of shoes. They knew from experience,
must
of them, the hardships and setbacks
of life. Preparing
Rare
nature.
seen
was
someone
It
was
for the worst
the
the
different
nationalities,
makeup,
Many
or
the
toil in
noteven
fifteen
were
of
ways
physical
of
condi-
missing teeth or fingers,
or scarred by past wars
smallpox
all- toothe
army and an
of every shape
different colors,
different
talking, and all degrees
Lion.
never
first American
men
common
eighteenth
less
hazards of life and
cenntr .
Some
were
Y
but smooth- faced boys of
David McCullough,
1776,
the
dian
Wood, The American
Gordon
p. 25 and 34]
Humphery
Fulton
William
Con-
12
in
Taylor, for
Hbds.
Richmond,
Of Tobacco,
12000 Staves.
Eppes Greenough,
13 Barrells of Pork,
of Flour, 800 Bushels
Corn,
Bushels
30
Bushels
of Pease,
Kegs
4 Hides
of Rum,
1
of In-
of Wheat,
35
of Leather,
Pipe
of Maderia
Wine, and 4 Hbds. of Tobacco.
24. Sloop
Revolution:
Virginia
for Antigua,
A History, A Modern Library Chronicles
Book, The Modern Library, New York,
Packet,
Charles
Jones,
with 2700 Bushels
of In
dian Corn.
28. Ship Speirs,
47- 48.
John
Dusk,
with 4287 Bushels
aged
fund
a
she saw
by
in
others
Continental
The
states
drive
April 4.
of
price
menfolk
served
Officials
ments.
of
survivors
also
soldiers
their
out
enlist-
sought to provide for
killed in the war and
returning home. The first
of
pension law following the Declaration
Independence
was
passed by the Confor injured
tinental
It
men
Congress
on
August
for half- pay for
men
injured during
provided
enlisted
the
duration
the
26,
1776.
officers
the
and
for
war
of their disabilities.
war
During
of these pensions
payment
mainly to the individual states,
not
until
the
newly
1789
picked
were
they
federal
was
and
up
by
all
their
for Cadiz,
of Wheat
and
did
for
Treasurer
state
not
specify
an
of Oatmeal,
draw
absence,"
those
mother
free black
£
of John Ashby (
Mathew
Ashby)
Cadiz,
nor
Virginia
nephew
1400
Regiment,
of
London,
reduced
The
Virginia
real
collected
of Drugs,
legislature
order
to
raised
1777
meet
by
an
several
Hoy' s
situation,
General Assembly sought to
the pot for potential enlistees in
quota of troops to he
For example,
in May
the
Virginia.
of
act
caries sfor}
subsistence
thvisioe
of
said
Assembly
countycourts
n andrt
the
could,
all
wives,
of the
ing
children,
an
expenditure
expectations
of
Cask
of Snakeroot,
Gazette [ Purdie &
9900
Dixon],
7*
A.
prove very burdensome to the
if
people of this commonwealth,
longer admitted," repealed most of the
must
f
hi
greatly exceedthe legislature,
good
1
i
only " such allowance not to exceed
one barrel of corn and fifty pounds of net
pork for each person, annually."
Barbry and
women
like her would need
71Ira1 ,' I,tl,gi;,
t
•
j(
I
I
former acts. Thereafter county courts
" upon proof to them made" by the wives,
k-
J'
1`
f
W
WSWt
I
i,
LOno' Strip
a
0
o
t
t \ ;
1
_
Nw•I '-
sdc-.
_
c
is
children
as
the
Revolution
ran
course.
Submitted
by
Linda
Rowe]
.,
F ' -=
their ingenuity to maintain themselves
t
nd their
and
2
April 7, 1774
parents, and families of the soldiers
and of the United States" have
the
and
publickall
comfortable
1
Virginia
state
created
the
other
and
wives,
that
at
of Tobacco,
and 4 Cask of Deerskins.
vide
for Barbry
specific
for
and
its generous offer in October 1779. Noting that provisions for the support of the
sweeten
More
Benson,
of Corn,
Staves, 140 Handspikes, and 8 Hhds.
power.
reconsidered
the Virginia
government.
with 488 Hhds.
buying
parents, and families of " any soldier now
in actual service" that they cannot mainwere
authorized to prolain themselves
created
Robert
5367 Bushels
Hhds. and 2 barrels of Ginseng, 1 cask
York County Court. With such
an amount Barbry could
pay a year' s rent
with a little left over, although inflation
inevitably
103 Barrels
1000 Staves.
from
12
of
13 Barrels
35, 000 Shingles.
Rogers,
with
Haynes,
Bushels
Ship Royal Exchange, John Stevens, for
enlisted
who
700
of Flour,
and
Brigantine
funds.
amount
35 Barrels
Francis
with
of Bread, a Hbd of Bacon,
support
industry
their
Savage,
Vincent' s,
Corn,
who
soldiers
poor
own
during
in the Sixth
while
their
Ashby,
was
the
of
Sloop
for St.
did it cap claims, leaving county justices
to match support to apparent need. Sally
Virginia
and the in-
mindful
the
on
The act
her stead.)
Congress
were
in
it that the effort
to
by
themselves
too
was
parents,
cannot
Jef-
Martha
effort.
war
of Governor Jefferson,
wife
undertake
to
left
everyone,
pitted by
had
that
man
second
die . . .
army of
and size
and
was
John
Innermay,
with 459
8 Barrels
September 1774."
travel
to
of enlistment for those left at home
lot. They were familiar with adversity and
making do in a harsh climate. Resourceful,
of
the First Continental
especially
opted
women
other
funds toward
dividual
accustomed
men
an
Port
for Cadiz, with 7700 Bush-
for Piscatawaywith
from town and
press, which convened in Philadelphia
camp. ( Women of greater means at home
spearheaded clothing drives and collected
IN
OF 1775
Lark,
2 Hbds. Of Rum, and
and the newly created
committees
of the colonies—
along with the units in which their husbands served performing similar tasks in
undertaken
SUMMER
from
of Salt.
in Ballast.
Brigantine
23. Ship Bowman,
Continued from page 2
and
skills,
ill
S ARMY
Wilson
els of Wheat.
li-
closed
or
ranged
Enlisting
herself, but
WASHINGTON'
Po-
Staves.
ferson,
summer!
great
crisis,
credi-
issued
11.
Laughton,
provincial congresses to a general congress
the
with
of
moments
from
Cleared Outwards
various
for
dots from
to
we
always,
interpretation,
suggestions
the
in
colonies
Brigantine
March
militia,
between
taxes,
supervised
governments
county
assembly had established
other
to correspond
committee
Young,
Bushels
from Piscataway,
23. Schooner
The
shadow.
the
Eu-
John
with 2500
Glasgow,
became
regime
Lewis,
the
new
gained legitimacy.
until the old
another
Dudley
with
James
26. Ship Venus,
of the people
We will also
programming
and offering
sites
and content
understanding
Area
to circumvent
after
Revolutionarya
background
Historic
on
will
legislature—
Jackie,
Liverpool
in Ballast.
Royal governors stood by in helpless
as new informal governments
These
gradually grew up around them.
began to form
government
royal authority on one issue
shadow
towack,
amazement
had been
moreover,
of the previous
one
You
into the heart
being portrayed.
events
focus
at
of " The
scenes
red
a
War."
that takeyou
City," providing
to
and
Government"
Two, "
whom,
members
offerings.
The first revised issue is really made up
a blue one for Day One, " Collapse
Royal
of
most
bly—
from
25. Ship Jean,
courts.
had
meetings
Brigantine
ropean Goods
of the
organized
levied
debtors,
and
tenses,
generally chosen the same representatives
and the assemfor both the convention
of twoof
before it met. Since local
sion
11.
Thompson,
in Virginia
in many
1774,
intervened
trade,
and
tors
inadvertently handed his opponents
advantage
by proroguing the new ses-
an
responsibility
for
sentiment
The Revolution
appointments,
managed
assembly in early August,
for it as well. Again the gov-
ernor
is
March
regulating various aspects of Amerivoters,
life. Committees
manipulated
can
new
elections
as
JAMES RIVER
also
colonies local associations were controlling
and
supplies
Dunmore
persuaded
the
Entered in the Upper District of
Fairfax,
April 4.
trade.
on
funds and
n
SHIPPING
ex-
and Stafford— had
end of
the
By
1
a. -_,
4
own
differences
some
restrictions
voted
beleaguered
the
Virginia'
as
with
-
'" •
4, ;;„
1783, The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation,
1989.
1775-
inhabitants'
other
cause
albeit
meetings
held
and
Dunmore,
counties—
Selby,
\\
r 9i" _____ _
met,
convention
British grew."
E.
i;,:
most expedi-
committee
the
John
will be
t
0d
Z..\, :,
of
once more adopting that strategy against
the rest
about
one
given their committees
of enforcing a boycott
of the colony. In towns and
of the counties
meettwo- thirds
from
1,
y`t
=
4
their
"
response
P
enthusiastic
tF:,
4
1
of the
proposal.
the
consider
received
as
Norfolk,
Frederick,
on December
from Virginia
Norfolk,
some
1774.
of the rights of the
the time the
least five
at
l tc,
present. . . Alarming sit
and ' to take such steps
effectual,'
plained. By
about
committees
shall appear
as. . .
and
ent
in the vicinity summoned
on
to meet in Williamsburg
1774,
call
The
colonies,
urging a halt to exports to Great
as
well as imports. Twenty- five
Britain
the
of America'
affect
to Britain
Alexan-
communicate
for. .. the establishment
earliest
proposals for a Continental Congress. . .
A few days after the meeting in the Raleigh Tavern, a circular letter arrived from
Boston
to
on
by
formed
meetings,
uation
was
followed
4,
it-
first,
letter
Williamsburg.
Fredericksburg,
April
trade
acted
towns
circular
as
correspondence
may from time to time
resolution
day
the legislature
port
the
Dumfries,
county
require.'
This
s
and Portsmouth,
united
the
Virginia'
same
dria,
aside from
received
having
meeting of colonial delegates
on
congress. . .
to deliberate
annual
an
a'
British imports and
against
ciation
arrived.
adjourning to the Raleigh
they formed another asso-
by
governor
convene
Gevertz
Crevieaux-
Margot
organization
to
disallowed.
formal
little
11
longer permitted and the next year when
all exports
oppo-
self until the call for a ban on British
when
Letter from
had needed
in Virginia
the
otherwise
members
again
previous December. . .
of the House of Burgesses thwarted the
the
in detail,
excellence.
Thank you for being an integral part of
exciting, interpretive adventure.
but
sessions,
sition
crave
journeys and
on
them
guests
experi-
between
as-
sembly for declaring a day of fast in support
of Boston after that city' s famous Tea Party
those
research into
Extensive
am
dismissed the
Lord Dunmore
When
for
Revolution-
wonderful and I
have been
extremely
want
March
1774 when imports from Britain are now
so
First
percent
the
Draught
VIRGINIA' S SHADOW GOVERNMENT
many of our guests
and foremost let me
see
to
far this year. Our
and
the Bitter
Swallowing
from
Consider how the economy of Virginia
will radically change once the Associariot of 1774 takes
from Rex Ellis
street.
sixteen
Doctor
The Able
thank all of you for what has been a sea of
changes
in the direction of our visitation
so
"'
s.
Letter
It' s
It
interesting to note the shipping
P
activity forcthe Upper District of James
c—
r?;
i1
p
`.
--_-'
r'`,
s.
�4
1774 to 1776
THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT
The Historic Area before " The Revolutionary City"
household slaves. On one day of the week,
volunteers lead young guests in an inter-
''
voice was nonetheless
T^- '
nial and continental
J
-'.
members
and
tutor
to
had
been
asked
the
excused
Price'
governor' s eldest
to do the sermon
understand
changed
page '
I
son,
S
Journal
of the House
with
righteous
answered, "
will
I
but
of Virginia'
noted
simply: " Went
Church
to
and
nature
ten' s
ill
the
Talk to
to
and the effect of the
sad
engage
like
was
shock
a
and
man
every
his
on
solidly
attempt
quash
to
solidarity with
home had the
of
Thus
center."
burgesses'
the
by
Boston
of
An extract
ten
on
June
years,
and
in
in
Prayer
19: "
July
Never
have
Virginia
I
are
a
hats
ent
of
of
happening
day
s
t
bu
of this trades
newspaper
Dunmore is
Governor'
the
look at
a
The
the
Area
differ-
MANY
take
s
outside "
and inside
upon
Revoluon
sites
the
pleased with the burproclaimed a Day of Fasting
gesses, who have
and Prayer. Guests
the
realize
is the focus
of this interpretive
to '
the
remember
predicament
-
k,•:.`
hear Divine Service. What
event,
be
a
God knows. ..
which may
she
depends
as
has
instructions
with
The
litia
a
d
SUMMER
ages.
staff interprets the mi
and the development
system
Guests
companies.
pendent
"
of all
children
Magazine
are
participate in the program in the
recruits,"
drill in formation, and
demonstrations
of musket
or
Tobacco:
of inde
invited
to
of
role
witness
fir-
cannon
ings. Third- person interpretation of events
such as the Second Virginia
Convention' s
fall
of arming the militia of each
in defense of the colony and the
county
Gunpowder Incident
offered.
are
of" Order in the Court," a thirty- mininteractive first person presentation of
court cases casting several members
of the
sions
ute
audience
court
as
officials,
de
or
plaintiffs,
chiefly
England,
on
her
on
Trade.
than
her. You
without
can
possess, and I will most cheerfully comply
with whatever may be thought for the
General Good, though it will be considSo much for
erably to my disadvantage.
public Affairs, I fear I shall turn Politician,
I
always
dislike in
Submitted
by
Female."
a
Bob Doares]
C( '-.;.
living
board
on
off Norfolk, he
waters
on
was
still
a
the
governor and making decisions that affected
the lives of every resident of Virginia.
They
learn of the
see,
as well
my Sister, I talk like an American,
I may; she has been kinder to me than my
native Country; to her I owe
every thing I
a character
ship in the
every
England
of ordinary citizens. It is this system that
patriots seek to protect even as the rule of
from the Palace
family
"
from England
came
past winter" and the lifestyle that
enjoyed at this official residence. On
this
just
they
occasion
member
guests may find Lord Dunmore or a
of his council in discussion, but the
of the interpretation is to put the
loyalist view into perspective.
thrust
main
royalist
or
The
Mr.
family
that
Everard
Everard' s
1774-
House
staff
in the
role
political
Through
1775.
documents
the
share
use
the
interprets
crisis
of
of primary
he
concerns
guests
has about this " unhappy dispute," about
his brother John back in England
and
what
it could
mean
how Dunmore'
s
if
war
function
of
the
courthouse
as
a
govbased on
and community center
the English system of law and participation
ernment
royal governance
Guests
to
Virginian'
falters.
Randolph
the
will
House
story of enslaved African
ethical dilemmas, their choices,
the
experience
s
decisions and consequences in 1775 during
Dunmore' s Proclamation by understanding how
slave
the
dynamics
changed
American
of their
during
Revolution.
slavery and
chattel
the
and
master
and their domestic
relationships
activities
Plant and replant, weed, manure,
town, cut, bind, and stack, sell straw in
town,
thresh
Concepts
At Great Hopes
Plantation
mul-
the
the
the
events
of fall 1775,
Gunpowder
from
Proclamation,
such
the
as
unrest,
slave
and
Incident,
Dunmore'
s
of rural
perspective
tons
owner
Benjamin
decisions
their
and
Valentine
affected
the
calves,
kill veals
for sale,
and
veal
for
sale,
wean
calves,
make butter
August:
Kill beef for sale to ships,
tons, veals and shoats
kill mut
for sale, sell wool,
separate sheep, choose cattle for fattening, make butter
Fishing
Housekeeping/ Gardening/
Food Preservation
Summer
Housekeeping
Doors
and
windows
kept
open
for
most
ventilation. Mosquito netting added to bedsteads for protection from insects. Gauze
covers to protect looking glasses and expensive pictures. Carpets and window curtains
removed
and stored. Furniture
to passage
enslaved people and their middling plantation
sow,
July: Kill beeves for sale to ships, kill mitt
creat-
tidepartmental staff interprets the impact of
and
make butter
of political
slavery clashed,
tread
June: Shear sheep, kill muttons
of the
crisis
slavery for the twenty- four enslaved people
and widow Elizabeth Randolph.
affected the
for seed,
plow and harrow in
Vegetables: Sow turnips, plant peas and
potatoes, sow vegetables, weed peas
and pumpkins
August:
Orchard:
Make cider, gather
Peaches, make peach brandy
work
ing the American paradox of liberty and
breaks out, and
Proclamation
FARMING
worm, top, and sucker.
In August top, gather seed, begin cutting
Corn: Plow and hoe ground, plant and re
plant, weed with plows and hoes, and
cart last year's crop to town
Wheat: Cart last year's crop to ships or
for sale, wean
the
the
June 8, 1775. Despite his
thing within herself
that is necessary and convenient. . . and
can
do much better without
England,
America
British
himself and his
and Exporta-
heavy
from
"'
authorization
ministry, he
removed the gunpowder from the Magazine.
They come to understand why he removed
We expect there will
to Importation
Stop put
tion,
will be the
1
77_ _
Congregation as was this DayassembledLivestock:
in which he found himself when, followingfendants. This programming g demonstrates
P g
to
E
children'
The Courthouse presents several sesLord
Palace,
too
none
patriot,
collapses.
s
e;,?-
story
and junior interpreters return to the site to
history
Historic
are
royal governance
that
At
its
hook
the
the
hook. Let'
the
City"
tionary
and
is
City"
whole
on
is
what
seen
silversmith'
a
orientation. In this particular site we are
that
many acres,
interpretation. " The
hangs its hat, but there
wide
my Residence
so
large a
since
ever
the
of Fasting,
reprinted
was
England,
Manchester,
a
on
in the Day
and
Humiliation,
which
letter purportedly writa" Lady of Williamsburg"
participated
who
andyou
encompass
styles
Revolutionary
Wil-
a
by
1
enough
big
them
into a colonyof civil disobedience.
manifestation
is
enough to
liamsburg happening
days
y
the
programming
broad
a
as
since
liamsburg
s
consequence
began
what
the
that
of
act
sending
unintended
transforming
Dunmore'
y
think
to
these
anyone
goes by
that name takes
place only between 2: 30
and 4: 30 each afternoon. Or does it? Wil-
of electricity, arousing
placing him erect and
Congress.
house interpretation
The
admonished
likely
colony
of
advancement
this
only thing happening in Colonial Williamsburg' s Historic
Area is " The Revolutionary
City." That is
thro' the
conventions,
staff interprets
House
scope
day."
Y
Of the people across Virginia, it was
reported that they " met generally, with
anxiety and alarm in their countenances,
day
Third
movements
within
the city preceding
fall of royal governance. James Geddy,
Y
zen
and
fasted all
lifestyle
that Mr.
a
i
by highlighting James
Y
Geddy' spersonal involvement in those citi
f
!
depth
that
English
to the Continental
and the social
And he
not
the
events
and
First
s
destroyman's family.
also
wicked?"
the
theill
that
Genesis 18,
on
destroy it for
Washington' s diary for
George
sake."
day
record
sermon
23 and 32: " Wilt thou
verses
of
Geddy
based his
and how
was directly connected to including being a:.
member of the Committee of Safety, Clerk
,/
and delegate
citing a " disorder of the
words do not survive,
butThe
s
how
because
himself,
breast."
from
of the Wythe household
the ideas of the day in law, science, and
government influenced their lives. Guests
will
Continued
heard in local, cold-
halls. The Wythe House
staff interprets the personal life stories of
L
i
Dissolving
INTERPRETATION
you decorate this original home?
At the Wythe House guests are introduced to one of the quiet patriots whose
k
M-•
Spaces— How will
program:' Trading
active
INTERPRETATION
often moved
to enjoy cross- ventilation.
Gardening and Food
how
interdependent
Preservation
relationship of master and slave and the
Revolutionary
for
struggle
freedom.
Their
relationship is contrasted against the gentry' s
appeal to middling farmers like Benjamin
Valentine to join the Revolutionary move
ment with promises,
including property
rights such as slave ownership. Guests expethe
rience
III
MIME
daily
of
activities
a
rural Virginia
plantation and the necessity of land and
slave labor through
experiencing the work
Make wine, sugar Preserve fruits, dry fruits
in oven because of humidity; picking and
drying of beans, carrots, onions, melons,
artichokes,
etc.
In hot weather, raw meat spoils rapidly and so must be cooked and eaten up
quickly, thus only smaller cuts of meat are
served
in
summertime
The
story of how Benjamin
to
prominence as
how he made his
building
a
III.
IIIIIernment contracts
interpretation
at
Powell
rose
contractor
and
tol and Gaol.
reputation
is the
on
o
public govbackbone
of the
Powell
the
married
He
Burwell
the
powerful
ties
I
began and the
a
man
who
Her
husband
1
Congress
met
Congress
adopted
was
Virginia
11
These began
12
Independent
14
Archaic
16
Epicenter
Virginia'
replace
the
royal
for
for"
5
plain
Printed
notice
This
of liberation
this
government
shot
heard
round
the
8
Britain'
This
jured
World"
17
s
Coercive
Acts
were this
act
of
this
Day
to colonists.
was
9
was
He
House.
Word
intended
by
Washington
to
describe
on
Lake Cham-
Fasting
outlawed
General
George
Congress
in Virginia
to
assist
in-
17th- century English
independent
the
day- to- day,
before difficul
daughter married
present
declared
Capitol.
at the
in the Capitol
herself
a
free
learn
that
responsibilities
state.
Guests
season- to- season
realities
guests young and old to participate in the
that keep the household together.
activities
Department of
Interpretive
The interpretations,
activities,
and
sto-
historian
of army life
Number of Virginia delegates
to
1st Congress
Training
Editors:
Margot
Cr
neWix
Gevertz,
Anne Willis
Contributors:
Bob Doares, Rex Ellis, Jim Horn,
Kevin Kelly, Linda Rowe,
Rose McAphee, Dana Metheny
Nancy Milton, Lou Powers,
and Phil Shultz
Production:
Beth Lawrence, copy editor
Diana Freedman,
production
ries in the whole of the Historic Area presage
Scourge
15
other
in
of running a household
must still be met. Junior interpreters
invite
The dissolved House of Burgesses met here
13
used
fort
family
daughter
soldiers
10
DOWN
2
of
slaves
in 1723
humility"
the "
to
Americans captured
6
model
s
companies
usage
of
4
here
to
freedom
day
and
and
This offered
one
in the Hall
sat
the
7
whole
Becoming AMERICANS TODAY
is a publication of the
was named keeper of the Keys of the Capi-
3
the
of agriculture, gardens, carpentry, livestock,
and the ongoing construction on the site.
III
ACROSS
unless
animal will be eaten in a day or two.
the
events
that
are
carried
forward
in
The Revolutionary City."
Submitted bythe Historic Area
Revolutionary
City
Team]
2006 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All rights reserved.
All images are property of The Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation, unless otherwise noted.
�
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming American Today, volume 5, number 2, June - August, 2006
Description
An account of the resource
1774 to 1776.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[2006]
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/0768414ec955c4df0cc9f15497a0b497.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Iikw%7ERW40nL5wcDKixARkd6Umhj4GRoHzJ5YZ5PRDweluxP2VitOrBcwEf6Mpz5z4YsReO6%7EWyBzC%7EPQOuUvQJxolMuZRqUmuLkBVnukxREo0jET28kzeEieipUMggcjR2c7-6V5hLpGApZY97XuRQGw8iNEW8gl-l0Plypr2zVSKy8Z21yq1wFCMJMxyePrlteMTZf8zE7YFyBF%7E0Zzp-VEh%7E4KnS7P%7EZyyilyjgc0atWa53eRSPV02Muj0176F-XRBqkWaeYu4aLU7liqcacYhQOywweht71OiS1a9mPgHUj2ZJ6TlXN8GSVMf73y1-pnDmFSE5ML%7ESXxR%7E7YIZA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
c1478d604f8d903215ae3a6ffbaff10f
PDF Text
Text
January and February 1774
January and February 2006
Volume 5, No. 1
THE INTERPRETER'
S NEWSPAPER
RAISING
MILITIA
RAISES
ANS
DAY
4
4 „.
HAPPY
NEW
NO. 1 FOR COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
Y'- AR!
JANUARY AND
FEBRUARY
CAIN!,,"';.
THESE ARE THE TIMES
1774
DREADFUL FIRE!
NEW YORK, December 30, 1773
THAT TEASE MEWS SOULS
Newsline
MR.
Douglas,
and
the
American
Company of Comedians, are all arrived at Charleston, South Carolina,
January 5, 1774
Twelfth
where
Night: "
Spend the night
in enjoyment and reveling" with
Last
a
January 6, 1774
Epiphany or Twelfth Day
board
caped
January 7, 1774
Williamsburg Hustings Court
meets
for
Hillary Term begins at the College
of William and Mary
January 14, 1774
James City County Court meets
January 21, 1774
York County Court meets
January 30, 1774
King Charles I, martyr:
Commemoration of the king' s
execution
Anniversary of the Capitol fire in
1747
February 1, 1774
Merchants from Norfolk and the
lower parts of the " country" state
they will meet in Williamsburg
and stay four days
February 2, 1774
Purification of the Virgin Mary/
Visiting in this New England port city,
your narrators of the news happened upon
a most extraordinary occurrence! At Griffin's Wharf on the evening of the 16th of
December, we witnessed
Boston Harbor
being transformed into a giant teapot expressly for the brewing of 45 tons of Ceylon
and Darjeeling tea. This tea, belonging to
the East India Company, steeped in the
cold waters of Boston Harbor and provided
drink only for the fishes.
to make the acquain-
of the band of " Indians"
I immediately dressed myself in the
costume of an Indian ... we arrived at
the wharf ... and were immediately
ordered by the respective commanders to
nor, Beaver)
April 14, 1774
Easter Sunday and the end of
Lent
at the same
VIRGINIA TODAY
The Party' s Over?
Colonies Await Britain' s Reaction
To The Boston Tea Party
22, 1773
Ship leaves Boston for England
These
reporters
have
was
destroyed
or even
damaged
save
Boston' s North
End
Caucus,
the
Townshend
the
an or-
Duties
back in ' 67, in which Parliament levied im-
order, or instruction of any kind moved
than the speed
of a horse
over
port duties on glass, paint, lead, paper, and
tea. After heated protests from the colonists,
Parliament
rescinded
the Townshend
Du-
ties, except the tax on tea. Why was the tea
tax retained? To make a point: Parliament
still has the authority to tax the colonies
land or a ship over the seas. [ Stephen E.
whether
Ambrose,
And what about the Tea Act? By early
1773, the East India Company was on the
Undaunted
Courage,
52]
the Americans
Indies.
The
crown
would
undersell
even
the
was
smuggled
the Reports
like it or not.
and al-
from the Turkish
colonists,
was
the
retention
posed by Russia concerning the Independency of the Crimea, or even to
admit Russia to have any part thereof
in her Possession;
lowed Russia
of the Black
which
for if this was al-
would soon be Mistress
Sea, in Consequence
the Ottoman
Throne
of
in Con-
stantinople would be as unguarded
of Warsaw,
Thus,
if not
Russia
as that
insists
of
upon
what the Porte will not comply with;
so that another Campaign is resolved
upon, which, by all Appearances,
minister
Lord
North
was
aware
on this addiction
and
their thrift
will finish
is why
those "
organized
took matters
Mohawks" (
by Sam
Virginia
they
pur-
Adams)
in
the Struggle
Gazette ( Purdie
EARTH SHAKES
IN VIRGINIA!
tax.
WILLIAMSBURG,
The
people should never rise, without doing
something notable and striking. This Destruction of the Tea is so bold, so daring,
so firm, so intrepid and inflexible, and it
have so important
Consequences,
and so lasting, that I can' t but consider it
as an Epocha in History.
Perhaps so, Mr. Adams, but just how
respond
to this destruction
of property? As Mr. Adams asked himself:
What measures will the Ministry take,
in Consequence of this? — Will they resent it? Will they dare to resent it? Will
they punish Us? How? By quartering
Troops upon Us? — by annulling our
Charter? —by laying on more duties?
our Trade? By Sacrifice
of Individuals, or how?
We don't yet know, Mr. Adams, what
Britain's reaction will be to Boston's tea party
but you may find the response " intolerable."
Submitted by your roving reporters Phil
Shultz and Nancy Milton]
February 24.
LAST Monday, about two o' Clock, a
felt at Westover,
By restraining
and Dixon),
Thursday, January 27, 1774
into their own hands
the tea with the dreaded
will Parliament
on one Side
or the other.
smart
must
to carry on
than comply on a single Article pro-
Corsica.
of the
determined
the War as long as possible, rather
as that
the Patriots, that I greatly admire.
that
September 17.
to be a pacific Disposition,
though
cent moment of all. There is a Dignity, a
Majesty, a Sublimity, in this last Effort of
their lives and fortunes."
with
CONSTANTINOPLE,
THE Sublime Porte, although known
into the Sea. This is the most magnifi-
voted to oppose the sale of the tea with
It started
that
and destroyed
ganization led by silversmith Paul Revere,
no idea,
27, 1774
immoveably
West
The next day, John Adams ( Sam' s lawyer
cousin) wrote in his diary that
3 Cargoes of Bohea Tea were emptied
Well, to hear the colonists tell the story,
it was all about taxes. In the fall of this year
1773,
the colonists
predisposed to save the East India Company from going under because of the
company's valuable influence in India.
Enter the Tea Act of May 1773, which
granted the East India Company a monopoly to sell tea to the colonies at a rate
Boston
Bostonians?
of
and Dixon),
January
Armies are not very favorable, yet is
Danish
That
But just what occasioned such a destructive outburst on the part of these
side
Purdie
and
portedly
tea.)
No human being, no manufactured
Gazette (
might have about paying a token tax. Was
he wrong!
and we
told
and
to sweep away any minor scruples
no other property on board the three ships
News Arrives in London
threatened
the cheaper smuggled tea from the Dutch
counted
to open all
been
warehouses,
weren' t buying any of it, rather preferring
that Americans are great tea drinkers. He
thrown overboard every tea chest to be
found on the ship, while those in the
other ships were disposing of the tea in
the same way, at the same time. ( From
a Memoir of George Hewes)
The Boston Tea Party
its London
First
went on board, we had thus broken and
16, 1773:
worsened for the company. It had a staggering 17 million pounds of unsold tea in
Duties.
immediately proceeded to execute his orders, first cutting and splitting the chests
with our tomahawks, so as thoroughly
to expose them to the effects of the water.
In about three hours from the time we
SNAPSHOT
Duties, the crisis only
of the three -penny tax per pound of tea
that was originally part of the Townshend
time, which
tea and throw them overboard,
England
Time
TURNS RED
and the Townshend
among
some
Elea-
the hatches and take out all the chests of
in Dover,
considerable
So, what' s the problem with these provincials? Well, the problem, according to
keys to the hatches and a dozen candles.
We then were ordered ...
faster"
was
BLACK SEA
corruption
England!
as soon as we
we promptly obeyed....
the comwere on board the ship ...
mander of the division ... ordered me to
go to the captain and demand ofhim the
Season
beef, no letter, no information,
Fort
So rapid
its em-
and
tea. This is good, right? India tea at bargain rates! Cheaper in America than in
way to the ships.
Ash Wednesday: First day of the
no
Lives.
ployees. With the Americans' refusal to buy
British products because of the Stamp Act
agement
December 1773
board all the ships ( Dartmouth,
of wheat,
at
TRAVEL WARNING:
that boarded the tea ships. We joined his
story at the point where the group made its
January 19, 1774
a
verge of bankruptcy because of misman-
Dateline: Boston
ing on pancakes
February 28, 1774
bushel
their
Thursday,
tance of a member
Shrove Tuesday: The day before
the beginning of Lent and fasting,
marked by the tradition of feast-
no
with
Virginia
We were fortunate
February 14, 1774
St. Valentine' s Day
February 27, 1774
item,
o' Clock
out
the Safety of the whole City.
Candlemas
Arrives
eleven
broke
the Destruction, that every Article of
Property fell a Sacrifice to the insuperable Ranging of the Flames, which
January 8, 1774
News
about
Fire
such amazing Violence, that His Excellency the Governor, His Lady and
Daughter, being in bed, barely es-
The Duchess of Gordon arrives in
New York with Lady Dunmore on
December
night,
dreadful
George in this City.
It was so sudden, and raged with
January 6, 1774
December
in a new and
elegant Theater.
dinners, balls, or a special cake
Lenten
they have a very favorable
Prospect of Success
Shock
of an
Earthquake
was
the Seat of the Hon-
ourable William Byrd, Esq; which
shook the Dwelling House very
much. It was likewise felt in this City
the same Day by a few People, and on
Wednesday Night following there was
a violent
TYemour
of the earth.
And
by a Gentleman from Richmond we
learn that the shock was severely felt
in that Town, at the same Time it was
observed
at
Westover,
accompanied
by a loud Noise like Thunder; and at
Petersburg and Blandford the Motion
of the Earth was still greater, many
Houses
have
been
moved
consider-
ably off their Foundations, and the
Inhabitants
so much
alarmed
as to
run out of Doors. The same Gentleman
says,
that
the
Earthquake,
he
heard, had been much greater up the
Country.
Virginia
Gazette (
Purdie
and Dixon),
Thursday, February 24, 1774
�2
Winter 1774
MONEY
BOUNDARY DISPUTE
January 24
When Dunmore's representative, Dr. John
Connolly, attempts to raise militia at Pittsburgh under a Virginia
sylvanians
commission,
Penn-
arrest him. Released
afterward,
he
take
Fort
over
returned
Pitt,
with
which
shortly
a
force
he
to
renamed
Fort Dunmore. The Virginia governor and
Council authorized military support for
him, and
in April
1774 he appeared
with
an armed band to defy the Westmoreland
County Court of Pennsylvania. He agreed,
however,
not to interfere
routine
him.
operations
Alarmed,
if
with
it
did
Governor
the court' s
not
John
The Whitehall Pump, unknown maker black and white line engraving ( England, 1774).
Printed in Westminster Magazine shortly after the Boston Tea Party, this print has Lord North
and his supporters trying to revive Britannia' s vitality. John Wilkes, as a friend to the colonies,
protests North' s attempts at reprisals for the Tea Party. Colonial Williamsburg collections.
bother
Penn
im-
Jon Butler
Puritans
Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776
in
mediately sent commissioners to negotiate
Cambridge,
with Dunmore at Williamsburg, but they
Massachusetts,
and
Virginia,
1973).
don, Harvard University Press, 2000), 2.
Boston,
December
17,
YESTERDAY we had a greater Meeting of
the Body than ever, the Country
coming
in from twenty Miles round, and every
Step was taken that was practicable for
returning the Teas. The Moment it was
known,
out
of
Doors,
that
Mr.
Rotch
society
in 1680 most European
and
Coffin,
was
the captains
immersed
Hall, Bruce
in
the
Bay,
without the least Injury to private Property. The Spirit of the People on this Occa-
not completely
modern,
characteristics
of modern
never appeared
in the colonies.
sive technological
settlements
change
never were
that transformed
1670. As early as 1720 cities of real urban
complexity emerged from the meanest and
simplest of towns. Modest as well as prosper-
nineteenth- century America and Europe.
But the colonies emerged as surprisingly
modern in five important ways. They became ethnically and nationally diverse,
not homogeneous. They developed trans-
ous farmers increasingly
atlantic
into international
thrust themselves
market economies, some
happily, some less so. Eighteenth - century
colonial merchants and planters created
predecessors scarcely could have comprehended it. Complex, sophisticated politics
replaced the rudimentary political mechanisms typical of the seventeenth -century
colonies. New patterns of production and
Street, and in a little Time every Ounce of
was an America
overwhelmingly urban, and they were
not driven by or beset with the mas-
although
and
the Teas on Board
then,
Africans,
Castle, a Number
in the
Here,
inherited
consumption
wealth
so
vast
accompanied
that
the
rise
their
of re-
sion surprised all Parties, who viewed the
fined crafts and trades.
Scene. We conceived it our Duty to afford
you the most early Advice of this interesting Event by Express, which, departing
immediately, obliges us to conclude.
By order of the Committee
and
supported
international
a vigorous
economies
domestic
that
trade
and
production. Their politics looked ahead
to the large- scale participatory politics of
modern societies. They exhibited the modern penchant for power, control and authority over both humanity and nature
that brooked few limitations or questions
about their propriety. And they displayed
a religious pluralism that dwarfed the mild
religious diversity found in any early mod-
pluralism overran the old orthodoxy of the
Virginia
Gazette (
Purdie
Thursday,
ern European nation.
religious
3 Dozen of Axes, 4 Barrels of Mackerel,
Polly, John Gillason, from Salem, with
1
Hhd.
Hhds.
Iron,
attempts of our Assembly to prohibit the
further Importation of Slaves by an imposi-
in our Gazette
and as it seems
tion of high Dutys, has been frustrated ( as I
find is the case in N. York) does
thou
think
the
Phisition
not think
certain
has
that
Acts of the
term
of Servitude
like
other foreigners taking place at
a future period so as that all
have notice
to expect
to share
the thanks
concerned
with
I
expect
able
will
to him,
be
more
pertinent
the
Trade
might
of such law, would
reasons)
more
with
effec-
tually to put an end to it, and
be more likely to be approved
by the King and Council than a
prohibition by Duties for I have
agree-
the approbation
in
not be ( when accompanied
of the
Affrican Company, but let that
be as it may, he will receive what
of
Judicious sencible men. I highly
approved and sincerely wish the
several petitions to the King and Parliament may have the desired effect, but I fear
not unlikely others also) has instructions to
pass no such laws. I just drop this hint for
there
thy consideration.
is not virtue and resolution
sufficient
been told our Governor ( and its
Elizabeth
to forgo or withstand a present ( tho false
and imaginary) interest in the continua-
Donnan,
Cleared Outwards
for Glasgow, with 473 Hhds. of Tobacco,
and 15, 500 Staves.
Donald, Thomas Ramsey, for Glasgow,
with 538 Hhds. of Tobacco, and 15, 500
Staves.
18. Canadian,
mouth,
have sent one of the papers containing the
tional
address and advice to those Mercht., to the
of a wicked
and
destructive
Trade.
It was ushered into Europe, A. D. 1679, by
the
extravagant
Benetekoe,
Encomiums
of Cornelius
a Dutch Physician. The Tyranny
of Fashion spread it with amazing Rapidity, though the general State of Health has
undergone a great Revolution by it; so that
our Race
weak,
and
is dwindled,
and become
disordered,
to
such
a
puny,
Degree,
that were it to prevail a Century more we
should
be reduced to meager
Gazette (
Thursday,
Purdie
and Dixon),
January
13, 1774
Fal-
of Wheat,
don, with
308 Hhds.
Green, for Lon-
of Tobacco,
8000
Staves, and 800 Feet of Plank.
Elizabeth,
John
Sampson,
for
Bristol,
and
John,
with
William
Langdell,
118 Bushels
of Wheat,
of Corn,
and 40 Bushels
Gazette (
Purdie
Thursday,
of
and Dixon),
January
6, 1774
BUILDING TRADES
Brickmaking: Clay dug and left to break up
with frost, no burning.
Bricklaying: Difficult to work in cold and
damp weather; threat of frost in bricks
and improper binding of mortar; bricks
should be covered to prevent freezing.
Mortar
Manufacture:
harder
in
Mortar
winter (
should
mixed
with
months
because
of moisture,
often no
work in winter.
Timbering:
Trees felled during this time
thought
to be stronger.
Carpentry and Joinery: Fewer daylight
hours; if working by day, less work
done.
Painting: Rain and snow of winter put an
end to painting outdoors.
AGRICULTURAL
CALENDAR
husk, and cart corn
Thresh wheat and cart to town
Becoming AMERICANS
TODAY
is a publication of the Department of Interpretive Training
Clean, grub, and ditch meadows
Sow early vegetables
Cart cider to town
Plant fruit trees
Editors:
Calves and lambs born
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz, Anne Willis
Pen and feed cattle
Kill hogs and fatten beeves
Contributors:
Haul out manure
Laura Arnold, Harvey Bakari, Bob Doares, Kevin Kelly, Carl Lounsbury
Rose McAphee, Nancy Milton, Lou Powers, Linda Rowe
Phil Shultz,
Lorena
Walsh
Hunt ducks and seine fishing
Stem and prize tobacco
Prepare
beds and sow tobacco
Ditch and fence fields
Production:
Cut firewood
Beth Lawrence, copy editor
Diana Freedman, production
m 2005 The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation.
All rights reserved.
All images are property of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, unless otherwise noted.
be
less
water), but good bonding difficult.
Plastering: Difficult to work in winter
Clear, manure, and plow fields
Pigmies.
PHILO- ALETHEIAS
Virginia
for
Bushels
and 428 Barrels of Flour.
Gather,
the Point of being given up for Tea? Is this
exotick Plant necessary to Life? Or does our
upon it? Just the reverse.
Abbott,
7766
John and Bella, Andrew
William S. Hein & Co., 2002), 4: 161.
depend
William
with
ed.,
Can Posterity believe that the constitu-
Health
of Pot
January 17. Virginia, Alexander Thompson,
Slave Trade to America ( Buffalo, N. Y.:
on
50 Weight
Wooden and Earthen Ware.
Documents Illustrative of the History of the
I
tion
were
11
England
the
Colonys making all free after a
his antagonist
America
of Molasses,
of New
15 Hhds. of Salt, and sundry
Printer, and doubt not they will shortly
2, 1774— ROBERT
reason
of North
1 Tierce
8 Barrels
Rum, 4 Dozen Axes,
Virginia
handled the subject of Slavery
in a masterly manner, altho I
suppose he may have very little
Liberties
And
and
550 Bushels
appear
I
Dr. Young
of
Rum,
and 9 Quintals of Fish.
FOR ENDING SLAVERY
Philadelphia.
Name!
180 Weight
Beans.
In this letter, Pleasants, a Quaker and the president of the Virginia Abolition Society, discusses
the fact that the other 12 colonies were also faced
with the problem of how to end
slavery, with Benezet, a resident of
at the baneful
Wine,
17 Hhds. of New England
Wine, and 6800 Staves.
PLEASANTS TO ANTHONY BENEZET
how I tremble
of Spanish
Coffee,
with 459 Hhds. of Tobacco, 2 Pipes of
BENEZET SUGGESTS SOLUTION
6, 1774
Like Lethe, fatal to the Love of Fame."
Salem, with 20 Casks of Raisins, Six
Casks
William
FEBRUARY
TEA!
JAMES RIVER
January 17. Britannia, George Rapall, from
for Salem,
and Dixon),
January
A vigorous
Entered in the Upper District of
Anglicans
Britain' s mainland
could not obtain a Pass for his Ship by the
of People huzzaed
Virginia.
and
Scots, Germans, Dutch, Swiss, French, and
ows in the mainland colonies as late as
1773
Massachusetts
colonies
were
of course. Tivo
By 1770 Britain' s mainland settlements
contained a polyglot population of English,
settlers were English. By 1770 slavery had
profoundly reshaped colonial life everywhere, whereas it cast only curious shad-
BOSTON TEA PARTY
in
already modern in important ways.
Britain's eighteenth - century mainland
Lon-
reached no agreement.
John E. Selby, A Chronology of Virginia and
the War of Independence, 1763- 1783
Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of
COMMERCE
Driving Evolution in the Colonies 1770
and cart to town
Build roads and saw timber
Slaves hired
out
seeds
�3
Winter 1774
LIFE
FORUM
COOK' S CORNER
Food has been associated
tions since
ell
a " subspecies"
u.,
Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution: A
In 1773, Parliament provided the occasion for a confrontation by granting the
East India Company the exclusive privilege of selling tea in America. Although
the North government intended this Tea
Act only to be a means of saving the East
India Company from bankruptcy, it set off
final
series
of explosions.
For
the
act
not only allowed colonial radicals to draw
attention
once
again
to
the
unconstitu-
tionality of the existing tax on tea, but it
also permitted the company to grant monopolies for selling tea to favored colonial
merchants — a provision that angered those
American
Tea
Act
traders
spread
who were excluded.
an
alarm
The
throughout
the
colonies. In several ports colonists stopped
the ships from landing the company's tea.
When tea ships in Boston were prevented
from
unloading
cargoes,
Governor
Hutchinson,
Thomas
their
whose
merchant
family had been given the right to sell tea,
refused
to allow the ships to leave without
landing the tea. In response, on December
16, 1773, a group of patriots disguised as
Indians
dumped
about £
tea
Boston
harbor. "
into
magnificent
movement
10, 000
This
of
worth
is the
of
most
exulted
all,"
John Adams, an ambitious young lawyer
from
Braintree,
This
Massachusetts. "
de-
struction of the tea is so bold, so daring, so
firm,
intrepid,
have
so
and inflexible,
important
and
it must
consequences,
and
WINTER 1774 IN WILLIAMSBURG
Winter
weather
was
right.
lb
the
British
colonies
com-
protection from winter's blast and watched
anxiously as their supply of firewood dwindled. In Williamsburg, as elsewhere in the
colony, the citizens resigned themselves to
monotonous
diets of fresh meat, corn, and
root vegetables and adjusted to long, dark,
cold nights.
Radesmen
of it with shorter
had a difficult
daylight
time
hours and bitter
Colds, & Bilious Peripneumonies;
Inflamation
After the
was removed gentle Purges
were of Service, but when attended with
Expectorations; the Purges were left, &
drinking
plentifully
Pectoral
Decoctions
the
the Massachusetts
charter and reorganized the government:
restricted,
and
the governor' s power of appointing judges
and
act
sheriffs
allowed
charged
was
royal
with
strengthened.
officials
capital
who
offences
The
third
had
sick
at
the
same
time,
WEATHER
to be
11th Still a good deal of ice upon the flats.
at south
west,
fresh &
cold
all
day — at night shifted to north west
again &
grew very cold. ( George Wash-
wind fresh at northwest. ( Washington)
but
Gage,
free
from
ice
afterwards
except
upon the flats. Day cloudy but little
wind. ( Washington)
28th Snowing until the afternoon but not
fast covered 2 inches. Very cold river
quite shut up. Wind northerly. ( Washington)
30th Very stormy this morning with rain
and hail which instantly freezes; the
trees hang bending with ice, & the ways
Through
are all glassy & slippery....
this whole day it storms but the evening
is terrible!
Almost an inundation
rain; the wind violent
at northeast;
of
The
snow, hail, and rain freezing together
on the ground. ( Philip Fithian)
ACROSS
commander in chief of the British army in
America, was made governor of the colony
1
Eat ' em on Shrove Tuesday
7
Parliament
of Massachusetts.
9
Acts were the last straw.
They convinced Americans once and for all
that Parliament
these
responds
to " tea party"
with
acts
Governor
of Massachusetts
after " tea party"
11 Tba tossing instigator
12 Governor of Massachusetts
at time of " tea
party"
had no more right to make
laws for them than to tax them.
New
unfrozen.
Ships
England
entered
Glasgow,
and African
Native
ervation of corn and, while the colonists
never gave up their preference for wheat
as a grain source, the abundance of corn
made it an easily obtained, inexpensive
food staple.
Cattle
African influence is seen in the use of
of succotash.
the
news three weeks after it occurred on
December 16, 1773. Concern about future
and
relationships
with
Britain
from
spices and in cooking techniques. Slaves
were truly creative cooks, combining a few
ingredients to produce what is now part of
when
announced
and hogs brought
England joined the variety of indigenous
game found in fields and forests... .
traditional
Gazette
the
and
Salem, and Falmouth.
Virginia
introduced
early settlers to the cultivation and pres-
During the cold January of 1774, Williamsburg residents pondered their political future. News of the Boston Tea Party
reached Williamsburg on January 6, 1774,
the
slaves.
Americans
from
sailed back to the ports of London, Bristol,
con-
tions. At the same time there were great
excitement and curiosity among adults and
her six children.
meal
Southern
rations
were
cuisine.
turned
Slave
into
corn-
hoecakes,
and dried corn became hominy or was
combined
based
Africa
with dried beans
soups
Fish
stews
as well
as native
to make a form
and
were flavored
thick,
meat -
with spices
herbs.
from
Consider
a
holiday dinner in Tidewater Virginia to help
understand
how
the
earliest
cooks
com-
bined the cooking traditions they brought
from England with the necessity of adapting to available, often unfamiliar foodstuffs
and the new methods needed to prepare
them.
Submitted by Anne Willis]
February
January 1774
tried
in England or in another colony to avoid
hostile juries. The fourth gave the governor
power to take over private buildings for
the quartering of troops instead of using
These Coercive
were
and
1774
15th Clear &
been
barracks. At the same time, Thomas
rivers
devoted to
United States, these
a reflection of the
that is unique to
Southern cuisine,
traced to their pre-
Crab Gumbo
Virginia Ham
house,
were now to be appointed by the royal
governor rather than elected by the legiswere
Travel from plantations to town was
difficult on icy roads, limiting supplies
coming into Williamsburg.
