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Text
The Gunpowder Incident
Volume 3 No. 3
THE INTERPRETER'
S NEWSPAPER
Incident
eC6Mrry
in Historic Area
Dates
Prelude to
MS
S DAY
Gun p owder
Independence
Dates in Historic Area
April 19 to 25, 2004
May 10 to 16, 2004
NO. 1 FOR COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
1774
SPRING
THE GUNPOWDER INCIDENT
News 1 i n e
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
r,f' tf
8"""`
t" r`. r r°
10
with
ends
Y
Treaty of Paris
the
October
t
7
of 1763
Proclamation
Prelude
Sugar
the
passes
fix;
the
passes
Act
Stamp
needed
Stamp Act
Declaratory Act
the
June 29
Townshend
the
passes
4.. -
e,
Acts
British
troo
p s are sent
In the
Boston
to
5
2, 500
Massacre
Boston
for the
except
duty
to
the Tea Act
16
Boston
the
hero
a
Party
tion.
1774
of
arms
the
Accompanying
a
or
ammuni-
which
order,
was
all colonial governors, was a circular letter from Lord Dartmouth, Secretary
sent to
March 31- June 22
Parliament
Acts and the Quebec
September
Coercive
the
passes
Colonies, instructing all governors to
for
take the most effectual measures
to the
Act
26
5- October
Continental Con g ress
First
meets
arresting, detaining and securing any
Gunpowder, or any sort of Arms or
atwhich
be
may
be imported into the Province
Ammunition
in Philadelphia
tempted
1775
to
your Government." ( It is certainly
possible that any of the colonial governors
under
19
of Lexington
Battles
and Concord
April20
could have stretched
dude
The Gunpowder
the
and
in
Incident
Williamsburg
were
of
members
the
Gunpowder
Incident:
That the next Day Doctor Pasteur came
to the said Wallers House, and informed
him of the Governor' s Threatening that
if himself his Family or Captain Collins
insulted,
he would
Slaves, and
lay
the
dedare
his Declaration
this
to
Magistrates of the City, for that there
not an Hour to Loose. That these
Declarations gave the said Waller and the
of the' Ibwn great unother Inhabitants
several
That
easiness.
Days
erty to
he said Waller
mention
to
his
s
took the lib-
lordship
that
he
very sorry to tell his Excellency that
he had lost the Confidence of the People
was
not
so
der
as
much for
having
taken the
for the declaration
raising and freeing
which he answered
made
no
would do that
defended
attacked.
secret
the
that
said
Pow-
made
of
Slaves
Randolph
was able to
raise
the
royal
standard,
he did say
of it and
that
so
he
any thing else to have
himself in case he had been
or
to the
them
convey
moored at Burwell' s
schooner
this
Ferry, just
They
of Carter'
side
to
were
s
free
the
city
and
and much exasperated;
alarmed,
was
whole
in
themselves
got
to
readiness
re-
pair to the palace, to demand from the Gova
restoration
of what so justly
ernor
supposed
in this
deposited
was
magazine
Dixon
John
their
as
They
Randolph
presented
Dunmore,
playing
where
cerns.
to the
the
on
con-
colonists'
a slave
uprising, justified his action
saying that he" had removed the Powder
lest the Negroes might have seized upon it."
fear of
Needless
dent
say, the governor' s explanareceived favorably. Indepen
companies,
gentlemen
part, mustered
most
the
to
not
was
to
ginia, ready
force a return
march
Virto
Williamsburg
of the gunpowder. Patrick
marched a force of 150 of these
from Hanover
men
for
volunteers
throughout
on
Richmond,
County, just
Doncastle'
to
s
liberty
or
death"
speech),
to
a
prompted
watch
the
Henry
armed
the
volunteers
guards
took
were
keep
not
to
on
be found.
Dun-
of this security lapse.
At about 4 in the morning of April 21, he
more
advantage
offered
then
the
Ordinary,
of
services
politely refused
returned with his
the
Henry
County.
men
his
and
offer,
to
Gordon
A
S. Wood,
The American
History( New York:
tion,
Revolution:
Library Edi-
Modern
2002), 52- 54
the
By
Hanover
of
1775
the
British
already preparing for military action. By this time North' s supporters
and the king himself saw no choice but
was
bring
the
colonists
back in line. As
early as November 1774, George
told
North
that " Blows
must
whether
try
they
are
to
III
had
decide
be subject to the Coun-
The British governbuilt up its army and navy and
first of
restraining the commerce
Independent."
or
rested
a
The
sumption.
that
ing
by
a
it
few
dered
British government, thinkonly with mobs led
its
of
the
other
By April 1775 fighting had broken
out
in Massachusetts. Since the British governwas
that Boston
ment had long assumed
center
of the disturbances
in America,
it
and punishing that
that isolating
all
port city would essentially undermine
Colonial resistance.
The Coercive Acts of
believed
of the
Gunpowder
Incident
messengers
rode hard through
the night,
arriving in the capital at 1 P. M., April 27.
Randolph
assured
the men that no
Fredericksburg with a letter urging calm.
During their return trip, they may have
passed a post rider racing eastward.
Sometime late Friday night, April 28,
or early Saturday morning, the rider galloped into the city and stopped at the several printing offices to convey distressing
news:
British
troops
had
Massachusetts
militia
at
Concord
on
April
19.
Gazette
fired
on
the
Lexington
Pressmen
and
were
awakened,
and
supplements
broadsides
were printed. The surprising
and
coincidence that efforts to disarm the two
Massachusetts,
was
the
topic
of feverish
conversa-
tion. What would happen next was anyone' s guess
Governor
Meanwhile,
began
to
learned
take
decisive
Dunmore
action.
When
that the independent
he
companies
gathered at Fredericksburg might march
on Williamsburg, he again let it be known
that he would carry out his threats of
April
22
if
the
troops
came
within
30
miles of the city. He also began to fortify
the Palace. It is likely that he sent his wife
and children to safety aboard H. M. S.
Fowey when he heard about Lexington
and Concord.
On May 3 Dunmore issued a prodamation urging all Virginians to submit dutifully to the laws of the land. Within hours
of this action, however, news arrived that
Patrick Henry and an independent cornpany of 150 men were only 15 miles outside Williamsburg.
Immediately
Dunmore
ordered
1775, Gage' s army attempted to seize rebel
arms and ammunition
stored at Concord, a
They arrived at 10 A. M., May 4. Furthermore, Captain Montague of the Fowey
ahead
the
Colonial
of Boston.
silversmith
scouts,
Paul Revere,
of the advancing
redcoats,
rode
warned
and
that a detachment
sailors
threatened
be
of 40 marines
dispatched
to bombard
to
the
Yorktown
Palace.
if his men
were attacked.
Only a compromise worked out be-
patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel
colonies. . . .
the
or-
Gage, to arrest the rebel leaders, to
General
news
reached them on Monday, April 