Commercial
trade continued as long as the James and
children in town about Lady Dunmore' s
anticipated arrival in Williamsburg
with
members
making care most hard in cold and unlighted places that were difficult to keep
clean. Prudent wives and mothers prepared
as the Coer-
cive Acts. The first of these closed the port
of Boston until the destroyed tea was paid
meetings
was also a
several
13th River entirely closed in the morning,
town
from injuries
threat.
sumed merchants and government officials
as they discussed Britain' s possible reac-
establish our authority," Lord North told the
House of Commons, " or give it up entirely."
In 1774, Parliament passed a succession of
lature,
an-
In Williamsburg there was no hospital
for the ill and dying; therefore, all people
were cared for at home by family members
if they were available. Families often had
12th River almost close froze —day cold,
or upper
Without
trade
to legislate for the colonies. " We are now to
Council,
remedies.
was of service."
ington)
of the
constant
Death was more prevalent in winter
months and families were haunted by
respiratory and other illnesses. Dr. deSequera' s Diary describes the illnesses of
Winter 1774: " The Winter produced some
America with the issue of Parliament' s right
members
threat of infection
Britain
Wind
altered
European
Americans
in town sold
tibiotics, many people suffered and sometimes died of secondary infections. The
York
Angry officials and many of the politically
active people in Great Britain damored for
a punishment that would squarely confront
for. The second
while the apothecaries
various
of cookbooks
influence of the cooking styles of Native
so
Boston Tea Party was the ultimate outrage.
laws that came to be known
woods,
with celebra-
and has spawned
dominantly English roots with the added
herbal medicines from their gardens and
cold.
lasting, that I can' t but consider it an epocha in history."
Adams
in the
plicated and shaped family life and life' s
activities. All but the wealthy struggled for
times
holiday cooking. In the
holiday traditions are
ethnic "
melting pot"
American society. In
these traditions can be
History, Modern Library Edition, 2002, 37- 38.
the
ancient
17 Tea tax relic of these duties
18 End of Christmastide
19 Rocks Virginia in late February
20 Will meet on first day of February
DOWN
2
This English legal case inspires some Ameri-
3
This institution increasingly in question
can slaves to seek freedom
4'
Tis the season
5
One way slaves consume
to sow these
seeds
6
8
Virginia has border dispute with this colony
Food staple introduced by Indians
corn
10 Winter causes challenges for these trades
12 Requires weeks of salt and smoke to prepare
these
13 This weekday begins Lent
14 Granted to East India Company
15 Turkish dynasty
16 Quaker leader of Virginia abolitionists
northerly.
Roast Turkey with Cornbread Stuffing
cold
with but little
River
quite
shut
wind, &
Gravy
up again.
Scalloped
Washington)
21 st Morning lowering, but dear calm &
Mashed
pleasant afterwards. ( Washington)
21st Earthquake
felt at Williamsburg,
Cranberry
Pickles
Sweet Potato Muffins
Pumpkin
cuts of fresh meats for the table. Hams to be
pickle, or pot smaller
cuts of meat as well as fish, fowl, and game.
indude spinach,
bage, and root vegetables (
Stored
items
cauliflower,
carrots,
such
cab-
turnips,
as apples
and pumpkins on hand. By February eggs
become plentiful for Lenten dishes as well
as to hatch.
Pie
Lemon Chess Tarts
salted for 6- 8 weeks and then smoked.
etc.).
Peaches
Sally Lunn Bread and
Gardening and food preservation:
Slaughtering in cold weather, so large
potatoes,
Sauce
and Relishes
Brandied
HEARTH AND HOME
Make sausages,
Potatoes
Corn Pudding
Westover, and Richmond.
Vegetables
Oysters
Candied Sweet Potatoes
Fewer
than
half the dishes
are English
in origin, which is a tribute to the influence
of the
Native
Americans
whose
land
was
usurped and the African slaves whose labor
guaranteed
the success of the Southern
agrarian economy.
Laura Arnold, The Interpreter, Fall 1988.
�4
Winter 1774
BLACK
PRESIDENTS
HISTORY
WEEKEND
MONTH
Presidents Weekend, February 18- 20, 2006
Presidents Weekend is our yearly opportunity to commemorate the lives of the first three
presidents who called Virginia home and to interpret the special relationship that each
had with Williamsburg.
In recognition of Black History Month,
Colonial Williamsburg will feature its
fourth annual Black History Month Weekend programs on February 24- 26, 2006.
These programs will explore how a diverse enslaved community used, survived,
resisted,
George
Washington
obtained
his
surveyor' s license
from
the
College
of William
and
Mary and was a burgess and part- time resident of Williamsburg from 1759 through
1774. Washington had a warm friendship with the last royal governor, Lord Dunmore,
in the years just before the Revolution.
Thomas Jefferson' s association with Williamsburg dates back to 1760, first as a student at William and Mary, then as a law student under George Wythe. He practiced law
in the General Court, served as a burgess and delegate to the Virginia Assembly from
1769 through 1778, and was governor in Williamsburg from May 1779 through March
and
American
influenced
the events
Revolution.
Programs
of the
will
be
performed in the Historic Area and the
Hennage Auditorium.
The
weekend
events
will
begin
with
James Madison' s relationship with the capital began with his entree into colonial
politics in May 1776 as a delegate to the Virginia Convention that adopted the Resolutions for Independence. As a member of the new government, Madison contributed to
the drafting of the Virginia Constitution and the Declaration of Rights and served as a
member of the Governor' s Council in Williamsburg until March 1780.
Submitted by Bill Weldon]
and their clashing
interests
a heated
and inevitable
was later made law), and in September he delivered before Congress his " Farewell Ad-
dress," which owed much to Hamilton, and in which he advised his country on its future
course.
In March
1797,
he returned
once again
to Mount
Vernon....
THOMAS (
of settlement
a number
reach
a slave taken to Encourt system
of slaves
in British
Great
Britain.
Between
of Af-
enslaved
after 1800.
Quakers
and
others
establish
the
Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, for the Relief of Free
Negroes and for Improving the Condi-
1773
eral petitions to the governor in hopes
of attaining freedom.
tion of the African
Race.
1787
1775
April 14: First abolitionist society in British
North
America
established
in
July: Northwest
Phila-
from
delphia.
Thomas Paine' s " African Slavery in
America" published; denounces slavery and demands
bans slavery
Territories (
north
that " Negroes"
rivers).
September:
be
Southern
and
indentured
masters
who
servants
will fight
is defeated
at Great
states
to count
allows
three - fifths
1791
king. As a result 800- 1, 000 blacks run
away to the British.
9: Dunmore
adopted.
Representatives.
of
for the
Constitution
of their slave populations in determining representation in the House of
November: Lord Dunmore proclaims the
colony in rebellion and offers freedom
to slaves
U. S.
The " three - fifths compromise"
given land.
rebel
Ordinance
the Northwest
of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi
Kentucky becomes the first new slave
state admitted
to the Union.
1793
Bridge.
December
13: Hoping
to entice
Congress passes the first fugitive slave
law, compelling judges to return run-
runaway
the Virginia
Convention
promises
away slaves to their owners.
to
the pardon. Many of the loyalist slaves
Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin makes large- scale production
of cotton profitable. Cotton planta-
evacuate
tions proliferate
masters
Jefferson
was chosen and was the first president to be inaugurated in Washington, D. C. There soon followed a controversy over federal appointments as, though his
actions were greatly exaggerated by the Federalists, Jefferson first introduced something
like a spoils system. His first administration was signalized, however, by the Louisiana
Purchase, an action that, in the irony of practical affairs, violated Jefferson' s political
principles in having no constitutional authority behind it. Nonetheless, he demonstrated
his freedom from doctrinaire policy on France' s financial difficulties to acquire a vast new
territory for American expansion. Soon after his reelection in 1804, he was faced with
the almost impossible problem of maintaining neutrality in the war between England
and France. Determined to avoid war, he resorted finally to the Embargo Act of 1807,
which, though based on firm constitutional grounds, was again a great extension of
federal power and was widely criticized. In 1809, he retired permanently to Monticello
there for the rest of his life.
within
10
days.
with Dunmore
1751- 1836),
political philosopher, public official, and fourth
U. S. president. Born in Port Conway, King George County, Virginia,
on March 16, 1751, Madison was of a moderately wealthy family of
Few
accept
when he re-
1776
Forced
Samuel Hopkins publishes " A Dialogue Concerning the Slavery of the
Africans,"
which
throughout
the Upper
South, Southwest, and Deep South,
expanding the use of slave labor.
treats from Virginia.
appeals
to the Con-
migration
disrupts
slave
fami-
lies and communities.
1806
The
tinental Congress to abolish slavery.
Virginia
legislature
reverses
the
major provisions of the 1782 Manumission Law, requiring all slaves man-
1777
Self- proclaimed state of Vermont' s
constitution makes slavery illegal. Several other states will follow suit during
and after the American
Revolution.
umitted
in the future
to leave the state
within one year.
1808
January: U. S. Constitutional ban on the
importation of slaves goes into ef-
1782- 84
An estimated
20, 000 blacks — loyalists
fect, as does the British Abolition
Act
In 1808, he [ Madison] was the clear successor to the presidency. He
won a strong victory over his Federalist opponent and continued the
policies of Jefferson unaltered. The difficulties with Britain and France
continued and worsened, particularly with the former; Madison was
apparently deceived by Napoleon into issuing a nonintercourse proclamation against Great Britain in November 1810, making war with
that country virtually inevitable. In June 1812, war was formally declared, beginning a
painful and dangerous period for the nation, which was totally unprepared and part of
which —New England — was totally unsympathetic. Military disasters fostered the growth
of popular discontent. New England seriously considered secession, great areas of the
Northwest were lost to British forces from Canada, and Washington, D. C., was burned.
who fought for the crown during the
prohibiting British participation in the
American Revolution —
evacuate the
Virginia planters... .
Atlantic slave trade.
U. S. from New York, Savannah, and
Charleston,
bound
for
the
1832
British
Nat
Turner' s Rebellion.
Some are relocated to Freetown, Si-
the
Virginia
erra
gradual
West
Indies,
Canada,
and
England.
Leone.
slave
1782
Virginia passes a manumission bill
encouraging private manumission of
code
American
1783
prohibits
the
the edu-
Anti - slavery
Large- scale
first half of the 19th century, during
Venezuela,
to Montpellier in 1817.
which
livia.
enacts
emancipation
had
Society
founded in Philadelphia.
victories — notably by Gen. Andrew Jackson at New Orleans — restored to the president
much political favor. The remainder of his administration was marked most prominently
by his brief backing away from Jeffersonian principles in approving both the charter of
the second Bank of the United States and a system of protective tariffs. Madison retired
C. Merriman
against
makes
1833
tion.
1304- 1306, 1048- 1049, 1109- 1110.
stricter,
response,
slaves.
But the mere fact that the war was over, coupled with a few spectacular though belated
1971),
In
votes
cation of slaves, and places limits on
black preaching.
Virginia
Source: Webster' s Guide to American History ( Springfield, Mass.: G. &
legislature
emancipation,
Nevertheless, Madison managed to win reelection in 1812. The war was ended by the
Treaty of Ghent in December 1814, with the United States having failed to gain a single
one of its war aims and having had to bargain from weakness simply to regain its territory.
Company,
within
Congress votes against Thomas Jeffer-
pardon all slaves who return to their
JAMES (
values
North
tied in the electoral
MADISON,
and
and " Jumpin'
the survival
son's proposal to prevent slavery from
expanding into the western counties
and
Jefferson and Aaron Burr, defeated the Federalists but were themselves
and remained
Comes"
underscore
culture
slaves away from Dunmore' s control,
of Representatives,
Freedom
Submitted by Harvey Bakari]
and 1776, blacks in Boston write sev-
In the election of 1800, the Republican candidates for president,
In the House
the
communities.
America to run away in attempts to
in Virginia... .
college.
to control
Evening programs such as " Remember
Me When
wins. Word of the case encourages
December
Public official, public leader,
philosopher, and third U. S. president. Born on April 13, 1743, on his
father' s plantation Shadwell in Goochland County on the western
fringe
Somerset,
dom in the British
He has remained
1743- 1826).
attempted
lived.
gland by his master, sues for his free-
in the century and three- quarters since his death, in the words of Henry Lee' s famous
eulogy, " first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen."
JEFFERSON,
institutions
enslaved people and how slaves attempted
to make sense of the world in which they
1784
James
clash between
Jefferson and Hamilton, the resignation of the former, and the polarization of politics
into party camps. While seeking to steer a middle course, he more often than not found
himself aligned with the Hamiltonian Federalists particularly in issuing his proclamation
of neutrality upon the outbreak of the Anglo- French War in 1793, in sending troops
under Hamilton to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania in 1784,
and in signing the Jay ' Treaty with England in 1795. The treaty provoked a particularly
bitter attack from the opposition, and the president resisted an attempt by the House of
Representatives to gain a share of the treaty -making power. In 1796, he firmly rejected
pleas that he accept a third term ( setting a precedent that endured for 144 years and that
Re-
Enslaving Virginia Time Line
his officers, and conducted himself with republican decorum and restraint. His first term
witnessed
Revolution.
shared values.
WASHINGTON, GEORGE ( 1732- 1799), soldier, public official, and first U. S. president.
Born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Washington grew up on
the family plantation... .
On April 30, [ 1789], he was inaugurated at Federal Hall in New York City. As the first
president of a new and unsure government, not the least of his responsibilities was to
avoid creating potentially harmful precedents. He constructed his cabinet with an eye to
sectional and ideological balance, strove to maintain cordial relations with and among all
but his second
tive
and
1772
crisis,
as
accused slave felons and a religious gathering will illustrate how Virginia' s forma-
rican
explore the lives of free black and enslaved
as well
enactments of oyer and terminer trials of
Historic Area houses and outbuildings
will
relationships
the crisis of the American
Jonkonnu"
people
major
master - slave
the enslaved communities' perspectives on
a presentation of the history of Colonial
Williamsburg' s African American interpretation. A special walking tour through
1780. Jefferson was a cousin to the Randolphs.
without
Other programs will provide insight
into
served
of
legislation
certain
as soldiers
for
slaves
1834
August:
in the Revolu-
Parliament
abolishes
in the British Caribbean
migration
of
Virginians
to Kentucky begins. Migration
Virginia
the
who
will continue
slave
owners
from
throughout
will
take
the
the
in-
stitution of slavery with them into the
new territories.
slavery
colonies.
1851
Slavery abolished in Columbia, and
over the next few years, in Argentina,
Peru,
Ecuador, and Bo-
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 5, number 1, January /February, 2006
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[2006]
Description
An account of the resource
January and February 1774
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/9b5601d88e742b5c23e9069f1b1fc917.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=isoudtURQycdJfEmspF%7EH2mZMVMcc6kLiWOQUBzq7fDnqwWG11ivj3tjGyJd0z%7Et6FnA09qTXfsl-oqB05ET5EZvhdxPrpI7-BPr%7EXZvjgL9rgwOO13rrzrujA4ZgDGx3fpp2zNbPTEOeHDDT1KwVUwO76RUyCkl-bT4M1H-wZSbOA6f7szcxn%7EGGM9bxBqYIeDQNIKkM3hg%7EKiGRN2khgnCzJtqQ6F8zHhXILrFaLIhGVhocv28H2%7EPQOvh-xPtnEtSbfADm6YiCFfudME%7EZk7Fmaax2fdssTshzlZYvY-4wejrbIkP0UL-ErqO9l6Df9aFwNSXqkNE%7EQjmkOPV%7Eg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
c630120aa1f1d40a3eb56451b8b56f47
PDF Text
Text
Christmas 2005
Volume 4 No. 8
Christmas 1770s
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
Holid.
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1
1, ,
ropz.
0i
See
111 ~='',,., :_,
kv
\
The Christmas Season
Day.
Christmas
and
first
day
of four
duringthe
times
withgood
And
with Mirth
so
A
martyr.
December 27
of Christmas
number
ebrated
from
in the
day
this
annually
as a
of
insignia
group
their
wearing
order
lia, which
Afterward,
dinner and ball
of
the
were
town
they hosted
which
to
a
our
1
January
and her
1
January
as
adopted
colonies
first
the
of
day
the
in
not
the
of
time
a
colonial
the
1774 adorned the Jan-
year
uary calendar with
I wish
to
lines:
these
being
CHRISTMAS
myReaders
Both Health and Wealth,
Meat, strong
And all Things
dear;
good
Heart to
By
church
Night.
Oxford English
The
to
Dictionary identifies Twelfth Night as
Day eve, the evening before
Twelfth Day ( Epiphany, January 6).
word
ment
or
the
usage
and,
in " to make a
the
with
eyes
of
the
debaucheries
authorities
control such
who
different
But
other
use
beliefs
"
as
all know, it
we
original
Puritans
a
I
and James
in the
for Englishmen
the
in with
never
were
in England
fires
The
dates
derived
feast of
commemorates
the
birth of Jesus
the
the
of
to the eastern
6),
January
Rowe'
The Interpreter
Although
Day, and
noted
not
most
Virginian,
I;
the
23,
No.
1.]
Note
.
r.
tis
for cold, sing
care
Vi
best loved
From
English, and thus
followed the
fit that
we
away;
small beer dine.
the Virginia
1769
entertainment at the capitol, given by the
Gentlemen
of the Hon. House of Burgesses
to his Excellency the Governour, his Majesties'
Council,
and
the
Gentlemen
and
Ladies of this city, who were chiefly dressed
in Virginia clothe, and made a genteel
appearance.
The
capitol
was
illuminated
Virginia Gazette, Purdie&
Dixon,
Dec. 14, 1769
In
Christ' s
and included
some
LAST Tuesday [ Dec. 26] his Excellency
the Governour [ Botetourt] gave a ball and
elegant entertainment at the Palace to the
Gentlemen and Ladies of this city.
Virginia
g
Gazette, Purdie&
Saturday
Christmas
of today'
s
Dixon,
Dec. 28, 1769
other
mass."
for
music
WILLIAMSBURG, Dec. 28
com-
carols.
25 [ 1773]
I was waked in the morning by Guns
fired all round the House. The morning
is stormy. . . . Nelson the boy who makes
shoes,
does
errands &
c.
Gazette in 1766
He made me a vast fire,
blacked my Shoes, set my Room in order,
and wish' d me a joyful Christmas, for which
who makes the Fire in our School Rooms,
crops
a similar
were
'`
t'
from
a
fell at this time.
vacation
Virginians
8i
were
noted for hos-
Christmas and Twelfth Night
Visiting kin and
especially festive.
neighbors
together for dinners,
thronged
was
fox
hunts,
and
day
Wit' s Magazine,
foods
from
1784.
dances.
TYaditional
England (
roast
holi-
beef
and
goose, plum pudding, and mince pies) were
supplemented
by such Virginia delicacies
for balls, parties, and wedpopular festival, Twelfth Day was
occasion
a
that
at
tertaining
il
Virginians thought Twelfth Night
Colonial
good
so
probably followed
School terms were ar-
pitalit Y throughout theyear, but their eng
"^
a
schedule.
Colonial
t
wild turkey, duck, fish, and shellfish for
was
Yuletide
the right
Feasts. December
as
dated back to the Middle Ages.
meats
for slaughtering, so they had fresh
of all sorts, as well as some seafood.
feastingand
genof the
Then
as
Twelfth Day ceremony was the Twelfth Cake.
This was a very large cake baked with a bean
holds
the
festival
It included
And may they who there repine,
On brown bread and
on
14,
Last night there was a ball and elegant
upon this occasion.
religious
sermons.
was"
secular
plentiful
was
liberty
and
service
English
inferior only to Christmas. The alleged object
was to do honor to the three wise men and
Should feast and sing, and merry be;
Keep open house, let fiddlers play,
fig
for their
celebrations
scripture,
the
words,
it,
eral merriment.
A
Magi
complied.
religious
munion,
ranged
in
s article
6,,;,
Ci
9..-
comes, '
December
of the land. Townspeople
Christmas Gambols
w`..:
Now Christmas
are
cal-
celebration
of the Anglican Church, with
canons
r;,
1`
a
i
i`;,,,..;.
n;,
1;.; .
r' :
G l.,;,'
f! '°*`
drie
the
piety, Virginia Anglicans were expected to
attend their parish churches
on Christmas
i
dings. As
f%
The Interpreter 23, No. 1.]
shirt and Breeches!
their
from Linda
Taken
Taken from Linda Rowe' s Article in
is Epiphany
arrived at
other
the
when
of making the Cake"
already harvested, but it
not yet time for spring plowing and
was
sowing. Planters, farmers, and their laborers could take a brief respite from matters
p
magi
and
frankincense, and myrrh.
gold,
a Ball the next year...
The Lady
that draws the Queen has the trouble
Bethlehem.
ule:
of
his birthplace bearinggifts
p
at
fedde
season
is the
course,
of the birth of Christ; the
(
out of a
with
my fire, blacks my
Epiphany
manifestation
or wise men via a new star
arrival
the
bracketing
The first, of
endar.
in
then
from two feasts of the church
i
the
nor
houses of Kecoughtan"
smoke
a ticket
was early in my Room, drest only in his
with quotations
from the
10th century onward. Inthe Chris
year,
merrie,
sought
claim
tian
the Indians,
gives
Virginia Christmas:
more
is one
merrymaking,
excess).
January 6
The Epiphany/ Twelfth
Day. The OxEnglish
Dictionary states that
ford
Epiphany and Twelfth Day are the
same day— January 6 and backs up
the
a
that this
time draws
traditional
customs—
in his
I went
He that draws the King has
the Honor of treating the company
who
more
warme
and
changed.
from the time: " All
complaint
1640s
control of Parliament,
Wee
better
was
in England
gained
snowed
It seems
6]
hat. . . .
with
brought
plenty of good oysters, fish, flesh,
wild foule, and good bread. Not never had
from this group
of New England came.
settlers
Christmas
in the
Elizabeth
under
Englishwomen
World
games,
first record of
on
favored
changes,
music,
us our
holy
how
about
Christmas
Smith,
actively
But this dualthe
and
New
the
and trimming with greens. Captain John
of
and at
ways
in
English
leadership
radical
more
Back home
of making the eves of
feasts the occasion for sec-
revelries (
them their
nativity as a joyous feast
who
called Puritans,
dissenters,
successful
tradition
ular
the
their
the same
enormously unpopudoubt overjoyed when
restored in England in 1660.
was
with
as
no
were
Englishmen
of all holiabolishing special observance
days, including Christmas. They were un-
sug-
consistent
tide
the
supported
in enjoy-
night
as
reveling"
religious
to
this
of it." This is
night
the
spend
to
gests, "
in
night
held
celebrate
day.
Twelfth
The
such
traditions
were
are
Puri-
The
use."
wrote
following manner: A large rich cake is
provided and cut into small pieces and
handed round to the company who at
spir-
Charles II took the throne and Christmas-
16th century, the time of Refwithin
factions
the
Christian
the
ormation,
5
Twelfth
lar— people
and profane— characterized the celebration
of Christmas for hundreds of years before
English colonists came to America.
Cheer.
January
harmless
ordinances
settled
repressed pagan traditions.
P
P g
ism— the sacred and the secular,
Beer
else the
tan
the
coincided
merry gambols,
which
the
toiling
with
Virginia,
On
Creswell
of their annual Balls supported in the
the
and put out of
extinct
now
deplored
fathers
greens in the church. In
different times, church
good
a
gone,
New Year
all
the
friscols,
dances,
associ-
we
sport,
ploughman and labourer revived their
its and hopes for a whole twelvemonth,
day, but they found it impossible to abolish all pagan customs. Over
some of
the years they wisely Christianized
Virginia, but the Virginia Almanack
for
the
candles,
that
pagan revelries
Christian holy
celebration
in
sense
modern
that
symbols
Christmas:
early church
The
in his
Cake."
Nicholas
Last night [ Jan.
to the Ball.
harmless
and
the
when
solstice,
was
twelfth
a
7, 1775,
in Alexandria
gift- giving,
decorating with greens, and much merrymaking with food and beverages.
year ( instead of the traditional
March 25) beginning in 1752. New
was
with
ate
new
Year' s
17
and
dinner
journal, "
Romans
Saturna-
winter.
a
January
before
But
the
December
winter
to
comes
event that
religious
be returning as the days got
festival was the Roman
other
familiar
produced
England
Byrd II recorded
hours
year, Kalaends ( from which we get
word calendar). These two winter feasts
new
invited.
t,,,,
to
longer. The
ladies
the
a
of Jesus.
on
of the
seemed
sun
William
taming several people at Westover on
January 6, 1721, with dinner; after
dinner, the company " acted proverbs
and were merry till one o'clock. . . .
We danced country dances about two
came
secular
celebrated,
ever
began
celebration
cel-
colonies
both
had several holidays in the
walking
in the proper rank from the Lodge
Bruton
to
Parish Church for a
sermon.
was
a
day, January 7, that" Captn. Beale had
invited this family yesterday [ Jan. 6]
birth
the
Christmas
or
e.
Royle
25. The word Christmas
celebrates
ball
before we acted proverbs." In
1770, Landon Carter wrote on Sun-
from " Christ' s Mass,"
with great ceremony.
1770s
a
Back in Virginia, Byrd wrote of enter4.
customs
s celebration
December
and
and
and the
ancient traditions,
church'
local Ma-
show that
They processed
the
Lodge
Williamsburg
dinner
stem from the early
of the birth of Christ on
in England
of St. John the Evangelist
Feastsacred. Sacred
eigh-
diary attending festivities at Lord Per
cival' s in London on January 6, 1719.
4
Almanack,
customs
with
ample,
CHRISTMAS CUSTOMS
first Christian
Feast of St. Stephen,
celebrated
E
0, "
Joseph
by
1765
the
special cake and a drawing, sometimes
punctuated with playacting. For ex-
the YEAR.
The Virginia
December 26
of Freemasons
often
provide,
at this tide;
condude
home.
at
entertaining
of the
now
throughout
teenth century celebrated in the eveping on Epiphany ( Twelfth Night),
and beer,
wine
Secular observance of the sea-
included
sons
the pot,
on
in the colonial
in Virginia
elsewhere
Minutes
TWELFTH NIGHT
wash all down
Then
year when the Lord' s Supper wa celebrated at Bruton Parish Church and
son
hang
come,
Beef, pork, and poultry
To feast they neighbor
of the
through January
season (
one
period.
See page 2
WILLIAMSBURG
COLONIAL
Let spits turn round and ovens be hot;
December 25
The
jf.44,
4
rT
Virginians
is
Christmas
Christmas
41(110'
i
MERRY CHRISTMAS ! ! !
Ne w s l i n e
5),
1 FOR
NO.
page 2
e,
inserted, and
assembled
One of the features
when
the
drinkingand
cake
family
was
and friends
cut.
group to
reign
Happily,
got
called
by
the
until midnight.
the
holiday
season
counted
meat
beef, goose, ham, and turkey
holiday favorites; some house-
[
as
also insisted
on fish,
oysters,
from Lou Powers'
Past
(
coincided
sched-
poor Slave a Bit, & many thanks.
I was obliged for want of small change, to
sent the
put off some days the Barber who shaves&
dresses
two
s article"
November 1988), and her
article"
me.—
Bits. . . .
I gave Tbm the Coachman. . .
I gave to Dennis the Boy who
waits at Table half a Bit— So that the sum
of my Donations to the Servants, for this
Christmas appears to be five Bits.
Philip Vickers Fithian, while tutor to
Robert Carter' s children, December 1773
24. At home all day writing as yesterday— alone.
Christmas
and Present" in The Interpreter
Customs" from The Interpreter
with slack time in the agricultural
Clothes and Linen were sent in with a mes
sage for a Christmas Box, as they call it; I
mince-
pies, and brandied peaches.
Taken
drest very neatly in green, but almost
drunk, entered my chamber with three or
four profound Bows, & made me the same
salutation; I gave him a Bit, and dismissed
him as soon as possible— Soon after my
now,
were
Whoever
piece containing the bean was
King of the Bean" and was accepted
the
time
I gave him half a Bit.— Soon after he left the
Room, and before I was Drest, the Fellow
9
Christmas
16( Winter
1995- 1996).]
25.
Went
to
Washington
Pohick
Church
and returned
26. Went a hunting
with
Mrs.
to dinner.
in the Neck early.
Killed a Fox and dined with several others
at Mr. Peak' s
George Washington'
s
diary,
December
1771
�2
Christmas 1770s
io
I.
CHRISTMAS
r
INTERPRETATION
e
IH
Irk
Ii
7
MN
illiff
a
NI+'
..
CHRISTMAS FOOD
AND DRINK
Dinner offerings were surpassed only
by the variety and quantity of beverages.
Alcoholic beverages were plentiful around
the
table
households.
had
Others
could afford less. Rum
and
flip,
in
25
December
on
less
or
well- to- do
because
arrack
rum
syllabub
were
popular, as were
sherry, beer, ale, and Virginia
cider. Toward the end of the century eggnog
daimed
its place among holiday drinks.
French
brandy,
gave out portions of rum and
liquors to their workers at Christmas-
Slave
owners
other
partly as a holiday treat( one the slaves
may have come to expect or even demand)
and partly to keep slaves at the home quarter
time,
during
few days off work.
their
PUTTING SLAVIN' ASIDE
they
punch,
61;:.
y
Plantations."
been allowed to field hands more read-
in early Virginia. For some of
of the holiday
them, the religious
aspects
ily than to domestics; house servants had
more work than usual when guests were
whites
no
Christmas
probably
of course,
season—
and
With limited
prevailed.
material
know
in the house for extended visits or if the
incomes,
master and mistress
of the
manifestations
special
gifts,
decorations,
meals,
about
more
treatment
slaves'
of year because of letters, diaand other documents written by the
at this time
mainly gentry planters. A February 1726/ 7 law that established patrols to
guard against invasions and insurrections
in
FIRST COURSE
some
festivals.
Onion Soup/ Ham Remove
patrols,
Roast Beef
Beets
Cabbage
Potato
Pudding
days,
Roast Chicken
Indian
with
Meal
Carrot Puffs
Pudding
Pudding
they
Walsh'
days'
Mincemeat
for
Tarts
that
slaves
Oyster Loaves
Lemon
s
research
1774
Carter congratulated
Colonel Landon
on
plantaChesapeake
slaves'
I
"
Christmastime.
In
29th, " The hollidays
fancy that I
not letting my
part of Christmas."
strictness had averted
1786,
being
but
t
in
happy
on
People
Carter
keep
thought
Lou
Powers
Preserves
and
Adults
rebus
DECK THE HALLS!
Christmas
at
lent
during
of houses with
with displays
formed
evergreens
sprang from customs
prevaIn ancient
Roman festivities.
Romans celebrated
times,
into
Saturnalia
their
of lights and
hardy
and
sprays.
wreaths
is
a
children
or syllables
of
Print
on
and
Shop
earn the
Christian
with
evergreen,
houses
their
oak,
At
followed
the
English
panes.
been concentrated
of
rebus
Street. See if you
of
the words
at the
puzzles
can
save this rebus
to determine
their
own
best
Governor' s Palace-
1774: Last year before
the war. The Governor and his family
are reunited. Baby Virginia is born in
this *
your
211 ..}.
iv
s
staff. Everard
entertains
visits
Wythe
1774:
House-
home
from
George
Philadelphia.
Wythe
The
is
Conti-
is in effect, but it has
1774:
House-
The
focus
for
the
Cl4bp0O
f+
cc,
C
nd.
°+
CD + .
help,
has
Association
Randolph
1774: Peyton
House-
is back
from
Philadelphia.
is a strain in the relationship
QD + 4 -
their usual work in preparing
The
war
the
s+.
named
-_- -
1
Regiments— Battle
activities
to
of
the
Great
1774: Business goes on as
usual though some activities must be
Seek
Anne' Ss
and
Raleigh Tavern-
c/,.
for '
an
Bridge. ( Kid' s Holiday Weekend site)
As
have
inside buildings.
offers
guests
related
Virginia
Virginia
on
for the
o
to
intdhengages
cussions
Get
there
between
holidays.
to
and
Randolph
While
John and Peyton there is no permanent
rift. The slaves in the household have
r
will dilylli an
window-
to
yet
on the site. ( Kid' s Holiday Weekend site)
4
in
The
have a direct effect on the businesses
mistletoe
to
the inter
from his daughter and other relations.
religion.
nd.
hard will
Thin +
of deco-
seemed
volunteer
Geddy
Qb
Q
Q
with greenery
descriptions
bay
1775: Maintain
House-
pretation that is most familiar to the
rental Association
no
greens,greens, like a generous cluster of
in
hangingg from the center o the c
gs of hollyor
The
decorations
examples
some
shops
illustrations of Christmas decorations
sp
sites
year for presentation during the holidays.
Herewith are those sites and years.
site remains on family, education, and
eighteenth- century Virginia. The few contemporary English prints show very simple'
small
invited
vet to place a strain on the household.
Kid' s Holiday Memories program site and
Kid' s Holiday Weekend site)
solve
rosemary,
custom
rating homes and churches
for the holidays. We have
or
This year the programming team ( PHD)
Everard
and games. A
one
laurel, ivy, and mistletoe.
With evergreens
all around them, colonial Virginians very
likely
find
can
for
I611
greenery
and
holly, bay,
You
enjoyed puzzles
or symbols
pictures
/'!
reward!
atd!
churches
decked
AREA
HOLIDAY SEASON
2005
Weekend site)
4
ae(
18th century
Duke of Gloucester
rated for Christmas. Certainly for many
years before the seventeenth century, the
English
uses
words.
pagan practice. However,
have long been deco-
this
in the
that
puzzle
period, early English ecclesiastical councils
prohibited members of the church from
imitating
THE HISTORIC
early December. The Murrays are at the
rdefte4
Peach
Almonds
decking
from
The Interpreter, Fall 1999
BEST OF THE 70s
height of their popularity. ( Kid' s Holiday
Orange Peels
The
any
his
a slave revolt.
Source: Emma
over,
all at work, I rid
slaves]
Sabine Hall that year.
have been quite
at
celebration
can'
DESSERT
Candied
was
Naturally, what a master could give, he
could also take away. On the last day of
to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole
Pudding
it
freedom.
enjoy their temporary
allowed three to five
were
and the People [
Gingerbread
individuals,
away. Some
running
the
George Washington noted
example,
and
said, drank so much that they could not
usually exempted
in colonial
at
holiday
December
with Pudding
at Christmas
a few other occasions to keep slaves from
holi-
Whitsuntide
are
that slave owners actually
drunkenness
himself for his wisdom in suppressing the
management
shows
Rabbit Stuffed
encouraged
the
during
negros,
and
Easter,
wherein
Lorena
COURSE
Chicken Pye
others explained
from labour."
tion
Sweet Potato
of
concourse
-
fit and enjoyment. Frederick Douglass and
yearly
for the
part of the rationale
the legislators called to mind
unlawful
Balls
SECOND
main
As
Christmas,
Onion Pie
at the three
numbers
move
and not offered strictly for the slaves' bene-
usually congregated
slaves
special meals
men. This was a very manipulative
great danger [ that] may happen to the
from the
inhabitants of this dominion,
Pickled
with
Boiled
that
mentions
expected
and entertained during the holidays.
TYaditionally, slave owners allowed their
workers to have alcohol during the Christmas break. Some masters actually made
gifts of rum and other spirits to their bonds-
simply not possible.
so on— were
We
ties,
DINNER
1
respite must have
information about how poor
and free people of color celebrated
is
There
masters,
A SAMPLE WINTER
A Christmas
t
t+
>
curtailed
due to the Association. (
Kid' s
Holiday Weekend site)
Becoming
is
a
TODAY
AMERICANS
publication
of the Department
of Interpretive
st+ '
"
k
4
Training
Editors:
Margot
c
the '
9
}+,_
selling
It
`8.
2
`
worth the
Nt
S
11v°
trip
t '
Bob Doares, Rose McAphee,
Nancy Milton, Lou Powers,
Linda
Kristin
Rowe, Phil Shultz,
Spivey, Rene Willett,
Kathleen
11
The
the
clerk
ri
editor
graphic production
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
are
All rights reserved. All images
property of
unless
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
otherwise
noted.
2005
was
married
1776:
Hannah
1776.
Though
in
her wedding took place in November
we have presented the program during
the holidays in the past. ( Kid' s Holiday
Weekend site) There will be general family activities in the morning as some of
the staff will be involved in the Kid' s
t
G
Production:
Freedman,
Powell
a
friendly
a+
Holiday Memories
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Dublin Core
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 8, Christmas, 2005
Creator
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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©2005
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An account of the resource
Christmas 1770s
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/76b1c4ab1adcddc6c53bee12e6472e1d.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=FefaS7SQJb97htW6ZRbC72rP8aZp09ceyNFSiZjR7pLlTog9rWkYyPBBQksac9s9Ve85FFT-Xqe8Dl1vUSWsQWAOU-VBJDAxXiJwmxkS04SpTkzPWTtq-9YMHBl8E5JqgSUgIlgiNTjJ0LzyEElFQhRweL2AzLVMJw3IfYgChpgVtjvEiFbMxwP85FmvzMZ5AJaKPfke37UPhZGyuSLOWXaU6v5XUDlC%7En8t7LwaxoJVhDGinKvS1FolDNG8Md%7Effh5BdvWR7PagGZ-026qAOJODnXucPCbjqPqqOiYWBlANeZFELVovNh7AX6R6fIh7pgFnG90qy7ZkrOfCFOmJag__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
765ef573d794168f6b3217ebabaea3dd
PDF Text
Text
1
Volume 4 No. 7
November
1, 2005
November 1774
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
4
a..,
—
k,'`
i..:
See page 2
E
r-...
44.
fitl
A
7-
01
O.
Autumn
or
AkiSIIS
0 DAY
A
1 FOR
COLONIAL
jr,
WILLIAMSBURG
See page 2
1774
a
nI
1 I `
Virginia
Convention
Williamsburg. Newly
former
of
members
Burgesses
elected
and
of
House
the
II
and
slaves
and
1774,
the
i • ; T,•
tlm
First
I CIOj
1`
association called for " an end of the
importation of tea and other East India
goods
and
spices."
Con-
gress, which convened in Philadelphia
i
on September 5, 1774. The congress
strengthened
the Virginia resolution
11
f
Ili
Congress
saltpeter
decisions of the first Continental
of all
August
after
except
These ideas heavily influenced the final
5- October 26, 1774
Continental
Wk.
e' •,-
toy
um
10, 1775.
September
f
i
w
May 27, 1774, by the 89 members of
the dissolved House of Burgesses; the
r, ` ,
7;'.
November
after
exportation
r
m
goods to Great Britain
i` ' , '
i
by drafting an association forbidding the importation of British
1,
1,, /'
S
Intolerable
the
protest
in
meets
Acts
goods
protest against Britain's actions. The
Virginia delegation carried with it the
outline of the association adopted on
3=
August 1- 6, 1774
First
During the first Continental Congress,
the colonies acted together in powerful
S l In e
J` J
meets
by adding saltpeter and medicines to
the list, thereby stopping the imporration of all British goods, including
7
in Philadelphia.
slaves, by December 1, 1774.
Peyton Randolph is elected president.
Delegates
from
Lee,
Henry
Patrick
Virginia:
George
Washington,
Richard
Henry,
Harrison,
Benjamin
Richard
Bland,
Edmund
and
Pendleton.
1774
October
erected
Pole
in
Williamsburg.
October
Court
for
cancelled
the
10, 1774
Col.
Andrew
Augusta
the
Shawnee
In-
Chief
under
Cornstalk
in
of Point Pleasant
Battle
mouth
of
Lewis
defeats
County
dians
of the Great
at the
Kanawha.
Chief
of Camp
Charlotte
War.
mores
Terms
Lord Dunmore
in
claims
accedes
ending Dunnegotiated by
Virginia' s
recognize
the
Neat Y
to
Upper
Ohio
do
arrive in
not
Dunmore'
s
Williamsburg,
because
convene
of
absence.
town
Tea
into
chests
York
the
in
Some
their
be published;
Williamsburg
tinental
Day
a
Proceedings
whole
of the Publick,
entered
into
by
that
august
Association
in
Memorial
nies,
to
Inhabitants
the
laid before
are
We his majesty'
of the Colo
our
Allegiances to his
afflicted
and most
with the deepest
alarming
from
River
by
John
John
the
Prentis' s
and
and
delegates
at the
We will, in our several stations, encour
age frugality, economy, and industry,
and
and promote agriculture, arts, and the
therein,
dis
manufactures
of this
it
to
which
his
civil
Hostility
Principles,
against
Colonies, whenever
the
free
a wicked
qualified to vote for the representatives
in the legislature, whose business it shall
of His Majestys Subjects
we
are
of the
and Non-
Con-
be to attentively to observe the conduct
Opinion
of allpersons touching the association.
exportation
Agreement,
faithfully
[
Journal of the Continental Congress, Vol. 1]
adhered to will prove the most speedy, effectual, and peaceable Measure.
Signed PEYTON RANDOLPH,
Williamsburg' s
President
Virginia Gazette, November
3, 1774
Purdie)]
Meetingof Merchants
ovembMSBURG,
November 10
ilh
I -
Milk
4__ • -
1
This
the
chants
at
present
in this City, supI
t%
_ ' ';
posed to be between
i
4
and
commit-
w
f
A
,,
r=
c
H`
able
waited
Honour-
PEYTON
RAN-
DOLPH, Esq., and the rest of the Delegates
f'
+
500,
the
upon
of safety.
of this Colony assembled at the Capital, and
VIRGINIA
fil
4011
TODAY
1
SNAPSHOT
i
"'
1
f
j,
f
y1:,
r
y
y
t,
our Conduct has received the Approba-
tion of your respectable Body, and you
may be assured we shall on all Occasions
endeavour to move on the firm Principles
of Justice and the Constitution. The
1
Y4y =•. 1
i
been
Tea
or
Ireland
Inhabitants
informed
manded
by
Half
Slaves
of
that
Howard
York
the
after
having
Virginia,
Esten, had
on
corn-
Board
of Tea, shipped byJohn
PP
Norton, Esq; and Sons, Merchants in London, by Order of Mess[ res].
Prentis and
two
Chests
Company,
Imported
P
Advantage this Country will receive from
your union with them, and they consider
TEA DUMPED AT YOTOWN
The
East India
To which they
9
delegates are verysensible ofthe great
What will YOU do without?
of Great
ADDRESS. . . .
It gives us great Satisfaction to find that
">
i'
and Wares
an
Gentlemen
,
NO IMPORTATION!
Goods
presented
received the following ANSWER:
q
The Continental
Association Takes Effect
December 1, 1774
Britain
afternoon
whole Body of Mer-
ii_
i
25, 1774
James James CityCountyelects
tee
and discourage
K
That a committee be chosen in every
that a Non- importation, Non- consumption,
itol.
November
and
country . . .
we will discountenance
i
s
Cap-
*
other
congressional
wholly discontinue the slave trade.
establishingan
1763, evidently calculated for enslaving
present
Randolph
any slave imported after the 1st day of
sapation, especially like horse racing, all
kinds of gaming, cockfighting—
with
and Property
in North America:
Colony Administration, adopted
by the British Ministry about the Year
Con-
Peyton
We will neither import nor purchase
every species of extravagance and dis-
of
ernes,
System of
M0
ercha
December next; after which time we will
which threaten Destruction to the Lives, Lib
at those
anent, that the present unhappy Situation
our
Affairs is occasioned by a ruinous
wilt
or
oure
county, city, and town by those who are
obtain Redress
else
whole
*
Ministry shall choose to direct them.
of
gather
the
sign
of the
the State
the
western
wares,
and
Protestant
Anxiety
Apprehensions
the
on
goods,
Prejudices, to dispose the Inhabit-
to act
ants
avowing
Affection and Regard for
Government
influence
the
ancient
dutiful and loyal
our
Fellow Subjects in Great Britain and
where,
by
most
border
to
as
any
day, import any east India tea from any
couraging the settlement of British Subjects in that wide- extended Country, thus,
them. . . .
s
so
arbitrary
Address to the People of Great Britain, and
Deliberation
merchants
to
Quebec,
Frontier of these Colonies,
import
part of the world.
Bay, and
also an Act for extending the Province of
will
Body
in
lha1
and illegal Trial beyond
a new
not
as shall have been exported from Great
Britain or Ireland. Nor will we, after that
of Boston and the Massachusetts
Behalf of all North America, with their
the
Subjects,
American
De-
1sto daym ofrin
will
any such goods, wares, or merchandise
have been
in America,
several late, cruel, and oppressive
Acts, have been passed respecting the Tbwn
Associa-
the
Revenge
the
after
we
h
e,
disc whatsoever, or from any other place,
Seas . . .
two, soon
or
half-
Williamsburg.
400- 500
directing
was
two
of London,
to
this
and in the Meanwhile, for
satisfaction
9, 1774
November
in
headed
was
from
York-
Shipped
and Sons
Norton
delegates
the
a
and
next,
S OCIATION
British America from Great Britain or
Ireland
by Jury, exposing their Lives to Danger, by
Majesty' s American subjects are oppressed,
and having taken under our most serious
throw
deck of Virginia.
of
Esq.;
r
Sys
many Instances, of the constitutional '
of
Irate
Party."
citizens
BLAND
Gentlemen left Philadelphia
Grievances and Distresses with
7, 1774
Yorktown "
RICHARD
of which
Acts of Parliament
various
passed for raising
for depriving
the
Chairman
HARRISON,
break up in
to
which
after
Majesty,
1774
Burgesses
store
expected
River
Valle .
Y
Colonel
Esq.;
tern,
Honour-
the
24th of October, and the Congress
the
Subjects...
November
but
with
Berkeley, two
Colony. These
Lion
Cornstalk
Congress,
BENJAMIN
the
October 19, 1774
tea
thereof,
and
October
General
Empire: In the Prosecution
arrived in Town,
Sunday Morning
the
ThatThat from
A
ADOPTS
CONTINENTAL
Colonies, and with them the British
these
PEYTON RANDOLPH
able
fall.
the
Last
from
10, 1774
General
November 3
Williamsburg,
Liberty
CONGRESS
THE REVOLUTION
C OME S FlOME !
Merchants in
sembled
at
went
Board the
on
waited
of the
some
10
o'
Clock
Williamsburg,
this Morning,
as-
and
had taken this Matter under Consideration.
A Messenger
inquire for
a
was
the
sent
Letter from the
returningwithout
hoisted
then
one,
on
Shore to
Meeting;
but
theythem
immediately
Tea out of the Hold and threw
it into the River, and then returned
Shore without
doing Damage
or any other Part of her Cargo.
to the
to the
Ship
theyRevolutionaryVirginia: The Road to Ind en
9
Time for the Determination
dense, Vol. II: The Communities and the Second
Meeting
same
Ship,
P
where
of several Members
House of Burgesses
in
Williamsburg,
of the
who
it
Convention, 1773- 1775( Charlottesville:
Uni-
versity Press of Virginia,
164.
1975),
as
very
ga
ng
Interest,
meritorious
that
you, disre-
the influence ofyour commercial
with
generously concurredwth
in the the g
great
for Liberty.
Strugglely
Such Unanimity, we trust, will convince
an inimical Administration of the Im-
prudence of their Measures, and produce
Effects so salutary as to make us reflect
with Pleasure on the Part we have taken
i
in
the Support of American Freedom.
Virginia Gazette, November 10, 1774
Purdie&
Dixon)]
�2
Summer and Autumn 1781
MONEY
FORUM
t
tI:
It N . .
4 \.
I,
- . \; ,
Ii
L.
I •,
SHIPPING
I
The majority of items exported are tobacco, grains( corn and wheat), and lumber
and shingles)
staves
g1 ) in the colonial coastal
and
trade
bean,
Virginia' s
trade. The
are
more
and
the
coastal
ners
that
Yr
I
that
are
a
t_
i _ ,
t ?
I'
T \\
schoo
worn
Ot
I R
I
1.
T
c
``
it°.„'
U
I
ginia tobacco
October: Wheat from Virginia is exported
k
t
s'
gos exported
R, " -`
southern
royal
mittees of safety of inspection, of merchants,
T
l'
to
Whatever
mittees of different sizes and names-- com-
to
4
tempers.
called for new political organizations. Com-
r
'
I
s.;,,,,
car-
their
meetings that sometimes attracted thousands
of aroused colonists endorsed resolutions and
I
t
r',
for grain
Europe
market
out
governments from the bottom up. Mass
West Indies
October—
June: Prime
principles, but repeated ex-
fury, attempted to put together new popular
yam
c / ,`
October: Convoyof
imported
P
goods arrives in Virginia from Britain
and later returns to Britain with Vir
1•,\`
71
I . ' ' /+
I
September—
p
the
`
provoked
Many local communities, with a freedom
they had not had since the seventeenth cen-
I
M
1774
authority was left in the colonies dissolved.
o;,
K,"".`
of
pressions of English arrogance had finally
4
,-
A
usually carry less than 100 tons.
VIRGINIA' S TRADE
CALENDAR
the Americans'
T1CI
p
ti_
tiw,'. ,
Acts
abuses of the English government aroused
r
Y _ '
j
carry
for
_
Coercive
open rebellion in America. Not only had the
y
1
rfl
carriers
and Caribbean trade
The
p"
Wine Islands
and brigs
generallyships
P
g
than
150 tons, whereas
INDEPENDENCE
4%. ,
for the transatlantic trade
carriers
APPROACH TO
l l i.
r
Carib-
transatlantic,
Mediterranean,
t
r
7
y
G:: 1. i ,,
z;
n
n,
t
of mechanics— competed with one another
I
for political control. In the various colonies
royal government was displayed in a variety
-,
tt
tr t.
p
Y'
of ways, depending
t
r
t
on how extensive and
personal previous royal authority had been.
Number of Ships entering the Lower Chesa-
In Massachusetts,
where the crown' s author-
r
40
vember
Number
sty
Ships cleared
of
from
ity had reached into the villages and towns
through the royally appointed justices of the
wtc
Q
v•
Lower
the
peace, the displacement was greater than in
Virginia, where royal influence had scarcely
Chesapeake: September, 20; October, 40;
P
November, 28
ntouched the control of the counties by the
TRANSPORTED
1765-
of the members of
biographies
following
Virginia' s delegation
to the
first Continental
180 Slaves [ 71 from Africa]
Congress,
1766:
445 Slaves [ 425 from Africa]
to
1767:
155 Slaves [ 87 not identified]
1768:
311 Slaves [ 207 from Africa,
through 1774. It is interesting to
of the delegation were
members
90 not identified]
held in Philadelphia September 5
October 26, 1774, describe
Virginia' s gentry and
their
note
lives up
that all
of
members
slaveholders.
1769:
363 Slaves [ 324 from Africa]
1770:
740 Slaves [ 691 from Africa]
RICHARD BLAND ( 1710- 1776)
Place of Birth: Williamsburg
Education: College of William and
1771:
738 Slaves [ 0 from Africa]
1, 761 Slaves [ 1, 560 from Africa]
1773:
57 Slaves [ 52 not identified]
Qualified for
1774:
36 Slaves [ 0 from Africa]
Recognized
1775:
13 Slaves [ 0 from Africa]
AND THE
bar in 1746
the
as
Mary
an
authority
ber of factors
propose
sure,
which
led colonial
the
abolishing
about
concerns
widespread
belief
liberty
constitu-
num-
to
lb be
and
institution
the
in
was
collapse
corn-
emerging ideals
offered to chattel
that
challenge
rights
slavery to raise serious doubts about its future.
Yet, as W. E. B. Du Bois argued in 1896, the
most
immediate
ning
further
issue
of
imports
business- minded British
the
bargaining
ment
not
was
iniquitous
once
government
Du Bois
traffic;"
against
an
although
wrote, "
it undoubtedly had a strong
it was primarily a temporary
The leaders of the Virginia
to
The move-
again. "
great moral protest
a
force
might
slaves
the
table
fact that ban-
the
was
moral
were
resistance
particularly prominent in pushing the end to
the slave trade, resolving in August of 1774
We will
that "
neither
slave
purchase any
were
Continental
against
sures
1774,
first
responded
a
body' s
Richard
Continental
declaration
mea-
Henry
on
October 12
Day
of December next;
after
will wholly discontinue the
Slave llade, and will neither be concerned
which Tune,
in it
nor
we
ourselves,
sell
those
our
who
nor
are
the
agreement,
appears
the
citizens
we
rest
of the
beginning.
or
of the
to
hire
our
Vessels,
Manufactures to
in it." This dause,
concerned
along with
the
will
Commodities
non-
importation
have been upheld
new
nation,
In Norfolk,
for
at
by
least in
example,
the
committee
publicly censured a mernamed John Brown who had imported
Po
vigilance
chant
slaves from Jamaica on several occasions.
Enslaving
Married
Elizabeth
inson, Caroline County Court, age 14
Clerk of Vestry to St. Mary' s Parish, age 16
Virginia Resource Book)
to
law
practice
Sarah Pollard
Married
Lawyer,
planter,
and
slave-
holder
of
the
peace,
Prince
George
Continental
first
Congress,
first Continental Congress, which convened
in Philadelphia
Planter and
Public Service: Burgess,
first
' \‘'
Burgess,
COMES
the
to
Continental
first
Congress,
COLONIAL
the
County
Common School till
age
1721- 1775)
NOVEMBER
Sarah Shelton, 6 chil-
1733
Elizabeth
Harrison
and
slave-
Burgess,
Vestry, Louisa County, 1766
1765- 1776
Delegate
to
age
Service:
first
Continental
1774
General:
Judge
Congress,
President,
admiralty courts, 1750s
Virginia
Committee of Cor-
first Continental
Place of Birth: Westmoreland
Education:'
Tluors
County
and Wakefield Academy,
Yorkshire, England
Family: Married
died
Planter
f' S
Hear the enslaved
residents
of
and fears for future relations with Great
Britain
as The Revolution
Comes Home to
older
Martha
Editors:
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
Custis, 2
step-
Anne Willis
Contributors:
Bob Doares,
Kevin Kelly,
Rose McAphee, Nancy Milton,
t
Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz,
Production:
Colonel
Beth Lawrence
Court,
of
Virginiailiki
forces 1755, 13ur
Burgess
to
Continental
greys,
and
Justice of Fairfax
County
slaveholder
Public Service:
age
Boston.
Public Service:
Pinckard
Delegate
Married
Surveyor, planter,
and slaveholder
Married Mrs. Anne
and
father
children
1768)
Occupation:
by
Occupation:
Anne Aylett
to gather provisions
and money for the relief of the people of
Becoming AMERICANS TODAY
is a publication of the Department
of Interpretive Training
half- brother
Family:
town as they attempt
Westmoreland
Taught
Education:
the Liberty Pole. Speak with ladies of the
Congress,
1774
Place of Birth:
this
Colonial Williamsburg' s Historic Area.
1773
GEORGE WASHINGTON ( 1732- 1799)
1794)
in
with local politicians about their hopes
38
RICHARD HENRY LEE ( 1732-
town' s residents
upheaval might mean for their lives. Talk
1748- 1766
vice
respondence,
of the
time of revolutionary tension and conflict. Witness the raising and dressing of
Williamsburg interpret what this political
1748- 1775
of
Chairman,
holder
Public
Justice of York County
Board of Visitors, College of William and
Attorney
events and represent the reactions and
opinions
Called to the bar, 1743
Burgess,
planter,
1- 6, 2005
ers will bring back to life many of these
ca.
and
Burgess, 1748- 1774
bar in 1760
Lawyer,
WILLIAMSBURG
During the week of November 1- 6,
2005, Colonial Williamsburg interpret-
Mary, 1752-
father
dren
Occupations:
HOME!
HISTORIC AREA,
Lawyer, planter, and slaveholder
Public Service: Vestry, Bruton Parish
PATRICK HENRY [ 1736 to 1799]
1754: Married
A
NOVEMBER 3- 10, 1774
Occupation;
Qualified for
Revolution:
Mary,
Family: Married
by
The American
THE REVOLUTION
1739- 1742
1749- 1776
48
10, then tutored
1774.
History( New York: Modern Library), 47- 48
County,
S. Wood,
Middle Temple, Inns of Court, London,
slaveholder
Continental
Place of Birth: Hanover
in September
Gordon
Place of Birth: Williamsburg
Education: College of William
Education: English
licenses,
1745
PEYTON RANDOLPH(
to
issued
to a general congress of the colonies— the
Place of Birth: Berkeley, Charles City County
Education: College of William and Mary
Family: Married Elizabeth Bassett, 7 children
Delegate
taxes,
and the newly created provincial congresses
BENJAMIN HARRISON( 1726?- 1791)
Occupation:
levied
governors stood by in helpless amazement
as new informal governments gradually
grew around them. These new governments
ranged from town and county committees
Congress, age 53
64
Family:
debtors,
and supervised or dosed the courts. Royal
for Essex
Delegate
Burgess, 1742- 1774
to
and
Deputy Attorney
1752- 1774
Delegate
Committees manipulated voters, directed
appointments, organized the militia, managed trade, intervened between creditors
1752- 1774
County
age
Virginia
in
regulating various aspects of American life.
Caroline
slaveholder
Public Service: Vestryman
age
Courts Martial,
By the end of 1774, in many of the colonies local associations were controlling and
Justice of
Blair( died 1775)
Planter and
Occupation:
Justice
Benjamin Rob-
Clerk of Caroline County
age 19
for new men to
County,
Martha Macon ( died 1759)
non-
Congress
this
nor
First
within
provision: " We will neipurchase any Slave imported
induded
the
the
well
as
in favor of
resolution
and
with
import,
after
a
delegate
or
In September
trade.
slave
Virginia
proposed
which
Congress of that
the
importation,
ther
any
of November
place." It was the Virginians
the instigators and leaders
other
Lee
by
either
who
of
imported
slaves
the
after
next,
the
or
nor
person,
day
from Africa, the West Indies,
other
any
import,
ourselves
ere there
auuthoriythat
transfer
General
children
backing,
measure."
war
to
Public Service:
Pothyress ( died
Anne
Married
1758), 12
leaders
revolts
economic
and natural
a
trade.
slave
slave
that the
imminent danger of
bined with the
were
County
Education: Apprenticed
Occupation:
on
Married
1775, there
Place of Birth: Caroline
County Courts in 1741
Married Elizabeth Roy( died 1742)
Family:
tional law
Family:
ASSOCIATION OF 1774
In 1774 and
fundamental
assert themselves.
1721- 1803)
EDMUND PENDLETON(
Licensed
1772:
SLAVERY
a
opened new opportunities
The
1765:
of
was
TO
1775
VIRGINIA
landowners.
powerful
OF VIRGINIA DELEGATION
BIOGRAPHIES
OF SLAVES
NUMBER
42
first4tIV
Con-
gess 1758- 1774
rs
and
Mary Ann Williamson, copy editors
Diana Freedman,
graphic production
0 2005 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All rights reserved. All images are property of
The Colonial Williamsburg
otherwise noted.
Foundation,
unless
1
�
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 7, November 1, 2005
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An account of the resource
November, 1774
-
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076253435618f0313d94cdbd70c9971b
PDF Text
Text
Volume 4, No. 6 Autumn
Autumn 1775
2005
THE INTERPRETER'
Dunmore'
fr=3,
Jr-
s
Proclamation
A
I
i
NO.
MARCH 25TO
Newsline
23:
Second
i',
Convention
Parllament
See Page 2
lE;!! II,!; ll':::
r
=_==_
WILLIAMSBURG
British forces.
by
2005
1775
in
Colonies
U. S. in
Armed
Armed
with
B
a
Conflict
its
a
accepts
Iraq
Indian Threat
Horrendous
let e
t'
Boston,
near
of the
Threatening
Hurricane
I
Hurricane
*
J
Season
IP
s
.,
111 • . •
war.
d
10
tellr
Apri119: Battle of Lexington and Concord
in Massachusetts
Threat of
Terrorism
4
committee
try in every county.
first bloodshed
in
to the West
of a
calling for the organization
volunteer
company of cavalry or infan-
the
i
Afghanistan
report
ensues
(
G _,
y,
Patrick Henry delivers his famous" Give
death" speech.
me liberty or give me
The
and
,
St. John' s Church, Richmond,
at
avoid interference
to
f
TIMES FOR COLONISTS
Convention
Virginia
1 FOR COLONIAL
King
REVOLUTIONARY
30, 1775
NOVEMBER
meets
CANS
ODM
a
'.
See Page 3
March
t
A
k
S NEWSPAPER
z
,
x
April 21:
Dunmore's
under
Acting
orders,
sailors led by Lieutenant Henry Collins
of H.M. S. Magdalen
Landing
liamsburg,
Burwell' s
at
anchor
James River
the
on
in the capital
powder from the Magazine
I
r'
of
hall- barrels
15
then take
V4
1 j
Wil-
near
ulation
to
Randol
y
Market
John Dixon persuade the crowd
to send a delegation to the Governor's
in the evening,
1
peacefully rather
Another mob gathers
returning. The next
the
marines
the
day
and Concord
Battles of Lexington
followed
three horsemen depart
In
Williamsburg.
to
from Hugh Mercer,
to
response
Fredericksburg
volunteer
about
rendezvous
April
600
29, intending
capital.
have
George Washington
the
commander
forces and
horsemen
Richard
Henry
the
to
men
diately,
Pendleton, and
send
Lee—
remain
the
appeals
iII
to
with 20, 000
rebellion
the
Continental
Second
10:
in Philadelphia.
convenes
dolph
Congress
27,
Peyton Ran-
to
of Lord North'
of February
not
to tax
to
agree
the
if they would
in accordance
colonists
themselves
tax
American
difficult
young men break into
late Satthe Magazine in Williamsburg
the
Several
early Sunday and
blast triggered
shotgun
urday
are
or
greeted
by a spring.
are slightly wounded. An outraged
public condemns Dunmore as a wouldby
a
increase
mercenaries,
continent
"
choices
Crown
or
about
to
the
are
those
they
consider
make
allegiance
loosely
governments
Committees of safety often
secute
forced to
their
to
structured
in the 13
shadow"
forces,
colonies.
harass and perdisloyal to the
farms and in
in the field
and
assassin,
Monday
The
Magazine.
the
storms
on
mob
a
as
highly
dysentery,
and
the
marines
Wrlliamsburg'
s
are
coming
volunteer
again,
company
is
on
page 5
VIRGINIA
TODAY
and
apple
REVOLUTIONARY
peach
crops,
devastated
drought
fields.
tobacco
1775, the
Article
Now
of
supplies
could
colonists,
whatever,
not "
Tobacco,
export
salt
to
directly
or
any
Britain."
Great
of rain
shake
Continued
or
How
on
as
1775
Word
has
been
of
our
most
Speaker, the Honorable Peyton
Designed
by
open
large in
size,
for
nature
and
command[ ed]
about,
Phila-
beloved
of
respect
his last debt to Nature
in
an
when"
Congress
Continental
Nathanael
Rhode
Thomas
Greene: General
Island
Regiment
Jefferson
39 Years
of the
33 Years
Half
and all,
a
vast
damage."
Carter also
and as he was universally esfor his great Virtues and shining
Abilities, the Congress have determined to
his Memory and Remains all possible
Mr RanDemonstrations of Respect. . . .
dolph was as firm, stable and consistent a
shew
32 Years
Continued
on
page 6
down
everywhere.
In
and cattle."
Fodder to Pieces."
Much mischief was done by the hurricane in this colony, but the Maryland
Gazette reported that, as the storm barreled
very deservedly One of the first American Characters,
of the united
as he was
the first President
teemed
all the fences
brocke doun a deall of Corn fT Tore all the
Apoplectic
Colonies,
John Hancock: President of the
everything
in the Country. It has tore many trees &
As this Gentleman Sustained
40 Years
makes
foundations. . . .
wind S rain I have seen since I have been
he
in Chief of the Continental
43 Years
it, and
nel William Daingerfield of Fredericksburg,
wrote in his journal on September 2 that
he " returd. Home by Sundown; At which
time came on one of the hardest gales of
deportment,
of proportion,
and esteem
by
not out
at Table . . .
Northwest
John Harrower, Scottish tutor for Colo-
1774) On October 23, in this year
Lord 1775," our first venerable presi-
seized
before
almost to their
houses People
an
his very aspect, independent of the high
Silas Deane to Mrs.
character he sustains." (
paid
to
short— one general destruction except my
Randolph.
business,
majestic
though
sometimes
flat, tobacco leaves all broke off and drove
from
received
of the death
delphia
and
discovered his " fodder all gone, corn quite
George Washington: Commander
John Adams
that
me my Mill dam again, to rebuild waist-
Fit." " He died in the Evening, without ever
recovering his senses after the first Stroke.
Army
on
began to abate about 2 in the night. It cost
page 2
HIS LAST DEBT TO NATURE
was
recorded
the weather side of my house in a float. I
am obliged to get up. If the window sand
bags or some such thing had been thought
of before night this leaking might in a great
measure been prevented. The violent Gust
gates
dent"
Neck
past 9, a dreadful time, Gust harder and all
other
is daunting
farms and large plantations
our
Northern
with prodigious flows that drive vast sheets
planters going to market their
The impact on both small
tobacco crops?
of
LEADERS:
the
Northeast
wheat
Virginia
Deane,
SNAPSHOT
YOUTHFUL
on
and I wish I could say there were any signs
of its abating. The Wind is from North to
indirectly,
he
and on the
Colonel Landon Carter of Sabine Hall
fever.
and gunpowder are in short supply. Under
1,
the Association of 1774, by September
are
at Norfolk
in
goods into the colonies
after
late frosts in spring
summer
affable,
mobilized.
Continued
typhoid
1774
destroyed
a
or
hard aground
Hampton Roads shoals.
Saturday, " About half after 3 the much
suspected Gust began; it has now struck 6,
manufactured
1774
driven
economy is in turmoil. The Assoof 1774 halted imports of English
The
and
hands of this storm. Near to 25 ships were
resulting in illinfectious diseases such
from
typhus,
slammed
and corn were flattened.• Ibbacco stored in
some warehouses fared little better at the
undisciplined,
troops
storm
bridges swept away. Entire fields of tobacco
governor
recriminations
and Assembly exchange
over the incident. When it is rumored
that
much
shops
often
Tivo
be
Continen-
incomplete and
families
the
struction in its wake. Trees were uprooted
and shingles ripped from rooftops and
hurled about the landscape as if shot from
a cannon. Chimneys were toppled and
sons
lack the equipCondiment or ammunition they need.
unclean
and
are often
tions in the camps
debate,
greatly. War on the
is now inevitable.
and
families
fathers, and
In four hours
into the Northern Neck, leaving untold de-
Anxiety and hardship follow.
Troops
nesses
land
and
sea
Loyalists and patriots
with quotas sent from London.
June 3- 4:
to
forget.
in Virginia.
unwillinglyjoin the
on
morning on September 2. It was a Saturday that many Virginians would not soon
and
of the House of Bur-
changes
leaving
December
induding
Edmund
son
Randolph,
labor force
reduced.
to
October
rebellious"
inevitably
willinglyor
subjects
war. ..
III plans
conciliatory prowhich promised
s
27,
his "
War
the
heated
The first hurricane force winds began
lashing the seaport town of Norfolk mid-
Randolph,
communities. Husbands,
in
on
former
his brother, Speaker
the
Williamsburg
of the colony, chooses to
home" to England with his family,
gesses Peyton
colonies
Later,
some
return "
leaving
HENRY??
NO, A HURRICANE!
general
ciation
bellious
session
news
posal
after
communities
attorney
In
apart.
September 15, John
on
is manifestly carried on for
the purpose of establishing an independent
empire."
To defeat the colonists, George
of the General Assembly
since
May 1774 meets in Williamsburg.
Dunmore had summoned it in response
First
June 1:
Parliament,
by
23, George
his
asked
and
strongly supports the king, who declares in
his address in the upper house that the" re-
is elected president.
again
and
follow
to
regulars
colonists.
2, 000
imme-
Boston
American
the
proclaimed
suppress
May
to
cabinet
that
spring of 1776. On August
open
quiet.
ordered
be sent
26
July
a
at
PATRICK
colonists' cause. These choices tear families
tal forces,
his army.
building
London
reinforcements
delegates— George
Edmund
Washington,
in
meeting
named
had been
in chief of the Continental
now
was
Decisions reached
Williamsburg,
plea from Peyton Randolph
violence.
three
In addition,
congressional
other
running
meeting of
Congress on June
Continental
second
15,
were
At the
supplies.
the
on
and
Boston
s
remained
British
The
the
a
avoid
in
siege
of food and
conflict at Bunker'
bloody
17.
on
there
the
the
out
company,
march
to
By morning,
from
returned
bringing
to
men
June
on
under
call
a
of the
commander
by
Hill
in Fredericksburg;
on a hectic ride
arrives
an
only for Virginians
Armed conflict had already broken out at
Lexington
and Concord on April 19, 1775,
arm
the
unsettling time not
but for all colonists.
Autumn 1775 is
threatens
April28: News of
THE PRODIGIOUS
WIND OF 1775:
enraged governor publicly
the slaves, but peace prevails.
to
Ow`
e.
it is rumored that
when
are
`
k
than
violence.
svot;
Tom
y
10ififr
and
Carter Nicholas,
t
i
Mayor
turn to
A.
Square, but Peyton
h, Robert
Palace to protest
p
A
during the early morning hours. Drums
beating the alarm bring most of the pop-
'
north through Annapolis," a great quantity
of the copper
on the state- house
was torn
up, and the market- house blown down;
[
also]
the damage sustained in different
parts of the province, we are told, is very
considerable."
The worst, however,
was yet to come.
By September 11 the storm had taken
dead aim at the province of Newfoundland.
Continued
on
page 6
�Autumn 2005
BRITAIN' S DETERMINATION:
KING GEORGE and PARLIAMENT
dicial
powers, which they already
in the most arbitrary manner. . . .
NEWS
exercise
NE
And
although many of these unhappy people,
t
VS
still retain their loyalty . . .
the torrent of violence has been strong enough to
may
compel their acquiescence
force
0
shall
till a sufficient
Wil-
to support them." [
appear
liam Cobbett, The Parliamentary
History of
England from the Earliest Period to the Year
1803, London:
FOR WAR
STRATEGY
mid September
By
had
more
developed
Lord
1775,
v
secure
strategy
Virginia for the Crown. The plan called for
two armies— one from the west, one from
Hampton Roads— to
and
rebels
Fortg
the
British
and
Bay
Potomac
force would then
Members of the House of Commons
- -
retire
i
1'
e}'
,,,
t `:
J
f'
1
i.
I
Henry
his
Loyal
would
Regiment
Native
by
and detachments
American
allies
from British regiments in
Canada. Dunmore commanded
larger
the
army, which began assembling in late June
1775. The governor obtained
140 men
from the 14th Regiment. Later he created
Queen' s Own Loyal
the
Jacob
250
Ellegood,
Byrd (
which
under
contained
almost
Dun-
1775.
created the Royal Ethiopian with
also
himself
Virginians
mid- November
by
men
more
colonel and eventually
of William
Byrd III)
as
son
King' s procession departed St. James
Thomas
as
major
o'clock
[ October 26, 1775],
at walking speed.
Horse Grenadiers with
ing
in the lead to
60,
000
the
clear
followed
clattering
the Guard in red and
of footmen,
unit
a
eight
magnificent
cream-
horses ( Hanoverian Creams),
spoked
heavy
loomed
missioned " little"
Allegorical
roads
prepare
requisition
other
Parker
Jimmy
mas-
as "
chief military engineer— to
and fortifications.
He would
works"—
those
or
slaves
from
troops
as
vice
four
a
of sufficient
were
crowned
the
on
seaboard
and
his
Dunmore (
Eilbeck).
ex-
of about
town"
requisitioned
12
flagship,
A
16
ton
floating
civilian "
vessels,
ves-
406
the
armed,
some
anchored, and ready, supported Dunmore' s
efforts.
Submitted
Continued
from. . .
Report
Local
claimed
reports
Pete Wrike]
by
that
from
page 1
tremendous
a
tidal wave carried boats up against the cliff
and
even
some
300
than
up into the woods. More
in Northern Bay.
perished
men
And according to Robert Duff, the colonial
governor, " a considerable number of boats
with
their
Several
have
crews
been
wreaked
vessels
lost.
totally
the
on
Ocean levels rose to heights " scarcely ever
John]
December
Boyle' s Journal
1775 " that
recorded
violent
a
Mother
tember
NatureNaturea
spent
in
of
storm
her
fury
Phil Shultz and Nancy
Milton]
Continued
Times
Revolutionary
incomes
by
from
page 1
greatly reduced in these difficult times. And on September 2, 1775, a
are
horrific hurricane
fury, destroying
Closer
to
hits Virginia with its full
homes
home,
themselves
concern
and
and
Virginia'
Lord
over
s
patriots
Dunmore' s
His
Hampton
of Great Bridge and
open
well
as
raids
on
Battles
the
Kemp' s Landing bring
armed conflict to Virginia.
Dunmore'
slaves
s
repeated
and indentured
weigh
masters
wealth
and
session
and
of
as
slave
critical
vember
servants
on
times
and
to
free
of all rebel
Virginians,
rebellion
whose
upon
slaves.
during
posFears
these
heighten
1775,
anxiety. On NoLord Dunmore issues a
proclamation formally offering freedom to
of all " rebel masters,"
slaves
striking again
at the
heart of free Virginians'
dependence
and security.
Submitted
by
lord has
noble
continent." [
Wil-
sense
of in-
Anne Willis]
Benjamin
Harrison,
Thomas
Nelson
Jr.,
and Mr. Speaker Peyton Randolph, lately
lost to us. At the beginning of our present session " there never appeared
a more
perfect unanimity among any set of men,"
but it has not been long since that it has
become clear that our councils are " heav-
T.C. Hansard,
concluding
king by
1813, 696.]
rhetoric
each
on
vote
side,
supports
strongly
of 278 to 108.
the
a vote
By the early
morning of October 27 about three- quarters of the members
of Parliament support
in his
king
the
proposed
actions
against the
ily clogged with . . . shamefully interested
proprietary people," who have now seen fit
to brand Mr. John Adams, his cousin Sam,
and myself, along with our allies Thomas
Jefferson
Adams
and George
while referring to themmoderate Men." I shall leave
selves as the"
colonists.
Source: David McCullough, 1776 ( New
York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 3- 19
Submitted by Anne Willis]
Wythe, as " The Lee-
Junta,"
it to you, dear
reader,
to
discern
truth.
the
Our early debates were twofold: the
status of trade and foreign alliance and the
assumption
of governmental
confederation
of the
several
powers and
colonies.
On
his
to divide these United Colonies by prohibit-
the
on
place
in
throne
ing all of them except Delaware, Georgia,
North Carolina, and New York from trading
with any nation except Great Britain, Ire-
of Lords with the
the House
peers of the realm dressed .
in their crimson
and
robes,
of
members
House
the
--
land, and British West Indies, I did offer a
motion on the 12th of October that Custom
of
Commons
rear
standing at the
of the hall. He argues
that
the
raised
Houses in all these Colonies be shut up and
the officers
Americans " have
and
troops,
lecting
a
be turned
col-
are
naval
force
the public
revenue,
and assumed to themselves
legislative,
brief
of
existence
Norfolk'
s
first
to
news-
paper, the Virginia Gazette, or Norfolk Intelligencer, came to an end in early fall 1775.
S. Duncan
William
in
weekly
June
Holt,
Hunter
first published
4
1774.
ardent
an
printer John Holt
April
In
patriot and
for British
waters,
making his base of operations there
of the large tory element in the
alleged
more' s
treasonous
father
of British
dirty
actions
by
Dun-
in the Jacobite Rebellion of
noon
Dunmore sent
on
an
sailors
September 30,
Saturday,
officer
and
little Borough
and
soldiers
a
detachment
to" the
ashore
of Norfolk" to
capture
and confiscate
his press. The landing
party met no resistance as it marched to the
shop and seized Holt' s " press, tipes, paper,
Holt
ink, two of the printers, and all of the utensils."
Holt' s bookbinder, Cumming, was also
taken.
Holt, said to have been
building,
was
not
hiding
in the
ordered
the
or
none;
Norfolk
as "
the
"
Paul
illegal and
caused the
their
the
Dunmore told
riotous."
seizure
a
favor
was
by
pour-
of the Norfolk press
Williamsburg
campaign
against
papers to step up
him, even charging
he" dared
that
offer violence
to the chastity
poor innocent girl" from the Norfolk
and that he kept a mistress
poorhouse
of
a
in
Williamsburg—
no
evidence
benefit allowed them by the late Restraining
Acts." On the subject of opening our ports
to Foreign
Trade, the Congress
was Mute.
On the matter of the assumption
of
Congress has recommended, in response
protested
scotching the printed viper that
ing its poison in their midst."
Dunmore' s
render
afterward,
Loyall
he had done Norfolk
mayor
and thereby
government by the various colonies, the
Immediately
effects."
sies and Dissention"
of the inhabitants,
numbers
mayor
all of
be laid open to trade with
for
accusations
offered.
which
to their
request
for advice,
that both
New
Hampshire and South Carolina set up their
own
Governments.
On Confederation
be-
tween the several colonies Congress was,
top my dismay, once again mute.
Not long after, on the 9th of November,
Congress was informed, by a letter from our
agents in Great Britain, my brother Arthur
Lee, Esq., and Richard Penn, that the King
had refused to receive our" Olive Branch Pe-
tition," and that he had seen fit to proclaim
that these
colonies
are in" Open Rebellion"
the
and outside the " Protection of the Crown."
Holt' s equipment to print
paper of his own aboard
ship. The burning of Norfolk at the beginning of 1776 thwarted Holt' s intention to
While this is indeed a most melancholy and
disconcerting development, it is my hope
short-
Meanwhile,
used
governor
a
was
lived
reestablish
his
newspaper.
He
joined
the
Revolutionary army and, after Yorktown,
partnered with John Dixon to publish a
Richmond
that it will serve to " arouse America from
the fatal lethargy into which the feebleness,
folly, and interested views of the proprietary
Governments with the aid of Tory Machina-
tions have thrown her, most unhappily."
Adapted from Norfolk Highlights, 1584-
captured.
Several hundred people
raid with inaction, though
gentlemen . . .
Norfolk
fled Williamsarea
daily by
them
that
ought not to avail themselves
of the
g
few
joined by
were
appears
with their
of public
became the
son
in Norfolk-
warships
serted
raid
publisher.
In June 1775 Dunmore
because
1775, John
of Williamsburg,
it
man
us a " rope of sand." Congress did see fit to
do no more than to recommend that New
York, Delaware, North Carolina, and Geor-
is at present a
very insecure place for the life or property
of any individual, and is consequently dethat
so
four-page
the
but
arms,
who
offered
designs of Parliament to formant " Jealou
i'-
SEIZURE OF THE NORFOLK PRESS
The
Crown
foreign Nations. It is my hope to thwart the
1s1
r_ _,
and ju
executive,
of the
out. I further
our Ports should
f
ig;; !:
seized
1745. At
threats
security depend
control of their
unrest
15,
heavily
the
a whole
Boston Harbor
issue
at
than
campaign
Despite the strong
was
The
siege
one
con-
port city. Holt' s paper immediately began a
steady, merciless
needling of the governor.
Among other barbs, the September 27
actions.
with the rest of the delegation, Mr. Wythe,
Thomas Jefferson, Francis Lightfoot Lee,
spoke
1803, London:
its
and
plantations along Virginia' s waterfronts
his activities
in Norfolk are threatening.
whereabouts
having been lately
the former, in light of the passage by Parliament of the" Restraining Acts," which seek
burg
crops.
Your correspondent,
For the opening of Parliament, King George III took
on
1775.
GRAND CONGRESS
NOVEMBER 27, 1775
to attend to the Grand Congress along
of
the
London,
souls,
population at nearly a million
the largest city in Europe and
widely
sidered the capital of the world. [ p. 4]
of British North America in Sep-
Submitted
of Bengal.
shores
FROM THE
liam Cobbett, The Parliamentary
History of
England from the Earliest Period to the Year
of Massachusetts and Virginia to
bean to the
the
1813, 696.]
lost— he has lost
now
from
A REPORT
for two hours fol-
Mississippi and beyond, from the Carib-
the
September last killed 4, 000 persons in the
several harboursNewfoundland."
the coast
reached
that
by
that
most
by James Fox who called Lord North
a " blundering
that
pilot," and concluding
Lord Chatham, the King of Prussia, nay,
Alexander the Great, never gained more
Hansard,
the
empire
II
4
a
separation
shores."
known before and caused great devastation." [
an
rolling past—
included
Canada,
ei 91.
elected once again to serve the freeholders
of Virginia, has returned to Philadelphia
in
as
though the very grandeur,
and weight of the British Empire
armed
tenders,
"
within.
sovereign
was
including
view
succeed
their
lowed
and back,
provide full
not
as
eternal
to the Year
Edmund Burke
was
wealth,
admiral in Virginia, nominally commanded
H. M. S. Otter, 14; H. M. S.
King Fisher, 14; 5
sels,
to
,,,,„,1 0
1803, London:
T. C.
posfoot-
heritage,
size
till!
Q
fight-
are
History of England from
colored
door panels celand windows
the
We
l
nirici
Wilkes,
John
we
an
enemies,
Parliamentary
sea
on
nation' s
Should
Earliest Period
single
front
wheels,
gilded
scenes
ebrated the
It
as necessary.
Dunmore,
mid- November
I
I —.
acts
will follow, and the grandeur of the British
empire
pass away." [ William Cobbett, The
gods, formidable
reminders that Britannia ruled the waves.
units
In
1
t;
all
repealing
shall be considered
we
chariot
riding the left lead horse, and six
at the side....
Three gilded cherubs
collectively known as the Norfolk militia,
which numbered about 50. Dunmore cornof
it .
Prime Minister
that "
prophetically
implacable
gold livery, and a rank
gold. Finally
the
head
to
proposes
population.
...
in red and
also
King in his colossal golden
the
pulled by
men
the
by
filled with nobility, then
of Horse Guards, the Yeomen of
a
tilion
estimated
an
out],
appointed
Brown
,
increases the wealth, the natural strength,
rode
coaches
gleaming
came
two
drawn
way [
turned
people
tradition,
By
swords
top— symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland— held high a gilded crown, while over
John
there
morn-
ing for the subjection, the unconditional
submission of a country infinitely more extended than our own, of which every day
proceed-
commanding. By mid- to late November,
this unit numbered almost 300. Dunmore
ter
Fitzroy
argues
Foresters
supported
in the
The Lord Mayor of London,
Dunmore appointed Dr. John ConnollyThe
PP
at two
to command the western army.
Connolly
and
where
four
passed in Parliament since the Stamp Act.
main
Hampton Roads.
be
chamber
until
seek independence. Former
base at
to
own
debate
position arguing against the use of foreign
troops and questioning why the colonists
i
`'
their
ing. About twenty members of the House
speak out in full support of the colonies'
i
j
i
,`
to
is heated
i
:
sides with the
King by a vote of 69 to 29.
River,
The
return
~',
w '
s`'
(
Pitt (
would be checked.
rebellion
the
i
and, with British control of
Chesapeake
the
against
Alexandria. A string
Dunmore) would
at
converge
of posts from
be maintained
campaign
N(,
r! -
when the ma orit
midnightmajority
f
k
I
t
Dun
to
a
1813, 696.]
The House of Lords debates the issue until
DUNMORE' S
LORD
T.C. Hansard,
Strong debate ensues in both Houses.
Y
witnessed
a "
the
few spirited
drum
to
beat
So that she may see that the specter of
Tyranny " hangs like a flaming sword over
George Holbert Tucker)
their heads." If it does then Congress will no
newspaper.
1881
by
Submitted
by
Bob Doares]
doubt adopt the declaration lately authored
Continued
on
page 5
�Autumn
3
2005
DUNMORE OFFERS FREEDOM TO
SLAVES OF " REBEL MASTERS"!
NEWS
FORUM
t.
)*
, ..,.-----
IPA
DAVID BRION DAVIS,
S
DUNMORE'
SLAVERY AND HUMAN
PROCLAMATION
Odds and Ends
rr
Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Vrginia, issued any number of proclamations
rgmi
duringhis tenure in Virginia. But when we
hear
all know it is the
Landing,
to the
refer
someone
one
15,
r
New York and Oxford: Oxford University
f,
Press, 1984), 107- 108
In the
public at Kemp' s
1775. Yes, the
if1:, 1, r
for the Crown.
make
No modern
of the document?
Politicallyit
So what
can
else
marked
made
it
clear:
the
some
in
some
into the patriot
there
and
bear
to
willing
210, 000
hope
to
king
the
of
able
King' s
their
way to
With the colony so dependent on bond
labor, there was a distinct financial aspect
to
there
impact
slaves
MAJESTY' S
His
on
Army
that
attack
now
of
on
to
detrimental
slaves
also
held
proclaim
by
masters
the
owners
indentures.
President
Lincoln
freedom only to those
in states in rebellion.
proclamation
statement
in
or
to
was
certainly
Virginians and
Slave
surroundingcolonies.
were
the
nightmare
g
of
their
to Justice,
the more
reasonable
restored,
to
which
of the
Course
Civil
effect; I have
this
ing,
is
y. I d
encouraged
now
here
slaves
and
was
a
other
document
bound labor to
thought fit to issue
issued
offer
such
them
the
take
ven-
his way, he would expel every slave from
Virginia. The slaves were so numerous, he
royal governor himself who
Submitted
by
the
to
would
be
history,
it
eager
was
to
do
In
so.
not France
nor
irony
an
by
the
Subjects,
or
any
to
other
present
most unhappy
Country, or
of them for their former
or sect had sought to
and British
rule)
the southern limits of Spanish America,
colonialgovernments took the legality of
g
Y
black slavery for granted. The governments
of
Britain,
France,
Spain,
Portugal,
Hol-
land, and Denmark all openly supported
the African slave trade.
Bythe
1750s
to be sure,
the classical
justifications for slavery, already discredi ted by Montesquieu and Hutcheson, were
being demolished by the arguments of
Rousseau, Diderot, and other philosophes,
to say nothing of the calculations of Hume
and Franklin regarding the effects of slayery on population growth and productivity
of labor. On the level of abstract political
philosophy, John Locke, a shareholder in
the Royal African Company, was the last
major thinker to seek justifications for
enslaving foreign captives. And Locke' s
strained
arguments
were
more
than coun-
terbalanced by his more famous and influential celebration of human liberty. Yet
the Enlightenment' s indictments of slavery
were scattered and desultory. Often they
left loopholes
for a defense of colonial
slav-
eryongrounds of expediency and public
interest.
As
late
as the
1770s,
when
the
Quaker initiative finally led to a rash of militant antislaverypublications
on
the
Atlantic,
no
on both sides
realistic
leader
could
seriously contemplate the abolition of New
World Slavery— except, on the analogy
with European slaveryand
P
span of centuries.
serfdom,
over a
November
1775
byOfficers P Pprop-
to receive the same.
Year
church
ada ( under both French
Williamsburg:
of His
A FEW ANONYMOUS
REMARKS
MAJESTY' S
ON
LORD DUNMORE' S
Reign.
of
PROCLAMATION
DUNMORE ( GOD save the KING.)
Spain but the
made
Dig-
require,
Peace may be again restored to this
SIXTEENTH
geance on their masters, and the slaves
written
to
discourage its members from owning or
even trafficking in black slaves. From Can-
GIVEN under my Hand on board
off NORFOLK,
the Ship WILLIAM,
in the
the 7th Day of November,
and someday an enemy
France or Spain, would
to
and
and
at
as
opportunity
Crown
order,
Quitrents,
erly authorised
very man who in 1772
Lord Hillsborough, secretary
for the colonies, that if he ( Dunmore) had
had
their
salutoryPurposes,
rP
of England,
S
as
my Proclamation, hereby declarthat until
the aforesaid
good
told Hillsborough,
His MAJ-
Taxes due or that may become due,
in their own Custody, till such Time
unable
that
up arms against their masters for the
good of the Crown. And this prodamation
was
further
anydemanded
Purposes
be obtained, I do in Virtue
take
joining
all His MAJESTY' S Leige
g
society. In the Carolinas and Maryland
well as Virginia, slave uprisings could be a
real threat;
a
MAJESTY'
nito
the ordinary
Law
appertaining to
and willing
are able
may be, for
speedily reducing this Colproper Sense of their Duty,
to His
retain
hereby
Servants,
as soon as
ony to
good Order of this Colony may be
again
others, (
ESTY' S ' hoops
may be brought
that the Peace, and
and
or
and
confiscation
And I do
c.
to bear Arms, they
of
Subjects
c. &
free that
Rebels,)
be
liable to the Penalty
upon such Offences;
forfeiture of Life,
as
Negroes,
and
hoops
or
to His MAJ-
further declare all indented
and
March
their
MAJESTY' S '
His
such
Tenders,
Army,
an
be
everyPerson
Traitors
as
upon
of Lands, &
Abettors,
and
Virginia' s economy. But loyalspared, as Lord Dunmore did not
insurrections
as as
now absolutely
necessary Step, rendered so by a Body
of armed men unlawfully assembled,
and the formation
sooner
STANDARD,
thereby become
the Law inflicts
disagreeable disagreeable but
firing
require
q
Peace
that
may the
ESTY' S Crown and Government,
Colony, without being
by my Duty to this most
and
direct
a
on
psychological
slave
looked
and that all such Traitors,
Finally,
a
have
this
compelled
do
I
end
the
MAJESTY' S
His
GREAT- BRIT-
Purposes,
be
Eighty- eight years later,
would
determine to
capable of bearing Arms, to resort to
Hopes,
might
between
Place
`
entertained
ever
destroy the well disposed
this Colony. To defeat such
freedom to their
offer
Colony: and to
good Order
restored,
of
proclamation. If large numbers
and indentures went to Dunmore,
were
by
to ME
Authority
his MAJESTY,
and
would
the
slaves
fists
and Vice Admiral
Accomodation
an
havingtaken and
SIN
recruits (
arms)
wstandr. OfproblematimC
to
the
of
course,
Norfolk
near
was
persons,
large numbers
drawing
and
Power
the
given,
same.
have
I
mili-
a
if any success,
obtaining
of British Regulars. With the
of slavery in Virginia,
enslaved
AS
that
proclamation was
His lordshipwas
little,
services
of
His
A PROCLAMATION.
actionpushed
camp.
document.
the
this
cases,
Obviously, the
precious
of the
suffer
may have been wavering right
who
to
be
or
of Virginia
minion
Unfortunatelyfor the
consequences.
British,
Earl of DUNMORE,
Colony
to
come
Crown and
traitor to the
as a
Honor-
the Right
Excellency
JOHN
able
King' s standard and pledge loyalty
the
His
By
we
was an effort to identifyto
MAJESTY' S Lieutenant
and Goverexecute Martial Law, and cause the
who. By declaring martial
nor General
of the
and Dosame to be executed
throughout this
clearly who was
law, Lord Dunmore
as for manydecades
and Reformed churchmen and theologians.
;` .
proclamation offering freedom to indentures
and slaves ( of rebels) who would take up
arms
1760s,
come, black slavery was sanctioned by
Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian,
Yt
gli
we
proclamation,
made
November
on
PROGRESS,
a
4F4 '
Source: Holton, " Rebel
offer.
against
Rebel,"
Phil Shultz]
183
A copy of the above
fallen into my hands. It
address a few remarks
mation; and as part of
respects
the
negroes,
proclamation has
may be proper to
upon this proclathe proclamation
and
seems
to offer
some very flattering and desireable to join
them, it may be doing them, as well as the
country, to give them a just view of what
they are to expect should they be so weak
and wicked as to comply with what lord
Il
Dunmore
c
R
requires. Those, then, who are
afraid of being stiled rebels, I would beg
`"
to consider,
J
1-
that although
lord Dunmore,
in this proclamation, insidiously mentions
his having till now entertained hopes of
c°..
r `"
an
r '' \'
accommodation,
yet
the
whole
tenor
of his conduct, for many months past, has
had the most direct and strongest tendency
to widen the unhappy breach, and render
Y..
a reconciliation
more
difficult.
For what
other purpose did he write his false and inr5
cr
Y
r
7(
a
c -'' /
``
'
\,
;,.•.
-
flammatoryletters
to the ministers of state?
r
7
Why did he, under idle pretenses, withdraw himself from the seat of government,
where alone he could, had he been willing,
have done essential service to our country?
Do
not
believe
his
words,
when
his
actions so directly contradict them. If he
r,
4
wished for an accommodation,
if he had a
desire to restore peace and order, as he professes, it was to be on terms which would
Wr
have been disgraceful,
and in the end de-
structive of everything dear and valuable.
Consider again the many attempts which
have been made to enslave us. Nature gave
us equal privileges with the people of Great
Britain. We are equally, with them, entitled
to the disposal of our own property; and we
have
which
never
e
we
resigned to them these rights,
Sn
derived from nature. . . .
We eContinued on page 4
�4
Autumn 2005
AM I NOT
NEWS
A MAN
Ili,
i
A'
COLONIAL
the
colony'
excerpts
rdejs
used the
s
m
deter slavess from joining
hoped
enslaved
that
i=
John
r
LORD DUNMORE' S SLAVES
British. They
and
the
men,
s opinion
that slaves were property can also be seen in the proclamation
he issued in November 1775. The governor
to offer
carefully worded the document
Virginia
Dunmore' s
cruel
length to be discovered
have
down
Norfolk
to
ment to
blacks,
the
at
lamation,
who
he gave great encouragebut, such was his
unfortunate
such
creatures
his
defray
lordship' s
disposed
were
and
expences;
of to
we
he took any dislike to, he delivered
masters,
to be punished. Since
as
that
up to their
the
troops
began
issued
a
march,
their
lord
s
rebels,
to
him, but
rd. A
corn-
burg,
Dunmore
their
upon
allegiance
told they
however,
masters
Some
remained,
but
runaways,
these
return.
were
of
Incident
the Gunpowder
in August of the
run
get off, but such
policy of this cruel man,
Mitchell
described
named
man
him
ROBIN,
as "
likely
a
negro
not only
he keeps these unhappy creatures
against their will, but intends to place them
in the front of the battle,
in
flying,
of
case
from their
ignorance
utter
knows they will do.
An honest negro
barber
of
thought
to
York)
prevent their
which,
Anonymous Remarks
of fire
arms,
titioned
asked
of
he
what
s
war,
VII.
An
establishing a mode of punishment
to America in this colony
enemies
And be it farther
or
ordained,
the
is
arms
deny,
plied
mittee
in
case
possession of an enemy, cannot be transported with convenience to this colony, the
same
shall be disposed of for the
colony,
of such
or
rebels,
returned to the
slaves,
owner
or
few
shall be
for the
sale,
the
or
of such
and
which said
charge
valuation
in
commissioners
certified
to
each
the
made
county
committee
shall thereupon grant their warrant,
directed to the treasurer for payment of the
of such slave as aforesaid.
value
Source: Hening,
ed.,
our rights,
are
they
the
of
rights
Statutes
at Large,
9: 101,
106.
and
freed him before
of people, for
sake
a
this
proclamation seem necesThey have been flattered
lb
as
by
a
are
to
able
Continued
All
baggage,
his Lordship'
were
1776,
moved to
"
his farm
from
s slaves
Dunmore'
at
to
miles
six
domesticks
s
Porto
Bello,
The
King, which
in part:
states
accused
are
of
the
What
owed
words
duct
We
to
the
we
forget?
it. Allegiance
have
has
ever
ever
condemn,
to
our
avowed
been
and
We
King.
it— our
consistent
with
never
arms
Our
con-
with
in
it.
our
taken
and
of Hampton
con-
be sent
Ordered that Colonel [ Patrick] Henry be
at Liberty to give direction to the Keeper
of the public Gaol for the discharge of
James a Mulatto slave belonging to Lord
Palace in early
the colony' s leaders
at the
property that he left
Palace. They decided
property of lord Dunmore,
property seized by him,
their
out the
ing
of this
order
Dunmore.
in this colony, for
the navy, with-
December
or
erty of their
be provoked
Convention."[ See Enslav-
their
slaves
of
masters,
therefore,
He
negroes.
is
a
will
cruel declara-
pretend
&
to
greater
and injured
a
kindness,
and
enough
wicked
and
let them only consider
of effecting their escape, and
if they
must expect to suffer
they
fall into the hand
them
consider
also
of the Americans.
what must
Let
be their fate
If we
should the English prove conquerors.
can judge of the future from the past, it will
be much mended. . . .
not
tempted by this proclamation to
yourselves. I have given you a faithful
of what you are to expect and declare
before GOD, in
your
welfare,
as
doing
well
as
it I have considered
that
of the country.
you will profit by my
cannot tell, but this I know, that
Whether
Mr.
Ruffin
a
resource
which
Rose
[
the
Note: According
"
the Com-
to Ruffin,
the commit-
the said Slave to the West Indies
or Lead
Mines."
That design was frustrated by
the death of Dick " before such Step was
taken."]
advice
I
December 29, 1775
Last Monday night arrived in town, from
Hampton, under a strong guard 33 black
and white prisoners, coupled together,
who were committed to the publick jail.
Sources:
whether
Scribner and Tarter, eds.,
Revolutionary Virginia, 5 ( Charlottesville, Va.:
University Press of Virginia for the Virginia
Independence
Bicentennial
will
Crown
Virginia Gazette( Purdie),
December 29, 1775, supplement
v--N
never
4,%
powers, to
Parlia-
l'
nor
were
end this dispatch.
11,.
entitled.
this I
Commission),
46, 127, 140, 144, 239, 240;
I
1:--
remain
your humble and Obedient Servant.
Richard Henryee
y
Submitted by Frank Magargee]
Source: John E. Selby, A Chronology of
Virginia and the War of Independence,
17631783(
incorrigible
tee of safety " refused to discharge" Dick,
intending as a Terrour to others to send
McAphee]
Freemen
of unconstitutional
neither
another
in the public Jail till further orders.
part with— we oppose the claim and
exercise
claims
desire him to be delivered, he is to remain
1775
hands—
also
mittee cannot consent to his being delivered at present, Er as Mr. Ruffin does not
suffer
or not, if you desert us you most
certainly will.
Virginia Gazette ( Pinckney), November 23,
by
repented
his escape leaving the others at Mulberry
Island, & was soon after taken up on land
brought to this City; Mr. Ruffin thinks
we
Submitted
declared
Be not then, ye
negroes,
ruin
he
found means to make
but as he appears
difficulty
what
as
negro man in the public Jail named Dick,
to
children,
Slave
expedition&
ment.
provoke the fury of the Americans against
their defenceless fathers and mothers, their
the
a
of upon his paying charges of Imprison
mercy of an enraged
But should there be
people.
any amongst the negroes weak enough to
intends to do
believe that lord Dunmore
them
before
claimed
Safety] &
him Sincerely penitent &
wishes to have
him restored, which the Committee
allow
it out of any tenderness to them, but
solely upon his own account; and should
it leaves by far the
it meet with success,
at the
this
of the
make
number
of
negro man named Joe, now in the public
Jail, who with 5 others belonging to himself & father went off in a boat to go to
Lord Dunmore, but before they reached
who
does not
1775
Ruffin [ Jr.] appeared [
Committee
the
to severity, should
part of
desert them. Lord Dunmore's
declaration,
Lion to the
masters
24,
Mr. Edmund
Resource Book, 356- 359]
Virginia
ment
Parliament?
slaves
that no person be allowed to make reprisal on
forgetting we owe
has protected andWith
is it that
allegiances
Allegiance
the
December 1775
of
rest
the
Governor' s
the
at
town."
when
secure
prop-
page 2
from
1775
Ordered, that the Committee of Safety do
cause so many of the Captive Slaves as
they shall think necessary to be emploied
in working in the lead Mines.
left the governor.
14, 1775, Virginia Gazette
women,
the
made
power that
sustained us
..
the
remain
up of myself, James
and Wm. Livingston
in answer to
We
to
promised
do lord Dunmore
infirmed,
still to
from. . .
committee
Wilson,
the
are
The aged,
children,
is freedom
then,
none,
con-
be sent
he
and Catherine Scott did
she
July
s
that "
about
view
whose
of safety,
who
The
to
venture
country and to the
class
upon
A Report
the
aforesaid,
of
us
to their
second
service.
slaves,
by
rob
to
remarks
and
of transportation;
shall be
will
believe,
I
one,
be right,
then
and
have now left the palace, and are gone, bag
wives,
lawful
to
my countrymen, are the dutiful
of society; and the persons who
but to such
owners
paid, by the treasurer of this colony
time being, the full amount of such
value of such slaves,
after deducting
expenses
and
or owners,
Rebellion
so.
opposition
nature.
troops.
of safety may judge most proper.
Provided always, and be it farther ordained,
owner,
us
who
sary, is the negroes.
with their freedom, if they are able to bear
arms, and, will speedily join lord Dunmore' s
ing to an act of assembly for punishing slaves
committing capital offences, as the committee
That the
make
avowed
If this doctrine
rebels
The
dealt with accord-
or otherwise
we,
human
of this
use
They
sounds.
empty
cannot
and
endeavor
use
the
then
rebels,
members
otherwise
apof this colony, as the cornof safety shall judge most proper; and
such slaves, so taken in arms, or in
to the
us
open
up in such a cause as
is not only justifiable,
thing. But let us not be
to take
with
pose. . . .
which no
be disposed of by sale, and the money arising
from such sale to be laid out in the purchase
or
vigor-
proceed
to
authority; but it is usurped and arbitrary
to oppower which we have determined
authority to transport such slave, or slaves, to
any of the foreign West India islands, there to
ammunition,
more
and fear than of
weakness
honourable
an
call
if any
taken in
this
and
rebellion
deceived
colony, or in the possession
of an enemy, through their own choice, the
committee
of safety shall have full power and
of
rebellion
but
That
shall be hereafter
slaves,
against
arms
adopting a
seemed rather
of
spirit
a
this,
for
com-
in this fruitless
not
our
it be
ordinance
for
our
peace and loyalty; and all that we gained
If
was to be more grievously oppressed. . . .
HENING' S STATUTE
1775— ACT
righteousness
that
appear,
long proceeded
so
opposition
ous
Source: Virginia Gazette( Pinkney), November 30, December 9, 1775
slave,
and
from
December
that the
would
case
track that
he ought first to set his
free.
own
hoped
we
our
in the most dutiful
again,
taken
of Hampton
to the publick Gaol in the City of Williamsburg.
Scott
Roger
page 3
from
plaints would be heard and attended to;
to avoid the horrors
of a civil
we wished
setting negroes
free, said, that he did not know any one
foolish enough to believe him, for if he
so,
and
once
manner;
being
when
1776.
at
him,
he
Caesar, the famous
(
of lord Dunmore'
intended intended to do
Continued
engagement,
an
that Dunmore
note
Sarah stated that
in
Palace
the
January
feet 7 inches high,
5
left
Purdie'
however,
to
14,
the Town
noted
the
1775
December
fined
not
very
as he
year. William
Loyalist
that
left Williamsburg,
so
April
in
same
Slaves
to the publick Gaol in the City of Williamsburg.
indicate that three of the goverslaves were evacuated
with the British
claimed
an
way to
that it should
s slaves,
the Town
at
Ordered,
she
intermeddle with.
right to
Entries in the Black
not.
or
from New York in 1783.
their
on
that the
fined
nor' s
Fredericks-
away in 1775. It is possible that Robin
took advantage of the turmoil caused by
to
attempts
is the barbarous
week,
Ordered,
to
Directory
ran
that
several
made
with
negroes,
through
At least five of Dunmore'
labour forced many of them
were
left behind have
their
Those
fly.
to
own
passed
day last
one
smallest
kept
constantly employed in digging entrenchments
in wet ground, till at length the severity
more
correspondent,
a
December 13, 1775
be at
Henry
It is not known if James ran to join Dun-
property of others, but whom neither
he, nor even his august master, have the
immediately
were
they
ma [ ]
by
generous to his own bondmen
wished to be to those who were
the
taking
s slaves
his Berkeley plantation; so
seem
his lordship has not been
first went
at
number
considerable
of his
two
overseer,
prodamation inviting the [ dirty]
as he is pleased to say, to repair to
of
oath of
Woodford'
colonel
under
mand
informed,
are
Colonel [ Patrick]
that
Liberty
late proclamation for emancipating such
repair to his standard,
slaves
as should
others,
for— there are 14 in Confinement.
give direction to the Keeper of
the public Gaol for the discharge of James a
Mulatto slave belonging to Lord Dunmore."
An entry
12, 1776, issue of the
his Berkeley County plantation did not
know about the proclamation:
NOTWITHSTANDING
lord Dunmore' s
it is confidently
said, he sent to the West Indies, where these
as our
Gaol [ Hampton] is at present very insufficient; We therefore wish they may be sent
1775 John Pendleton" Or-
In December
dered
at
of them,
some
secured, are become too numerous
ran
of Dunmore' s plantations.
Regiment."
in Purdie' s January
Virginia Gazette noted that Dunmore'
first went
lordship
an
osnabrug shirt,
blue jacket, and says
away from the palace at Williamsburg." The account of Robin' s clothing indicates that he worked in the fields at one
Dunmore'
his " Ethiopian
join
a consider-
negroes,
unwary
baseness,
his
When
number.
by
from him to
deserted
lately
able
begins
policy
on
a
he
Under the terms of the procs own slaves could not
bodied.
able
Lord
has
and
slender
freedom only to those slaves who belonged
to his political opponents
and who were
Book
Resource
made,
blue breeches,
Dunmore'
masters
Enslaving
December 4, 1775
The Negroes we have divers quarters
found going over to the Governor and
women,
read the paper, when
they read the paper themselves, and when
shared the details with other slaves.
slaves
their
GAOL
newspaperto
that
when
THE PUBLIC
-
j°
that
would hear about the poor treatslaves
received from Dunmore
children
ment
from
Gazette
t
r." :
indicate
Virginia
s
SLAVES AT
i , ),
DISCOURAGE SLAVES
Pinkney'
ANDA
BROTHER?
LEADERS
USE THE PRESS TO
The following
NEWS
Charlottesville: University Press of
Virginia,
1973), 17- 25.
,,,
ems,;.;" _
irk: •^,-:.
t-
t
T
7- -:
A Illlliii; ii i;,,
f''-hum moo '.. •,••.:.-:,
�1
1
1
Autumn 2005
5
ADV;
RTISEMBNTS.
vIL.
NEWS
I intend
leave
to
WILLIAMSBURG
fall of 1775, the
the
By
of
drumbeat
Continued
Newsline
June 8: Although
and Great Britain
page 1
from
be
to
appearing
of apologizing to the Assembly for
the spring- gun incident, Dunmore slips
verge
of town with his
out
and
boards
H.M. S.
Dunmore's flight
ginians,
Josiah Martin's
June
North'
s
French
and
Indian
colonial
strengthen
names
unanimously
nental Army. He
renown
the next
1, 000
casualties.
under
siege
one
Accosted by armed men at the college
Departed Virginia/ Williamsburg: June 1775
Robert
suffer
British
1740
ca.
college
College;
College of William
chaplain,
Assembly
Received
24,
May
Dunmore
while
board ship
July
July
17- August
Regiment,
attack
the
Williamsburg,
Convention
Church,
again
his recent
Convention
establishes
11-
an
commit
member
enough
of safety to act as an executive body
between sessions under the chairmantee
ship of Edmund
Boston
and to send 20, 000
by
s
owners
Lord
rejects
proposal.
conciliatory
loyal
on
to
subjects
help
Hurricane
who
feat
several
s
hundred
Otter
John Holt. Dunmore
to
his
publish
own
Place
quorum until March
October 23:
for lack
at
Peyton
dins
I
a
A
Yaio
.
troops
of
House of Lords
dies
a
by
by
mons
pacification.
the
r
a,
October 12- 21: In
a
of
series
t-•'-
information from loyalists,
British
14th Regiment
stroymore
the
rebels
than
70
capture
J.
F
x
a
cannon
the
Virginians
barely
v" <}
k
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•
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in'
1';
i;.
s`;
vs
ur•
r•.
•
w
y
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xe4.1,
t
raids
on
r
o
i
Determined
Dunmore,
cides
to
the
send
to
a
s,
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e
1,
I
Colonel
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i'
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October 20 and 21.
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o.
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r —`,`'
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remove
a large supply of powder. On
October 19, the British sally out again
in the vicinity of Norfolk, conducting
r
0
,
t ''
b,,_
!
.
.
tip.
by
12, Captain Samuel Leslie leads a sortie
P
into the country near Norfolk and five
days later dashes to Kemp' s Landing,
where
gv
s
of the
hidden
around Norfolk. On
4..
``
1
and de-
/.,<•
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I
units
i
4.,
p
y
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I
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6
*•
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r•.
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e '
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and
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II
LABRADOR
or
t`
:"-
a
s
the
to
N
r
T
it
1.
I
The
A
T
I
4----
f
of 278 to 108.
a vote
Septem-
ber 1775
BIR-
NE. W
r
5, e
1
of 69 to 29, the House of Com
a vote
ing Virginia loyalist
Departed Virginia/ Williamsburg:
q
i
I
in
in
forces
sea
supports
general
Brother of Speaker Peyton Randolph; lead-
England
g
Q _
n
1u
c
will be dispatched
colonies'
1727
Based on Kevin Kelly, " White Loyalists
r
N7.>
o0 --
i1
i
I
of Lords, King George III declares
the American colonies in rebellion and
the
Worchester,
ca.
Occupation: Barrister; attorney
and judge, vice admiralty court
I
i "°
House
secure
Date of Birth:
around
"
1M
and
Place of Birth: Virginia
in-
by
encamped
companies
r
Co.
Randolph
land
court- martial
graphics by Todd D. Norris)
J•
a-,,.
I.
that
August/
1775
John Randolph
Gazette; sub-
of Birth: 1724
it
1..
26: AddressingParliament
pledges
Virginia/ Williamsburg:
September
Virginia
mock
a
if
a"
Philadelphia.
October
Departed
general
l
1776.
1,
to
in
S.
H. M.
then uses the press
Gazette until spring.
adjourns
Son of George Pitt
Arrived in Virginia/ Williamsburg: 1744
of Williamsburg,"
Colonial Williamsburg
er
Occupation: Surgeon/ apothecary; kee Pj
Inte
reter [ Summer 1996 , submitted
P
of the public Magazine; muster master
by Nancy Milton and Phil Shultz, with
of
attendance,
loyalist
a
of Birth:
Date
armyde-
1
October 12: General Assembly meets i n Wil
liamsburg but, with only 37 members
in
Virginia
Date of Birth: November 15, 1754
George Pitt
about
5.• s„ urli
press of Norfolk printer
the
seizes
from
men
Floyd Pitt
Place of Birth:
in early September 1775
Departed Virginia/ Williamsburg: After September 9, 1775
Landing.
I
cease
of the Association of
of
August 1775
rages from
September 1: Exports to Great Britain
September 30: Squad
Sep-
rebels
Hardcastle
dependent
against the
militiamen
nextyear
Refused to give key to the Magazine to the
Richard
jected
desert
king;
for
cut firewood and cart to town;
1751
Williamsburg
willing
overseers
re
Occupation: Unknown
declaring
rebellion
build
Arrived in Virginia/ Williamsburg: By 1770
Virginia Gazette prints
in
are
beeves;
ditch fields, grub, and fence
of Birth: Unknown
Date
from
to
Hire
tember);
Place of Birth: Unknown
and drive off the
slaves
and
for cattle; sell mutton,
s
Other:
Virginia/ Williamsburg:
Joshua
long
North Carolina to Newfoundland.
terms
burn
ves-
November 15: Dunmore and his
suppress
Kemp'
the
Departed
them
hogs
hogs, and
g
steers; butcher hogs ( December
g December)
Virginia
to
Fatten
shelter
Occupation: private secretary to his father,
Richard Corbin Sr., receiver general
Nearly tarred and feathered before leaving
800 enslaved persons in Virginia accept
the offer in late 1775 and 1776.
insurrection.
August29- September2:
to
in Auditor General'
auditor
Date of birth:
Named
s
Livestock:
Place of birth: Virginia
of
reinforcements
arrive
deputy
Captain
sunken
Crown and to fight for the
23: King George III proclaims the
American colonies
in rebellion and
the
to
fers freedom
and
wheat
apple seed
Richard Corbin, Jr.
November 12: Dunmore' s Proclamation of-
August
calls
allow
of
George' s proclamation
the colonies
in rebellion.
spring.
North'
into
success
King
America
to
July 31: Continental Congress
the
delays
town
10: Purdie'
November
immediately
regulars
to
sow
cart
Orchard: Make cider and peach brandy
1775
Departed Virginia/ Williamsburg: June 1775
( Willliamsbur
Willliamsburg), August 1776 ( Virginia)
g
attackers.
July 26: British Cabinet meets at 10 Downing Street and decides to dispatch 2, 000
to
A barricade
Williamsburg
Pendleton.
reinforcements
by
ships
the
being
Office
Wood-
to
sends
before
sels
clean;
wheat;
cart cider and brandy to town; gather
apples and grapes; plant grapes and sow
more;
Norfolk.
on
Dunmore
raids,
Hampton.
and
winter
grams
and a revenue officer
June
thresh,
in
Vegetables: Gather peas and beans; dig potatoes, carrots, and turnips; pull pumpkins
Arrived in Virginia/ Williamsburg:
1763
Occupation: Private secretary to Lord Dun-
Henry' s First
of Henry' s
Squire with five
Matthew
provides for the annual election of its
delegates and local county committees
and
because
October 25- 27: Encouraged
St. John's
at
The
of Patrick
largely
ford for the assault
Virginias
thirda
meets
Richmond.
Regiment
Regiment and assigned
First
26: Fearing Dunmore would
for fodder;
and straw to town; plow and sow other
of
Date of Birth: ca. 1745
Se P tem-
military inexperience. Gradually most
of Henry' s troops are detached from the
in Cambridge.
arrives
Virginia
instead
action
on
up quarters
Norfolk.
near
Washington
2:
takes
Second
blades
Place of Birth: Scotland
in Virginia/ Williamsburg:
ford' s
and
James Menzies
October.
29: Lady Dunmore
and her children
sail to England aboard the Magdalen
and insults for
threats
tops
Tread,
harrow
Com-
of the port
Departed Virginia/ Williamsburg:
Occupation: Royal governor
Departed Virginia/ Williamsburg: June 1775
(
Williamsburg), August 1776 ( Virginia)
June
daily
outspoken
ber 1771
until
of Williamsburg
comptroller
Wheat:
Williamsburg
remain
adjourns
member
Council;
mon
Gather
cart to town; gather and husk; clear
new fields; plow fields for next year
Arrived in Virginia/ Williamsburg:
1749
Occupation: Merchant; treasurer of the
Arrived
than
more
troops
Corn:
Miller
Place of Birth: Scotland
Date of Birth: 1730
in Boston.
General
like the
John Murray, Fourth Earl of Dunmore
Place of Birth: Scotland
victory, although
24:
Mary; private
listed
and Mary
Departed Virginia/ Williamsburg:
1775
day.
Tobacco: Worm, sucker, top, cut and hang;
strike and strip at night; tie in hand at
night; pack and prize; hoe hills for next
year and sow seed
and
Date of Birth: ca. 1730
and
and
War
British
General Howe' s forces
College of William
tutor
ones
Arrived in Virginia/ Williamsburg:
1770
Occupation: Professor of moral philosophy
Hill is fought and
June
Occupation: Professor of natural philosophy and language,
more
the
advertisements
AUTUMN FARMING
January
Date of Birth:
unity, Congress
George Washing-
accepts
in Virginia/ Williamsburg:
1770
Samuel Henley
Lord
June 17: Battle of Bunker
a
Arrived
in the Virginia Gazette.
above
Gwatkin
Date of Birth: 1741
in chief of the Conti-
commander
proclaimed
Crown,
the
IN 1775
Place of Birth: England
rejects
military
to
MONEY
Place of Birth: Hereford County, England
residents
some
loyalists ( induding
posted
shown
from
proposal.
of his
had caused
allegiance
more
below)
indications
as
Assembly
conciliatory
the
ton
and
Vr-
alarms
departure
recent
General
June 15: Because
to
their
British invasion is imminent.
a
10:
in
and
North Carolina,
New Bern,
A. M.
Yorktown.
at
Fowey
angers
2
about
Virginia
security of the mother country. Whether the
reasons
were for their own safety or to main-
interpret it and Governor
who
that
family
Thomas
increasing
of the colony to remove themselves from the
hostile environment of Williamsburg to the
the
on
ever-
1775.
HARDCASTLE.
LOYALISTS
between
discontent
9,
Colony
the
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Autumn
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INTERPRETATION
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This page has been developed to suginterpretive
some
gest
The
consider.
ideas
interpretive
opportunities
the
and tension
conflict
for
of 1775
autumn
for
to
v
4
create
Will We Ever See This Again?
s'r
Fall 2005
in this community as the thirteen colonies
became more embroiledin the economic
Companies
Consequences
of impending
time
and
conflict
moved
we
helpful.
this
to
consider
for
with Great Britain.
colonies
The removal
more helpful to you.
Frank Megargee, Kathleen
Today
by
Willis]
by
Life in
Named
and Chief of Continental
Army
Affect of the Association
on Family Life
Concern for Future of Personal Safety and
Economic Well Being
September Hurricane
Enlistments
Destruction
of Family
for Vir-
Members
ginia
of Military Action and Conditions in
the Camps
Fears
egates
from Williamsburg
Political Choices and Consequences
crimination
Substantial Military Presence
Patrick Henry
with
in Town
no
Proclaims Martial Law
Dunmore'
s
and
Proclamation
surprise,
great
in chief of Vir-
commander
ginia forces and colonel of the First Virginia
Regiment. In the fall, Virginia delegates,
replaced
George Washington
command
other
had
who
he took
when
forces, and
of the Continental
from the 12
delegates
colonies
again
tradesmen,
mid-
in Philadelphia.
convene
dhing
Jefferson,
Thomas
including
families,
yeoman farmers,
Americans all were af-
and Unrest
events
accelerating
September through November
of
Dur-
1775.
fall, Lord Dunmore and his follow-
the
raided up and down
the
of
waterways
life in the drama
to
and social
of the American
time,
life,
into
the
homes,
ems,
Declaring The Colonies In Rebellion
is
are
in trade
woven
tav-
shops,
wor-
ship, and government buildings.
Military
tured
of African
contributions
Revolution
in the American
icans
Columbus
during
Brothers- in- Arms. The
fea-
Weekend'
Day
week
first
s
of No-
step back to 1774 to bring the
and Virginia
to the first congress
vember,
we
delegates
to the city for The Revolution
Comes Home. Veterans' Day weekend will
merchants
include
the
out
town.
In
third
the
week
patriots are outraged
Dunmore' s Proclamation
offers
vember,
of NoLord
when
freedom to
belonging
servants
masters.
These
in
few
a
examples
and
extraordinary
during
Williamsburg
1775. All will
Mines?
Concern
With
and
engage
of
everyfall of
the
challenge
our
guests to compare and contrast this place
and period in history with their own.
Autumn 1775
Longer
1I••••••
in the
in
I
•
in
Companies
•
UII
with
Town
Patrick Henry's Presence
Marching Up and Down the Streets
Forming of the First and Second Regiments at College
Camp[ 1, 100 To 1, 200
Men
What Opportunities Were There For Slaves
In This Conflict?
Concern
For Protection
Dunmore
And Safety Of
Family Members
Is My Master A Loyalist Or Patriot?
What Opportunities Were There For Slaves
lb Get News?
Actions Of The Committees Of Safety
Activities
News
Of The Slave Patrol
Of Dunmore' s Proclamation
Slaves' Reactions To The Proclamation
To Run Or Stay?
Challenges And Consequences For Family
Members
How Can I Get lb Norfolk?
Dunmore's
Demands
From
Slaves
Who
Bear Arms
Consequences If Captured On The Way lb
Of Slaves
1
•••••••
•
Imprisoned
Or Sent To The
Affect Of The Association
uring
On Trade Pro
n
Securing Raw Materials
•
Demand
For More Finished
Goods
Smuggling
Actions Of The Committees Of Safety
•
MIMI
Demands
•
Of The Troops
And War On Cer-
tain Trades
Filling The Needs Of The Troops
Wartime Opportunities For Trades
Culpeper Rifle Battalion Arrives in Town
Being Fortified
Committee Committee of Safety Actions Against
Interpreters
Trades
Men]
Magazine
American
Lead Mines?
Wil-
liamsburg
Independent
And
How Do Slaves Define Freedom?
Fate
111111•••••
Interpreters
is No
Peace
Recruiting Troops And Purchasing Supplies
in the Look and Feel of the Town
Governor
Maintaining
Order In The Colony
Future Fate Of Slaves In Norfolk
Community
A Royal
Of Rebel Masters
Difficult Decisions:
just
are
both
events—
day—
and
apprentices,
rebel
to
dom To Slaves
through-
encampments
military
Declares Martial Law
Dunmore' s Proclamation Offering Free-
African
Amerare
Dunmore
Slaves Deserting Masters: Gaol Or Lead
same
quarters, places of
slave
Reaction To King George's Proclamation
work, slavery,
and leisure
experiences
Dunmore's Actions In Hampton
to
political,
At the
day- to- day
religion,
so
in the midst
change
Revolution.
of
aspects
family
of
Dunmore' s Raids Along The Rivers
Norfolk
II
Destructive Force of the Hurricane
mounting conflict in the East.
The
community of Williamsburg
economic,
women,
gentry, and Native
fected by the rapidly
importance
could be applied
resources
of
Fears
Randolph' s
But Adjourns For Lack Of Quorum
frontier
to
conclusion
of the utmost
was
slaves,
Americans,
ers
Randolph' s Death
Orientation
as
ing
Dunmore
Slave Runaways
came
Henry
African
and Dis-
Authority
s
This
already apparent. During their
the delmeeting in Richmond,
to the Virginia Convention elected
Patrick
Dunmore' s Absence
Committee of Safety'
proclaimed
war was
summer
now
Regiments
of August, King
that subjects
of his
English- speaking provinces of the North
were
mainland
American
in a state of
for
Commander
of
Committee
third week
the
rebellion.
British Continues
the
Washington
In
George III
Stresses in Family and Community
the Autumn of 1775
fled the palace in
the reins of government
family
June, abandoning
to the hands of the Virginia
Safety.
Interpreters
Siege of Boston
and his
Dunmore
peaceful
limited
brought
School and Groups
Change
unrest
that
angered many. The governor' s offer to pay
for the powder did little to appease them.
this
make
Peyton
General Assembly Meets October 12, 1775
negotiations
continued with limited
nations
A
success.
feature of Becom-
areas.
Williams and Anne
Peyton
Since the spring, events bode
of North American
reconciliation
with Indian
the
Americans
Submitted
George
ber of 1775.
Roads. Meanwhile,
Hampton
of gunpowder from the Magazine
by the
royal governor Lord Dunmore shocked and
to
suggestions
topics
critical
We hope you find
Please contact us with your
interpretive
under
ing
organized
life
to
of September, October and Novem-
events
ill
to Revolution.
closer
have
We
brings
Williamsburg
sacrifice?
Consider the power of the times that radically changed the lives of all Americans as
Of
Death?
look and feel in this
of Virginia
With
1, 200 Men
armed c
conflict wilthh Britain. How did
capital
Town
Seizure Of The Norfolk Gazette Press By
andunmore
Fall 1775- The Sword is Drawn
the
in
Patrick Henry
Regiments At College Camp With 1, 100 Tb
`
evident
was
Independent
`
t
a -
many
us
that
f
to
you
offers
M
Was
ill
Problems Getting Labor
Concern
In
Over Slaves Leaving From Dun
more' s Offer For Freedom
Declares Martial Law
Dunmore' s Proclamation
Site Interpreters
Domestic
Changes
in
Life
Daily
For
Families
MENNEMME•
and
N
Citizen's Eco-
on
Across
Well Being
Who is in Charge Now?
nomic
Life
Changing
Patriot
Family
or
Loyalist?
And Enlistments of Hus-
Members
bands, Sons and Fathers
Concern
Of
Fears
Over Length
Conditions
of Enlistments
in
About
for Families
Anxiety About Slaves and
Concern Over
Complicated
vs
Virginia
and
With
14 Second
22 First
s
Actions
of P
in
Troops
the
Public Site Interpreters
Continental
Congress
Meeting in Philadelphia
Who is in Charge Now?
Conflict of Patriots
Who
What
reinforcements
the
and Loyalist
Continuation
i
E I
in the Town
of Interpretive
s
Proclamation
makes this
virtually
Suggestions
where
the
there
freedom
for
slaves
of
these
an
excellent
occasion
corpse
Christ
at
solemnity
ful
proclaims
Oct. 24, 1775)
of
Church,
sermon
on
the
mourn
carried to the burial
was
and deposited
in
a
till it
vault
as shadow
4 Editor of
on
8 Dunmore'
to
of
con-
s slaves
on
could
not
for peace
pleas
from
Williamsburg
join this
after
there
regiment
gunpowder
13 Supports
King' s
of
actions against
western
18 Plagues soldiers in
g
19 Editor of on of the
20 Murrays find
21 Under
the
siege this
Virginia Gazettes
three
refuge
America
army
field
on
board
summer
it
was
interred
the
request
of
his
beneath
Chapel
the
Aunt
uncle
and
able
to
counselor
whom
and
he
one
was
father,
of their firmest
patriots."
Viir 91 nia
Purdt ]
Gazette[ Purdie], November
Submitted
by Nancy
Rowe,
Magargee,
Nancy Milton,
Phil Shultz,
Lorena Walsh, Bill Weldon,
Kathleen Williams, Pete Wrike
Production:
at the
a
Frank
Rose McAphee,
There
College of William and Mary. "Every spec
tator payd their last tribute of tears to the
memory of their departed and much honored friend . . .
Bob Doares,
Linda
at
Peyton'
Virginia Gazettes
three
1776
Contributors:
ground
be
can
Betty, Edmund Randolph escorted his
s body back to Williamsburg.
governments
the
march
i i This leader
In
landing
Anne Willis
after which,
preached . . .
was
Editors:
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
nental Congress)
s
Department
Philadelphia,
this
Burwell'
seamen to
is a publication of the
of Interpretive Training
veyed to Virginia." ( Journals of the Conti-
1 Locke philosopher
Becoming AMERICANS TODAY
The funeral was conducted with great
of Revolution
15 Commander
New Political Alliances?
MilitaryPresence
Boston
to
as
Warren,
stolen
Can Be Trusted?
are
in Norfolk
seizes this
shots
5 Volunteers
Second
for slavery
of Congress
professor
25 Mr. Speaker dies
3 Serve
of
justifications
impossible
2 Brings
Town
Effect
4
i
Death Continued from page 1
any here— the Loss must be very
great to Virginia in Particular and the Continent in general." ( John Adams to James
Down
y
of
Peyton Randolph
here
Patriot
President
26 Dunmore
Sl aves
of Slav
Presence
meets
24 Loyalist
Rivers
Dunmore'
Convention
10 In sort supply
12 Helps discredit
23 Dunmore'
Safety
ry
Supeision
9 Second
17 Sends
Camps
the
British Ships in Virginia
Increased
wind
7 Prodigious
16 Dunmore
Presence of Disease
Concern
1,
6 Halts trade with Britain
of the Committee of Safety Actions
Decisions
of Commitment:
Fear
',
4
I
Individuals
Affect of the Association
I~
N.
®••
29, 1776
Milton]
Print Production Services,
Copy editor
Diana Freedman, Production artist
m 2005 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All rights reserved.
All images are property of
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
unless otherwise noted.
j
�
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Becoming Americans Today
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An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 6, Autumn, 2005
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©2005
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An account of the resource
Autumn, 1775
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/651d21ad167b388d008dc077fa109ef4.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=B3oqHbWGRqVBPZQUQ1pLqRGC77d6M9HNQWfEpE-jrnMYVWwq3KdX-XJT3PZgia4TlRjbUlelK5kkvTiAcX5cUmoyj1JRoXBQcOs4fgkYRRhng83xC-Sv6NhvenKvO0LnR80tdIXucE4jM44MxNmSGpC8e6jDhqKYQSAvLFUz60zSc8MpEDdBehSEcKrZUsOFFRNrquoOwZUlGnH2tMXI4M2BnZhRiovyiELe0BqgHokW9R-kWkoLNocJJQwghbVgWuJuZBc2omzHccTkl0vQvVUAUQHJKbNi6lIIn3v1EnOoSd8QZ0fpHBrnRsQ75SqaEqD-U5ZP3D6Y7wziHi-zwA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
7db61adfbfb68fa6cda20d1d0fb8a1f9
PDF Text
Text
Volume 4, No. 6 August 2005
Supplement
Virginia Convention
1774
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
RI8MIS
ir
DAy
3-
4.,
4. ,.... ., _,,..
NO. 1 IN COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
aim.
sce p. 2
See p. 2
CONVENTION TO CONGRESS:
CALL FOR
A CONGRESS !
August
A Colonial
1774,
first
the
members
of
August 6,
in Williamsburg. The convention
made
up of former members of
met
was
the
House of Burgesses
to
Williamsburgto
fectu
4
to-
came
4,,
their
rights
colonial
this
r''
sr,
Will
4
'
f,
shadow
purpose of unifying American
ance to British policies.
of the 1st Convention will
events
back
life
to
Williamsburg'
s
Capitol,
the
Wythe,
Robert
convene
At the
of
relate
Richard
Carter
Randolph,
Henry Lee,
dents
and Patrick Henry will discuss and dedifferent
batewil
of protest. They
s business,
s
measures
instructionsthc
for
draftingg
of
to
uses
Williamsburg'
s
and the impact
events
lives.
people
at
a
Stories
time
tionary
who
about
this
to
leadership
Britishgovernment to
restore rights
Country
crops
their
"
this
crops
year
after
Massachusetts
the
same
North
to the people
and
cease
treatment
American
its threats of
toward
be
learn about Virginia'
role
in uniting the
that
can
meat,
its other
other
colonies
in
fear
an
lb
import,
including his
wit "
the
the
The
exporting
of
number
their
slaves,
of the
con-
neither
ourselves
of November next." It is further resolved,
to
stoppage
and
Merchants
and
Goods. . .
rates
of British goods, " that
Venders of Goods
this
within
of
advantage
but ought to sell the
have
they
twelve
been
Colony
Scarcity
accustomed
This
dolph,
Richard
ington,
elected
Patrick
a
Pendle-
General Congress that
will meet in Philadelphia in September.
We
and
wish" them to
true
observe . . .
to
allegiance
Dawe,
and Preroga-
Subjects in Britain.
all
a
Statutes
in all Cases whatsoever
stitutional. . . .
under
half of
debts byNorth
colonists
British
to
creditors"
American Colonies possesses
the
and Thad W. Tate,
A
Colonial
Virginia:
History ( White Plains, N. Y.: KTO
Press, 1986), 322.
to
Congress
resolutions
with the intent
contained
therein
that the
would
be
majesty King
him in the legal
an hum-
ble and dutiful
III.
address"
to George
of
t•
semblies with the sole Right of directing
internal Polity. . .
but it is
our
Desire
A'
that you cordially co- operate with our Sister
Colonies in General Congress...
of
pointed
Deputies
ap-
to meet in General
4,
T
In-
valuable
for the [ Virginia]
structions
i.
for the
Ends." (
4,
Congress,
a
August 6, 1774)
Mr. Jefferson, from Albemarle County,
who
could
that
not
attend
of illness,
cause
he
the
desired
to
lengthy
be-
convention
some
sent
be
included
r
0
notes
in
the
Ill 1
f°
deputies' instructions. Alas, alack, the tenor
of Mr. Jefferson' s comments proved inflam4
and his document
matory to the extreme
was tabled by the delegates.
So next
month
these
seven
IW'',,..;
Virginians
will go off to the city of Brotherly Love. As
know from their instructions, there will
be
ample
to
our
coupled
sovereign
abiding conviction
Englishmen. God
to
wisdom
of faith and
expression
our
of
our
save
with
rights
Deputies
allegiance
a
deep
and
The
so- called
document,
Jefferson
and give
complaints
that
to the
general
by
Phil Shultz and Nancy
Milton]
resolutions
con-
laid
begin
out
with
series
of
reminders
a
of
common Saxon ancestry and end with a
call to " Open your breast, Sire, to liberal
and expanded
Submitted
humble
tained in what became a 23- page pamphlet
were anything but humble. In this bold
freeborn
as
king
the
thought.
Let not the name
of George the Third be a blot on the page of
history."
must
be
stressed
that
this
impas-
sioned treatise was a draft, far from being a
final copy, and Jefferson, aware of the inaccuracies
and
intemperate
language,
never
intended its publication. In fact, he was not
and Resolves of the First Continental ConBy 1774 the leading colonists, includeven aware of its publication by Williams
British government
re
ing Thomas Jefferson and John Adams,
gress put it. But the
burg printer Clementine Rind. The pubto
mained
committed
that only the separate Amerparliamentary
arguing
we
fished instructions quickly found their way
ican legislatures were sovereign in America.
sovereignty embodied in the Declaratory
into George Washington' s hands. By Sep
Act, which no American leader could
to this
argument,
Parliament
According
John E. Selby
tinental
As-
their
congress!
any
final authority over America, and
the colonies were connected to the empire
M. Billings,
he intended
present to the Virginia delegates to the Con-
It
had
Warren
was a draft of instructions
is uncon-
The original Constitution
to£ 1, 400, 000
little
the
most incendiary texts that served to fan the
flames of discontent growing stronger and
hotter with the passing months.
History is replete with instances of
major events hinging on seemingly insignificant trifles. One such example of particular
interest is Mr. Jefferson' s Summary View of
the Rights of British America. This document
And there-
THE DYE IS CAST
just
have
fore that the Power assumed by the British
Parliament to bind America by their
1776 Virginia' s debt had
grown
might
are
faith
his
George III . . . to support
By
our
of all his just Rights
their Fellow
we
Henry Lee, George WashHenry, Richard Bland,
deputies to
as
herself
entitled to the same rights and privileges as
for
As-
Peyton Ran-
Benjamin Harrison, and Edmund
ton
to
last past." ( Convention
August 6, 1774)
convention
of
at the
same
months
sociation,
as
other
Merchandises
Philip
that British subjects in America
tives...
Accomplishment
constituents,
by
actions
will
we
ought not to take
s.
the
purchase, any Slave, or Slaves,
by any Person, after the first day
imported
regards
Debt
any
insurrection
to
16, 1775. Virginia
England, February
exercise
nor
the
Growing
those
or
attributed
Williamsburg,
their
to report
able
vention.
Virginia' s
for
staves,
many
was
S NAPSHOT
load
ship their
to do with
from James City County,
Carter Nicholas, to the great relief of
cause.
TO DAY
a
get
The delegate
who
VI RGINIA
the
1775!
commodities.
leadershipRobertVirginians
s
to
1,
entertainment!
said
timber,
like
Guests will
colonies.
also
of
for
to
mezzotint,
are
year what are they
in the coming year and
that?
They don' t grow
weed"
golden
white
England
used as a basis for what he called"
August
after
of this-
same
and civil liberties
S
being forced to sign either the Association or the resolutions drawn up by the Williamsburg Convention of August 1774.
The alternative
is to be tarred and feathered.
until the tobacco planters
even though
they can
Wait
guests will learn about the summer of
of Virginia' s
1774, the determination
political
loyalists
gone
step further and dared
agree
to withhold
exports
Mother
variety of Historic Area sites.
By participating in these events,
the
black and
have
delegates
Alternative
The
an
of protest.
BUT
THERE' S MORE!
WAIT!
The
revolu-
coerce
1774-
old and time honored
on
in Williamsburg
and the
lived them will be related
to
t,
4
the
tradition
one
their
1,
even
been deprived of one of Thomas Jefferson' s
all British goods
to
en-
slaved community will gather at differ
ent locations, revealing their thoughts
about these
Y
deed,
ti
i
resi-
of
November
age
of
a
might
fellow
stories
near
by
congress.
Members
But for a case of dysentery on a hot
summer day, citizens of Williamsburg, and
eventually the rest of the colonies and, in-
elected
as
County,
his
SUMMARY VIEW
1
sweeping agreement to eschew
importation and use
will conduct the convention'
n
convention'
the
to
Nicholas,
Peyton
York
J
JEFFERSON' SS
SON
J
Diggs, delegate
from
J
3
f
Dudley
George
a... '
of the pop-
representatives
If`
1
a
or
ulace?
Area.
characters
even
come
9
legal
legislate
to
authority
a
conven-
no
Colonial
throughout
g
Historic
with
tion
week of August 2- 7, the
the
During
resist-
a
r
T
shadow"
f
lot
govprotest of the Boston Port Bill andY.
ernment
foreshadow
a
what we now call the Intolerable Acts.
continental shadow gov
drafted an association
The
that foryernment? READ ON.
bade the importation of British goods
i
The
dele g ates,
after
1774,
November
1,
and slaves
after
convening from August 1
and the exportation
of goods to Great
through
August 6, made
Britain after August 1, 1775. They also
their way home with stoelected delegates to the 1st Continenries
to tell. So, what was
tal Congress, held in Philadelphia duraccomplished
by this erst R * (
ing September and October for the
while "
i
x
!!
as
freeborn Englishmen.
intensifytheir
s
l'`
of assuring
means
Virginians
returned
who
14
of the late House
Burgesses
gether in this capital city
to deliberate the most of
Convention
Virginia
has
just been received that 89
1- 7, 2005
From August 1 through
News
Williamsburg:
Williamsburg
August
program,
ONLY THE SHADOW KNOWS
1- 7, 1774
no
through
only
colonists
ment
the
would
concede
had the right to
nal
commerce
the
case,
ests
king.
and
of both
a
The
was
regulate
most
that
their
the
Parliaexter-
only " from the necessity of
regard to the mutual inter-
countries,"
as
the Declarations
longer take seriously.
It was now only a
matter
of time before
these irreconcilable positions led to armed
conflict."
Gordon S. Wood,
History,
A
The
modern
The American
Revolution:
A
Library Chronicles Book,
Modern Library, New York, 2002.
tember
the
draft
had
been
reprinted
in
Philadelphia, and by early November copies
were circulatingin London.
How did this work- in-progress come to
be seen by so many? Stopped in his tracks,
as it were, by " the bloody flux," Jefferson
sent
two
copies
of the
document
Continued
ahead,
on
page 2
�Virginia Convention 1774
s ..
r ,, .
Many enslaved Africans
Z.
were
shipped to the Western Hemisphere
NEWS
a
from Cape Coast, an English outpost on the Gold Coast of West
Africa. Above is a detail from
Africa, a hand colored engraving
by John Bowles, London, ca. 1740.
a,
X
a
s
q
'
_
4
S.
4rx.,
A,
J
.,
FORUM
1.-
END THE SLAVE TRADE !
S
JEFFERSON'
SUMMARY VIEW
Continued
On April
other
was
read to
was
s
large
a
Many of the
heartyapplause,
PP
language.
in
Jones
resolutions
but
letter
a
claimed
resolutions]
were
Meriwether
to
Peyton'
and
After
other
some
with [ the
that
elegance,
they
borne
by
Jef-
third of the document,
one
the
is
from all
likely
other
explores
a"
he describes
distinguish
to
listing
present
a
these
are
which
to
colonies]
acts
history."
systematical
deliberate,
plan of reducing [ the
Among
the
periods of American
series of oppressions,"
as "
slavery."
free trade,
limiting
and imposing
restricting commerce,
He gives special mention
duties.
entitled
to the act
for suspending the legislature of
New York" as" a phenomenon unknown in
An
act
His
nature."
of
evaluation
the
act
that
closed the port of Boston is particularly pasthe act, its repercussionate
as he describes
its
sions,
endured
those
his final
In
and
afterlife,
by
hardships
the
affected.
immediately
of this evaluation,
paragraph
of
measurement
be
despotism
filled
of the essay focuses on
the conduct of His
calls "
section
Jefferson
Majesty, as holding the executive powers of
the laws of these States, and mark out his
III' s
into
its passing
He
with
continues
inattention
s
of laws that
or negation
until
son
finally,
at the
with
ends
spectful: "
what
Importation
The
from
the
Coast
to the
the
Support for this
comes
from
mony through...
imploring
the
that the
king
to
agree
as
dissected
restrictive
African
that the Virginians
slaves
import
duty
conspicuous" (
Virginia:
Bancroft
respondence,
Official
TYanscripts).
came
in 1773
after
almost
encroach
by
Todd Norris]
TODAY
is a publication of the
Department of
Training
Editors:
Anne Willis
to
come
wants
tinue
wishes
that
on
two
will
between
con-
not
congress, and had
imperial efforts to restrict their own control
of what they would have termed their " in
temal polity" for that and nothing more.
the
of what will happen
when (
indepen
deliberately shut down their own courts of
law in an area of critical jurisdiction. Perhaps
they would have confessed their amaze
ment, but they might also have responded
that they contended for much the same
broad objective in 1774 as they had in 1764,
or for that matter in the early 1750s: to block
in lieu of
merchants
tensions
enflame
extralegal intercontinental
countermand-
of the Virginians
of London
to
issue
at this
aware
at the economic
Warren M. Billings, John E. Selby
and Thad W. Tate, Colonial
if) the Vir-
Virginia:
A History ( White Plains, N. Y.:
ginia slaves are armed by the French or
Spanish. Regardless of his arguments about
KTO Press, 1986), 333- 335.
the ever- increasing number of slaves in Virginia, it will be left to the colonists themselves to stop the trade in August of 1774.
Lord
Submitted by Phil Shultz]
The importation of slaves from Africa into Virginia dropped off dramatically six months after the General Assembly had instructed
Lord Dunmore on April 1, 1772, to deliver their address to His Majesty asking for an end to the slave trade.
Virginia with incomplete records of place of origin. In 1774, only 36 slaves arrived in Virginia. Without the king's approval, Virginians had
effectively ended their own trade and were prepared for the association' s call for an end to the slave trade.
Submitted by Anne Willis]
DATE
OF
ENTRY
VESSEL
MASTER
NEGROES
FROM
PORT OF ENTRY
Brig Fanny
Sloop Smithfield
Ship Polly
Snow Nancy
William Westcott
21
new
Negroes
Grenada
Hampton
Alexander Cochane
20
new
Negroes
St. Vincent
Hampton
1772
February 28
March 4
May
July 9
July 30
Snow Thomas
August 20
Ship Union
Ship Prince of Wales
Fredericksburg
Brig Fanny
Sloop Black Prince
Sloop
October 14
Brig Charlotte
October 19
Schooner Commerce
October 20
Brig
Brig
Ship
Brig
September 24
12
November 3
November
23
December
Bob Doares, Jennifer Jones,
McAphee,
Todd D. Norris,
Rowe, Phil Shultz
21
December
Powers, Linda
the
merchants"
efforts
IMPORTATION OF SLAVES INTO VIRGINIA 1772- 74
November 25
Contributors:
Rose
of self- interested
duties that the assembly wished to impose
November 6
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
Kelly,
seems
ing
which
represen
Transcripts).
Bancroft'
the
the
to accom-
were no more than had been permitted
November 5
Milton,
set
finding
at
Lord
October 13
Kevin
a
laws could
uneasiness
and intended
ro osed
oppositionproposed
to the
dence they had once spurned), had advo
cated and joined in the formation of an
colony and the crown, and he has a real fear
October 12
Nancy
advanced
final
that
their
This time Lord Dunmore posited that the
October
Interpretive
to the
Stamp Act within traditional modes of imperial politics. When that effort failed, they had
initially betrayed a sense of uncertainty and
hesitation. Now in recent months they had
formulated trade embargoes ( and thereby
royal
Dartmouth
supplication
modate
re-
America."
AMERICANS
of
express
a
the
when
Cor-
sent
this
entreaty to London
BEFORE dispatching
nearly three weeks
of 1772.
the laws enacted in the session
His next attempt
often
He
Dunmore
October 5
Becoming
they
(
effect,
no
of the Virginians'
fail of renewing the
heads. He is well
re-
Lord
to
not"
upon
were
questing in their petition. Thus, the crown
would be granting the wish " of a country
whose
loyalty and affection have allway
determined
love and har-
all British
governor
disallowances
tation
the
to
noted
secre-
to
1771,
With this plea making
made in
1774
was
occasions.
colonial
283- 284.
1906),
effort
First, in May of 1772, his lordship sent a
strong and vigorous message to Lord Hillstary persuade
additional and
of addresses
Commons couched in all the old forms of
humble
Transcripts).
'
royal governor of Virthe petitions and desires of
borough
a series
Vincent, Bermuda, Antigua, Barbados, Tobago and St. Christopher. In 1773, 3 slaves arrived from the islands while 52 slaves arrived in
future
Submitted
Lou
or
Lord Dunmore,
separate
Va.:
and they " could not be
be intended as a prohibition
the Slave trade" ( Bancroft
to obstruct
up until
supposed
and
corner.
ginia, supported
the burgesses on three
of
Virginia,
DOES MAKE . . .
unexpected
an
Colonial Press,
The
trade.
slave
to frame
now shifts from Africa to the Caribbean islands with a much smaller number of slaves. For 1772, 155 slaves arrived from Grenada, St.
our...
fraternal
establish
to
African
Journals
eds.,
1770- 1772 ( Richmond,
come
wise
measures
similar
and
reads
of
apprehensions
ment,
it would be
end
to
by
that
conclusion
prudent
1772
al.,
et
of Burgesses of
the House
POLITICS
burgesses have
s
H. R. Mcllwaine,
a
been consid-
long
of British
judicial
the
Other
you will be pleased... to
of these...
grievances, to
procure redress
against
quiet the minds of your subjects...
any
hath
of Africa
round
king, the House of Lords, and the House of
into the Colonies
of Slaves
recent
permitted, or had they been more introspective men than they were, they might have
been startled to compare the beginning and
ending of the decade. In 1764 they had sat
Security and Happiness of such Numbers of your
1 ty,s dut f
Majesty' s dutiful and loyal Subjects.
oYdown
promote the Prosperity and Happiness
of your Subjects in the Colonies, encourage us
and implore your
to look up to the Throne,
Majesty' s paternal Assistance in averting
Calamity of a most alarming Nature.
the most
From May through September 24, 1772, 1, 560" Negroes" were listed as imported into Virginia from Africa, Angola, and the Wind-
that
resolution...
presume to hope that the Interest of a few will be
disregarded when placed in Competition with the
Had the demands of pursuing opposition to
ward and Gold Coasts. After September 1772, there are no listings of slaves being imported into Virginia directly from Africa. The trade
on
end of 23 pages, Jeffer-
This, Sire, is
useful Inhabitants,
more
the most part in positions of prominence.
His
render
analyzed
are
some
By the fall of 1774 Virginians had trayeled a long road over the decade just passed,
perhaps none more so than the group of established leaders of the colony who had held
power when it began and who remained for
confirmation
attack
the
toothless.
process passive and
transgressions
an
to
of your Majesty' s
may reap Emoluments
but when we consider
that
and may,
in Time, have the most destructive Influence, we
Colonies, with
to
George
and implementation of it.
resurrection
Majesty'
and
disuse,
Dominions.
American
WROUGHT?
under
from this Sort of Traffic,
that it greatly retards the Settlement of the
Source Book
Virginia
s
are sensible
Subjects in Great- Britain
if desired.
slaves
deviations from the line of duty." Jefferson
briefly traces the history of the king' s veto
right,
im-
Dartmouth had become colonial secretary.
up."
The last
what
We
The many Instances
of your Majesty' s
benevolent intentions and most gracious Dispo-
been
he condudes, "
If the pulse of [ the king' s]
people shall beat calmly under this experiand another will be tried till
ment, another
the
of your Majesty'
representative
to restrict the
colonies
Enslaving
Virginia'
rapid and bold succession of injuries
which
enable
hands of
at the
colonies
previous reigns.
He devotes the rest of the tract to
that
portation of
sition
publication by subscription."
lengthy introduction, which
a
comprises
He
the
after
s nephew,
captivated
so
and
point
of
nature
their
procured
ties
bold
30 years
written
himself,
young patriots
in the
assemblies
to
and,
of great Inhumanity,
officiallyy
Most Gracious Sovereign,
not
were
extreme,
Randolph,
that "
king
the
with
met
were
According
fact, Edmund
implored
Trade
as a
its present Encouragement, we have too much
Reason to fear will endanger the very Existance
audience.
adopted due to the
the
Patrick
to
one
copy has been lost, but the
taken to Randolph' s home and
Henry. Henry'
eyed
House of Bur-
the
of Lord Dunmore. The legislators
auspices
Randolph and
to Peyton
one
1772,
gesses resolved to present the following adthe
dress to King George HI through
page 1
from
1,
WHAT HAVE THEY
TO THE KING
ADDRESS
24
Success
430
Angola
250
Windward
200
Africa
James
280
Gold Coast
James
James Bivins
400
Africa
Lower James
John Sinclair
3
Grenada
Rappahannock
William
7
Grenada
Hampton
7
Grenada
Hampton
John Williams
20
Bermuda
Hampton
Wilson R. Bailey
John Wood
15
Barbados
Hampton
Thomas
Duncombe
James E. Colly
Thomas Lewis
Charles
Walter
Pole
Westcott
Gray
seasoned
James
and Gold Coasts
and St. Martin' s
James
Hampton
Richard
Unity
Liberty
John Knight
William
Rysam
Brickle
Barbados
Hampton
3
St. Vincent
Hampton
5
Kelsick
Porter
Antigua
4
Betsy
22
Grenada
Hampton
27
Barbados
Hampton
1
Antigua
Hampton
Schooner Thomas
Wright
Schooner Smithfield
Alexander Cochane
12
St. Christopher
Hampton
Brig John and Willis
Sloop Little Molly
Samuel
Wilson
8
Tobago
Hampton
Thomas
Burrows
4
Antigua
Hampton
1773
no
date]
November
5
December
2
Brig Othello
Brig Francis
Sloop Hope
John Duncan
Joseph
Outerbridge
Duncan Campbell
52
1
Bermuda
Hampton
4
Tobago
Hampton
1774
Production:
Susan Bruno, copy
Diana
Freedman,
graphic production
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
reserved. All images are property of
unless
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
m 2005
The
All rights
The
editor
otherwise
noted.
January 24
February 10
Sloop Grace and Sally
Sloop Phoenix
1
Antigua
Hampton
William Westcott
30
Antigua
Hampton
August 22
Live Oak
John Eve
5
Grenada
Hampton
Christopher
Wilson
Walter Minchinton, Celia King and Peter Waite, eds., Virginia Slave- Trade Statistics 1698- 1775
Richmond, Va.: Virginia State Library, 1984), 183- 189.
�
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 6, August, 2005, Supplement
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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©2005
Description
An account of the resource
Virginia Convention 1774
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/ad44f6e32899c494875d3f065fee298d.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=sfy6HwKIC1Mxl--FyzhTYXiC-Q8dUNRipen5XCflO1xRfHoQrxNmzpCGaoGlM5m34Ci%7EegnZWu%7E28Kt4%7Eu6wPNciBgYEsFZ9VNU7urjGu19g04QiaGdekSWO01GIcQtKKoKDxNLV1UCepgUhtDkuycimEw1zUKjP%7ESQ%7E9BhasALKtf8xabz-nXiITdkhgfGui4i4eRa6T1wmqOHR0wrbskEn4nxKlqz-cmZVQK6C-uukxPx1SFKEZUsTSSu5L7eZD-ilxe%7E7TVSBMwl9aZf-obSjZ6-jEHW6LEgYoQKgmJW1ag20x9zwQ--XGNjxJHM5nDbpOo7sKHkm4kCWr1dKww__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
b437a94f03ab4718cd4d7849b89cfffe
PDF Text
Text
June and September 1781
SUPPLEMENT
Volume 4, No. 5
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPE-
4.
Y---:
eq..
VII
I.
allr
t
'
OF
i
s,
'
I'
j
ANS
II DAY
i i
Da
elk
je
41,,,,
A,,,,,-
1111111•
i
k-,
ibill,
1
la
1.
4
/ .. .
0
8" * * *
NO. 1 IN COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
See
1781
WI L L I A M S B U RG
de Lafayette and his Continentals reach Richmond**
The Marquis
y
May 21
from Gen. Henry
Reinforcements
in New York
arrive,
forces
Gen.
under
Virginia
reached General
of
evacuation
Jouett Jr.
John
at
races
Thomas
all but
night
Monticello
to
keep
County
to
warn
to
and
General Assembly.
Y
legislators escape**
Nelson
Friedrich Von Steuben'
Gen.
s men
join
and Gen. Anthony Wayne, makand about 3, 000
Continentals
Lafayette
1, 900
militia under
command*
Cornwallis
Williamsburg*
reaches
American
main
about 10
reaches Bird' s
from Williamsburg*
army
miles
leave Williamsburg
troops
the James
River
on
July
and
6.
Cornwallis
August 2
Cornwallis
Yorktown
occupies
after
Clinton
him to fortify Old Point Comfort
the land would not support heavy
to move
and the Comte de Rochambeau' s
from the North toward Virginia upon
the intelligence that the Comte de Grasse,
own
the French admiral, is sailing with 3, 000
September
on
was
September
animals
the Marquis
September
5
forces*
14
and Rochambeau
Washington
Williamsburg before
their
arrive
troops
eau
Williamsburg
September
28
to set
intentions had been
Peale)
)
a
topic
of
conversation
s
s
street
main
encouraged
to
experience
weekend.
Activities include musket drills, artillery
batteries, dragoon or cavalry maneuvers,
and surgeons caring for the wounded in
a military field hospital. The reenactment
draws to a close late Sunday afternoon as
Cornwallis marches his troops out of the
city to meet Continental Army forces at the
James River near Greenspring
feed this growing army.
to
PRELUDE
Plantation.
TO VICTORY:
Washington
of the allied army arrived
thousand Virginia militiamen
elements
Several
around Williamsburg.
camps
up
combined American and French
of 16, 000 men march from
The Siege
September
Prepares
for Yorktown!
On the
but the city remained
siege
of Yorktown,
9
that the
wounded
over.
meals.
Some
an
to Yorktown*
and
a
steady
taking
residents
for Yorktown
were
soldiers
British
redoubt
a
9
on
of artillery fire alerted perceptive
arrival of French soldiers who
rumble
new
stage.
October
The
14 signaled
that the
siege
was
al-
of shelling stopped on the morning of October 17,
knew that the British surrender was imminent. Some may have set
the
on
Those
afternoon.
had entered
distant
the
When
siege
thunder
morning of October 19 arriving in time to witness the surrender
remained at home knew the victory was real when the defeated
who
escorted
westward
through
In early November, as victorious
way back to New York and the
town.
along Duke of Gloucester Street
celebratory mood pervaded Williamsburg
and the United States sparked an elaborate
A
ain
bombardment
across
the
on
their
and in the lower tidewater
Submitted
by
area,
Kevin Kelly]
Cornwallis
surrenders
7, 247
at Yorktown.
men
with the
British army of
General Washingof the French, has
the
assistance
for the
independence
colonies*
on
May
1,
1783. Peace between Great Brit
parade, public proclamations
of peace and
A
Chronology of
the Waroflndependence
University
Virginia
and
1763- 1783( CharlottesPress
of Virginia,
Choosing
Becoming Americans:
Chronology ( Williamsburg, va.:
Williamsburg Foundation, 1996).
1973).
Revolution
Colonial
war
and the fate of fathers,
sons,
brothers, husbands;
the
consequences
for
of occupying forces, friend and foe; rampant inflation; the perilous flight of slaves
to join the British ranks in a bid for freedom; the sometimes
shocking
endured; Williamsburg' s own diminished role in the post- Revo
these escapees
conditions
Williamsburg
in the
wake
lutionary period.
Although
Selby,
War
September
26 through
reenactment
28, 1781,
the last three days of the period when General Washington
and le Compte
de Rocam-
of the French
forces, were
beau, commander
headquartered in Williamsburg, prior to the
Eastern
Yorktown.
Virginia
has
the
differences
between
loyalist John Randolph
who
left Virginia for England
usually portrayed almost as a polite disagreement, a poisonous atmosphere
inlliamsburg marked the departure of several loyalist residents. Rumors
Williamsburg
of intimidation against people who did not conform to the Continental Association circulated
and his patriot
son
Edmund
are
Tavern in
the Raleigh
widely. In late November 1774, a liberty pole was erected opposite
Williamsburg" upon which was hung a large map& a bag of feathers, under it a bbl [ barrel]
in the prevailing climate of fear during
of tarr." In 1775 and 1776, Tbries fled Williamsburg
which persons judged to be" inimical to the liberties of America" could find their names and
an
of their transgressions published in the Virginia Gazette.
As the Revolution approached, the promise as well as the pitfalls of the changing times
account
cont.
Steuben and British armies under Cornwal-
lis and Arnold. There is a general shortage
of food and material.
has moved
to
General
Yorktown.
Cornwallis
Williamsburg
is
now in American hands. Lafayette barely
missed destruction in a trap set by Cornwallis at Green Spring. General Washington is
now moving to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown.
Smallpox arrived in town with the British
army in June and remains a problem.
The
entrance
into
Colonial
Williams
burg's Historic Area by advance units of
Washington's army on Friday afternoon
signals the beginning of the annual holiday
of war: families rent asunder by opposing politi
Events of the day masked the realities
cal views; suspicions about loyalties among old friends and associates; bad news from the
front about the
October 19
Revolutionary
represents
at
repeated toasts to independence.
storm
This
even
THE DOWN SIDE OF REVOLUTION
and 10 fall, allowing
a second parallel of
closer
September 2- 4, 2005
tember
these
ready. The next morning the army
of military activity shifted away from
were
important rear area. Hospitals, for example,
of October 9, the distant
afternoon
were
complete
prevent Cornwallis from escaping
York River to Gloucester*
Va.:
the
at Yorktown*
16
E.
in the Greater Wil-
encamped
was
French army took up winter quarters near Williamsburg
the war in Williamsburg came to an end.
their outermost
surrender
redoubts
A violent
were
planned
staffs
in
townspeople
October 14
breastworks
and their
for sick and wounded French and American soldiers. Sutlers( a
Williamsburgsiege g
been marched over and foraged over by the
follower of an army camp who peddled provisions to the soldiers)
supplying the troops in
American armies under Lafayette and Von
the field purchased their goods, especially liquor, from the city' s merchants.
established
Americans marched
30
to
generals
from unit to unit. They laundered dothes. They cooked
messages
Williamsburg,
British
of Yorktown**
allies
the
the evening of September 27, the battle plan
off for Yorktown. With its departure, the center
that
17
September 29- October
earthworks
15, 000 to 20, 000 soldiers
some
By
set
out
to Yorktown*
Williamsburg
British
While
area.
Williamsburg
armies
ville,
George Washington( (
9
9
14. Six days later, advance
September
on
most
to
return
22*
September
on
in
marching
with de
from the North. After conferring
Grasse on board his flagship, they
John
are
Continental Army units led by the Marquis
de Lafayette. While Cornwallis prepares
his battle plan, his troops drill and pursue
various activities in camp throughout the
took time off to go sightseeing in the old capital city. Their presence also placed heavy demand
of the region. Supplying food and fuel would have been especially difficult.
on the resources
Cornwallis'
won
are read to the townspeople,
trap near Williamsburg for the advancing
driven up and down Williamsburg'
were
Rochaml
carried
the Virginia Capes, de Grasse dampart of the British fleet under Adm.
Thomas Graves that is forced to return
to New York, dosing an escape route for
ton,
r;'`
of
on
soldiers engaged in the routine chores of army life. They drilled. They posted guards. They
land
de St.
2, 3, 000 troops
under
a
October
Guests
The pace of military activity picked up with the arrival of General Washington and General
Outside
the
Martial
afternoon.
the occupation by visiting the British encampment, observing the soldiers and their
commanding officers as Cornwallis plans a
forces in and around Williamsburg.
Their arrival brought good news. They had real money. Virginia' s cash- strapped plantwith provisions. Livestock and
had reluctantly supplied the cash- strapped Lafayette
with Lafayette'
joined
the
at 5: 15 P.M., and the terms
occupation.
4`-:-<
had anchored in Lynnhaven
a large fleet, presumably French,
several thousand French soldiers landed at Jamestown Island on
when
throughout
of occupation
to
British
troops.
who must deal with the implications of the
that
a rumor
confirmed
liamsburg
Bay
Simon*
British
f
planned
about the
speculation
of the occupation
law is declared
s?`
French and American
combined
a
By late September,
in Chesapeake
arrives
at Jamestown
The
Washington
17tht
under Gen. Thomas Nelson soon joined them.
De Grasse
The
When word
reached
the
foodstuffs that had once seemed in short supply quickly materialized. Wagons and herded
August 26
g
ages
Afir'
He quickly moved to seize
Cornwallis.
opportunity to capture
and began
from the West Indies for the Chesa-
peake*
and,
town
doomed.
September 5 and
armies
men
Bay instead.
decision
conversations,
ers
begins
Washington
sail his fleet
to
14, Washington knew that the
was
new
Bay
19
George
s
He ordered
fortifications*
his
the
de Grasse decided
August
1"
4
that
news
reenact
as
More British army units converge on the
Spies from Yorktown supplied a steady flow of inforamong many Williamsburg residents.
mation about Cornwallis' actions. It was no secret that the British were constructing
strong
around Yorktown and across the York River at Tindalls Point. Amidst these
earthworks
James River**
Gen.
an encampment
i
gone to ground in Virginia
French admiral
the Comte de
Chesapeake
this
when
weekend
Friday
on
to Market Square and secures the area for
had
admiral'
siege
However,
special
noon
the Flag of the Union, the patrol proceeds
fleet from
French
at
flag from the Capitol and replacing it with
Williamsburg.
promised
a
West Indies.
the
Meanwhile,
Cornwallis conalong the south side of the
raids
August
to
army south on August 19.
9- 24
From his base in Suffolk
where
arrival of
the
4
orders
the
the
Tavern,
ducts
on
Grasse,
June 26
July
War had returned
reached
June 25
cross
twice
This
begins
Light Dragoons, accompanied by a patrol of
light infantry, enter the Historic Area near
the capitol. After removing the American
The enemy had
this year. Soon
British.
the
on
Williamsburg
4,
J
George Washington' s Continental
up with
army north of New York City. Washington had
planned to besiege the city, but success hinged
is elected
of Yorktown
Jr.
June 19
July
eye
ment
During the summer, a French army corn-
governor**
The
of liberties.
manded by the Comte de Rochambeau linked
Thomas
ing
Cornwallis occupied Williamsburg and imposed martial law on the town's residents,
which resulted in hardship and their loss
solalso
a large allied American army would occupy it.
seven
June 12
Maj.
an
occupied
and to Charlottesville
Jefferson
the
warn
Col. Banas-
sees
troops in Louisa
s
From June 25 to July 4, 1781, British
encamped
who was
Friday- Sunday, June 24- 26, 2005
forces under the command of Gen. Lord
where
A detachment of his
of Williamsburg.
army marched through town to take up a
it could
where
position east of Williamsburg
June 4
tre Tarleton'
Lafayette
UNDER THE REDCOAT
2
August
g
about
speculation
west
Richmond**
and
of
British army had gone. Cornwallis'
diers had landed at Yorktown. That news
27
forces American
Williamsburgon
days
the
in
Charles Cornwallis
ended
that
British
the
bringing
News reached
Clinton
7, 000**
to
Cornwallis
Capt.
2.
COMES TO SUMMER 1781
WA
April29
May
Page
on
page 2
reenactment.
The
weekend
is filled
with
evidence of military prowess by the Con
tinentalArmy troops, including artillery
practice and musket drills. The reading of
General Orders at the Courthouse puts the
army to the tasks at hand Saturday morning. General Washington' s staff formulates
the strategies,
for
is
the
siege.
located
Advance
programs
execution.
at
tactics, and contingencies
A military
the
Saturday
Building.
include
field hospital
Governor' s
Palace
East
afternoon' s
a mutineer' s trial and
The Gen. Marquis
de Lafayette
will hold a public auction at the Courthouse on Sunday morning.
Following a full day of reenactment
events on Sunday, General Washington addresses his troops and issues final marching
orders as the army prepares to leave York
town at 5 P. M. Sunday.
�2
Summer and Autumn 1781
4. V-, 4.•
I
jP
1 •
NEWS
y:
fYw..
i
1'
PEOPLE
,
r.
r
I
4$ ( "
4,,
4,:
THE DOWN SIDE OF
eirlii, ' '
titit
A_
REVOLUTION
I ": )
V.
I
L
III
i4nr
f
1
page I
from
cont.
TWO PERSPECTIVES
r
t.„
E1./
Y
rc .., ..,;
War and the Slaves
0
a
r
\
CAlt
I
Pl,,,,
kait
and
pushed
Geddys in
long
favored
Jr.
T/ L/:,..
Al,/,
VMS
1>
Ralao6'
61:..,,
TApI[ '
C
A.
a
1nf'' .,
l
the
h -
/'
ILL,
l 16
G
C
lA.1
l ' ;:
r
r
1
deserted
County farm affected
but
children
other
liam
not only his
his
his brothers,
also
workers
remained
the
on
in
the
site.
slaves
Brother Wil-
Williamsburg
and drove livestock and
provided
Virginia and Continental
area
forces.
leaders
Gentry
common
goods for
struck
upon
property
way of establishing
ground with Virginia
a surefire
as
ownership
economic
yeomanry in the effort to enlist lesser landowners
and farmers in the Revolution. Promoted
as
ownership
ery,
even
sacred
almost
an
unsettled
the
as
of rebel
and Dun-
times
proclamation provided
for
a real chance
more' s emancipation
slaves
right,
property
the institution of slay-
protected
sympathizers
freedom,
many choosing
lines in Norfolk in 1775,
to
British
to
run
joining
others
the
they marched through Virginia in
Cornwallis used the former slaves to
British
recruiting
On August 14, 1781, General
construct
massive
Later, however,
limited
at
earthworks
they became
and
resources
a
Yorktown.
drain
his
on
abandoned
were
to
fate, ill dad, poorly nourished and vuland other diseases.
nerable
to smallpox
news
that
would
shape
his strat-
of the Revolutionary War. In order to support the American camegy for the remainder
paign, French Adm. Francois Joseph Paul, Compte de Grasse, had left the West Indies
with a fleet of 28 ships of the line, six frigates, and 3, 000 troops bound for the Chesapeake Bay. Washington was informed that the admiral planned to return to the West Inof de Grasse' s support, Washington and
dies by mid- Octiober. In order to take advantage
de Vuneur,
Jean- Baptiste- Donatien
assault
They
on Clinton
French
their troops
almost
artillery and
south and Barras
with
for the army. By August 20, the allied army advanced
to sail for theChesapeake...
days, the French
and British fleets maintained
contact
but did
they drifted about 100 miles in the direction of the Carolina
Capes, thereby allowing Barras to slip unnoticed into the Chesapeake Bay with the
French siege artillery. On September 14, Graves gave up hope of renewing the battle
not
in combat
engage
as
Surrounded
and ordered the British to sail to New York.
to
unable
escape
to
or
receive
land and
by
Cornwallis
sea,
was
supplies.
Carte de la Partie de la Virginie depicts
a
dramatic,
stylized,
somewhat
version
of the
Designed
in the American victory at Yorktown.
for the French market, the map illustrates— and perhaps enhances— the French position
at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Admiral Grave' s fleet is pictured as they prepared
irnportant
the
role
French navy
played
sail for New York.
to
their
The
war
ginia by
inflation
exacerbated
was
caused
that
in Williamsburg
unrest
settled
that
weariness
1780
Pritchard
and Henry
of Latitude:
Degrees
G Taliaferro,
America, Colonial Williamsburg
Mapping
called
a
difficulties
was
they
way through
Williamsburg
Property damage,
Yorktown.
on
made
r
smallpox
w »
fore
wars
s
own
fate
was
s,
Pr "
a
I
t1
0 •'
°!
''
a
or either
such
negro
of the
United
or mulatto
shall
Black Women
For the bulk of slave women located
on southern plantations, the war entailed
both physical suffering and greater latitude
for personal action. Forced to make do with
less in the way of food, dothing, and other
basic
supplies,
white
southerners
consid-
ered the daily needs of their slaves to be a
low priority ( especially after 1778, when
fighting engulfed the region). At least some
whites fulfilled the prediction of the patriot
who railed against runaway slave men
seeking protection from the British: " The
aged, the infirm, the women and children,
are still to remain the property of their
masters, masters who will be provoked to
severity, should part of their slaves desert
them."
Untold
numbers
of slave
of " an enraged
0
Oltbit :, . •"
u
3E_
'
women
and
injured
4)
r
•
1
1
Fj
am
jET
ate authorities
of Cornwallis
and the unwillingness
of
would face similar difficulties
War and the Masters
Williamsburg, July 11, 1781
My ever dear Fanny:
HE S Ej ARE THE
V`
indud-
almost a century later.) Virginia slaves who
did contribute to the patriot cause as mili
tary laborers found themselves performing
dangerous and dirty work, from toiling in
lead mines to erecting fortifications.
YORKTOWN IS PROOF
P O S 1TI
the British.
obstades,
assist in the war effort.( State and Confeder-
'
4' r:.
Surrender
against
faced several
slave owners to sell or hire out their slaves to
3L 1..
is
1.,
kb*
1
i
in the campaign
to Lord Dunmore
14
f
H••
t
,
A
y
air. .:
e_' '
Yorktown
ttio
common-
ing the escape of able- bodied male slaves
x
Submitted by Linda Rowe]
pfr
of this
until
The officials
w
•
3,.
wr+"'
o,
sealed be
end. On April 7, 1780, the govup and left town.
4
-~
-
t i'h'
packed
ernment
'
A
plague of stinging flies increased the general
discomfort and unease of local residents.
Williamsburg'
i'
o
.
II ,+
.•:•.
,,
vrtawtF7177F
for
and
r..,
r,
ram, Roi.-:.
s
their
course
this
that he is a free man.
borers
1
6:
w
as
within
Slaves as Laborers
followed first the British
forces then the American
under
During the Revolution, Virginia author
ties sought to employ slaves as military la-
fix the prices of foodstuffs and appoint an
to force compliance.
oversight
committee
Further
have
and
at home as well as on the battlefield.
meeting of all
decided to
town
free inhabitants at which it
slaves
produce a certificate from some justice of
the peace for the county wherein he resides
war
as a major concern. Ordinary citizens of
Williamsburg
negro
masters,
people" desperate to keep the upper hand
and
and rivaled the
service
States,
felt the wrath
2002, pp. 282- 284.
Foundation,
rampant
by
hardship
real
Colonial
Vir-
on
Beck
Source: Margaret
the
500 miles to Virginia.
supplies
prepared
the next two
During
officer
planned
their
of the French fleet at Newport, Rhode Island, to sail to the Chesapeake
siege
their
wealth to enlist any negro or mulatto into
Saint- Laurent, Comte de Barras,
Adm. Jacques- Melchoir
convince
abandoned
Compte de Rochambeau,
in New York and marched
needed to
also
commander
as
1781.
received
Washington
several
from
pretence of being free men have enlisted
as soldiers: For prevention whereof, Be it
enacted, that it shall not be lawful for any
VICTORY AT YORKTOWN
AMERICAN
and
wife
whereas
-
T
in Williamsburg, put his house on the market and move his family to his Dinwiddie
May 1777— Act II. An act for the more speedily completeing the Quota of Troops.
And
h'`
of Safety. Geddy' s 1777
commercial activities
to suspend
Slaves as Soldiers
7
Committee
decision
and
la
I „
h.
L'/ 7N'
l°°
p
of the
member
L,/
I I 1 11 l'O. 111\ 66 III WOK, h
the
as
and prosstanding in the
community, James Geddy
and was a
cause
patriot
local
such
way. Solid
of
tradesmen
perous
families
pulled
different
a
w
l'[.
T T
LS
TIMES THAT TRY MEN' S SOULS
Here [ the British]
remained
for some days,
and with them pestilence and famine took
root, and poverty brought up the rear. . . .
Our friend Madison and his lady( they have
lost their son) were turned out of their house
The town of York-
to make room for Lord Cornwallis. Happily
20th October 1781
the
port town with the signing yesterday of the
Articles of Capitulation betwixt his Excellency General Washington, Commander
Silence has
descended
now
on
this
and Chief of the combined forces of America
Earl Cornwallis, Lt. General
Thus is ended
TODAY
AMERICANS
Becoming
is apublication
of the
of
Department
P
Interpretive
paining
Crne
including
a
some
17, 000 allied
reported 8, 500 British troops,
learn that the reinforcements
would
Kelly,
on
on
the
nia
and
Production:
editor
graphic production
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All rights reserved. All images are property of
unless
Foundation,
The Colonial Williamsburg
otherwise
noted.
inhabitants,
has said,"
dying,
handsome
glad
as
to
withdrew
complete
from their forward
dismay,
Cornwallis
never arrive.
well
as
the town
Denny of Pennsylva
itself. Maj. Ebenezer
be relieved of this disagreeable
in every stage of the small pox. Never
house, but prodigiously shattered."
station.
was
in
Negroes lie about, sick
so
filthy
a
place
some
directs the " garrison of York to march out to a
precisely with drums beating a British or German march.
than six long years of war, perhaps finally there might be a full and
Artide II of the Capitulation
place— at two
After more
afforded
them
an asylum.
Mr.
of her cook was obliged
her neighbours
to have recourse
to dress her dinner
to
for her.
They have but one little boy left to wait on
and loyalist Americans.
9. These military endeavors
prepared
way for the launch of troops in a direct assault on the British.
Some at York suppose that 12 or 1, 500 rounds of siege artillery have been fired
has taken a horrendous toll
the town in a nine- day period. The bombardment
Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz
The
against
Col. Deux- Ponts, seized control of Redoubt
Rose McAphee, Nancy Milton,
2005
seamen
On the evening of October 14, 400 Americans under Alexander Hamilton,
and captured Redoubt 10, while a like number of French, commanded by
the
Contributors:
Diana Freedman,
auxiliaries
and
stormed
Anne Wil isW
Susan Q. Bruno, copy
German
day
soldiers
York. As his army approached the town, the British
posts and dug in to await reinforcements. lb his
Gevertz
Bob Doares, Kevin
20-
The campaign began the 28th of September as Washington's forces marched on
would
Editors:
Margot
a
American and French
and France, and the Rt. Honorable
of his Britannic Majesty' s Forces.
siege of York and Gloucester, pitting
College
McClurg has one small servant left, and but
two girls. He feeds and saddles his own horse
Poor Mr. Cocke was deserted by his favorite man Clem: and Mrs. Cocke by the loss
o' clock
peace. It will be a peace hard fought and dearly won.
GOD SAVE GENERAL WASHINGTON AND THE ALLIED ARMY.
lasting
Submitted by Phil Shultz]
them
within
doors.
But this is not all. The
small pox, which the hellish polling of these
infamous wretches has spread in every place
throughwhich theyhave passed has now
obtained a crisis throughout the place so that
there is scarcely a person to be found to nurse
those who are most afflicted by it. Your old
friend Aunt Betty is in that situation. A child
of Sir Peyton
Skipwith' s who
is with
her,
was deserted by its nurse, and the good lady
was left without a human being to assist her
for some days. As the British
any respecty
plundered all that they could, you will conceive how great an appearance of wretchedness this place must exhibit. After tyrannizing
ten days here, they went to James Town
where they were attached by our advanced
parties
Our army is in motion. Among
the plagues the British left in Williamsburg,
lliamsburg,
that of flies is inconceivable.
St. George Tucker
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 5, Supplement
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
©2005
Description
An account of the resource
June and September, 1781
-
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June and September 1781
SUPPLEMENT
Volume 4, No. 5
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPE-
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NO. 1 IN COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
See
1781
WI L L I A M S B U RG
de Lafayette and his Continentals reach Richmond**
The Marquis
y
May 21
from Gen. Henry
Reinforcements
in New York
arrive,
forces
Gen.
under
Virginia
reached General
of
evacuation
Jouett Jr.
John
at
races
Thomas
all but
night
Monticello
to
keep
County
to
warn
to
and
General Assembly.
Y
legislators escape**
Nelson
Friedrich Von Steuben'
Gen.
s men
join
and Gen. Anthony Wayne, makand about 3, 000
Continentals
Lafayette
1, 900
militia under
command*
Cornwallis
Williamsburg*
reaches
American
main
about 10
reaches Bird' s
from Williamsburg*
army
miles
leave Williamsburg
troops
the James
River
on
July
and
6.
Cornwallis
August 2
Cornwallis
Yorktown
occupies
after
Clinton
him to fortify Old Point Comfort
the land would not support heavy
to move
and the Comte de Rochambeau' s
from the North toward Virginia upon
the intelligence that the Comte de Grasse,
own
the French admiral, is sailing with 3, 000
September
on
was
September
animals
the Marquis
September
5
forces*
14
and Rochambeau
Washington
Williamsburg before
their
arrive
troops
eau
Williamsburg
September
28
to set
intentions had been
Peale)
)
a
topic
of
conversation
s
s
street
main
encouraged
to
experience
weekend.
Activities include musket drills, artillery
batteries, dragoon or cavalry maneuvers,
and surgeons caring for the wounded in
a military field hospital. The reenactment
draws to a close late Sunday afternoon as
Cornwallis marches his troops out of the
city to meet Continental Army forces at the
James River near Greenspring
feed this growing army.
to
PRELUDE
Plantation.
TO VICTORY:
Washington
of the allied army arrived
thousand Virginia militiamen
elements
Several
around Williamsburg.
camps
up
combined American and French
of 16, 000 men march from
The Siege
September
Prepares
for Yorktown!
On the
but the city remained
siege
of Yorktown,
9
that the
wounded
over.
meals.
Some
an
to Yorktown*
and
a
steady
taking
residents
for Yorktown
were
soldiers
British
redoubt
a
9
on
of artillery fire alerted perceptive
arrival of French soldiers who
rumble
new
stage.
October
The
14 signaled
that the
siege
was
al-
of shelling stopped on the morning of October 17,
knew that the British surrender was imminent. Some may have set
the
on
Those
afternoon.
had entered
distant
the
When
siege
thunder
morning of October 19 arriving in time to witness the surrender
remained at home knew the victory was real when the defeated
who
escorted
westward
through
In early November, as victorious
way back to New York and the
town.
along Duke of Gloucester Street
celebratory mood pervaded Williamsburg
and the United States sparked an elaborate
A
ain
bombardment
across
the
on
their
and in the lower tidewater
Submitted
by
area,
Kevin Kelly]
Cornwallis
surrenders
7, 247
at Yorktown.
men
with the
British army of
General Washingof the French, has
the
assistance
for the
independence
colonies*
on
May
1,
1783. Peace between Great Brit
parade, public proclamations
of peace and
A
Chronology of
the Waroflndependence
University
Virginia
and
1763- 1783( CharlottesPress
of Virginia,
Choosing
Becoming Americans:
Chronology ( Williamsburg, va.:
Williamsburg Foundation, 1996).
1973).
Revolution
Colonial
war
and the fate of fathers,
sons,
brothers, husbands;
the
consequences
for
of occupying forces, friend and foe; rampant inflation; the perilous flight of slaves
to join the British ranks in a bid for freedom; the sometimes
shocking
endured; Williamsburg' s own diminished role in the post- Revo
these escapees
conditions
Williamsburg
in the
wake
lutionary period.
Although
Selby,
War
September
26 through
reenactment
28, 1781,
the last three days of the period when General Washington
and le Compte
de Rocam-
of the French
forces, were
beau, commander
headquartered in Williamsburg, prior to the
Eastern
Yorktown.
Virginia
has
the
differences
between
loyalist John Randolph
who
left Virginia for England
usually portrayed almost as a polite disagreement, a poisonous atmosphere
inlliamsburg marked the departure of several loyalist residents. Rumors
Williamsburg
of intimidation against people who did not conform to the Continental Association circulated
and his patriot
son
Edmund
are
Tavern in
the Raleigh
widely. In late November 1774, a liberty pole was erected opposite
Williamsburg" upon which was hung a large map& a bag of feathers, under it a bbl [ barrel]
in the prevailing climate of fear during
of tarr." In 1775 and 1776, Tbries fled Williamsburg
which persons judged to be" inimical to the liberties of America" could find their names and
an
of their transgressions published in the Virginia Gazette.
As the Revolution approached, the promise as well as the pitfalls of the changing times
account
cont.
Steuben and British armies under Cornwal-
lis and Arnold. There is a general shortage
of food and material.
has moved
to
General
Yorktown.
Cornwallis
Williamsburg
is
now in American hands. Lafayette barely
missed destruction in a trap set by Cornwallis at Green Spring. General Washington is
now moving to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown.
Smallpox arrived in town with the British
army in June and remains a problem.
The
entrance
into
Colonial
Williams
burg's Historic Area by advance units of
Washington's army on Friday afternoon
signals the beginning of the annual holiday
of war: families rent asunder by opposing politi
Events of the day masked the realities
cal views; suspicions about loyalties among old friends and associates; bad news from the
front about the
October 19
Revolutionary
represents
at
repeated toasts to independence.
storm
This
even
THE DOWN SIDE OF REVOLUTION
and 10 fall, allowing
a second parallel of
closer
September 2- 4, 2005
tember
these
ready. The next morning the army
of military activity shifted away from
were
important rear area. Hospitals, for example,
of October 9, the distant
afternoon
were
complete
prevent Cornwallis from escaping
York River to Gloucester*
Va.:
the
at Yorktown*
16
E.
in the Greater Wil-
encamped
was
French army took up winter quarters near Williamsburg
the war in Williamsburg came to an end.
their outermost
surrender
redoubts
A violent
were
planned
staffs
in
townspeople
October 14
breastworks
and their
for sick and wounded French and American soldiers. Sutlers( a
Williamsburgsiege g
been marched over and foraged over by the
follower of an army camp who peddled provisions to the soldiers)
supplying the troops in
American armies under Lafayette and Von
the field purchased their goods, especially liquor, from the city' s merchants.
established
Americans marched
30
to
generals
from unit to unit. They laundered dothes. They cooked
messages
Williamsburg,
British
of Yorktown**
allies
the
the evening of September 27, the battle plan
off for Yorktown. With its departure, the center
that
17
September 29- October
earthworks
15, 000 to 20, 000 soldiers
some
By
set
out
to Yorktown*
Williamsburg
British
While
area.
Williamsburg
armies
ville,
George Washington( (
9
9
14. Six days later, advance
September
on
most
to
return
22*
September
on
in
marching
with de
from the North. After conferring
Grasse on board his flagship, they
John
are
Continental Army units led by the Marquis
de Lafayette. While Cornwallis prepares
his battle plan, his troops drill and pursue
various activities in camp throughout the
took time off to go sightseeing in the old capital city. Their presence also placed heavy demand
of the region. Supplying food and fuel would have been especially difficult.
on the resources
Cornwallis'
won
are read to the townspeople,
trap near Williamsburg for the advancing
driven up and down Williamsburg'
were
Rochaml
carried
the Virginia Capes, de Grasse dampart of the British fleet under Adm.
Thomas Graves that is forced to return
to New York, dosing an escape route for
ton,
r;'`
of
on
soldiers engaged in the routine chores of army life. They drilled. They posted guards. They
land
de St.
2, 3, 000 troops
under
a
October
Guests
The pace of military activity picked up with the arrival of General Washington and General
Outside
the
Martial
afternoon.
the occupation by visiting the British encampment, observing the soldiers and their
commanding officers as Cornwallis plans a
forces in and around Williamsburg.
Their arrival brought good news. They had real money. Virginia' s cash- strapped plantwith provisions. Livestock and
had reluctantly supplied the cash- strapped Lafayette
with Lafayette'
joined
the
at 5: 15 P.M., and the terms
occupation.
4`-:-<
had anchored in Lynnhaven
a large fleet, presumably French,
several thousand French soldiers landed at Jamestown Island on
when
throughout
of occupation
to
British
troops.
who must deal with the implications of the
that
a rumor
confirmed
liamsburg
Bay
Simon*
British
f
planned
about the
speculation
of the occupation
law is declared
s?`
French and American
combined
a
By late September,
in Chesapeake
arrives
at Jamestown
The
Washington
17tht
under Gen. Thomas Nelson soon joined them.
De Grasse
The
When word
reached
the
foodstuffs that had once seemed in short supply quickly materialized. Wagons and herded
August 26
g
ages
Afir'
He quickly moved to seize
Cornwallis.
opportunity to capture
and began
from the West Indies for the Chesa-
peake*
and,
town
doomed.
September 5 and
armies
men
Bay instead.
decision
conversations,
ers
begins
Washington
sail his fleet
to
14, Washington knew that the
was
new
Bay
19
George
s
He ordered
fortifications*
his
the
de Grasse decided
August
1"
4
that
news
reenact
as
More British army units converge on the
Spies from Yorktown supplied a steady flow of inforamong many Williamsburg residents.
mation about Cornwallis' actions. It was no secret that the British were constructing
strong
around Yorktown and across the York River at Tindalls Point. Amidst these
earthworks
James River**
Gen.
an encampment
i
gone to ground in Virginia
French admiral
the Comte de
Chesapeake
this
when
weekend
Friday
on
to Market Square and secures the area for
had
admiral'
siege
However,
special
noon
the Flag of the Union, the patrol proceeds
fleet from
French
at
flag from the Capitol and replacing it with
Williamsburg.
promised
a
West Indies.
the
Meanwhile,
Cornwallis conalong the south side of the
raids
August
to
army south on August 19.
9- 24
From his base in Suffolk
where
arrival of
the
4
orders
the
the
Tavern,
ducts
on
Grasse,
June 26
July
War had returned
reached
June 25
cross
twice
This
begins
Light Dragoons, accompanied by a patrol of
light infantry, enter the Historic Area near
the capitol. After removing the American
The enemy had
this year. Soon
British.
the
on
Williamsburg
4,
J
George Washington' s Continental
up with
army north of New York City. Washington had
planned to besiege the city, but success hinged
is elected
of Yorktown
Jr.
June 19
July
eye
ment
During the summer, a French army corn-
governor**
The
of liberties.
manded by the Comte de Rochambeau linked
Thomas
ing
Cornwallis occupied Williamsburg and imposed martial law on the town's residents,
which resulted in hardship and their loss
solalso
a large allied American army would occupy it.
seven
June 12
Maj.
an
occupied
and to Charlottesville
Jefferson
the
warn
Col. Banas-
sees
troops in Louisa
s
From June 25 to July 4, 1781, British
encamped
who was
Friday- Sunday, June 24- 26, 2005
forces under the command of Gen. Lord
where
A detachment of his
of Williamsburg.
army marched through town to take up a
it could
where
position east of Williamsburg
June 4
tre Tarleton'
Lafayette
UNDER THE REDCOAT
2
August
g
about
speculation
west
Richmond**
and
of
British army had gone. Cornwallis'
diers had landed at Yorktown. That news
27
forces American
Williamsburgon
days
the
in
Charles Cornwallis
ended
that
British
the
bringing
News reached
Clinton
7, 000**
to
Cornwallis
Capt.
2.
COMES TO SUMMER 1781
WA
April29
May
Page
on
page 2
reenactment.
The
weekend
is filled
with
evidence of military prowess by the Con
tinentalArmy troops, including artillery
practice and musket drills. The reading of
General Orders at the Courthouse puts the
army to the tasks at hand Saturday morning. General Washington' s staff formulates
the strategies,
for
is
the
siege.
located
Advance
programs
execution.
at
tactics, and contingencies
A military
the
Saturday
Building.
include
field hospital
Governor' s
Palace
East
afternoon' s
a mutineer' s trial and
The Gen. Marquis
de Lafayette
will hold a public auction at the Courthouse on Sunday morning.
Following a full day of reenactment
events on Sunday, General Washington addresses his troops and issues final marching
orders as the army prepares to leave York
town at 5 P. M. Sunday.
�2
Summer and Autumn 1781
4. V-, 4.•
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I
4$ ( "
4,,
4,:
THE DOWN SIDE OF
eirlii, ' '
titit
A_
REVOLUTION
I ": )
V.
I
L
III
i4nr
f
1
page I
from
cont.
TWO PERSPECTIVES
r
t.„
E1./
Y
rc .., ..,;
War and the Slaves
0
a
r
\
CAlt
I
Pl,,,,
kait
and
pushed
Geddys in
long
favored
Jr.
T/ L/:,..
Al,/,
VMS
1>
Ralao6'
61:..,,
TApI[ '
C
A.
a
1nf'' .,
l
the
h -
/'
ILL,
l 16
G
C
lA.1
l ' ;:
r
r
1
deserted
County farm affected
but
children
other
liam
not only his
his
his brothers,
also
workers
remained
the
on
in
the
site.
slaves
Brother Wil-
Williamsburg
and drove livestock and
provided
Virginia and Continental
area
forces.
leaders
Gentry
common
goods for
struck
upon
property
way of establishing
ground with Virginia
a surefire
as
ownership
economic
yeomanry in the effort to enlist lesser landowners
and farmers in the Revolution. Promoted
as
ownership
ery,
even
sacred
almost
an
unsettled
the
as
of rebel
and Dun-
times
proclamation provided
for
a real chance
more' s emancipation
slaves
right,
property
the institution of slay-
protected
sympathizers
freedom,
many choosing
lines in Norfolk in 1775,
to
British
to
run
joining
others
the
they marched through Virginia in
Cornwallis used the former slaves to
British
recruiting
On August 14, 1781, General
construct
massive
Later, however,
limited
at
earthworks
they became
and
resources
a
Yorktown.
drain
his
on
abandoned
were
to
fate, ill dad, poorly nourished and vuland other diseases.
nerable
to smallpox
news
that
would
shape
his strat-
of the Revolutionary War. In order to support the American camegy for the remainder
paign, French Adm. Francois Joseph Paul, Compte de Grasse, had left the West Indies
with a fleet of 28 ships of the line, six frigates, and 3, 000 troops bound for the Chesapeake Bay. Washington was informed that the admiral planned to return to the West Inof de Grasse' s support, Washington and
dies by mid- Octiober. In order to take advantage
de Vuneur,
Jean- Baptiste- Donatien
assault
They
on Clinton
French
their troops
almost
artillery and
south and Barras
with
for the army. By August 20, the allied army advanced
to sail for theChesapeake...
days, the French
and British fleets maintained
contact
but did
they drifted about 100 miles in the direction of the Carolina
Capes, thereby allowing Barras to slip unnoticed into the Chesapeake Bay with the
French siege artillery. On September 14, Graves gave up hope of renewing the battle
not
in combat
engage
as
Surrounded
and ordered the British to sail to New York.
to
unable
escape
to
or
receive
land and
by
Cornwallis
sea,
was
supplies.
Carte de la Partie de la Virginie depicts
a
dramatic,
stylized,
somewhat
version
of the
Designed
in the American victory at Yorktown.
for the French market, the map illustrates— and perhaps enhances— the French position
at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Admiral Grave' s fleet is pictured as they prepared
irnportant
the
role
French navy
played
sail for New York.
to
their
The
war
ginia by
inflation
exacerbated
was
caused
that
in Williamsburg
unrest
settled
that
weariness
1780
Pritchard
and Henry
of Latitude:
Degrees
G Taliaferro,
America, Colonial Williamsburg
Mapping
called
a
difficulties
was
they
way through
Williamsburg
Property damage,
Yorktown.
on
made
r
smallpox
w »
fore
wars
s
own
fate
was
s,
Pr "
a
I
t1
0 •'
°!
''
a
or either
such
negro
of the
United
or mulatto
shall
Black Women
For the bulk of slave women located
on southern plantations, the war entailed
both physical suffering and greater latitude
for personal action. Forced to make do with
less in the way of food, dothing, and other
basic
supplies,
white
southerners
consid-
ered the daily needs of their slaves to be a
low priority ( especially after 1778, when
fighting engulfed the region). At least some
whites fulfilled the prediction of the patriot
who railed against runaway slave men
seeking protection from the British: " The
aged, the infirm, the women and children,
are still to remain the property of their
masters, masters who will be provoked to
severity, should part of their slaves desert
them."
Untold
numbers
of slave
of " an enraged
0
Oltbit :, . •"
u
3E_
'
women
and
injured
4)
r
•
1
1
Fj
am
jET
ate authorities
of Cornwallis
and the unwillingness
of
would face similar difficulties
War and the Masters
Williamsburg, July 11, 1781
My ever dear Fanny:
HE S Ej ARE THE
V`
indud-
almost a century later.) Virginia slaves who
did contribute to the patriot cause as mili
tary laborers found themselves performing
dangerous and dirty work, from toiling in
lead mines to erecting fortifications.
YORKTOWN IS PROOF
P O S 1TI
the British.
obstades,
assist in the war effort.( State and Confeder-
'
4' r:.
Surrender
against
faced several
slave owners to sell or hire out their slaves to
3L 1..
is
1.,
kb*
1
i
in the campaign
to Lord Dunmore
14
f
H••
t
,
A
y
air. .:
e_' '
Yorktown
ttio
common-
ing the escape of able- bodied male slaves
x
Submitted by Linda Rowe]
pfr
of this
until
The officials
w
•
3,.
wr+"'
o,
sealed be
end. On April 7, 1780, the govup and left town.
4
-~
-
t i'h'
packed
ernment
'
A
plague of stinging flies increased the general
discomfort and unease of local residents.
Williamsburg'
i'
o
.
II ,+
.•:•.
,,
vrtawtF7177F
for
and
r..,
r,
ram, Roi.-:.
s
their
course
this
that he is a free man.
borers
1
6:
w
as
within
Slaves as Laborers
followed first the British
forces then the American
under
During the Revolution, Virginia author
ties sought to employ slaves as military la-
fix the prices of foodstuffs and appoint an
to force compliance.
oversight
committee
Further
have
and
at home as well as on the battlefield.
meeting of all
decided to
town
free inhabitants at which it
slaves
produce a certificate from some justice of
the peace for the county wherein he resides
war
as a major concern. Ordinary citizens of
Williamsburg
negro
masters,
people" desperate to keep the upper hand
and
and rivaled the
service
States,
felt the wrath
2002, pp. 282- 284.
Foundation,
rampant
by
hardship
real
Colonial
Vir-
on
Beck
Source: Margaret
the
500 miles to Virginia.
supplies
prepared
the next two
During
officer
planned
their
of the French fleet at Newport, Rhode Island, to sail to the Chesapeake
siege
their
wealth to enlist any negro or mulatto into
Saint- Laurent, Comte de Barras,
Adm. Jacques- Melchoir
convince
abandoned
Compte de Rochambeau,
in New York and marched
needed to
also
commander
as
1781.
received
Washington
several
from
pretence of being free men have enlisted
as soldiers: For prevention whereof, Be it
enacted, that it shall not be lawful for any
VICTORY AT YORKTOWN
AMERICAN
and
wife
whereas
-
T
in Williamsburg, put his house on the market and move his family to his Dinwiddie
May 1777— Act II. An act for the more speedily completeing the Quota of Troops.
And
h'`
of Safety. Geddy' s 1777
commercial activities
to suspend
Slaves as Soldiers
7
Committee
decision
and
la
I „
h.
L'/ 7N'
l°°
p
of the
member
L,/
I I 1 11 l'O. 111\ 66 III WOK, h
the
as
and prosstanding in the
community, James Geddy
and was a
cause
patriot
local
such
way. Solid
of
tradesmen
perous
families
pulled
different
a
w
l'[.
T T
LS
TIMES THAT TRY MEN' S SOULS
Here [ the British]
remained
for some days,
and with them pestilence and famine took
root, and poverty brought up the rear. . . .
Our friend Madison and his lady( they have
lost their son) were turned out of their house
The town of York-
to make room for Lord Cornwallis. Happily
20th October 1781
the
port town with the signing yesterday of the
Articles of Capitulation betwixt his Excellency General Washington, Commander
Silence has
descended
now
on
this
and Chief of the combined forces of America
Earl Cornwallis, Lt. General
Thus is ended
TODAY
AMERICANS
Becoming
is apublication
of the
of
Department
P
Interpretive
paining
Crne
including
a
some
17, 000 allied
reported 8, 500 British troops,
learn that the reinforcements
would
Kelly,
on
on
the
nia
and
Production:
editor
graphic production
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
All rights reserved. All images are property of
unless
Foundation,
The Colonial Williamsburg
otherwise
noted.
inhabitants,
has said,"
dying,
handsome
glad
as
to
withdrew
complete
from their forward
dismay,
Cornwallis
never arrive.
well
as
the town
Denny of Pennsylva
itself. Maj. Ebenezer
be relieved of this disagreeable
in every stage of the small pox. Never
house, but prodigiously shattered."
station.
was
in
Negroes lie about, sick
so
filthy
a
place
some
directs the " garrison of York to march out to a
precisely with drums beating a British or German march.
than six long years of war, perhaps finally there might be a full and
Artide II of the Capitulation
place— at two
After more
afforded
them
an asylum.
Mr.
of her cook was obliged
her neighbours
to have recourse
to dress her dinner
to
for her.
They have but one little boy left to wait on
and loyalist Americans.
9. These military endeavors
prepared
way for the launch of troops in a direct assault on the British.
Some at York suppose that 12 or 1, 500 rounds of siege artillery have been fired
has taken a horrendous toll
the town in a nine- day period. The bombardment
Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz
The
against
Col. Deux- Ponts, seized control of Redoubt
Rose McAphee, Nancy Milton,
2005
seamen
On the evening of October 14, 400 Americans under Alexander Hamilton,
and captured Redoubt 10, while a like number of French, commanded by
the
Contributors:
Diana Freedman,
auxiliaries
and
stormed
Anne Wil isW
Susan Q. Bruno, copy
German
day
soldiers
York. As his army approached the town, the British
posts and dug in to await reinforcements. lb his
Gevertz
Bob Doares, Kevin
20-
The campaign began the 28th of September as Washington's forces marched on
would
Editors:
Margot
a
American and French
and France, and the Rt. Honorable
of his Britannic Majesty' s Forces.
siege of York and Gloucester, pitting
College
McClurg has one small servant left, and but
two girls. He feeds and saddles his own horse
Poor Mr. Cocke was deserted by his favorite man Clem: and Mrs. Cocke by the loss
o' clock
peace. It will be a peace hard fought and dearly won.
GOD SAVE GENERAL WASHINGTON AND THE ALLIED ARMY.
lasting
Submitted by Phil Shultz]
them
within
doors.
But this is not all. The
small pox, which the hellish polling of these
infamous wretches has spread in every place
throughwhich theyhave passed has now
obtained a crisis throughout the place so that
there is scarcely a person to be found to nurse
those who are most afflicted by it. Your old
friend Aunt Betty is in that situation. A child
of Sir Peyton
Skipwith' s who
is with
her,
was deserted by its nurse, and the good lady
was left without a human being to assist her
for some days. As the British
any respecty
plundered all that they could, you will conceive how great an appearance of wretchedness this place must exhibit. After tyrannizing
ten days here, they went to James Town
where they were attached by our advanced
parties
Our army is in motion. Among
the plagues the British left in Williamsburg,
lliamsburg,
that of flies is inconceivable.
St. George Tucker
�
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 5
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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©2005
Description
An account of the resource
June and September, 1781
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/6992740e86f6672a3d9036a1afc28745.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=riMocpKOPLC3MSUXutOYZmry9bwevvaqq8p3r8FPBXf%7ED5ESuyaQ%7ENTgGcZbVdlM98IuAsckVtUmmMv14cJt9vdiQuU7oh5H9qS99vwcy%7EEQWMbOPnuXS5PgpA%7EPMGWD0Xyz%7Ei8U0CHmhtwbu3MWK5nlybw4EEkJLvHi3d0fgxOv%7EuUTv9vDSwTXvvWbi2ouUJllhO1oTAvOu%7EaI7FbBFO1f3XJV4AAJYe6Tf9oUXA-TjWPYJaP1hTXHveCRFh8W3UoBRDO2YMF3mCPPvHf3tlEMfsafyU8kgT7%7E7EFde9ySrqBw%7E%7E-bwDFlelZOqrQn9Z1irCZ41ukEMJrCvjyY3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
faee73d264e20fa9984432397c0171e3
PDF Text
Text
June, July, August 2005
Volume 4, No. 4
THE INTERPRETER'
S NEWSPAPER
W.
il
4(
No ,----
r...
0
Stamp
Act_
6652"
of Independence
17
NO. 1 IN COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
Exhibit— See Insert
1776
SUMMER
June 7:
from
his instructions
with
Virginia
the
Convention,
I
Richard Henry Lee moves in Congress " that these United Colonies
and of
are,
and independent
absolved
are
political
the
and
ought
of Great
State
to
1
I-
liamsburgpasses
Based
draft
on a
w
l
„
and
i
iE
f
A,
Mason
r
.
for
stitution
the new
Convention passed the fast Declaration
of Rights adopted in America, drafted by
George Mason, and on July 4, 1776 the
had
in other states, and on the
i
,
6-, .
"'
p••
'
on Human
ideals— ideals that still reverberate powother peoples today."
Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression.
Freedom hath been hunted round the globe. Asia and
tr .
Africa have long expelled her. Europe regards her like a
on
Aa
dotil,, ---
and England hath given her warning to depart.
stranger,
Thomas
floor. From Philadelphia,
wide- reach-
Advance of the Lacmy" By A. W. Thompson
adopts a con
and
Declaration
erfully in the lives of Americans and
commonwealth.
cm
committee
free-
And as Gordon Wood states, the
Dedaration of Independence" remained
a brilliant expression of Enlightenment
1
t
George Mason's initial proposals are
much modified in
own
1776 the Virginia
United Nations."
1-.-
ry
r; " i
month of debate,
a
Convention
their
12,
tial basis for the Statement
F
lei '
1, '
June 29:
the Virginia
defined
the French Revolution. It also was a par
r
r,
of self- government...
After more than
and
On June
Rights appended to the charter of the
``
f'
I
of Fairfax County, it contained ringing statements of individual liberty
the right
doms.
and of the Citizen in the early days of
i
F
o;.-
in America.
George
by
Wil-
in
j
f
first Dedara
the
adopted
of Rights
tion
of discussion,
Convention
Virginia
the
Empire
subsequent federal Bill of Rights and
the Dedaration of the Rights of Man
r
weeks
In a few short weeks during the
provisions
is,
be, totally dissolved.
several
'
ing influence on similar constitutional
June 12:
After After
•+
Independence.
them
Britain
IN
As historian John Selby argues, " the
all
that
...• "
rr,
Virginia
allegiance
and
iii,
earl summer of 1776 colonists asserted
their independence from the British
they
between
connection
and
that
all
from
British Crown,
the
to
States,
.
V
Continental Congress accepted Thomas
Jefferson's draft of the Declaration of
ought to be, free
right
,
Interpretation— See Page 4
FREEDOM ON THE LINE:
RISK OF REBELLION
News 11 n e
In accordance
r,„,
e/
N_(
Declaration
MIS
DAY---
1
mik
.
the0!
Receive the fugitive, and prepare in time an asylum
that
who first protested
for mankind."
Jefferson,
should be
there
special
a
to write the constitution,
drafts
arrived late and primarily
that
judiciary and
to the
relating
the western lands. The constitution
adopted
as
republican
a
establishes
government for Virginia, composed
restricted
a governor with sharply
powers elected annually by the legislature, an executive council, a bicameral legislature in which the lower
of
house is
and
be predominant,
to
a
Upon signing the Dedaration of Independence,
of
to be the first governor
of Virginia.
reelected
and
again
declined
Continued
Patrick
chooses
Commonwealth
was
in
in
r
So—
hyperbole?! No, it was not, because the signers knew full well that once they
this
was
ated their own black list for the British government. Perhaps Benjamin Franklin summed
it up best
he said, " We must all
when
separately."
In an effort to protect
hang
Or most assuredly
together.
from retaliation, it
the signers
shall all
wake of George Washington's victories at' Ilenton and Princeton— that Congress authorized
with the
printing of the Declaration
signers'
included.
names
and
1777
and
1784
reelection
the
Henry
1778,
1785.
He
through
gained
was
piece of parchment.
a
would be
Independence
only through
won
a
long, bloodybattle of winters and summers of despair and starvation.
g
John Adams
for many
spoke
it will cost
treasure
to
us
all the gloom I
Yet through
is worth all the
is
This
means.
rays
day
our
well
am
aware
of the toil and blood and
and support
declaration,
this
the
see
I
he said"
when
maintain
and defend these
of ravishing light and glory. I
of deliverance."
can
see
states.
end
that the
Submitted by Nancy Milton and Phil Shultz]
in 1786.
page 2
on
L'
'
_
t
hang
until Jan. 18, 1777— in the
not
was
we
The men in Philadelphia certainly were not naïve enough to believe that independence
Convention
Henry
required
words
had put pen to paper they had committed treason. In essence these men had actually cre
June 29:
The
f
Jefferson' s final
Thomas
y
f:
everyone to" mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor."
the
judiciary.
separate
L1
RISKY BUSINESS
influenced the preamble and those
sections
Common Sense
Paine,
Source: Thomas
convention
sent several
_
THE REVOLUTION IN
NORTH AMERICA
June/ July/ August 1776
June 4: Tivo thousand British troops under
General Clinton and nine warships
under Admiral Sir Peter Parker arrive
off Charleston,
hopes
June 12: Congress
Political
f
A
SNAPSHOT
rr
They often critiqued
political leadership and con
cartoons.
f
t
2. 5
million
people
be
"'
b
and
'
s
Bay,',
,
A
40/
Most
were
slaves
held
rdR
yr
by
i
y
x,
New York'
14%
s
ti
population:
New New Jerseys
Rhode
r4P,„.• ,f"
s
population:
a,
nearly every
or
indirectly
a
W
American
benefited
directly
S
1 pp
•it I11!
;
from it."
Gordon Wood.
A
l
The American
History, pg.
I1. i ,
1+,(
56-
57]
I! i'
ill
t
t
I
1 itl
nhr
q
1 ,
r' ..
i
1,
I
I
I.i,1'
III„
Il ! ';;
1
p',
1;;,.
4111
1, .;'
011,'r 1
l
colony'
Tea Act. To the
troops.
Aug. 22: The British disembark 15, 000
troops on LongIsland,
y„
inforcements to Long Island.
Port Bill. A pot spilling,
has rolled down the steps
America.
P'
about
Island.
1, 300.
Y .
1111.
1
N
1. ,,
III
r
s'
p
in Town and
CountryMagazine
9
England, December
British
compared
TWo
to Brooklyn
Engraver unknown;
published
10, 000
Continental
troops
on
casualties
to
the
American
were
about
Continentals'
generals
were
captured. The Americans were pushed
America in Flames
r
sends re
Aug. 27: Some 20, 000 British forces attack
400,
q ii,;,; 11
days, Washington
gt
Y
Long Island, N. Y. in the Battle of Long
i1'
t
1,
N.Y. Over the
Minister, holds the Bos- .
beneath
li'
1 1
I '
re-
on Staten Island, N. Y. with about 9, 000
nexPseveral
ton
i//
4i``,
i,
to the
s
i
I r I' II
w,
1
Revolution:
1'
l'
1
I
`„,,,
pv
to the
years.
July 2: General Howe lands unopposed
Lord North, the British
tea
r
gain control of Charleston are defeated.
Prime
#
AIL
national institution, and
white
k
<
June 28: Attempts by British forces to
right,
9
1
E
0
i'
was
4/
y
\.,
k- `
1'
Slavery
"
80, .!
47,_
f
6-,/
enslaved
6%
i t,
1
g
Bay,"
refers
sistance
r//
G /%
y
4 ''
h,
'\
population:
enslaved
Island'
,,
I+
1,, } "`
enslaved
is depicted
'` ing bellows over the f
ire. Man
sfield' s bellow " Massachusetts
,,
i; l y
h
l
8%
p
s
relation
clouds above America pump-
r
s',
BUT
• .,
i
z =
in
America
Chief Justice Mansfield, Britoat
ish politicians,
float in the
p
c
'`
Southerners
ica duringthe Revolution, with 32, 000
men encamped on Staten Island, N. Y.
P
plight
of
to Great
the
upon
bein 9This ended the British effort to launch
engulfed
in fl
flames. Lord Bute and Lord
a southern invasion for nearlythree
F -:
y
off
the single largest military force in Amer-
corn-
as a woman
4r•,
y
of population
p p
a
'• ,::
i\
slaves:
Howe arrives
satire
particular
Britain.
f
Virginia had the most
June 25: Gen. William
or
America
, ;
*'
1,
g,
the
sentiments.
pro- British
either
ments
h
f
children
resolves to establish
of War and Ordnance.
Sandy Hook, N.J., with a small British
force. By Aug. 12, however, it would be
veyed
e1 ',
1
500, 000 enslaved
men, women,
1
y
r
cc
'`
17
4
Q`'
One Fifth-
ram, .. ,„
i
Board
This
i
1776]
the St.
pro- American
q
POPULATION [
fore
of today' s editorial
were
satires
runners
ter'
AMERICAN
TOTAL
of controlling
Lawrence valley
7.-_-____—_,___,------- =
TODAY
S. C.
June 8-9 After retreating from Quebec,
Americans attack heavily reinforced
Three Rivers, halfway between Montreal
and Quebec, and are defeated, ending
American
VIRGINIA
'
1774
Heights.
Aug. 29- 30: Washington
preserves
the re-
mainder of his troops on Long Island by
to New York City.
a night withdrawal
�z
June, July, August 2005
8. ''. `
t.
NEWS
k:
7
NEWS
4;,
PATRICK HENRY
c,
On June 29,
1776
Fifth
the
DUNE 29, 1776
x
s
Virginia
VIRGINIA' S CONSTITUTION;
J
ELECTED GOVERNOR
Q'
j
THE
V
Convention
CONSTITUTION
OR
FORM
elected Patrick Henry the first
of Virgovernor of the Commonwealth
Constitution that had
ginia. The Virginia
RESOLVED BY THE DELEGATES
just been adopted established
TIES AND CORPORATIONS
form
of
legislature
charged
was
republican
powers.
On July 6 Henry was
when he took the
ernor
elected
I A. B.
the
inaugurated
govoath:
following
governor of Virginia,
thereof, do sol-
emnly promise and swear, that I will,
best of my skill and judgment,
said
the
execute
faithfully,
favour,
of my power, support,
and defend the Common-
maintain,
and the
in the said
my continuance
shall be limited
by
is
office
from
recover
Page,
the
retired
he
in Hanover
bout of
a severe
and
be taxed
prived
all power is vested
derived
from, the
magistrates
and at all times
or
the
Forms of Government,
his
to
County
to
John
shall
and,
these
Dedara-
nity
indefeasible
25,
1776.
it, in such Manner
Right to
Article
entitled
ments
but
That
IV.
to
Man,
no
or
exclusive
Britain
and
Ireland,
and
elector
intrusted
of
with
the
of Men,
set
or
is
Emolu-
separate
neither
Magistrate,
of
Legislator,
executive
from
the
Judicative;
and
separate
and
and that the
thereof may be restrained from
by feeling and participating
Oppression,
Burthens of the People,
the
fixed
at
Periods,
Station,
should
they
be reduced
to
a
private
into that Body from which
return
hath
Man
adopted, and in compliance with a recom-
mendation of the general Congress, do
ordain and declare the future form of government
to be as followeth:
department, shall be separate and distinct,
so
that
neither
exercise
the
powers
prop
erly belonging to the other: nor shall any
person exercise the powers of more than
demand
one of them,
of his Accusation, to
nature
of Virginia
The legislative, executive, and judiciary
criminal
or
Right to
a
and representatives
with the Accusers and Witin his Favour,
at the same time; except
that
the Justices of the County courts shall be
eligible to either House of Assembly
The
legislative
shall
be
formed
of two
distinct branches, who, together, shall be a
complete Legislature. They shall meet once,
or oftener, every year, and shall be called,
The General Assembly of Virginia. One of
himself;
these shall be called, The House of Delegates,
cannot
that
Man be deprived
no
except
Liberty
the
[
by
of his
of the Land,
the Law
or
Note: These protections were not given to enslaved people in Virginia as they would continue
to be tried in lesser Courts of Oyer and Terminer
benefit
and consist of two Representatives, to be
for each county,...
annually, of such
men as actually reside in, and are freeholders of the same, or duly qualified according
chosen
Judgment of his Peers.
of a jury.]
to law, and also of one Delegate
or Repre-
sentative, to be chosen annually for the city
of Williamsburgh, and one for the borough
Article XII. That the Freedom of the Press
of Norfolk,
is
such other cities and boroughs. .. .
of the greatest Bulwarks
and can never be restrained but
of Liberty
by despotic
one
Governments.
Article
which
That
XVI.
we
Religion,
to
owe
of
Manner
Powers of the State should be
Members
or
hereditary.
Article V. That the legislative,
distinct
ought
We, the delegates
of the good people of Virginia, having
maturely considered the premises, and
viewing with great concern the deplorable
conditions to which this once happy country must be reduced, unless some regular,
adequate mode of civil polity is speedily
be found guilty, nor can
he be compelled to give Evidence against
without the
descendible,
being
Offices
Judge to be
1‘
most
Consideration
which not
the
judged
Privileges from the Community,
of Public Services,
or
in
shall be
as
and
abolish
or
alter,
public Weal.
to the
conductive
inalienable,
reform,
by
a
Consent he
of the Comum
purposes, a Majority
hath an indubitable,
bound
nor
speedy Thal by an impartial Jury
of his Vicinage, without whose unanimous
any Government
inadequate or contrary to
be found
elected,
so
whenever
the
P
COUN-
OF VIRGINIA
tyranny, by putting his negative on laws
the most wholesome and necessary for the
public good. . .
Consent
call for Evidence
to
and to
of producing the greatest Degree of
Happiness and Safety, and is most effectually
secured against the Danger of Maladministration,
Cause and
nesses,
is best which is
that
a
be confronted
capable
malaria.
Henry, however, did proclaim
tion of Independence on July
Prosecutions
and Security of the People, Nation,
community, of all the various Modes and
or
for public Uses
or that of their
Property
Article VIII. That in all capital
ought to
or
de-
or
any law to which they have not, in like
Manner, assented, for the public Good.
to them.
amenable
cannot
own
Representatives
in, and
people,
their trustees and ser-
are
of their
without their
tection,
governor ( President of
took over his responsibilities.
Council),
of Suffrage,
be, instituted for the common Benefit, Pro-
lieutenant
as
have the Right
Article III. The Government is,
law and the consti-
thereafter
Representatives of the People,
as
in Assembly, ought to be free; and that all
Men, having sufficient Evidence of permanent common
Interest with, and Attach-
Community,
vants,
So help me God.
Hemmings Statutes, 9, vii, 119.
Shortly
serve
when
ment to, the
that
tution.
home at Scotchtown
of which,
State of Society, they candivest their
a
consequently
to which I have been
government,
elected, at the several periods to which
AND REP-
exercise of the kingly office in this government, hath endeavoured to prevent, the
again
Article VI. That Elections of Members to
have
any compact, deprive,
Article II. That
do solemnly promise and swear, that
will peaceably and quietly resign the
I
Rights,
any Part of the former Mem
eligible, or ineligible, as the
or
may direct.
Laws
and
all
bers to be
Nature
by
are
which
and possessing property, and pursuing and
obtaining happiness and safety.
and that law and justice, in mercy, be
executed in all judgments. And lastly,
I
into
enter
by
men
independent,
cies
the
as
originally taken, and the Vacanbe supplied by regular Elections, in
were
they
posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life
and liberty, with the means of acquiring
observed,
duly
all
and
inherent
not,
privileges, and will constantly endeavour that the laws and ordinances
of
commonwealth be
That
they
constitu-
the same,
and protect the
people thereof in the secure enjoyment of all their rights, franchises, and
the
free
certain
of
tion
I.
equally
to the utmost
wealth of Virginia,
by
made
good
Article
particularly, I will
or
affection,
law, without
to
AND
same into a detestable and insupportable
A DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
pertain to them and their posterity,
basis and foundation of government.
and
diligently
office
according
VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
people of Virginia in the exercise
of their sovereign powers, which rights do
to the
OF
TO
OF THE SEVERAL
Hanover, heretofore
the
representatives
AGREED
Whereas George the third, King of
Great
a
governor
have greatly reduced
would
who
annually
to elect
WAS
RESENTATIVES
with a bicameral
government
and a separate
judiciary. The
legislature
by
a
GOVERNMENT
the
or
Creator,
our
it,
discharging
Duty
and
the
be directed
can
and Conviction, not by
only by Reason
Force or Violence; and therefore, all Men
are
entitled to the free Exercise of Religion,
according to the Dictates of Conscience;
and that it is the mutual Duty of all to
practice Christian Forebearance, Love, and
Charity, toward each other.
and a Representative
for each of
The other shall be called The Senate,
and
consist of twenty- four members, of whom
thirteen shall constitute a House to proceed
on business; for whose election, the different
counties shall be divided into twenty-four
districts; and each county of the respective
district, at the time of the election of its
Delegates,
shall vote for one Senator,
who is
actually a resident and freeholder within the
district, or duly qua ified according to law,
and is upwards of twenty- five years of age;
and the Sheriffs of each county, within five
days at farthest, after the last county election
in the district, shall meet at some convenient
place, and from the poll, ...
WHEEL HORSE OF REVOLUTION
Newsline
Continued
July
from
page 1
4 the Continental
July
accepted
The
official
burg
on
18
Henryodaimed
ry,
Cary family
Williamsburg,
the
take
an
hour
to
the
as
herents off Gwynn'
s
little
the
Brit-
loyalist ad-
s
Island, only 200
yards from the mainland. For the
month Dunmore' s fleet cruised
burning
and terrorizing
water
through
next
the
the
one
area
and provisions...
the
Virginia
Capes
and reached New York
plants-
in search
He
on
by Aug.
sailed
Aug.
14.
5
than
Mason. In
of the
that
of the
appears
Journal
of Jefferson,
a
more
Henry,
member
of correspondence.
committee
m
on
from the
10 times
1773 he became
committee
chairman
of the
whole
As
at
Fifth Virginia Convention in 1776, Cary
reported the resolutions
instructingthe Virp
the
ginia delegates in Philadelphia to propose
independence. He also chaired the committee to
River,
Cary served
committees
of the House of Burgesses
a
only
drive
ish and Lord Dunmore'
Potomac
legislative
frequently
gunners
Archibald
of the Stamp Act. His name
in the index of the revolutionary
or
than
on
time
Commonwealth
of
write
who
erected Wil
meeting of Virginia merchants,
and threatened with tar and feathers those
County,
and later resident at" AmpSouthside plantation downriver
thill," his
he
was
Cary
from Richmond,
25.
July
of
for his short fuse. It
today. Born 1730 into
of builders or" undertakers"
the
new
the
9:
American
for Archibald
is commemorated
Williams-
19, and
is inaugurated
of
same
Chesterfield
exercised at present; and each House shall
enjoying the great respect of his
contemporaries,
Archibald Cary was known
Besides
liamsburg' s" liberty pole" in front of the King' s
Arms Tavern
during the November 1774
reached
on
Henry
first governor
of Virginia.
of
name
important
Patrick
tion
whose
from
Street in Richmond
6:
more
burgess
Cary,
Jefferson.
or
Patrick
Declaration
the
didn' t do the
irascibility
Thomas
news
July
governor,
July
by
Congress
of Indepen-
Dedaration
the
dence drafted
July
If Patrick Henry' s fiery temper helped fix
his name in posterity, one can wonder why
4:
On
The right of suffrage in the election of
members for both Houses shall remain as
a constitution
for the
and
a
declaration
commonwealth.
Williamsburg
who were
loath to
dation. Outraged
the
sign
Continental
of the city, fearing
insisted that
residents
loss of the business of the
Asso
season,
remove the tar, feathers, and
pole.
Patrick Henry' s biographer, William Wirt,
recounted an altercation
between Archibald
Cary
Cary and Patrick Henry' s step- brother, John
Syme, during the first meeting of the new
legislature
in
1776. In
response
by
some
in
Williamsburg
to
legislators
a
the
whispered
that
the
fall
of
suggestion
new
governor
Henry be given emergency, dictatorial powers,
Caryis said to have
Syme in the
the
with the
I
wishes
lobby of
following: "
to be Dictator.
accosted
Colonel
House of Delegates
told your brother
Tell him from me that
am
At
the day of his appointment shall be the day
convening of the new legislature in the
fall of 1776, Cary' s colleagues
unanimously
of his death— for he shall feel my dagger in
his heart before the sunset of that day."
rights
new
the
elected him president of the Senate,
tion he held until his death in 1786.
a
posi-
Submitted
by
Robert Doares]
choose
its own
Speaker,
appoint
its own
officers, settle its own rules of proceeding,
and direct writs of election, for the supply
g intermediate vacancies.
All laws
shall originate
in the House
of
Delegates, to be approved of or rejected by
the Senate,
or to be- amended,
with consent
of the House of Delegates; except money
bills, which in no instance shall be altered by
the Senate, but wholly approved or rejected
A
Governor,
or chief
magistrate,
shall
be chosen annually by joint ballot of both
Houses (
to be taken
in each House
respec
tively) deposited in the conference room;
the boxes examined jointly by a committee
of each House, and the numbers severally
reported to them, that the appointments
may be entered ( which shall be the mode
of taking the joint ballot of both Houses,
mall cases) who shall not continue in that
office longer than three years successively.
nor be eligible, until the expiration of four
years after he shall have been out of that of
fice. An adequate, but moderate salary shall
be settled on him, during his continuance
in office;
and he shall, with
the advice
of a
Council of State, exercise the executive powContinued
on
page 4
�June, July, August 2005
PRINCIPLES OF FREEDOM
THE DECLARATION OF
EXHIBIT
EXHIBIT
INDEPENDENCE AND THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
The
and Jerry
Pat
Epstein American
B.
THE DECLARATION
History Document Collection is an important set
of historical documents that furthers the understanding of the founding principles that shaped
this
Highlights include
nation.
a
rare
The
t
1
surviving
facsimile of the Declaration of Independence by William J. Stone ( 1823), a set of
autographs
of all the signers of the Declaration
of Independence, and a collection of documents
signed by presidents of the United States up to,
and including, Ronald Reagan.
parchment
This
11
tiEll
govern themselves:
Written to explain why the American
s
4
0
out the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Jerry Epof Los Angeles, Ca.
j-
f
i
people had taken the extraordinary step
of declaring independence from Great
Britain and forming a new nation, the
declaration' s universal message of equality
spoke to the founding fathers' generation
I
THE STONE DECLARATION'
Now
Dewitt Wallace
that the
Arts Museum
tive
has opened " Principles
of Freedom," Jan K. Gilliam, Manager
Exhibit
Planning,
with
about the exhibit.
us
shares
of
The exhibit fea-
sampling of documents that bear
of the Declarathe signatures
of signers
tures
a
of Independence,
tion
No Stamp
played
and
to
as
a
examples
of
bringing
in
a role
need for the declaration
most
such
artifacts
Act" teapot,
that
weapons
the
a
and
climax,
a rare
1823 parchment
for the Declaration of Indepen-
importantly
facsimile
dence
William
by
All
Stone.
J.
into context and supported
are
put
panels
by
provide the history and legacy of one
of the primary icons of American history.
asked what the exhibit' s biggest
impact
on
panded
on
guests might be, Gilliam
several levels of meaning:
Then
fascinated
are
by
it si g ned?
was
signatures
People
there?
are
know
want to
whyour
y
of which
know the
The
ries." (
be people who
of it. Feature films such
movie'
s
it' s fiction,
although
in the facts
behind
written
the
involves
premise
buried treasure
a
will
Treasure,
interest
stir
to
history
National
as
stoclues
back of
the
on
Declaration of Independence.)
the
This exhibit helps place the document
in a context that has been lost. " It was a
treasonous
ple
act to
going out
were
Signing
the
took
delegates
disagreed
refused
to
this
was
with
A
sign.
statement."
deliberate
a
accomplish.
to
months
Peo-
limb, and isolating
a
making
Declaration
act that
and
on
by
themselves
document.
this
sign
A
few
document
the
bogus
email
has
circulated for years regarding the supposed
heavy price" paid by signers of the declaAlthough
ration.
truth
the
the
as
melodramatic
is not quite as
legend, excerpt
urban
from the exhibit' s text panels
veryreal risk delegates faced.
g
they
certain
these
dozen
men
individual
and
uses
a
that
new,
have
been
low- level
achieves
clear
these
tecting
that
show
be
effect
and
hath
to
to
long
for
light
suffer,
while
forms to which they
long
a
under
duty,
of
titude
and
which
connec
too
have
them,
as
we
Enemies in War,
to
appealing
of the world for the
of
of
the
rec-
and of Right
good People
publish and
the
solemnly
United Colonies
That these
declare,
Representatives
intentions, do, in the Name,
our
ought
to
are,
be Free and Inde-
usur-
States; that they are Absolved
pendent
to the British Crown,
from all Allegiance
same
and that all
them
them
political
is and
be totally dissolved; and that as
Independent States, they have
War,
levy
Alliances,
and to do all
Peace,
conclude
establish
Commerce,
Acts and Things which
other
Independent States may of right do. And
for the support of this Declaration, with a
them to alter
necessity which constrains
their former Systems of Government. The
firm
of the present King of Great Britis a history of repeated injuries and
reliance
history
Providence,
ain
other
our
protection of divine
mutually pledge to each
the
on
we
Lives,
our
Fortunes
and
sacred Honor.
object
Y)
x
Y
s
enthusiasm
and
lighting
2
r,
x
01ere'
and the
evolution
that
profrom the
brighter
by
to
her
for this
She
exhibit
spoke
of
declaration,
and distribution
but
ultimately
earlier
statement
copies,
she
of the
came
about
the
hopes guests will take away
from this exhibit. " The ' why' behind the
thing
I
and
communist
Square.
INDEPENDENCE
After weeks of drafting, editing,
and debate,
adopted
our
the Continental
the Declaration
Congress
of Indepen-
dence on July 4, 1776. Congress then
ordered that it immediately be printed
in
the
form
of
broadsides—
single
sided, printed sheets— and distributed
throughout
the
nation.
Late
that
af-
ternoon a copy of the document was
taken to the nearby print shop of John
Dunlap, Congress' official printer.
Now called " Dunlap Broadsides," the
copies were delivered the next morn-
ing. In the days that followed, John
Hancock
sent copies
to state
assem-
blies, councils, and safety committees
with the request that it be proclaimed
in such a Mode,
as that the People
may be universally informed of it."
Among those distributed was a copy
was sent to Williamsburg.
On Friday, July 19, 1776, the Vir-
ginia Gazette briefly noted the adoption
of the
Declaration
by Congress.
the Council
of Independence
On Saturday, July 20,
of the State of Virginia
or-
dered that the full text be published,
and it appeared on the second page
in
John
Dixon
and
William
Hunt-
er's Virginia Gazette that same day.
Dixon
and
Hunter
had
established
the newspaper a year earlier with the
motto: " Always for Liberty and
the
Good."
applause"
The
declaration
was
PRINCIPLES
OF FREEDOM:
INDEPENDENCE
AND
THE
OF
THE DECLARATION
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
the
Continental
declaration
engrossed
celebrated
The
Founding
status
enslaved,
were
and
the
new
the
separate
the
ever
women
Americans
out-
Americans
(
In
nation' s
create
free and equal society
birth, it has served to
a
to
the right to
decided
republic.
did not
from their
the
rights
Thirteenth
world,
by
vote
vote
the
vote,
and in
Act allowed Native
in federal
in
individual
this
States. In 1920,
the right to
won
1924 the Citizenship
ma-
remained
peoples
1865,
slavery in the United
political
vast
In
since.
Amendment to the Constitution ended
1776,
In
same
most Native
if the declaration
grounds for
the
men,
inspire those exduded
men
all Ameri-
rights.
Americans
considered
Yet,
at
as
of African
jority
side
believed
Fathers
did not enjoy the
civil
or
phrase " all
did not imply
should have equal
women
the
equal"
created
are
state
elections,
elections
was
states).
country and around
language
of equality
the
ex
pressed in the dedaration has become
the
universal
credo
19, 1776,
Congress
also
ordered the declaration to be printed
on parchment and signed by every
member of Congress. On Aug. 2
it was recorded in the journal of
UNFINISHED BUSINESS
she
hope they get the context back."
Submitted by Todd Norris]
on July 25.
On July
while
cause
of the original
evolution
confronting
proclaimed publicly in Williamsburg,
n
technique
originals
contagious.
work-
to the Soviet Union,
students
Public
4
the shipyard
DECLARATION OF
between
connection
and the State of Great Britain,
contract
=
our
They
hold
the
by Authority
full Power to
I)
kin-
common
interrupt
of these Colonies,
and to provide new Guards for
future security.
Such has been the patient sufferance
of these Colonies; and such is now the
direct
women
PUBLICIZING THE
here.
usurpations,
and
Supreme Judge
their
in
We
us.
Assembled,
Congress,
that
Free and
having
opposed
slavery,
Exhibit: Title Wall]
at-
States of America, in General
United
ought to
all
speech,
tanks in Tiananmen
have conjured
we
correspondence.
ment,
usurpations,
over
our
these
Separation,
off such Govern-
to throw
ties
inevitably
and
Despotism, it is their right,
absolute
the
by
We, therefore,
sufferable,
the
pursuing invariably
pations,
a design
Object evinces
to reduce
it is their
of
the
transient
and
against
have
of
in Peace Friends.
abolishing the
accustomed. But
abuses
We
time
settlement
hold the rest of mankind,
by
are
of
train
are
Chinese
of the circumstances
and
and
our
should
and
evils
than to right themselves
when
will dictate
established
Prague
consanguinity. We must, therefore, acqui
esce
in the necessity, which denounces
or
Happi-
and
Safety
A
been deaf to the voice of justice and of
such
on
them
emigration
would
Gov-
new
Have a Dream"
to extend an
jurisdiction
dred to disavow
all experience
accordingly
that mankind are more
dis-
shewn,
posed
cans
obvious
words.
their
changed
causes;
to
time
them
ends,
alter
its foundation
Prudence, indeed,
and
prepared
environments
visibility
valuable
and deterioration
Gilliam'
one
of these
it, and to institute
Governments
not
brethren.
from
and magnanimity,
rights,
of Govern-
Form
of the People
laying
our
tions
any
destructive
Right
a
light.
back
these
movement
by
injury.
is thus marked
tionist
We have appealed to their native justice
that
secure
Abraham
the aboli-
Address,"
where it was" received with universal
signatures
in acid- free
displayed
Stone
of
governed.
becomes
ness.
British
have reminded
that
with
among
and the pursuit of
whenever
to
our
them
unwarrantable
among Men,
their just powers from the con-
abolish
to
warned
instituted
of the
repeated
by
only
character
other
condition,
the
Rights,
are
of perspectives for signing. All the
documents
received in fairly good
were
is
by
equal,
Creator
their
to
range
fading
tions
self- evi-
be
to
created
are
Life, Liberty
are
of the Pat and
portion
Jerry B. Epstein American History Document Collection
on
display includes a
The
truths
unalienable
to the
speaks
these
endowed
are
whose
Petitions have
tempts by their legislature
dent, that all
ernment,
will be viewing the exhibit, Gilliam
knows they have all sorts of backgrounds,
least
hold
overcome
Nor have We been wanting in atten-
opin-
separation.
We
to
inspired
ers of Gdansk, protestors in the streets of
Our repeated
terms:
every act which may define a Tyrant, is
unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
they should
impel them to
which
nerationsg
words
seeking the vote, Martin Luther King's " I
Prince
that
requires
causes
Its
Lincoln's " Gettysburg
been answered
to
principles and organizing its powers in
such form, as to them shall seem most
has
of individuals
diversity
the
it is the
who
the
the
likely
the
Considering
declare
also
nation
decent respect to the
a
ions of mankind
That
document."
this
them,
entitle
to
man
and
another,
of Nature and of Nature's God
the Laws
sent
trivia
How
with
them
oppression.
humble
people to
which have
among the powers of the earth,
the separate and equal station to which
deriving
of things like this. Who signed it?
When
connected
generations
r
In every stage of these Oppressions We
have Petitioned for Redress in the most
events,
one
bands
political
Tyranny
absolute
future
h
llowed
States. To prove this, let Facts
be submitted to a candid world . . .
assume
ment
the
for
necessary
the
Governments
Stone copy figures into the story.
There' s also the trivia around it.
People
dissolve
Happiness.— That
how the
is
there
ex-
itself is
First, seeing the document
important.
it becomes
an
aas
these
over
in the Course of human
When
of
the establishment
States of America
13 United
the
text
that
When
IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776
The unanimous
Declaration of
thoughts
some
OF INDEPENDENCE
THE DECLARATION
Decora-
has
docu-
il
twould
IMI
IVera
in which free people ou d henceforth
e ceforth
stein
HOPE BEHIND THE HYPE
of Independence
as the most important
ment in human history. Here, in the memorable language of the famous preamble,
110 words fatally undermined the political
basis of the old order and proclaimed a new
E
would not be possible with-
exhibition
Dedaration
been described
of freedom.
Congress
that " the
of independence
and compared
being
at the table
was signed."
Following the War of 1812 and
with the approaching 50th anniversary in 1826, a fresh appreciation
of the
the
nation,
Declaration
where
swept
it was
across
viewed
as
a symbol of patriotism for a new
generation. Several facsimiles of the
declaration were produced between
1818 and 1823; chief among them
was the official government copy by
William
J. Stone.
Submitted
by
Robert Doares]
�June, July, August 2005
ayr
C- ""
f
i
oi,
RY•
st'
ICr
1 If
EXHIBIT
e
u
EXHIBIT
a
T
ill
it
l
S
i
SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION
AMERICAN PARADOX: FREEDOM AND SLAVERY
OFINDEPENDENCE
Continental
of the 13
ment
from
nation,
Congress
was the governand, later, of the new
colonies
1775- 1788. The 56
men
Richard
who
Lee
of Independencewho
were
made
prosperous, and respected in
conservative
their
tors,
Merchants, planters, docmost were aged between
communities.
and lawyers,
30 and 50 years of age. The youngest was 26;
the oldest was 70. All knew that by attaching
their names to what the British considered a
document, they risked their lives,
treasonable
and property.
Only John Hancock
liberty,
of Massachusetts,
of the Continental
Charles Thomson
Secretary
as
Congress, and
signed
first
the
copy on July 4. This was sent immediately to
the official printer for Congress to be produced
for
distribution.
wide
happened
What
original is
to the
Philwere
Aug. 2, 17
n
not
document
during
the
What did the delegates
the
were
pens
with? Quill
taken from
were
shapedwithm
fowl, such as geese, and
knife into pens. One hundred ' best quills'
were
sold for 5s. Od. at the Williamsburg
la
ie
Printing Office. Writing
rying in a pocket.
If the patriots
be heroes. If the
suffer
successful,
they would
lost, they might well
and traitors. As Benja
rebels
famously
remarked to his fellow
some
did
Elizabeth,
of 1776,
for the
an
as
Francis
and his
in the
in the
The town and
wilderness.
country homes of Lyman Hall of Georgia
were burned and his property confiscated
by
British
the
to
for Virginia's
and did not
the
new
government
document until late
the
sign
in 1778. Hall and his
fled
family
Connecticut for the duration
of the
war.
and
dence,
and Concord,
These
a
month later,
delphia
and
Within
he
sonally aware of the
Adams commitment
falter. He
need
for
grounds it would
divide Britain, stimulate
colonies,
for the Revolution,
He
of
draft
to
Declaration
the
ability, fighting
of it," Jefferson
to James
wrote
our
for
word
Thomas
five-
man
tion
Jefferson
us
We therefore
men....
natural right,
our
to
be set at
but
The
must assert
we
every imposition that
till custom and use
our
rights
can
or
recounted
three
John
reason—"
You
later
why he proposed
Declaration. His
the
write
Virginian ought to
it
Adams
reasons
Jefferson should
first
the
are
at the
appear
and
Virginian
a
a
head of this
Congress much amended his draft
was
adopted,
South Carolina)
using as headquarters.
Most of the members
were
of Congress
formally
but three did not
all. Robert R. Livingston(
sign
of the
a member
on
Aug.
2
with his
Born into
left Philadelphia to participate in the formaLion of the New York state
government.
Subsequently, he was elected chancellor of
New York and, in 1789, he administered
presidential oath of office
ton. Believing the colonies
to
fight
successful
a
to
John
war,
fight
the
British
in
yet ready
Dickinson
Declaration of
the
Nevertheless,
as
a
colonel of
he led troops
Philadelphia Battalion,
the First
to
not
were
of Pennsylvania opposed
Independence.
the
George Washing-
New
northern
John
Hancock
and
drawn into
the wealthiest
was
England
in New
Harvard- educated,
before
political
the
however, and refused to take the oath of al
legiance
to
King George III
took Philadelphia
Why
the
British
later.
months
the Declaration
was
Washington
sign
a
delegate
to
the
broke
him
Continental
army
when
in 1775, Congress apcommanderin- chief of the
out
Army,
the
and he
Declaration
was
with
was
adopted.
the
Correspondence,
1651- 1827,
Courtesy, Libraryof Congress
g
signed
rebellion
He
thur Middleton
from
ardent patriot
of the imperial
was
elected
a
as a
delegate
result
Hancock'
was
Con-
gress, and then was chosen as its president.
The first to sign the Declaration of Independence, Hancock is said to have remarked, "
write
his
so
that
a
break
spectades."
being
1776- 77, and
to
I
the
army, he
to
raise
1777
for independence
at
in Charles
Harrison
a siege
month,
direct
line.
fifth
the
held
He
a
Benjamin
in
1775,
from
and
name
the
1791,
serving as Speaker.
Moreover, he represented Virginia as a del1774
to
Continental
to the
1778, signed
and
Independence,
Congresses from
the
Declaration
presided
the
Franklin ( Pennsylvania)
over
of
its de-
British Army
in 1780, his home
James River
plundered.
was
At 70, Franklin
from
was
the oldest
delegate
American celebrity. His
loyal servant of the Crown
an
patriot took place in England,
he had been trying to reconcile
the
George
on
the
Wythe ( Virginia)
1726?- 1806
Wythe
rose
to prominence as a lawyer in
Elected to the House of Bur-
to American
Williamsburg.
gesses, he resigned upon becoming clerk of
the House. At the Continental Congress he
with its American colonies. He
government
gave up his quest, returned to Philadelphia,
and took a seat in the Continental Congress
was
in 1775. He
to
was
appointed
to the
Commit-
effective
help
tee
of Five and to support Jefferson in draft-
missed
ing
and
proval
defending
the
Dedaration.
behind the
independence.
Having
prepare
the
vote
of the
a
state
scenes
in support of
returned
to Virginia
constitution,
for independence
Declaration.
He
of
Lachlan
Mclntosh' s Continental
A legislative
investigation
but McIntosh
cleared
denounced
him
and early death make his signatures the
rarest of all signers.
subsequent
frequently
egate
Speaker
Gwinnett mortally. Gwinnett' s short career
in
Virginia House of Delegates until his death
in
elected
publicly. Both were wounded in the ensuing duel, McIntosh not seriously but
1749 to its dis-
in
was
militia. His expedition to capture St. Au-
troops.
1706- 1790
Congress and
Gwinnett
gustine failed, partly from lack of coopera-
in the Virginia
seat
the Declara-
tion, and was given command of the state
Benjamin
of that
and signed
mittee that drafted the state' s first constitu-
alle-
Berkeley, his father' s plantation
City County, Virginia,
to Con-
the Georgia Assembly, headed the com-
Gwinnett,
was
a delegate
tion on Aug. 2. Returning home later that
1726?- 1791
Born
became
gress in 1776. He supported the resolution
Harrison ( Virginia)
invaded Virginia
to
Gwinnett
Con-
refused to take the oath of
bates in Congress. When
Liberty."
in
Gwinnett ( Georgia)
1735?—
present on
He served
was
the Declaration.
sign
Benjamin
solution
supported the military effort by
troops " for the Defence of
nevertheless
American
command
to
chosen
helping
Button
served in the Continental
complete
House of Burgesses
George III may read without
Bitterly disappointed by not
to Philadelphia
who,
from Britain.
advocated
s
of the Sugar and
Continental
to the
re-
he returned
crisis,
an
beginning
the
tion with
was
because he
when
razed someone else to sign for him.
of the wealthiest families
one
where
of Independence?
First Continental Congress in 1774. When
fighting
pointed
fortune suffered
journey
didn' t George
Washington
when
and
merchant
war.
Jer-
sey. Thomas Willing, also from Pennsylvania,
voiced similar reasons. He was no loyalist,
General
upon
giance to the Crown, and was incarcerated
at St. Augustine, Fla., with 64 others.
1737- 1793
Stamp Acts, he still lived in luxury. He
He
Monticello, June 24, 1826
in the South Carolina Low Country, Ar-
Middleton
Massachusetts)
her delegates
for independence.
of
Thomas Jefferson Papers. Series I.
British forces in the spring of 1780. Captuned with the rest of the patriot garrison,
sented British taxation. Although
vote
mayor
Washington, D. C.
by
colleagues.
Committee of Five) urged postponement possibly because New York had not authorized
to
C. Weightman,
the fall, although it is possible that he autho-
Middleton
but the document
still bears
Boston- raised
signed the Declaration,
at
British
expression
Thomas Jefferson to
1742- 1787
John Hancock (
the
of his
and its
were the first
It is an eloquent
Roger
Arthur Middleton
(
suggested
which he suspected
example
Revolution
of Jefferson' s belief that the people are fully
capable of governing themselves.
submit
tame
us
to
people to throw off the shackles of oppression, but in time other peoples would also
assume the blessings and security of selfgovernment."
be heaped
make
in the defense of Charleston against
home,
a supreme
of the American
is arrived,"
crisis
he signed the document
own
"
paradox was a
not impossible,
task. Revolu-
his fortune supporting the Revolutionary War. When asked where to direct the
bombardment of the town in 1781, Nelson
his
to an
in honor of the fiftieth
message of hope. Americans
the American
from
on
vision
beg
freedoms,
our
2
American troops fire
in response
dence. His farewell to the nation, Jefferson' s
letter represents
liberty"'
Aug.
depleted
in
deprived of
gress
of Yorktown, Va.,
Nelson
24, 1826,
from the mayor of Washington
attend a celebration
natural right
a
the stamp of his genius. Though
frustrated with the edits made by Congress,
fall of Charleston
the
after
Thomas Jefferson wrote his last public
letter on June
or
to the
Dedara-
draft
of Independence.
before
imprisoned
3 Berlin, Many Thousands Gone, p. 220.
George Washington in August, 1774,
wrote
1743-
was appointed
to
committee
Jr., Edward Rutledge, and Arthur Middleton,
1780. Thomas
result
1826
business."
in
2
stated
have
we
being
without
independence. "
when
South Carolina delegates, Thomas Heyward,
were
end
Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the
American Revolution, pp. 13- 15.
Jordan, White Over Black, p. 292.
leaders used the ubiquity of enslavement in America to bolster their demands
Madison
Jefferson ( Virginia)
as the
rule.
tionary
in 1783.
Thomas
other men
children
difficult,
He
with zeal and
for every
fearlessly
Court that
apprehend
fellow
our
Justifying
Commit-
the
by
obtain
may
and
support
document. "
the
freedoms
our
and attract European
appointed
was
Five to
British
1 Jordan, White Over Black, p. 292; Kaplan and
your Excellency and Honors will. . . . cause
an act of the legislation
to be passed that we
the
unite
and ideological
Enslaving Virginia Resource Book]
nature
white
The moral
anniversary of the Declaration of Indepen-
General
the
your petitioners
common with all
them
of Independence
Declaration
a
are,
m
invitation
to
war,
of the
Congress
law of
men
Most,
define
enslavement
of continued
of Indepen-
by
are
all
fr3
Gage and
"
independence did
to
persuaded
Colonists
so many
in
and gain grassroots support for independence) one needed to have a readily available and universally understood concept
aware
indeed
as
Ameri-
black." In May 1774, several enslaved men
from Boston brought a petition to Governor
per-
of
consequences
practical
the
on
in the
Even though
militia.
fully
was
free born,
of the
a captain
he
that" the
nies
war.
Congress.
informed
was
death of his brother, Elihu,
Massachusetts
of
ravages
Continental
the
in the Dedaration
how
theyhold
af thousandsze
symbolized
symbolized
As early as 1764, James
Otis noted in The Rights of the British Colo-
still in his mind
were
free-
upon
recognized,
quickly
asked
conundrum of maintaining a system of
oppression in a free country was less important than the motivational factor that
ing its freedom.
Lexing-
he departed for Phila-
when
months
the
view
images
painful
at
John Adams saddled his
horse and went to
was
while
of un- freedom.
of the paradox
created bya slaveholdingsocietydemand-
1735- 1826
of the battles
society founded
a
liberty
words
above
learning
(
from
harshly criticized, and ultimately justified
by the founders of this new nation.
When Thomas Jefferson penned the
August.
After
American
legal in each of the newly established
incongruity of maintain-
dom
foundation
North
the
United States. The
her
to
moment
Paine
them
hundreds
enslaved and the institution itself
was
was
autumnto
ordeal that contributed
home shortly before the British seized it. The
63- year- old man sent his children to relatives
hid
cans
Thomas
to enslave
pursuit
British rule, one out of every five Amen-
inde-
help lay
to
the
1775,
cans can " complain so loudly of attempts
Rights, that among
dedared their independence
colonies
In
Creator with
their
as the blacks we rule over with
nized the slippery slope of this argument.
that
r,
ing slavery in
adopted
was
a
cause.
imprisoned
for
resolution
equal,
slaves,
such arbitrary sway."2 Some quickly recog-
self-evident,
Liberty, and
Life,
Declaration
supported
burned,
was
the
by
unalienable
At the
at
often
was
be
to
created
are
endowed
pendence in Congress on June 7, 1776.
He returned
before the
to Williamsburg
tee
death less than three years later. In December 1776, John Hart of New Jersey fled his
and
introduced
Lee
allies.
suffer
he
senator,
As-
of Congress,
of controversy. In response
center
to
Y
P
instructions from the Virginia Convention,
most
hang together or
hang separately"
destined to hang
Lewis' New York home
States
in the General
member
the
not
were
assuredly we shall all
While none was
wife,
sembly
and United
car-
We must all
delegates,"
traitor,
could
for
convenient
cases
war was
fate of
the
Franklin
min
including
equipment,
ink and sand to blot the ink
quill,
the
be arranged in small
as a burgess
men
ofHthes pire
Throughout
Revolutionary.
of Virginia,
ton
the
months.
sign
Quills
choice.
his career
who
signed
are
certain
John Adams ( Massachusetts)
Those
day
following
that
on
present
all
they
subsequently
unknown.
A majority of the delegates in Congress
signed thethe Declaration of Independence in
signed
that
typical of those colonial gentry
the transition from Loyalist to
was
abject
hold these truths
Lee ( Virginia)
Henry
1733- 1794
si
signed the Declaration
ed
well educated,
Part I— Introduction
Wythe
and apmight have
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
(
Maryland) 1737- 1832
The
only
Roman
Catholic
signer,
Charles Carroll of Carrollton was a wealthy
Maryland landowner and businessman.
though
educated
in Europe,
Al-
his sympathies
were firmly with American independence.
Carroll actively participated in many political groups devoted to organizing and
governing the colonies as they became a
new country. He was present in Congress
on Aug. 2, 1776, to sign the Declaration of
Independence.
In recognition
of his war
service, Carroll was elected to honorary
membership in the Society of the Cincinnati, a group composed of former military
officers. The same year America marked
the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of
Independence, Carroll, as the last surviving
signer, celebrated his 90th birthday
Submitted by Rose McAphee)
�July, August
June,
3
2005
PREPARING FOR WAR IN NEW YORK
By July 3, about 9, 000 troops led by
Howe had landed
Gen. William
Island,
n
h adt
on
FORUM
hundreds
where
wel c ome them. Howe
o
1,"
Staten
on
of ' Ibries
and in the days
came
J/'
ever
130
including
sails,
and
warships
soxc
HAAT, Y r, c.,'. T
an
ashore
r,
i,
it ,, •/ ^-
soldiers—
and
20 frigates,
deployment
1,
J;
ito jtk
went
SUMMER FARMING
4¢
Tobacco:
1
10
by
4', .
i
1
than the
more
.-
I f.
i
-
i
a -
i
0
f • ••
t`,
I
b
making
it the largest, most costly British overseas
Wood, The American
Gordon
of- the- line
ships-
j
r .,!
w '
fully equipped, highly
professional British and
population of Philadelphia—
on Staten Island, supported
entire
s
i ',?.`
transports
command of the gen
under
eral' s brother, Adm. Richard Lord Howe. By
trained, thoroughly
German ( Hessian)
LIFE
p,
sw"
from England
mid- August, 32, 000
''`
3
up the Narrows
and Long Island,
British
more
of
' ,
j
following,
Staten Island
armada
'
himself
had gone ashore on July 2, the very day
that Congress had voted for independence,
between
c
G3D.
were
i
t•
Revolution: The HistoryBy contrast, theYork and army, gathered
American in Manin defense of
New York. A Modern Library Chronicles Book,
The Modern Library. 2002
It
was
a strange
had begun,
cans
that
one
face of it is
the
on
Ameri-
that
revolution
easily comprehended. A series of trade
and tax levies do not seem to add up to
justification for independence. There was
not
acts
a
of the
tyranny of history
that had so often driven desperate peoples
into rebellion. Yet by 1776 most Americans
none
legendary
agreed
with John Adams that they were
in the very midst of a Revolution, the most
and remarkable
of
compleat, unexpected,
How
any in the History of nations."
was it to be explained
and justified?
Americans
Those
what
had been
they
marvel
at the
through
out
immediate
an
depending
cause
ing
of Virginia,
with-
revolution "
much
without
Americans,
a
Because
the
reasoning."
Edmund Burke pointed out
as
if his
one
famous
misgovernment
augur
in
speeches
at
1775,
distance
a
and
snuff the approach
of tyranny
in every
tainted breeze," they anticipated grievances
even
before they actually suffered them.
Thus the American
seemed to be
conservative
has
Revolution
Yorker,
In
one.
days
of heroism go, it
third week of July
the
Independence
tal Congress,
Army,
approved
by
involved
was
with his British
exchange
Continen-
the
in
fastidious
a
counterpart,
Lord
Richard Howe. On July 14th, as the Royal navy
sent ship after ship into New York harbor, Howe
dispatched
with
York the 19th
day
trial of James
a
John
him
and
the
shore
s
to
most
he had brought
that
Hearing
officers.
on
of Washington'
three
were
Manhattan
on
of truce,
flag
letter from' Lord Howe to Mr. Washington,'
said James
After
rebuff..."
a
second foiled attempt
by
Howe' s
had intended to send. Soon
that Washington
hearing Paterson' s report, he informed
King's ministers that there was little hope
after
settlement
his
performed
McCullough
writes
32). The
of
short
Washington
war. '
perfection,' David
in 1776( Simon Er Schus
role
whole
to
a
a
serious
amounted
encounter
bit ofplayacting.
of
to
Yet
it
was
for
sort,
belonging
5
reason
Navy
scended
for
to
fear,
of the
long.
upon
as
the
that
III
whom
own
he could stand up to anybody
sent
deputy,
Paterson
against
them.
Washington'
later
HenryKnox,
had looked"
awe-
arms
at the
and first mentioned
Parish
County
ously and
s
the
republicanism
pages of Roman
as
as
that
if before
if he had sprung from
history"
Russia
Drab Coat, brown Linen
with Waistband, of
wean
calves,
arraigned he said he
was
Well
and for trial put himself upon
of the Court Whereupon
divers
James
in
and
sworn
heard
was
kill veal for sale,
demanded
eral petitions
from church
Virginia
said
A congregation
County
Baptists
being
on
Sentence
of death
permitted
conviction
aforesaid
and
said he had nothing besides what he had
before said Therefore It is Considered by the
by
the
petitioned
no
to
the
their
Convention
a
powerful
provided
they be
their
maintain
own
free
Sherif of this County on Frithe 20th day of September next and the
exercise"
apparent
House
Goal
of the County being insufficient the
said James is remanded to the keeper of the
mar
of
until
wording, did not become
the new
October, when
Delegates
Commonwealth
of
independent
the
of Virginia
met
in
Wil-
11
ram
2 -,..
/,
S!
i, •
g
t
k:
-
1
3
g .l,l,
i
r
J-
j164
'.
ventilation.
Gardening and
Food
Preservation
etc.
In hot weather, raw meat spoils rapidly and
so must be cooked and eaten up quickly,
thus only smaller cuts of meat are served
in summertime,
unless the whole animal
will be eaten in a day or two.
Seasonality in Building
Brickmaking: Making and burning brick;
problem with wet weather during drying of green bricks; in rural areas bricks
Bricklaying: Good months to work; bricks
need to be kept moist when laying
Mortar Manufacture: keep mortar wetter to
keep from drying out
Plastering: Need to keep surfaces wet during
dry season
Carpentry and Joinery: If working by day,
longer
hours;
15 hours
sun,
13 hours
work
Becoming AMERICANS TODAY
is a publication of the
Department
of Interpretive Training
''
J
l
Anne
Willis
Contributors:
Bob Doares, Jan Gilliam,
Carl Lounsbury, Rose McAphee,
Nancy Milton, Todd Norris,
Production:
i
Susan Q. Bruno, Copy editor
Diana Freedman, Production artist
a 2005 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
t
s
a
Furniture
Phil Shultz
T:"
1
removed and stored.
often moved to passage to enjoy cross
Editors:
al
I
curtains
Margot Crevieaux- Gevertz
i•..
d
Housekeeping
liamsburg for the first time.
t,...,•
ti
PRESERVATION
dissenters' petitions, inspired by article 16' s
"
the
i,
GARDENING/ FOOD
ministers
and that they could be
others,
t
willingness
against...
cause"
state
ried and buried without pay8ing the dergy
of other denominations. The fabled flood of
Neck until
he be dead and It is Ordered that Execution
day
common
of the old
of Prince William
enemy" [ Great Britain],
the
Court that he be hanged
kill
made in late summer
exer-
16, but not the
disestablishment
June 20, indicating
make
free
included "
article
church.
He
by
in
absolute
upon
seeking relief
for example.
tax
religion
pronounce
to
him
House
from dissenters
of the
of the said James if he had any
Court should not
against
majority of
of Bur-
the
the
Convention
of
cise"
say why the
proceed
be done
to
payments,
adopting on June 12, 1776 of the
of Rights by the Fifth
Virginia Declaration
the
him is alledged and it
to ships,
wool, separate sheep, choose cattle for
fattening, make butter; go fishing
artichokes,
The
On Con-
opinion
for sale
veal, and shoats for sale, sell
Make wine, sugar- preserve fruits, dry fruits
in oven because of humidity; picking and
drying of beans, carrots, onions, melons,
grievances. The committee also fielded sev-
thereof
the
1770s,
the
referred
said James is guilty
and form as in the Information
that
against
to
in his defence
sev-
in
Committee for Religion
came
gesses'
from Church of England parishioners, vesclergymen
tries, and
seeking redress of
witnesses
and
whereof It is the
court
manner
thing
Examined
into
petitions
thereof Guilty
the Judgment
not
has
RIGHTS AND RELIGION
and carry away against the
Dignity of the said Common-
being
He
in Gloucester County, and it is
DECLARATION OF
enter
take
And the said James
Kill beef
muttons,
NICHOLAS SCOUVEMONT
in the said Dwelling House then and there
found feloniously and burglariously
and
lighter Colour,
a
worn.
feloni-
scituate
August:
shall have TEN SHILLINGS Reward.
Value of twenty shillings each of the Goods
and Chattels of the said Serafino Formicola
wealth
he went
when
that way
probable he may be goneY
delivers the said Slave to me in Williamsburg
burglariously
and one [ g] uinea of the value of twenty
six shillings and three golden rings of the
did steal
on,
Dowlas Shirt much
a
young
something super- natural,' while the General
sat unfazed and spoke the language of liberty
and
white
eral Relations
of Bruton in
did break and
men
George
recounted
struck
he
for sale,
tilation. Mosquito netting added to bedsteads for protection from insects. Gauze
covers to protect looking glasses and
expensive pictures. Carpets and window
about
had
in this brief
drama not only to let Howe know
his
was dealing with but to show
gather
SUMMER
one
engaged
Washington
cider,
Livestock: June: Shear sheep, kill muttons
Hunter),
made;
and
said County of York the Dwelling House
of one Serafino Formicola in the said Parish
de-
remain
only
it, that it wouldn' t
Make
Doors and windows kept open for most ven-
the
combined Armyand
world' s
August:
peaches, make peach brandy
Inches high, black Complex-
6
or
Breeches,
August between the Hours of ten and
and
5
Feet
newborn
superpower
Pumpkins
Orchard:
20 Years of Age,
named BAGLEY,
away, a
to
of this In-
day
125.
ion, and well
of Cumberland
County
thirteenth
the
Gazette ( Dixon&
the
especially
coup try that, for all its bluster, wasn' tquite
sure it
really was a country and had plenty
of
Vegetables: Sow turnips, plant peas and potames, sow vegetables, weed peas and
RUN away from the Subscriber, a Negro
Man
P ya
playacting
g
a
sow,
July 20, 1776
twelve in the night of the same day with
above
emissary Lt. Col. James Paterson, the meeting with Washington "
swiftly reached an
impasse. But Howe received the message
ter; $
before
County
Negro Man Slave
a
ILesday
whole
had
bar Ed-
the
Court and gives them
and be informed that he the
understand
on
to
Order Book 4
1774- 1784)
of the said
sideration
same
and
HOUSEKEEPING/
David Jameson.
Virginia
set
be
fifty
Source: York County
attorney General for
of Virginia comes into
Court of the said
new
the
tread
make butter
to
five pounds Current money.
minutes of these Proceedings
were
The
Esqr
Commonwealth
Justices
to
being
Randolph
mund
the
James
there
Court at
to
Reynolds Gent Justices.
The said
in Williamsburgh
1776 for the
Negro Slave
David Jameson, Starkey Robinson, William
Digges Junr, Augustine
Moore and William
days later, Howe'
receive
for seed,
muttons and veal for sale, wean calves,
belonging
of August
signed
were
returned with a
s emissary
copy of the letter— this one addressed to
George Washington, Esq., etc., etc.,'— only to
thresh
plow and harrow in
July: Kill beef for sale to ships, kill
safely kept until the time of his Execution
aforesaid. The said James is valued by the
of
in the lbwn
County
Goal
Public
Present
they rebuffed him, declaring that there was no
person in our army with that address.' Three
a
held at the
for Felony and Burglary.
Mayo
Peace
trusted
of
of York
Courthouse
Island
a
arrived
Brown
under
the
men-
being
a
Esq.'
a
Court of Oyer and Terminer
a
rung lieutenant, Philip Brown,
letter addressed to' George Washington,
a
meet
At
force
1776,
His Excellency General George
commanderin- chief of the Con-
Washington,
tinental
was
odd
an
only
Declaration
of
Jefferson's
Thomas
after
was
could only give the enemy a low
of the American army.
opinion
Source: David McCullough, John Adams,
[
New York, Simon&
Schuster, 2001]
conduct"
CONDEMNED SLAVE TO HANG
stant
p. 87]
scenes
gawking,
town,
make butter
John Mayo of the
The New
23, 2005,
May
ones.
of 1776
By David McCullough [
onshore
Washington,
Adams knew, they had no naval support.
When, on July 12, with the wind and the
in their favor, the British sent two
stood
militia
which evoked an angry general order from
declaring such " unsoldierly
"
to
as
the
old
American
tell John Adams that in reality the
9, 000; and
American force might number
always
unusually intellectual and
affair— carried out not to cre
A Review
As
and chief had yet to fight a battle.
From Long Island, one of Washington' s ablest
Nathanael Green,
divisional commanders,
tide
manure,
town, cut, bind and stack, sell straw in
of- war up the Hudson River to demonstrate
who had control, there was nothing to stop
them. As the huge ships passed upstream,
mander
wrote
weed,
Wheat: Cart last year' s crop to ships or
amateurs
nearly all poorly equipped
led by Washington, who in his year as corn-
an
liberties but to preserve
ate new
on
optimistically
troops. These
20, 000
number
feel-
hasty
on
theoretic
as
in
only
rationality
oppression,
so
to
was
were
back at
said Edmund
was,
a
thought
dug
Island,
then
could
and
moderation
of their Revolution. It
Randolph
looked
who
New
hattan and Long
and replant,
Corn: Plow and hoe ground, plant and replant, weed with plows and hoes, and
cart last year's crop to town
until that time.
ever
Plant
worm, top and sucker. In August top,
gather seed, begin cutting
gm
+ ,
i
j
i
y E_
le-_
All rights reserved.
All images are property of
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
unless
otherwise
noted.
�4
June, July, August 2005
WARNING!
REBELLION MAY BE INJURIOUS
INTERPRETATION
INTERPRETATION
TO YOUR HEALTH
CONSIDER YOUR INTERPRETATIONS
FOR JUNE, JULY, AUGUST 1776
May 6
From
Convention
few
in
in its
on
May 15 a resolution for independence is introduced, and a committee is appointed to
draft
for
a constitution
On June
ment.
passes
with its
state
governConvention
12 the Virginia
•
Constitution
new
Patrick
Henry
everyone
first
the
and
support
7,
•
•-t
elects
t,,
of England.
7/'
E
granting
r
'
4_,
may
As•
a
e
people and
t
C
VIP
s
as
4-
m
new
Since the battles of Lexington
govern-
has
How
changed?
leadership
the
of
practice
and Con-
4
cord in the spring of 1775 colonists have
been at war with the Empire. In the sum-
ment?
Has Virginia' s
of 1776, Sir William
mer
religion
New York
changed?
with
Harbor
:
T
I!! 1 ,
1'
a
Howe sailed into
r,
force of 30, 000
a
gress is meeting in Philadelphia. On June
Richard Henry Lee moves in Congress
be
to
free
British
the
independent
absolved
are
they
and
from
Crown,
and
between
connection
all
States,
all
and
political
of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally
dissolved."
Thomas
and
declaration,
the
nental Congress
draft
is
Jefferson
after
accepts
selected
water,
fleet
sails
on
How
people'
s
What
How
country now
Continental Congress?
Will Loyalists
be
the
are
for Patriots
Who is
new
now
war
kind of
a
effort
How
some
many
will
the
a
would
manage
husbands,
as
of the Empire.
will happen
Trade
and
to the crops in the
of earning
period of crisis.
will
How
support
commerce
Ways
the
living
a
themselves?
disrupted.
are
change
during
and
commodities
this
be
goods
marketed?
a
will
How
A _- _ =_
Where
goods be imported
y,
•
Will the
war
my business
enhance
or
What will happen to my indebtedness
a'(
1'. a' '
of treason
be
now
goods
trade.
xL:
i` ,
European
can
purchased?
new
1
essential
into Virginia?
N
to
English
citizen
in the
and
1
p
be?
slaves
where
respectively.
The
call them before the time to which
of the Governor
from
ment, shall act as Lieutenant
The Delegates
thegovern
Governor. . .
for Virginia
to the Con-
tinental Congress shall be chosen annually
by joint ballot of both Houses.
The present militia officers shall be continued, and vacancies supplied by appointment
of the
Governor,
with
the advice
Court
Martial,
on complaint
of misbehav-
iour or inability, or to supply vacancies of
officers, happening when in actual service.
The two Houses of Assembly shall, by
joint ballot, appoint Judges of the Supreme
Court
of
Appeals,
and
General
Court,
Judges in Chancery, Judges of Admiralty,
Secretary, and the Attorney General, to be
commissioned by the Governor, and continue in office during good behaviour
The Governor shall appoint Justices of
the
Peace for the
and
future
The present
counties . . .
Clerks
shall
hold
their
offices
during good behaviour, to be judged of,
Sheriffs
s
of
the Privy Council, on recommendations
from the respective County Courts; but the
Governor and Council shall have a power
of suspending any officer, and ordering a
and determined
Will there be inflation?
r
themselves
merchants?
How stable will my investments in land
republic?
adjourn
absence
and families
individuals
action
How will families
is
commander
wins?
considered
that war
fields.
secured?
the
apparent
challenges.
forces
What
be supported?
military
more
and that Virginians
will families
How
injured will there be?
allegiances?
consequences
if Britain
war?
except
choose, out of their own members, a Presi-
sons and fathers leave to fight the awe-
A- ,
persecuted by
government?
Will families have split
What
governed by
affect
war
necessary gunpowder,
flint, musket balls, weapons, and salt be
of the
ginians are no longer subjects
king and some become citizens in a
rebellious
of the
face many
Washington?
•
Vir-
as
support the
9.
Aug.
be fought?
will the
•
lives changed
war
or
revised
July 4, 1776. News of its passage
Williamsburg on July 18 or 19,
and Governor Patrick Henry proclaims the
Declaration on July 25.
action
will fight in the
How
s
the
dead
on
are
would
Who
•
reached
How
terrorizing
for New York
Where will the
•
debate the ContiJefferson'
As it became
was inevitable
Virginians?
draft
to
River
or pardons,
dent, who, in case of death, inability, or
in search
and
•
I
is
Dunmore
of provisions
Virginians
until his
State
the
Lord
when
to
allegiances
that
them
July 9,
the Potomac
that
2
L ':'"-_ —
driven off Gwynn' s Island, his fleet cruised
and ought
4M t:
l!I MOA .
7.-' • =
aA=
same
are,
under
they shall stand prorogued or adjourned.
A Privy Council, or Council of State,
consisting of eight members, shall be chosen, by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly, either from their own members or
the people at large, to assist in the administration of government. They shall annually
r_
=
IPT =
men.
the
time, the Continental ConAtAfter
That these united Colonies
not,
But he shall, with the advice
reprieves
Delegates,
ito
A
lfb.
equals?
in the
shall
Governor shall not prorogue or adjourn the
Assembly, during their sitting, nor dissolve
them at any time; but he shall, if necessary,
either by advice of the Council of State, or
on application of a majority of the House of
m
free blacks?
Who participates
and
the prosecution shall have been carried on
by the House of Delegates, or the law shall
otherwise particularlydirect: in which cases,
no reprieve or pardon shall be granted, but
by resolve of the House of Delegates.
Either House of the General Assembly
I
embraced
Commonwealth;
five, by virtue of any law, statute or custom
women?
Indians
ers of government, according to the laws of
any presence, exercise any power or preroga-
a
Is
Virginia
S
Continued from page 2
independence?
rebellion?
41
r
i
Are all Virginians now free and equal?
gin
q
Do all Virginians enjoy the protection of
their natural rights?
Are
to
S
Y
governor of the
slavery abolished?
What happens to enslaved
Virginia Constitution
of the Council of State, have the power of
commonwealth.
What about
move
is still loyal to the Crown?
the
adopts
June 29
on
as
Does
r
The Virginia Convention
is tumultuous. Virginians face
this
feel about the
Who
liberties and rights of men to govern themselves.
How do individuals
•
individual
of
statements
great
•
Declaration of Rights
Virginia
the
a new
in this town and commonwealth
personal and public changes in their lives as Virginia is being transformed from a
colony to a commonwealth and all the colonies are in open rebellion against the most
powerful empire in the world.
After two
leadership.
of 1776
summer
radical
with
Williamsburg
debate the Convention,
vigorous
The
Fifth Virginia
5 the
July
meets
changes
days of
to
and
in the General Court. The
Coroners
shall
be nominated
by the respective Courts, approved by the
Governor, and commissioned by the Govz
c-
U cam- c
.,-
4,--
4",---ti,....
c
,4
----
4. - ....,
c--„ .,--
Th(-
y
4
-
4- .._,-
0
ernor. The Justices
shall appoint
Constables;
and all fees of the aforesaid officers be regu-
lated by law.
QUIZ
ACROSS
YOURSELF
The Governor,
when he is out of office,
19 New York
signer
and others, offending against the State,
either by mar- administration, corruption,
or other means, by which the safety of
the State may be endangered, shall be impeachable by the House of Delegates . . .
If all or any of the Judges of the General
Court should on good grounds( to be judged
of by the House of Delegates) be accused of
any of the crimes or offences above mentioned, such House of Delegates may, in like
21 Maryland
signer
manner,
2
Open doors
6
First
7
Virginia
8
Dunmore'
ing
ON INDEPENDENCE
11
and
windows
facilitate
this
dur-
summer
president of
the
Virginia
senate
signer
s ships cruised this river in July 1776
Drafted Declaration of Independence
14 This
Virginia
document
adopted
June
29,
In1776
18 These
and
powers are separate from legislative
judicial
22 Proclaimed
M
•
23 Brothers
24 Signers
II:
il
N
II
®
III
in
July 25, 1776
British general and admiral
Williamsburg
were
of
Declaration
the
risked
charges
of
this
25
The
Significant
patriot victory in 1776
Charters,
land,
DOWN
1
11®
Formal
copy of Declaration engrossed
on this
material
11 : •
II
3
II
Pennsylvania
4
Georgia
5
Dunlap
9
Article
Rights
16
of
of Declaration of Independence
the
supports this
10 Virginian
Virginia
Declaration
of
freedom
who couldn' t sign
the
Declaration
of Independence
12 Declaration
15 Drafted
inspired
this
Virginia Declaration of Rights
17 New Virginia
this
constitution
restricted
office
20 Author
or Judges
so
territories,
erecting
Pennsylvania,
contained
within
the Colonies
North
and
the
of Mary-
South
Caro-
lina, are hereby ceded, released, and forever
confirmed, to the people of these Colonies
stand as fixed by the Charter of King James
I. in the year one thousand six hundred
and nine, and by the public treaty of peace
between the Courts of Britain and France, in
the Year
of Independence
address
by President Lincoln
13 This body chose Henry as first Governor
NEM.
II
the Judge
The western and northern
respectively . . .
extent of Virginia shall, in all other respects,
signer
signer
version
impeach
accused, to be prosecuted in the Court of
Appeals; and he or they, if found guilty, shall
be punished...
of " Common Sense"
power
of
one
a seven
hundred
and
sixty-three; unlessless byby act of this Legislature,
one or more governments be established
westward of the Alleghany mountains. And
no purchases of lands shall be made of the
Indian natives, but on behalf of the public, by
authority of the General Assembly.
�
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Becoming Americans Today
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<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 4, June - August, 2005
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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[2005]
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An account of the resource
Summer, 1776
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/aa360f4a4928aa2df55a514acdae184a.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=f-n0UojnbSPdoWSlPrcjzR9rN4jnD7mVd%7E01NlL4OCjTW%7EZUkcSqd0qOoxpyGM1TH7wyUCaYaQuxZW7S4tnQuWteyN3AOvK650vM3UPhyxka6t%7E79wCOhokrzbBLGQx2KM8BoT7nYkF-wihwMQGDU9bHcnavJdxURk1hAJ%7E4V9%7E%7EMIOXmZuzVgPYv%7E1SYhNDmFlFtz7is%7EKzysWMiKXjk6Os1rfRrceehzhAUvfyqTxwd7VRIfpXRcGa8Bujl-lTSIkp8UajzN6t3Xuiyc0i0NXZX4TwUcfVQqVPQ26Qs-EGE55zlEYXI0h0moSIMppmU31l-ihrJzI63a1hEFyJrg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
70c2dac9fa8bf7e440177cebfa948745
PDF Text
Text
The Gunpowder Incident
Volume 4 No. 3
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
Gunpowder
Prelude to
Incident
Independence
DAY
in Historic Area
Dates
April 18
to 24, 2005
Dates in Historic Area
May 9 to 15, 2005
NO. 1 FOR COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
SPRING
1774
THE GUNPOWDER INCIDENT
Newsline
REVOLUTION
AMERICAN
44"r`
sp1"
r
r'
issue
format,
focuses
the content
on two
specific
events. They are two of the most
important events to take place in Williamsburg during the march to Revo-
j '
i'-r`--
our usual
of this
TO THE
LEADING
EVENTS
Unlike
lution
and independence.
From April
y _,
4-
10
February
11* Al:
French and Indian War ends with
t
19 to 25, the Historic
.
ming will present the story of the
Gunpowder Incident; from May 10
to 16, programming will focus on the
Meatyof Paris
the'
F
tiffs,
7
October
of 1763
Proclamation
nial westward
3=
-
Prelude
sue
ends colo-
.
%
Area program-
'
to
Independence.
We
hope
you find these documents useful in
your efforts to support the program-
migration
1764
ming and enrich the experience of
n_
April 5
our guests.
a•-
Parliament passes the Sugar and
t
Acts
Currency
1
AN UNEASY
STANDOFF
1765
March 22
Parliament
111111
Act
Stamp
the
passes
After Governor Dunmore promised to
the colony' s gunpowder if it were
lipreturn
1766
March 18
4
Parliament
and passes
Stamp Act
Declaratory Act
repeals the
the
needed
PIP
June 29
Townshend
the
passes
1,-.- :
6.,:
p.
Acts
1768
rA
troops
are
In
sent to Boston
more,
1770
two
March 5
April
12
for the
except
repealed,
are
duty
hero
Parliamentpasses
December
successfully
brief
a
waging
brokering a treaty with the
Among the corre-
and
Indians.
Tea Act
the
all
Tea
Party
1774
which
March 31- June 22
Parliament
and
was
Coercive
the
passes
the
from
exportation
Act
Quebec
First Continental
Congress
meets
to " take
or
order,
the
instructing
all
effectual
most
for arresting, detaining and
any Gunpowder, or any sort
securing
of Arms
or
Ammunition
be attempted
1775
Colonies,
to the
measures
in Philadelphia
arms
the
governors,
letter from Lord Dartmouth,
a circular
governors
September 5- October 26
of
all colonial
sent to
was
Secretary
England
Accompanying
ammunition.
be
to
which
may
into the
imported
Province
of Lexington
Battles
and Concord
April20
Gunpowder
Incident
Williamsburg
Five Men Inform
Bur-
Benjamin
and
Waller
among
the House
Randolph
John
five men who told
of Burgesses about
members
the
Gun-
powder Incident:
the next
to the
Day
Doctor
Pasteur
came
said Waller' s House, and informed
him of the Governor'
s
include
to
the
Threatening
and
detaining
Virginia
rumors
Gazette in January 1775, along
of a slave uprising and Dunto
more' s
Gunpowder Incident
That
Public Magazine.
the
them
to the
alarmed,
was
numbers
that
Slaves, and
lay
the
lbwn in Ashes,
and that the Governor had desired him
to
this
communicate
his
Dedaration
Magistrates of the City, for that
not an Hour to Loose. That
to the
there
was
these
Dedarations gave the said Waller
Inhabitants of the lbwn
other
and the
uneasiness.
great
terwards
Waller' s
that
liberty
he
lency
Days af-
his Excellency came to the said
House on some private busiwhereupon
ness, ...
the
That several
was
that
to
to
his
lordship
very sorry to tell his Excelhe had lost the Confidence
of the People not
taken the
he said Waller took
mention
Powder
so
as
much
for
having
for the declaration
of raising and freeing the said
made
Slaves to which he answered that he
forbid the
prodamation attempting
meeting of the Second Virginia Convention
at which Patrick Henry gave his" liberty or
death" speech), prompted town volunteers
to
keep
a
watch
on
the
Magazine. At length,
however,
they grew negligent, and on the
evening of April 20 the guards were not to
be found. Dunmore took advantage
of this
security lapse. At about 4 in the morning of
April 21, he dispatched Lt. Collins of H. M.S.
to
have defended himself in
been attacked.
case
he had
to
palace,
in
Governor
a
supposed
was
deposited
John Dixon
They escorted
in this
justly
so
to the
the
on
action
Palace
city' s
the
con-
colonists'
Needless to say, the governor' s explanation
not received
was
favorably. hide-
force
from Hanover
Richmond,
miles
of
outside
of
150
of these
s
15
Ordinary,
Eventu-
Williamsburg.
was needed
Massachusetts
S. Wood,
Revolution:
The American
A History( New York: Modern Library
Lion, 2002), 52- 54
By
beginning
the
ish government
of
1775
the
Edi-
and
payment. Henry then offered the services
of his armed men to protect the colony' s
treasury in Williamsburg.• fYeasurer Robert
at
Brit-
supplements
coincidence
that
efforts
they
or
are
to
be
Independent."
subject
to
The British
thus built up its army and
navy and began restraining the commerce
first of New England and then of the other
colonies. .-.-.
By April 1775 fighting had broken
out
in Massachusetts. Since the British government had long assumed that Boston was
the
center
of the disturbances
in America,
it believed that isolating and punishing that
all
port city would essentially undermine
Colonial
resistance.
The Coercive
Acts of
to
disarm
the
two colonies leading the protest against
the ministry occurred at almost the same
time
was
sation.
the
What
topic
of
would
feverish
happen
Governor
action.
convernext
Dunmore
When
was
began
he learned
that the independent companies gathered
at Fredericksburg might march on Williamsburg, he again let it be known that
he would carry out his threats of April 22
nover
County.
1774 had rested
this
on
and
assumption,
British military actions of 1775 were
a logical
of the same asextension
the
sumption.
it
The British government,
thinkdealing only with mobs led
break up their bases, and to reassert royal
authority in the colony. On April 18- 19,
1775, Gage' s army attempted to seize rebel
whether
and
city. He also began to fortify the Palace. It
is likely that he sent his wife and children
to safety aboard H. M. S. Fowey when he
line. As early as November 1774, George
III had told North that " Blows must de-
Country
government
were
if the troops
Nicholas
politely refused the offer,
and Henry returned with his men to Ha-
ing
by
the
and
Pressmen
Carter
already preparing for
military action. By this time North' s supporters and the king himself saw no choice
back in
but force to bring the colonists
cide
Lexington
19.
Gazette
to take decisive
On May 4, Carter Braxton,
patriot, met Henry with the
return.
back to
broadsides were printed. The surprising
actual
simply
was
the night,
and sent them
April
anyone' s guess
Meanwhile,
moderate
Incident
through
militia
on
ally intermediaries negotiated payment for
to secure
its
the powder but were unable
a
Gunpowder
rode hard
awakened,
County, just north of
Doncastle'
to
of the
Fredericksburg with a letter urging calm.
During their return trip, they may have
passed a post rider racing eastward.
Sometime late Friday night, April 28,
or early Saturday morning, the rider galloped into the city and stopped at the
several printing offices to convey distressing news: British troops had fired on the
Concord
gentlemen volunteers
throughout
mustered
ready to march on Williamsburg
to force a return of the gunpowder. Patrick
men
news
reached them on Monday, April 24. After
a day' s debate, the volunteers decided to
send three riders to Williamsburg to see if
the capital needed military assistance. The
Peyton Randolph assured the men that no
spokesmen.
a
a
on
corn-
and
presented
Henry marched
came
Randolph
it."
upon
alarming
arriving in the capital at 1 P. M., April 27.
by
tion
when
messengers
magazine
slave
uprising, justified his acsaying that he " had removed the
Powder lest the Negroes might have seized
fear of
most
was
their
Dunmore, playing
cerns.
The
April 27. A number of independent
The crowd
delegation
the
Randolph
where
as
to
from the
of what
restoration
for the country' s defense."
calmed and chose Peyton
mayor
city
and
readiness
demand
arriving.
panies had been drilling at Fredericksburg
whole
exasperated;
themselves
got
convey
Burwell' s
urgent in-
quiries about Williamsburg' s plight began
came
within
heard about Lexington
Gordon
he
did say so and made no secret of it and
that he would do that or any thing else
at
of Carter's Grove.
much
and
to the
repair
As if that were not enough,
to
were
moored
As the Gazette reported, " the
if himself his Family or Captain Collins
insulted, he would declare liberty
were
to the
this side
Ferry, just
They
schooner
Collins,
raise the royal standard,
slaves, and reduce Williamsburg to ashes.
Virginia,
with
gesses about the
to
free the
seamen
half barrels of gunpowder from
15
remove
pendent companies,
for the most part,
on' s
were
to
under
your Government." ( It
is certainly possible that any of the colonial governors could have stretched this
cursecuring of arms and ammunition
rently stored within their colony.)
The letter, published in Purdie and Dix-
in
was able
he would
squad of 15 to 20
a
instruction
April 19
The
with
Magdalen
Williamsburg
awaiting his return was a copy
of his Majesty' s Order in ( privy) Council,
dated October 19, 1774, which forbade
16
Boston
Acts
to
spondence
10
May
totaling
the
returned
Ohio country
1773
militia
with
colony' s
protect
in the Ohio region. In
claims
after
campaign
tea
on
a
Dun-
went west
to
men
he
Lord
1774,
governor of Virginia,
divisions
of Virginia
December,
duties
of
summer
nearly
interests and
Massacre
Townshend
of
the
2, 500
Boston
Randolph
came to Captain Foy or Lieutenant
June 8
British
Peyton
to disperse, an uneasy calm settled over
Williamsburg. It did not last. The next
day, Saturday, April 22, the governor deliberately let it be known that if any harm
1767
Parliament
and
persuade the city'sindependent company
that
was
few
a
instigators,
seditious
therefore
ordered
its
General
Gage, to arrest the rebel leaders, to
arms
and
ammunition
town northwest
induding
in Massachusetts,
commander
the
stored at Concord,
of Boston. Colonial
silversmith
a
scouts,
Paul Revere,
rode
hours
of
miles
40
outside
marines
ington,
militia
one
but
knows
shots
who
minutemen—
between
and British troops
the
were
colonial
exchanged
and later at nearby Concord,
the British found only a few supplies.
there
to
fired first at Lex-
where
action,
however,
news
ar-
Williamsburg.
ordered
and
that
sailors
a
be
Immediately
detachment
of
dispatched
to
the Palace. They arrived at 10 A. M., May
4. Furthermore,
Captain
Montague
of the
Fowey threatened to bombard Yorktown if
his men were attacked.
Only a compromise
Lion.
the
countryside—
No
this
Dunmore
of
the
and Concord.
rived that Patrick Henry and an independent company of 150 men were only 15
tween
arms.
of the
On May 3 Dunmore issued a proclamation urging all Virginians to submit
dutifully to the laws of the land. Within
of the advancing redcoats, warned
patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel
Adams to flee, and roused the farmers
ahead
30 miles
Carter
Braxton,
worked out beRichard
Corbin,
and Patrick Henry to pay for the missing
gunpowder diverted a military confrontaNevertheless,
Dunmore
could
not
resist one parting shot: on May 6 he had
Henry virtually outlawed. In less than a
month,
the colonists'
world
had changed.
Submitted by Kevin Kelly]
�Spring 1775
SPRING
1775
PRELUDE TO INDEPENDENCE
Newsline
VOTE WHEN?
THE FIFTH VIRGINIA CONVENTION
LEADING TO THE
EVENTS
WHO GETS TO
ANIERICAN REVOLUTION
Resolved [ in Philadelphia]
1775
1776- 1830: THE VOTE
this
American
forces
capture
giances to
Fort Ti
10
May
With
Second Continental
Congress
these
and John Adams, the real
Jefferson
tion
Washington
appointed
of
Continental
the
the
was
from
III declares the colo-
George
in open rebellion
December
defeated
at
ries of
evacuate
Boston
was
May15
Convention
declaring
resolution
passes
the colonies
free and independent
of Great
The
Virginia' s resolution to the
CoConvennventiontion
at
fifth Virginia
developunder
f Rights
the
Congress
Virginia
adopts
Independence
P
into the House
4
July
to
of Inde P endence
Declaration
the
6
Virginia
Convention
for
constitution
new
ing
1776, John
Page
Lee, " I think
is
Treasurer,
pushed
that
independence.
almost
willingto
many VirginOn April 12,
Richard
to
wrote
Henry
every man, except the
dedare for IndepenP
any doubt about
local sentiment regarding the issue, on April
24, 1776, the freeholders
of James City
In
dency."
there
case
was
and agreed
met at Allen' s ordinary
instruct their delegates, the said Treasurer
County
to
Carter Nicholas and William Nowell,
Robert
to " exert
ability, in the next
utmost
your
Convention, towards
dissolving
the
con-
between America and Great Britain,
flexion
nor
as
it
soon-
final form of the document).
vote
ofas
against
congress
In addition to
a
common
shall
The
of the
not be de-
Congress
shall
have
to vote
shall
30, 1870.
XIX
The right of a citizen
States
of the United
not
be denied
or
abridged by the United States or by any
State on account
of sex.
Congress shall have the power
to enforce this article by appropriate
Virginia' s first elected governor. A new
united
to be joined by others
soon
a
to vote
ratified March
state,
under
XV
of citizens
Amendment
ment, the Convention chose Patrick Henry
sim-
2.
an
establishing a republican form of govern-
Pendleton stated
States
Section
the
on
of Chusing
power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Passed February 27, 1869,
felt that the
who
of Virginia should
Regulations,
nied or abridged by the United States or
by any State on account of race, color,
or previous conditions of servitude.
had
of
objections
The right
to- be
proceed
House
a
1776,
1.
United
the
Sev-
the "
neither
adjourn,
Edmund
totally, finally, and irrevocably." There
outside
Edmund
early April, captured letters to Governor Eden of Maryland,
revealing that a large
invasion force was on the way, provoked a
In
outrage
There,
chamber.
the
over
Jefferson,
Thomas
freeholders
6,
for the
constitution
such
Amendment
legislation.
foe,
Passed June 5, 1919,
ratified August 26, 1920
had been born.
and reentered
building,
the
as
t
1
Pendleton,
al
it
several days the delegates
next
such
matters
.
4, + 4
1*
-. '
s
"
t.;"
. •
_.:
t~
deliberated
fate of loyalists.
the
as
to the
saw
and
of Virginia
administration
x,
only ConOver the
the
was
in the Capitol.
to meet
vention
i
t
the fifth Virginia Convention. Chaired by
NICHOLAS' DILEMMA
ians toward
absent
a
or alter
as to the Places
the room, joined with a second group wait-
commonwealth
general
commonwealth (
ply that they" let that body die."
The former burgesses then filed out of
adopts a
the
Business,
Burgesses."
was
due to
Members met, but did
approveseral
Continental Congress
g
adopted
make
Section
fifth Virginia Conven-
July
on
Places and Man
Senators.
future
such
federal Bill of Rights;
the time the
RIGHTS
4. The Times,
except
of Rights of Man and the Citi-
dispersed
tion
on
middle
May6,
Y
Monday,
Law
in the United Nations Charter.
a lack of quoof the morning of
1776, about 45 men filed
About the
rum.
ringing
in the early days of the French
Revolution; and, more than a century and a
half later, the Statement on Human Rights
in
voting
1830.
and Representatives, shall be prescribed
in each state by the Legislature thereof;
but the Congress may at any time by
issued
zen,
had
that
in October 1775 and
reconstituted
never
for
Resolution
of Burgesses
House
been adjourned
Continental
Jul
a
the
as
until
ner of holding Elections for Senators
liberty and the
influence
to
was
Dedaration
speech
met
It contained
to
By
Convention
the
During
well
documents
famous
action
Section
of Rights to be
of individual
Declaration
crisis.
Virginia
heels of
the
for unified
provided
The fifth
2
the
to
in Richmond),
Convention
impending
e
of George Mason
leadership
second
the
and generally
Virginnia
the
variety
no
the
the new constitution,
did not change
VOTING
of Inde-
self- government as
as a pioneering statement of religious freedom that
owed much to James Madison. The Virginia
in Philadel-
that met
congresses
a
That
under
EVOLUTION OF
Convention's
finished.
yet
in America.
statements
right
infant
The U.S. Constitution
Virginia
first Dedaration
the
adopted
an
representatives
promoted by Patrick Henry' s
Give me liberty or give me death"
June
the
performed
they elected
first
Congress
of
policies;
Conventions.
not
was
created
thus
s
rights
next month, under the guidance of Fairfax
County delegate George Mason, that body
phia, arranged economic embargos of British goods, organized
military preparations
Richard Henry Lee presents
Members
become
to
king'
the
Conventions
general
the
Continental
House
the
allow
contest
of functions:
June 7
British
the
by
The Dedaration
pendence was
But the fifth
for the Tea Party. It
to the burgesses that Dunmore
born the Virginia
was
Britain
July
to
arena
be closed
to
was
Despite
for Independence to Phila-
Congress.
work
enacted,
Virginia Statutes at Large, 1762
Vir-
the
the result.
retribution
obvious
would not
Fifth Virginia
nental
House of Burgesses in May 1774 for
officially supporting the city of Boston,
port
ministry in
his support
for the consideration of the second Conti-
argue
further
or covert,
sake
delphia, and on June 7 the colony' s senior
delegate, Richard Henry Lee, presented it
se-
the
whose
to
opposition
of unanimity.
Thomas Nelson Jr. delivered
for the
the
Quebec
March 17
troops
called Conventions to
meetings
a
in
competency
In the end, he added
delegates
in
floor
the
resolutions,
contest."
with Great
continuing dispute
Britain. Governor Dunmore had dissolved
1776
British
"
taken
it
sole
age of twenty- one, recusant, convict, or
any person convicted in Great Britain
or Ireland, during the time for which he
is transported, or any Negro, mulatto or
Indian, although such persons be freeholders, shall have a vote, or be permit
ted to poll, at any election of burgesses,
or capable of being elected."
the
openly questioning
of America in so arduous a
the
ginia Resolution
gathered
and that
Britain
be
feme,
portions of each. Only
Robert Carter Nicholas is known
have
to
but
were
elected
had
Virginia
parliament of Great
Treasurer
revolu-
and atti-
sentiments
1774,
August
across
over
31
Colonists
IN VIRGINIA
And
by incorporating
was
minds
and military actions
of this transition.
results
Since
August 23
vies
end
the
of Bunker Hill
King
to represent
such declaration.
of the populace
1765 and 1776. The Dedaration of
Independence
June 17
in
change
in the hearts and
tudes
Armybetween
Battle
or
crown
to
and
We say consummated
not begun since, for such notables as Thomas
convenes
George
Colony
Revolution
the
words
the
upon
consummated.
June 15
commander
dependence
or
they give the assent of this
Lake Champlain
conderoga on
appointed
delegates
the
unanimously
body
colony in General Congress be instructed to propose to that respectable
to declare the United Colonies free and independent states absolved from all alle
10
May
that
i•
3t
Their
fi
e
t
7
r
_'
r
i `
real purpose, however, was to discuss and
vote
on
declare
to
a motion
independence
4
I.
a
from Great Britain.
The Convention
self into
of the
a committee
Archibald
upon
120-
the
periodicallyresolved
of independence.
much for
not
was
as
it
VIA.
>-
y,.
rt'
"`
a
T'
1, " \.
i:
so
what
considered
three
separate
had
1
x7,
s
1
t.
t;
1
I .
II
a
t'
b .
f
si
us.
resolutions
and on May 15 unanimously
Pendleton
rl
g
e:
',,
1-
was
1.
r
=,
r. .
r y'''
'
•
.
form it would take. The Conven
over
tion
version
question
independence
i
a
and
chair
the
The debate
against
or
the
debated
4
,
r
where-
whole,
Cary took
body
man
go
it-
I..
4
approved a
cobbled
together
irk`
less
was
certainty, however, about what Nicholas'
would be. Although he
response
sionate
supporter
considered
of American
opinion
was
that the
was
means.
A
man
pashis
differences
with Great Britain could be settled
drastic
a
rights,
less
by
known for his" strict-
veracity and honour," he would be
likely to vote against his conscience.
est
in May, it
for independence for
When the Convention
debated
two
a
resolution
days before
finally
las" demonstrated
despising
tion.
He
un-
his
it. Nicho-
adopting
his title to popularity by
vote for the revolu-
son-
A DECLARATION
good
people
of
OF RIGHTS
in the
Virginia
made
exercise
by the
of their
powers, which rights do pertain to
and their posterity, as the basis and foundation of government.
in- law Edmund
Ran-
Article III. The Government is,
for the
be, instituted
sovereign
or
Article VI. That Elections of Members to
serve as Representatives of the People, in
ought to
Benefit, Pro-
common
and Security
tection,
them
of the People, Nation,
Assembly, ought to be free; and that all
Men, having sufficient Evidence of perma-
or
met
it" and did not
was,
VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS: LOOK FAMILIAR?
Article
equally
I. That
free
and
all
men
are
by
independent,
Nature
and
have
certain inherent Rights, of which, when
State of Society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive, divest their
Posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life
they
enter
into
a
community, of all the various Modes and
Forms of Government, that is best which is
nent
wrote, "
dubious
of the competency
arduous
a contest." Imme
with his country" and allowed
be appointed a member of the
himself
to
committee
charged with writing a declaration of rights
and a plan of government for Virginia.
Submitted
by Cathy
with the
and
wants,
and at all times
amenable
to them.
Becoming
Suffrage,
any Government
inadequate or contrary to
of the Commua Majority
whenever
found
these
Article IV. That
is entitled
but
to
AMERICANS
exclusive
Training
Crevieaux- Gevertz,
Judge to be
or
from
Bob Doares, Cathy
Oppression,
Hellier, Kevin Kelly, Rose McAphee,
Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz
Nancy Milton
2005
All images
are
editor
Diana
Freedman,
graphic production
Williamsburg Foundation. All rights reserved.
ColonialWilliamsburg Foundation, unless otherwise
The Colonial
property
of The
Judicative;
may be
separate
restrained
by feeling and participating
noted.
the
from
the
Burthens of the People, they should at fixed
Periods,
be reduced to a private Station, reinto that Body from which they were
originally taken, and the Vacancies be supplied
by regular Elections, in which all or any Part
of the former Members to be again eligible, oI
ineligible,
as
the
Laws may direct.
or criminal
of his Accusation,
with the Accusers
to call for Evidence
to
and Wit-
in his Favour,
that
no
Man
be
deprived
of his
Liberty except by the Law of the Land, or
and
that
Repre-
Consent he cannot be found guilty, nor can
he be compelled to give Evidence against
and
and
of their
of his Vicinage, without whose unanimous
himself;
executive
or that
and to a speedy Thal by an impartial Jury
hereditary.
turn
Production:
Susan Q. Bruno, copy
the
thereof
Members
Contributors:
nesses,
Legisla-
Article V. That the legislative,
or deprived
VIII. That in all capital
be confronted
Emolu-
Offices of Magistrate,
Consent
the Cause and nature
neither
the
be taxed
Prosecutions a Man hath a Right to demand
of Men,
descendible,
being
not
distinct
Anne Willis
set
separate
Powers of the State should be
Editors:
Margot
or
or
own
Article
Privileges
tor,
TODAY
of Interpretive
Man,
no
and cannot
sentatives so elected, nor bound by any law
to which they have not, in like Manner,
assented, for the public Good.
from the Community,
in Consideration of Public Services,
or
which
of the Department
Attach-
their
be
shall
ought
is a publication
and
istration, and,
mens
Hellier]
with,
of their Property for public Uses without
means
Article H. That all power is vested in, and
from, the people,
consequently derived
are their trustees and serthat magistrates
Interest
ment to, the Community, have the Right of
purposes,
nit, hath an indubitable, inalienable, and
of acquiring
liberty
indefeasible Right to reform, alter, or abolish
of America in so
and possessing property, and pursuing and
after the vote was
taken, however,
it, in such Manner as shall be judged most
diately
obtaining happiness and safety.
to the public Weal.
Nicholas stated that he " would rise or fallconductive
dolph
common
of producing the greatest Degree of
Happiness and Safety, and is most effectually
secured against the Danger of Maladmincapable
the Judgment
[
Note:
of his Peers.
These protections
were
not given
to enslaved people in Virginia;
individuals
Courts
continued
enslaved
to be tried in lesser
of Oyer and Terminer
without
the
benefit of a jury.]
Article
XII. That the Freedom
of the Press
is one of the greatest Bulwarks of Liberty
and can never be restrained but by despotic
Governments.
�
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 3
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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©2005
Description
An account of the resource
The Gunpowder Incident
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/02455c9e1c4480139478f558574a4f7e.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=myOlLGNjk6F3cy0TZ1-5roplt9ksEaxbeu84N5Q98F6HbGgGJx-0b%7ErypOZVZybSYF9yg%7EVkSBrz%7Ee11TqIxwIVq3TQQD2xaUqURP9c5R5d9Pg2uhqKq499DcO-AM-OqvdwYV0u61z-AGSZ-pobqPAhjh86gfCbPIQQdc-VqKf5PemHcwSdr4avRqvckInKp%7Ev6QiOisFxwEBUj7--S6cepIjCmGsen-syNO4aIoFqszW54NBLSue4e5nR7WjULHV4SyD4fD69qWtwX8MYN%7E2iR1PHoKqvCBb8JW6boOrKPeQrebl2rlmqmt7cyYDnenKDDNJ0NVxLOCCzIJ3sFF4g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
066a8168692098a3ceebb21514d19c5b
PDF Text
Text
Volume 4 No. 1:
Winter 1773
2005
January
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
It.—
I
cA
RESIDENTS
WEEKEN)
HISTORY
TEIDAY
1773•
Newsline
General Assembly
s
in
meets
'
the
from
Parliament
October
3
4
pre-
levying
ii' t'`
is
stories
of
1773
at
different
His
TYades
r-•r
shops
will
be featured
week of the winter
season
in each
as well.
" <{
it .! `
4?..'
4 '.
R ._
I
z
THE GASPEE INCIDENT—
Lord Botetourt
dies, and William
r4
r
of Yorktown, the president
Council, becomes acting
the
American
residents of Williamsburg as
they go about their lives and business.
Special projects underway in Historic
15
Nelson
of the
1rcolonial
r
in America
taxes
of
to
eruption
toric Area sites. Guests will encounter
trio' ,.
10
kin g
the
ia inthis last period of calm
the
the
9:
agrees
unanimousl Y to P etition
to interpose
his authority
ine Colduringg
onialuri
Area
life in the capi-
Revolution in the spring of the next
year, 1774. Each week will highlight
r
of Burgesses
experience
bug
2005 will reflect
before
y
June 27
vent
winter
e 4
V`
Williamsburg
The House
The
Williamsburg' s Historic
BE F O R E THE Sf0RM
21—June 28
The
P. 2
tal of
1770
May
SEE
THE CALM
WINTER 1773-
00
MoNTI I
WILLIAMSBURG
NO. 1 IN COLONIAL
SEE P. 2
WINTER
BLACK
1
WHO IS JUDGING WHOM?
A;, •',,
t'
k-,,
i
o
l
Boston, December 17.
y
governor
1771
Lord Botetourt'
on
11.` _
s
Lord Dunmore, dis
successor,
-
-
i= _ '„
N
12.
October
1
-
he had been appointed govof New York, John Murray,
fourth earl of Dunmore,
the
Because
Williamsburg.
in
interlude
an
peace between Great
Britain and her colonies prevails,
disrupting
the
is in ses-
in North
a Committee
their
the
when
with friends and
visits
festivities
of discontent
could
were
beginning
to
and
relations,
Common
of
of it.
therefore
it should
be the
winter
was
favored
a
for neglected
concern
be heard in the colony in the
crops.
winter
had learned that the British ministry intended to
to England to try them. This was considered by many
investigate
the
Gaspee off Rhode
other
colonial
the
ocean
of the rights of colonists
about
assemblies
Lord Dunmore, that five-
matters
of
under
such
concern
treasurer
pound
treasury
forged. It had been suspected
the British
constitution
from
Rhode
three
of these
Island,
we
are
informed
commissioners
are
that
empow-
ered to act, at whose call the army and navy
are to attend; that any persons accused,
the
judge
a
commissionersto convictshc them,
there is
whom
evidence
sufficientndd,
and, together with
be apprehended,
to
the
evidences,
sent to England
for trial; . . .
lb have a set of crown officers commissioned
by the Ministry, and supported by ships and
troops to enquire into offenses against the
Crown, instead of the ordinary...
of a grand
jury carries an implication that the people of
that colony are all so deeply tinctured with
rebellious principles, as that they are not to
be trusted by the Crowg.
Gazette ( Rind),
Virginian
GaspeeJanuary
21,
1773.
incident.
the
as
four
in different
colonies, the other, indeed, a judge of the
admiralty, are appointed by commission to
make the enquiry. By a Gentleman, lately
of the colony, informed Virginia' s royal governor,
emitted in November 1769 and July 1771
for
time that the
felted.
crisis
Island in
1772
The governor summoned
into session
the Assembly
and offered rewards of five hundred pounds for the
those
burning
being
responsible
P
for the forgeries and
g
one
some
on
bills
being
were
discovery
apprehension
for the apprehension of
PP
hundredpounds
'
c
t
counter-
c' eeol'
March 4 to deal with the
and
P
a
1
notes
were
of
court
across
to be in violation
rank
Due to a homegrown crisis, the Burgesses had been called into session early. In late
the
specifically
British
a
culprits
America
January, Robert Carter Nicholas,
of
over matters
concern,
to
in consequence
are of superior
are
without
continue
speedy trial
a
with
with legislatures
other colonies
appointment
establishes
of Correspondence
to communicate
June
population
conflict with policies
by a jury of peers, another strand of oppression in a string that had been
stretching over a period of several years. On March 12, the Virginia House of Burgesses was
the first to establish a Committee of Correspondence for the purpose of communicating
to
The House of Burgesses
the
diverse
a
June of the previous summer, a Rhode Island merchant and his followers attacked
Gaspee, which had run aground off Providence.
and burned the British revenue schooner
March 12
of
continued
rumblings
transport the
Assembly
Williamsburg
inquiry
colony with
agricultural
By early January, people in Williamsburg
The General
of
an
of 1773.
calm.
March 4- 15
in
was
the
weddings,
However,
the
1773
sion
for
time
in routine lash-
proceeds
ion without
by
Families
sion.
relative
Assembly
think
of whom
,
democratic, pluralistic— distinctly American— society that continues to evolve today.
In the winter, as farmers and planters stayed close by their hearths in the countryside,
the city was quieter than during the spring and fall when the General Court was in ses-
10—
April 11
meets
of 1773
winter
-
culture
was
firmly British, though in continuing
As the governmental, religious and social center of the
parent government.
largest colony in the British Empire, the capital city of Williamsburg was in the forefront
of many of the events that were to lead to independence and the establishment of a new,
imposed
Lord Botetourt
General Assembly
of
much
subject of the enquiry of the grand jury
of inquest for the same county. Instead of
—
dominant
whose
1772
February
in the
Virginia
arrives
succeed
to
Williamsburg
deceased
importance,
po
which we are told that five Gentlemen,
f----
ernor
in
administration
one would
-
n.
Transferred to Virginia just a year
after
of serious
This affair was transacted within the body
of a county in a free English government;
n
N ' -$ atii
25
a matter
British
i
l' • ;,•
s_
it and orders new elections
September
r-
R
in
meets
Assembly
Williamsburg.
was
more so are the methods pursued by the
r
The General
solves
N'
1 ,
11- 20
July
If the burning the Gaspee schooner
a
it
of
HRxs ;
1ff r k%
anyone
Y
jr =,
4. -
af """"
O"'`
knowingly passing the notes.
Over the next weeks, actions were taken that, though seemingly prudent and neces-
sary at the time, nevertheless caused some concern by the manner in which they were
O"
executed. Suspects from Pittsylvania County were apprehended and transported to James
City County for questioning. One prisoner whose innocence was apparent was released.
1, ,
The others were jailed and ordered taken to York County a week later for further questioning. At that time they were found guilty and sentenced to be tried in the General Court, the
f
only body with the authority to try capital crimes. These actions were taken due to the belief
to
f
II1.
l'
7Jt
''
J
that,
if the usual procedures
F
s
ip
'
fortune and credit in the County," might put up
BEST YEARS OF YOUR LIFE?
MR.
insert
to
the
following
piece
Winter
in
allowed
an
armed
resistance
flee.
attempt to
or
is
one
of the greatest
times that
countenanced,
unhappinesses
resigned
of
long
matrimony is so much dis
and other
that in London,
cities,
so many never marry, and that
greater part have got into the unhappy
and unnatural
way of wasting the best
years of their lives in a giddy round of vain
and criminal pleasures.
Virginia Gazette ( Rind),
4,
1773.
HEAR YE!
WILLIAMSBURG,
Doctor
GRAHAM,
February
so
11.
for his
peculiar Abilities in curing the Diseases of
the Eyes and Ears, is, we hear, expected in
City
about the Middle
of April next.
Virginia Gazette ( Purdie
and Dixon),
February
11,
complicated
colonies
1773.
themselves
to
monotonous
nights
hours and bitter cold
of
and shaped
diets of fresh meat,
winter.
while
fields for spring planting.
Death was more prevalent in
this countryhas
family
TYadesmen
corn
had
farmers struggled
to
a
life and life' s
and root
difficult
"
been fullydisclosed
activities.
All
and the
vegetables
time
of it with
shorter
tend their livestock and prepare
min Cook, Joseph
Cook, Benjamin
the
apothecaries
winter
months,
and families
were
haunted
by
the
fear of
in town sold
various
European
remedies.
But,
with
Pittsylvania,
ers
in this
some
of
detestable
the
capital
scheme,
offend-
have
been
brought before the Governor by virtue of
his warrant,
and stand committed,
in order
on Tuesday next.
Virginia Gazette ( Rind),
February
25, 1773.
TO BE SOLD,
BEFORE THE RALEIGH,
ON FRIDAY THE 5TH OF FEBRUARY,
antibiotics
not available, many people suffered and sometimes died of secondary infections.
TYavel from plantations to town was difficult on icy roads, limiting supplies coming into
Williamsburg while winter weather complicated agricultural and commercial enterprises.
trade continued as long as incoming ships found the James and York RivBut commercial
ers clear
Wood-
ward, and Peter Medley, of the county of
to be examined by the county court of York
removed gentle Purges were of Service, but when attended with Expectorations; the Purges
were left,&
drinking plentifully Pectoral Decoctions was of service."
In Williamsburg there was no hospital for the ill and dying; therefore, all people were
cared for at home by family members if they were available. Families often had several mem
ben sick at the same time, making care most hard in cold and unlighted places that were dif
from their gardens and
ficult to keep clean. Prudent housewives prepared herbal medicines
while
to his
Excellency the Governor, and that Benja-
respiratory and other illnesses. Dr. deSequera' s Diary describes the illnesses of winter 1774:
After the Inflammation
was
The Winter produced some Colds& Bilious Peripneumonies;
woods
well known
in the
February 25.
We hear that the plot laid for the making
and passing of the counterfeited money of
their
the
February
weather
cold dark days and
daylight
great
amusements,
GOTCHA!
WILLIAMSBURG,
but the wealthy struggled for protection from winter' s blast, anxiously watching their supin the colony, the citizens
ply of food and firewood dwindle. In Williamsburg as elsewhere
paper.
your
ON MARRIAGE.
this
were
Challenge of Winter
next
our
authorities
RIND,
Please
IT
followed and the Pittsylvania
were
to call the suspects before the court in that county, the suspects, some of them" people of
of ice.
FIVE OR SIX VERY LIKELY
RIDING
HORSES.
Virginia
Gazette ( Rind),
January 14, 1773.
Submitted
by
Anne Willis]
�f
2
Winter 1774
BLACK
PRESIDENTS
HISTORY
th.,
WEEKEND
MONTH
Presidents Weekend
of Black History Month,
Williamsburg will feature its secand annual Black History Month Weekend
programs on February 26- 27, 2005.
In
February19- 20, 2005
the lives of the first three
Presidents Weekend is our yearly opportunity to commemorate
presidents who called Virginia home and to interpret the special relationship that each
had with Williamsburg.
will
These
resisted
George
Mary and
1774.
obtained
Washington
was
had
Washington
a
in the years just before
Thomas
and
burgess
a
Jefferson'
warm
the
s
his
American
as
a
burgess
influenced
in the
Williamsburg'
will
be
and
Area
the
will
events
begin
with
of Colonial
history
interpre-
from
Assembly
1779 through March
from May
to the Randolphs.
James Madison' s relationship with the capital began with his entrée into colonial
Resolupolitics in May 1776 as a delegate to the Virginia Convention that adopted the
Historic
walking tour through
will
Area houses and outbuildings
explore
to the Virginia
and delegate
the
A
tation.
special
lives of free black and enslaved
people and their
shared values.
tions for Independence. As a member of the new government, Madison contributed to
of Rights and served as a
the drafting of the Virginia Constitution and the Declaration
member of the Governor' s Council in Williamsburg until March 1780.
Submitted by Bill Weldon]
Born
the
on
February 22,
soldier,
in Westmoreland
1732,
and first U. S. president.
official
public
Washington grew up
Virginia,
County,
on
plantation. . . .
On April 30, [ 1789,]
of
he
was
inaugurated
Federal
Hall in New York
not the
at
least of his
and unsuregovernment,
new
a
As the
was
his cabinet with
creating potentially harmful precedents. He constructed
and ideological balance, strove to the utmost to
to sectional
avoid
eye
City.
responsibilities
P
cordial
maintain
an
rela-
decorum
with and among all his officers, and conducted himself with republican
and restraint. His first term without major crisis, but his second witnessed a heated and
tions
inevitable
clash between
Jefferson and Hamilton,
the
of politics into party camps. While seeking to steer a middle
with the Hamiltonian Federalists
than not found himself aligned
polarization
often
issuing
1793,
his proclamation
in sending troops
of neutrality
Hamilton
under
to
the
suppress
in
in
Rebellion
Whiskey
in
firmly rejected pleas that he accept a third term ( setting a precedent that
for 144 years and that was later made law), and in September he delivered
before Congress his " Farewell Address," which owed much to Hamilton, and in which
endured
his country on its future course. In March 1797 he returned once again to
Mount Vernon. . . . He has remained in the century and three- quarters since his death,
in the words of Henry Lee' s famous eulogy, " first in war, first in peace, and first in the
he advised
countrymen."
1743- 1826),
philosopher and third U. S. president. Born
in Goochland
father' s plantation " Shadwell"
fringe of settlement in Virginia. . . .
the election of 1800,
In
the
official,
public
on
April
13,
1743,
Countyon
the
Federalists but
the
tied in the electoral
House of Representatives,
ton,
a
were
In the
college.
a number
though
as,
his
Purchase, an action that, in the irony of practical affairs, violated Jefferson' s political
impossible problem of maintaining neutrality in the war between England
and France. Determined to avoid war, he resorted finally to the Embargo Act of 1807,
of fedgrounds, was again a great extension
In 1809 he retired permanently to Monticello and
firm constitutional
encourages
in British
political philosopher, public official
Born in Port Conway, King George County,
JAMES ( 1751- 1836),
Madison
was
of
a
wealthy
moderately
to the
successor
clear
presidencyHe
and continued the
strong victory
policies of Jefferson unaltered. The difficulties with Britain and France
continued and worsened, particularly with the former; Madison was apover
his Federalist
opponent
against Great
proclamation
parently deceived by Napoleon into issuing a nonintercourse
Britain in November 1810, making war with that country virtually inevitable. In June
1812 war was formally declared, beginning a painful and dangerous period for the nation,
which
was
totally
unprepared
Quakers
write
and part of which— New
and Washington,
great areas of the Northwest
D. C., was burned. Nevertheless,
in 1812. The
was
States
having
a
few
ended
failed to gain
simply to
weakness
with
secession,
war
Orleans— restored
the
single
to the
were
sev
England—
was
unsympa-
totally
of its
war
managed
Madison
aims
mere
December
and
notably
by
president much political favor. The
win
reelection
1814, with the United
having
fact that the
to
had to bargain from
war
was
over,
coupled
Gen. Andrew Jackson at New
remainder
of his
administra-
prominently by his brief backing away from Jeffersonian principles
in approving both the charter of the second Bank of the United States and a system of
protective tariffs. Madison retired to" Montpellier" in 1817.
tion
was
marked
most
Webster'
s
others
tion of the African
North
society in British
established in Phila-
America
July: Northwest
establish
the
Race.
Ordinance
from the Northwest
delphia.
bans slavery
Territories (
north
of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi
Thomas
Paine' s African Slavery in
published; denounces slavery
America
Rivers
September:
be given
and demands that" Negroes"
U. S.
The " three
Constitution
fifths
adopted.
compromise"
allows
Southern states to count three fifths
land.
Lord
November:
Dunmore
colony in
rebellion
to
and
slaves
rebel
As
king.
for the
800- 1, 000 blacks
result
a
Representatives.
of
servants
will fight
who
ing representation in the House of
offers
indentured
masters
of their slave populations in determin-
proclaims the
freedom
and
1791
run
Kentucky becomes the first new slave
away to the British.
9: Dunmore
state admitted
is defeated at Great
to the Union.
1793
Congress passes the first fugitive slave
law, compelling judges to return run-
13: Hoping to entice runaway
away from Dunmore's control,
all
Convention
slaves
promises
10 days.
within
away slaves to their owners.
to
Eli Whitney' s invention of the cotton gin makes large- scale production
of cotton profitable. Cotton planta-
to their
return
who
Few
accept
pardon. Many of the loyalist slaves
with Dunmore when he re-
tions proliferate
1776
migration
Samuel Hopkins
the
Concerning
which
publishes A Dialogue
of
Slavery
appeals
throughout
the Upper
South, Southwest and Deep South, expanding the use of slave labor. Forced
from Virginia.
treats
to
the
Congress to abolish
Africans,
the
disrupts
slave
families
and
reverses
the
communities.
1806
Continental
The
slavery.
Virginia
legislature
major provisions of the 1782 Manu-
1777
mission Law and requires all slaves
Vermont'
s
illegal. Several
and
during
suit
slavery
will follow
states
other
manumitted
makes
constitution
American
the
after
in the future
to leave the
state within one year.
1808
January: U. S. Constitutional ban on the
importation of slaves goes into ef-
An
ists
fought
the
for the
American
United
Savannah
prohibiting British participation in the
from
West
Atlantic slave trade.
evacuate
New
and Charleston,
England. Some
town,
fect, as does the British Abolition Act
during
crown
Revolution—
States
British
the
blacks— loyal-
20, 000
estimated
who
York,
bound
1832
for
Indies, Canada and
Nat
Tlurner' s Rebellion.
In
relocated to Free-
the
Virginia
votes
are
gradual
Sierra Leone.
1782
Virginia
passes
a
manumission
private
encouraging
Mass.: G. & C. Merriman
Guide to American History ( Springfield,
1971), 1304- 1306, 1048- 1049, 1109- 1110.
Company,
emancipation,
response,
against
makes
the
manumission
cation of slaves and places limits on
black preaching.
bill
of
1833
American Anti- slavery Society founded
in Philadelphia.
Virginia
enacts
legislation
emancipation
of certain
had served
soldiers
as
for
slaves
the
1834
who
in the Revolu-
August: Parliament abolishes slavery in the
British Caribbean
tion.
Largeto
legislature
slave code stricter, prohibits the edu-
lost to British forces from Canada,
TYeaty of Ghent in
one
its territory. But the
though belated victories—
regain
spectacular
by
a
and
Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, for the Relief of Free
Negroes and for Improving the Condi-
g
thetic. Militarydisasters fostered thegrowth of popular discontent. New England seriouslyslaves.
P P
1783
considered
Jeffer-
after 1800.
April 14: First abolitionist
the
of Virginia planters. . . .
was the
In 1808 he [ Madison]
family
a
Thomas
Revolution.
and fourth U. S. president.
16, 1751,
Virginia,
on March
won
votes against
North
1782- 84
MADISON,
Jumpin'
son' s proposal to prevent slavery from
P
g
expanding into the western counties
and
system
case
of slaves
Congress
the almost
eral power and was widely criticized.
remained there for the rest of his life.
and"
Submitted by Harvey Bakari]
evacuate
authority behind it. Nonetheless, he demonstrated
principles in having no constitutional
his freedom from doctrinaire policy on France' s financial difficulties to acquire a vast new
Soon after his re- election in 1804, he was faced with
territory for American expansion.
on
Comes"
1787
the
Jefferson
greatly exaggerated by the Federalists, Jefferson first introduced something
was signalized,
however, by the Louisiana
His first administration
which, though based
Freedom
communities.
eral petitions to the governor in hopes
of attaining freedom.
masters
system.
spoils
court
1776, blacks in Boston
and
pardon
first president to be inaugurated in Washingfollowed a controversy over federal appointments
soon
the
Jonkonnu" underscore the survival of African culture and values within enslaved
run away in attempts
to
Great Britain. Between
1773
reach
slaves
themselves
were
control
Evening programs such as " Remember
Me, When
America to
December
'
the
was
D. C. There
actions
like
and
chosen
western
for president,
candidates
to
lived.
for his free
sues
of the
the Virginia
Republican
Jefferson and Aaron Burr, defeated
was
di
his
on
attempted
Bridge.
leader,
public
institutions
enslaved people and how slaves attempted
to make sense of the world in which they
En-
taken to
slave
master,
Word
wins.
December
THOMAS (
tive
western
In 1796 he
JEFFERSON,
a
1775
Pennsylvania in 1784, and in signing the Jay TYeaty with England in 1795. The treaty
provoked a particularly bitter attack from the opposition, and the president resisted an
of the treaty- making power.
to gain a share
of Representatives
attempt by the House
hearts of his
his
gland by
more
particularly
of the Anglo- French War
outbreak
the
upon
he
course,
Re-
1784
James Somerset,
of the former, and the
resignation
of the American Revolution.
Enslaving Virginia Time Line
dom in the British
family
firstpresident
to
1732- 99),
GEORGE (
crisis
and
interests
clashing
1772
WASHINGTON,
the
ering will illustrate how Virginia' s forma-
African- American
s
as
accused slave felons and a religious gath-
Programs
of the
as well
of the
events
Historic
weekend
presentation
relationships
used, survived,
a
Hennage Auditorium.
a
master- slave
the enslaved communities' perspectives on
enactments of oyer and terminer trials of
the
Revolution.
performed
The
with Williamsburg dates back to 1760, first as a stua law student under
George Wythe. He practiced law
governor in Williamsburg
was
a cousin
was
of William and
College
the
Revolution.
association
1778 and
1780. Jefferson
from
license
s
part- time resident of Williamsburg from 1759 through
friendship with the last royal governor, Lord Dunmore,
dent at William and Mary, then
in the General Court, served as
1769 through
surveyor'
and
into
di-
how
explore
programs
enslaved community
verse
Other programs will provide insight
recognition
Colonial
scale
migration
Kentucky
begins.
will
continue
Virginia
first half of the
which
slave
of
Virginians
Migration
throughout
from
the
19th century, during
will take the in-
owners
stitution of slavery with them into the
new
territories.
colonies.
1851
Slavery abolished in Colombia and
over the next few years, in Argentina,
Venezuela,
livia.
Peru,
Ecuador
and
Bo-
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 4, number 1, January, 2005
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[2005]
Description
An account of the resource
Winter, 1773
-
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PDF Text
Text
December 1774
Volume 3 No. 7: December 2004
THE INTERPRETER' S NEWSPAPER
A
Ai
HAPPY
CHRISTMAS!
il
1 '
I ANS
/
4. I
Dunmore
Rocks!
NO. 1 IN COLONIAL
See
WILLIAMSBURG
See below
Page 2
December 1774
Governor Returns from War
Newsllne
What Will Happen
in the New Year?
Four Shawnees Arrive at the Palace
December
Local
December
In December
of Safety elected;
Committee
Grand Jury reports for
cial law courts
judi-
the
Virginians are wondering . . .
i
j
1
4.-
Continental
effect
Association
into
goes
le
47
7
no
December
from
t
t
auction
an
t
is
Committee
City
to order
mac^
December
and
oyer
End of Trinity
term
in
at the
f
college
faith of
good
with
to meet
agreement
in the spring
negotiators
the Virginians
hostages
as
their
people
treaty
of 1775
a committee
of Williamsburg
for the city
day
of
and
one
of four times
the
colonial year when the Lord' s
is celebrated at Bruton
Christmas
in different
painted
ears
straight
MacVeagh,
Lincoln
of
day
first
the
which extend through January
present political
6.
complained
The
St. John the Evangelist
of
the
local Masons
of their
the
and walking in
rank, they process
the
Afterward, they host a dinner
and ball to which the ladies of
of the
of
Dictionary
eve, the
as
this
a night
reveling,"
making
6).
with
such
a
on
committee
excesses).
in all
the
of the
resolutions
matters
respecting
their
many county commitAssociation, and in Norfolk James Parker
that
time that the
county
courts
relinquished
many
the
local level he discovered
member
and that
by
that nearly every justice
closing the county courts, the
A Planters' Republic: The Search
America (
for
Independence
Economic
House, 1996).
Madison, Wis.: Madison
Note: Committees were made up of former burgesses and justices of the peace.
as
the
Earl Y 19th- Centu
Interview with
•
of
sought to control
Williamsburg, December 8
MORE was safely delivered of a Daughter,
at the Palace. Her Ladyship continues in a
very favourable Situation, and the young
Virginian is in perfect Health.
Sunday last, in the Afternoon, his Excellency the Govemour arrived at the Palace
in thus City, from his Expedition against the
Hostages
for the due Obser-
vance of the Terms; which cannot fail of giving general Satisfaction, as they confine the
Indians to Limits that entirely remove the
Grounds of future Quarrel between them
and the People of Virginia, and lay a Foundation
for a fair and extensive
Indian
Trade,
which, if properly followed, must produce
the most beneficial Effects to this Country.
ShaSha-
We hear that four of theprincipal
wanese
Warriours
are expected
here
in a
few Days, and that twelve Headmen and
Warriours of the Delaware and other Tribes
are left at Fort Dunmore,
as Hostages.
The
Indians have delivered up all the white
Prisoners
in their Towns,
with
the Horses
and other Plunder they took from the
Inhabitants, and even offered to give up
their own Horses. . . .
Prophet
Washington,
the
was
brother
a slave
of
owned
by
John
George Washington.
This account describes Jeremy' s crossing the York
on December 4, 1759, carrying the trunks
River
s wedding to Martha Custis.
along wid de gin' ral when he go
down to get married.
for
Washington'
I went
got to de ferry, all de boats,
de horse- boat and de foot- boat, gone t' oder
When
we
side. It was dark den— de gin' ral he walk
and
back
blowed
forward
to
de conchy, and
see de foot- boat
keep
we
warm—
hollered,
he
and at
a coming over— de
look mighty ugly, all white, and de
wind blowing like great guns, and it was a
freezing hard, I tell you. . . .
last
we
river
Come
come
over,
on
dark night
and dar
afore
To his Excellency the Right Honourable John
Earl of Dunmore,
His Majesty' s Lieutenant and Governor General of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia,
and Vice Admiral of the same:
The humble ADDRESS of the City of Williamsburg.
Subjects,
Jeremy
Jeremy
in " to make
tradition
_ _
My Lord,
WE his Majesty' s most dutiful and loyal
gp
Prophet
in the eyes of the
who
*
in enjoy-
the eves of religious feasts
debaucheries
same
in Revolutionary
The
the occasion for secular revelries
authorities
officeholders
also
iden-
of it." This definition is
consistent
was
usage suggests
to spend the night
or
conduct,
that
authority that
of the James
would breed
the arbitrary proceedings of the committees and the scarcity of basic supplies
popular dissent. Until his wishful predictions were fulfilled, however, the governor could
aggravate
that Parliament
existing shortages
by blockading ports and
only recommend
shutting off all American commerce.
the
Twelfth Day
Day ( Epiphany, January
ment
agreed
an
election
before Twelfth
evening
word night in
9
of their
of the Continental
Bruce A. Ragsdale,
Twelfth Night
At the
By January, William Carr reported
at the
`
LAST Saturday
Morning
the Right
Honourable the COUNTESS of DUN-
have delivered
in Virginia quickly became far more than local boards for the adminthey became the principal institutions of local government.
committees
X" •
'
Necessity of soliciting Peace themselves, and
Safety
association;
of
J-',"' '
1
local political leadership united itself with the yeoman planters. Dunmore was convinced
Twelfth Night
tifies
rule
assumed
in Virginia
commerce.
1774, freeholders
sole
VAliy ,
1.
Indians, who have been humbled into a
Every thing is managed by Committee."
appointed
of the peace
invited.
The Oxford English
1924).
business and raised independent militias " for
every aspect of merchants'
of protecting" the committees'
authority. When the governor tried to
purpose
avowed
cultivate
as
group from the Lodge to Bruton Parish Church for a sermon.
are
of
supervised
that
insignia
a
town
ed., The Journal
in the
order
proper
dress.
their authority
of the most important powers allowed the local political elites to maintain
at the same time that they isolated and subverted royal government.
counties
By
of power by committees
Christmas, Governor Dunmore was denouncing the assumption
day
with great
1770s
Wearing
ceremony.
this
that"
formation
The
show that
celebrate
in the
annually
the
Williamsburg
instructions
the
of all
regulation
25,
November
engagements."
committees*
istration
of Freemasons
Lodge
exceeded
tees
on
committees
county
strict
Congress would be " the
Continental
27
Minutes
committee
City
the
well beyond . . .
martyr
12 days of Christmas,
the
December
its inception,
From
In England and Virginia,
a
1774- 1777( New York:
Dial Press,
The Association and Committees
extended
first Christian
cut
Tar and Feathers and Freedom?
December 26
Stephen,
and
in this mixed
appearance
home.
St.
from their
of
entertaining
i,..
ii(•
o
with Vermilion.
parts
remarkable
Nicholas Creswell,
in this part they hang a thin silver
plate wrought in Flourishes about 3 Inches
diameter, with plates of Silver round their
in
elsewhere
upper
pulled
O '-
y.
i(,'
eye brows and eye lashes and their Face
and bobs
Grotesque
their
over
is
I;,
it
r
a
All the Hair
behind.
ders,
sea-
during
observance
includes
season
appears
the
Supper
Secular
piece of Cloath drawn through
and turned over the girdle and
like a short apron before and
with
are cut from the tip, two thirds
way round and the piece extended
with Brass wire till it touches their Shoul-
hangs
fE`
1,,
wea
their Legs
They walk
which
to
them
Hostages.
nose
theyrefuse
a
v '.
instead of which they have a girdle round
lip.
Their
son
Virginia.
g
as
l•
top of the
dress excep
the
on
whitemens
these
sending
of Silver in their
rings
to them
The first
Parish Church, and
Williamsburg
are
which
Breeches
a
have
elect
Dayof
the
and
them,
in
theyare
made
are tall, manly, well shaped men,
Copper Colour with Black Hair, Quick
piercing Eyes, and good features. They
December 2S
Christmas
to
Summer, but have
this
Lock
Long
a
head,
They
of
December 23
Freeholders
with
peace
tribe' s
except
Chiefs of the Shaw-
Indian
is all cut of[ f]
and in the Hair which
arms
Who have been at War with
Nation
neess
7th,
December
Winchester]— Wednesday,
1774
Saw Four
Williamsburg
r
r
Four youngShawnee braves
to the
e\ 11
cases
17
arrive
Can we trust these Europeans?
2
terminer
16
December
i
..-
Alt.
t
try criminal
American•
Will our people be able to survive?
j
a,-
13
meets to
Native
What do they really want?
12
General Courts
Will there be war with Britain?
a
X_V.-,,
Day for Williamsburg
December
J
1
1775
December
Americans
Are we giving up freedom in order to
gain freedom?
d
Sr
4
; +
together?
;
European
of
imported British goods at the
Raleigh Tavern on January 19,
at
i
•'
i
f
12
first
the
°•
i
in the West
Wars
The James
court
0'
_
G
a`
of Lord Dunmore
Indian
Fair
i t ''
c4i,
1ri
Will the master keep my family
4
Return
the
,,
the colonies. What about me?
r
1
Birth of Lady Virginia
December
the
g
i
3
Americans
There's much talk about freedom in
y
British goods
December
African
Y. ,
0
r
of
importation
the
ending
1774,
de horse- boat
we war, no
star—
ebery
ring black but de river—six hours in de boat,
cons.
on
page 2
the Mayor,
Recorder,
Alderman,
and Common Council, of the City of Wil
liamsburg, in Common Hall assembled,
beg Leave to embrace the earliest Opportunity of congratulating your Lordship on
the Condusion
of a dangerous
and fatigu-
ing Service, in which you have lately been
engaged, and on your Return to this City.
It is with Pleasure we hear your Lordship has been able to defeat the Designs
of a cruel and insidious Enemy, and at the
cont.
on
page 2
�2
r _ ,
,
i^
AI
NEWS
•
}
o., ,,,,,
11, . , ,
t
ETA
4
-
r
CHRISTMAS
tt
Pik
dale din..
1
i
yjp•
0
r`
}*+,
C.`. ` •;
o' -
c
_:"
Which, torn
of the 18th century, Christmas
traditions in Virginia were indeed simple. No
For most
r,
hZ '
V'
z
"
jam-
THE HOLLY AND THE I VY
_
;
riut','
trees,
by
no
the
Santa, few gifts, no"
chimney with care."
Is straight way taken to the neighboring
hung
stockings
Many of
Where
our
windows,
mantels,
cont. from page I
towns,
favorite
Posting
cont.
the
express
us
also,
Congratulations
our
and
that
shall
we
Attainment,
as
far
lies in
Power, dur-
our
ingyour Residence amongst
g
its
towards
contribute
as
not
season,
Days of
stretched
Christmas
arranged
throughout
parties,
held
usually
the
on
diaries
of the
with
period
were typical holiday presents— and were
not
were
Twelfth
common.
Virginia Gazette Supplement( Purdie
g
PP
and Dixon), December 8, 1774.
74 gives us
look at Virginians'
example,
noted
Fithian
morning,
fired— presumably
of the high
gZ)
Fithian
season.
his
1i
t
i l)- ,
11Ai ,
i
lir
y
L.
r','
pp
1
religious religious
Therefore,
day
1,
ifg,
A—
the
25 itself,
December
on
possible
the
dosesto
1773.
Sunday
Churching of
Lady Dunmore
Did
she
or
didn' t
that
Parish,
is,
for " The
how denominations
of 1775 in
of
Thanksgiving
little
Virginia
western
as a
Nomini Hall. He
at
ones
the
full life of the church
after
her
lying- in.
The opening rubric of the rite reads:
The Woman, at the usual time
the
shall
Delivery,
and
to
on
Christmas
hath
otherwise
convenient
some
accustomed,
or
as
as
place,
the
In England,
meant
Delivery"
Decently
a
often
usual
time
could
the
after
of 30 days.
indicate
the
veil. " Some convenient place"
just inside the church door. The
a
of prayers and psalms occurred
beginning of the Communion and
series
at the
included
thanks
for
deliver this
thee
we
of
drink.
so
worked
thyservant
from
by
Bob Doares]
i
i
ip,
fl
eke
of
custom
traced
to
Old
the
churches
Testament
The
13th
verse
service
on
of Isaiah,
reads, "
on
the Popular
inp
fi)
specifying not only the kinds of foliage to
to place the decorations
and
use but where
even
the types of containers
to hold the
greens in 18th- century English homes:
H
fp-_
1
From
The
every hedge is pluck' d by eager hands
branch with prickly leaves
holy [ holly]
replete
And
fraught
incomes,
of
of
the
decorations,
meals,
simply not possible.
about
more
slaves
of a
crimson
hue;
me
of
during
negros,
some
1774,
research
slaves
Chesapeake
the
Colonel
strictness
Landon
Carter
congratu
celebration
at Sabine
Hall that
had averted a slave revolt.
Emma Lou Powers,
The Colonial
Williamsburg Interpreter( Fall 1999).
;
that
three to
allowed
were
shows
an" Old Side" Presbyterian
I can' t but fancy that I have been
quite happy in not letting my People keep
any part of Christmas." Carter thought his
on
plantation management in the
colonial
at Christmas and
year: "
from labour."
Walsh' s
oth-
uneasiness."
the slaves'
wherein they are usually exempted
Lorena
and
lated himself for his wisdom in suppressing
and Whitsuntide holi-
Easter,
Douglass
Naturally, what a master could give, he
could also take away. On the last day of
at the three
concourse
five
1
1!
ti "
1 11
'- = .
lob.
days' holiday at Christmastime. In
for
George Wash-
example,
ington
"
noted
The
hollidays
the
People [
I rid
to
on
December
being
slaves]
the
over,
all at
Ferry,
f
i
29,
J
•.
i
and
4
work,
Dogue
fi.
run,
and Muddy hole Plantations." A
Christmas respite must have been
1,.,
-
r
i
allowed to field hands more read
ily than to domestics; house ser- ,
wants had more work than usual
when guests were in the house
for extended
ter
and
visits
or if the mas- *
expected
mistress
special
t
meals and entertained during the
de
holidays.•
Y
tr.
Y
allowed
alcohol
break.
their
slave
workers
owners
to
w
"
have. __
L
during the Christmas
Some masters actually
made
with berries
205.
in Lancaster County, Virginia, recorded in
his diary on Christmas Day 1759, " Some
of our negroes got drunk, that has given
congregated
usually
Frederick
James Gordon,
treatment
slaves'
great danger [ that] may happen to the
inhabitants of this dominion,
from the
days,
has
les-
Soutth,
h,
the191-
a few other occasions to keep slaves from
running away. Some individuals, it was
said, drank so much that they could not
enjoy their temporary freedom. Holiday
imbibing troubled certain slave owners.
main
yearly
As part of the rationale
for the
the legislators called to mind the
Christmas,
holiday
The glory of Lebanon
shall come unto thee, the fir- tree, the pinetree, and the box together, to beautify the
chapter
limited
special
that
when
for the Anglican
Eve.
60,
decorating
de
I see dat, I hold
encouraged drunkenness
holiday prob-
manifestations
numbers
unlawful
scale,
Antiquities of Great Britain, first published
1777, includes the following rhyme,
D
I
sP
EspeciallyY
some
patrols,
"
probably
the
on
With
gifts,
festivals.
of food and
servants
place of my sanctuary"
John Brand' s Observations
4
1_
and
he full urn. When
enjoyment.
of year because of letters, diaand other documents written by the
1786,
Christmas
Submitted
in
serving these meals,
simple, required work,
P
q
harder
I can borrow
ers explained that slave owners actually
onerous.
appointed
son
or
times.
other
more
been
the
great pain and peril of childbirth.
hard
as
or
slaves
social
the
choices
of the
aspects
on— were
mentions
guests
included, their duties must have been
The
to
and
elaborate
housewives,
than at
down
had fewer
Preparing
whether
as
yet
was
on
was a very manipulative move and not
offered strictly for the slaves' benefit and
mainly gentry planters. A February 1726/ 7 law that established patrols to
guard against invasions and insurrections
was
is, it
so
ries
Dinner as I ever sat Down
lower
Those
course,
much
humble
give
that thou has vouchsafed
woman
to."
were
these words.
0 Almighty God,
Dinner
that
common [
biased toward
are
sources
masters,
at
Day 1773: " Our
than
gant a Christmas
minimum
apparelled"
wearing of
short
the "
go
problem at all.
Nomini Hall
no
his meal
our
We know
Most people
like their dinner
Y
Y]
justeveryday],
Ordinary
Bishop] shall direct.
was
described
no
down in
presented
this
course,
Fithian
Church,
the
of business.
order
frozen
James Kirke Paulding, Letters from
vol. 1 ( 1817; reprint, 1835),
at this time
tried to get more and better things to eat
and drink for the holiday. For the gentry
of
after
the next
was
temperate— People
calm &
apparelled, and there shall kneel
decently
been
come
every Way
had
t' oder— he full dat, too. And when I go to
de stable, I count it out in my hat. Aha! D' ye
mind me, sir! He had gin me pounds."
Fall 1999).
Interpreter(
material
season—
about their daily Business.". . .
After church on Christmas Day, dinner
Churching
hand,
who
of the next month.
middle
prevailed.
course,
a
don' t know a lot about the practice in Virginia, but the Book of Common Prayer of the
Church of England includes this ceremony
which signals a new mother' s re- entry into
Child- birth,"
after
The
usual,
religious
ably
Gun heard— Not a Shout— No company or
Cabal assembled— lb Day is like other Days
called "
Bits"
one
and free people of color celebrated Christmas in early Virginia.
For some of them,
Presbyterian
Not
totaled " five
expenditure
gentry and upper middling sort. There
is no information about how poor whites
the
commonly
of Women"? We
Women
His
As
Angli-
wrote, "
expected
he had given something to
de water
if I want a carriage,
g.
shillings
Hall
well. . . . And so
um
lady' s to go to Williamsburg. But do you
stay and rest.'
Oh,' says I, ' I no want rest. I got wife
at home. I rather go spend Christmas dare.
I got notting but wheels to take back, and
so I tink to go home tomorrow.'
Says he, ' Jerry, hold your hand.'
He put he hand in he pocket. I hold one
Christmas box to
at Nomini
de
De gin' ral he come out. . . .
Well,' says he, ' Jeremy, stay rest yourself long as you please, and take holyday.
in Bermuda
two
call
um. . . .
the
missionary" to the Scots Irish settlers there.
That holiday was very different from previous
sent
that
a"
in and treat
She
She say, take
PUTTING SLAVIIN' ASIDE
on
evidence
than
other
Goosley
candle.
I went out to see my horses, and I was
1770,
relatives
as
Williamsburg
celebrated. Fithian spent the Christmas
cans
Bruton
go to
she—
about
is
there
1769. In
her
come. . . .
in fair miseryfor
Emma Lou Powers, The Colonial
example, Christmas fell on a Saturday. . . .
Unfortunately,
slaves
pletely until the
folks in
holiday77
my
to Mrs.
served him. Fithian could not payupcorn-
that
date. In 1773, for
to that
that
25,
show
sent
were
House
Easter.
so
countryside
shillings]
men
wid
he
depend de tortoise shell bowl come. . . .
to
in London.
of the three
one
was
10
and
we went into de laundry and den you may
tips from Fithian on Christmas morning
a major
on
dem
Robert
the millar's servt." on January 23, 1770.
was celebrated. In rural parishes short on
clergy, church services may not have been
f,_* _
j
It
service
sixpence]
de maid
servant,
veryproper
P P
as "
Martha
accounts
sixpence
four times in the year that Eucharist
or
M
expected.
was
at
attendance
10/ [
resident
family
when
of the Nativity, was
holiday, second only to
shillings,
on December
kitchen
Christ-
the Feast
mas,
wid
The
sent him " a pair of silk Stockings for a
Christmas Box" on January 4, 1773. Palace
see
in Virginia,
Anglicans
Among
lain' d,
1738,
book,
new
Gift to Children."
s
St. George Tucker' s
below].
1 '„
in December
a
onh
or
apprentices.
Christmas turkeys to John Norton and
two
household
gifts [
superior
a
to children
or
advertised
gave 12/ 6 [ 12
five children &
Carter"
the
solicited
Hall
servants
newspaper
New Year'
a
on
by
on
slaves,
Yorktown
that
the
that
wrote
Nomini
at
slaves
brought
spirits
to
were
gifts
by
an inferior— parents
de
Wormeley Carter of Richmond County
"
as a means
guns were
of sending greetings to faraway plantations.
They also seem to have functioned as a
release
tury
but bestowed
example,
for
For
practices.
Eve and again
venatce
the
As we pass de winder, I see in, and I seed
and dare was de
ginral in de big chair ...
lady . . . an' he had de lady's little daughter
he lap. Aha! You feller, say I to mysef, dat
at you come for trough de cold, eh!
Presently madam come out to de door,
New Year'
18th
Church Catechism E
Night
holiday
In
The local
for
detailed
unusually
Christmas
on
Christmas
an
kelas.
upon
same purpose as ours on December 31.
Philip Vickers Fithian' s diary for 1773
and '
exchanged
masters
like
sentiments
as
not
of
evening
to
justChr
days.
gatherings seemed to have served much the
us.
you—' twas Christmas Eve, an I was most
Another Year isgone!" but New Year's Eve
parties
ware,
confess.
Coins, small toys and educational books
January 5, signaled the end of the season.
New Year' s Day was often
noted in
"
garb
from
12
the
of household
other articles
The verdant
day—
a single
tons' are just two examples). Twelfth Night
late
the
on
Addition to your Family by the Birth of a
Daughter; and to assure you, that we wish
toyour LordshipeveryDegree
of Felicity,
Y
entire
too often took place at this time
of year ( the Jeffersons' and the Washing
Occasion, to
uponthis
an
Weddings
exposed.
frequently
12
were
Time that your Lordship has escaped
those Dangers to which your Person must
Permit
was
December 25 to Epiphany on January 6.
Dinners, balls and other social occasions
same
have been
Quarts, pints, decanters, pipkins, basons, jugs,
And
customs
came
along later— most in
19th century. In colonial Virginia, Christ-
mas
p g
page 1
from
half leg deep in water— come on darker and
darker. . .
I was scared, but I keep up— de
water splash over de boat....
De people seed
we didn't come, and got skeered. ...
When we go to shore, I feel glad, I tell
and
candlesticks,
shelves,
the
Palace
Jeremy Prophet
its parent trunk,
from
asunder
gifts
spirits
to
of
their
rum
and
bondsmen.
other
This
•;
• •!. . "`•'
'
IT
..
I. ,
a
b -.
.
,
u.'
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 3, number 7, December, 2004
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[2004]
Description
An account of the resource
December, 1774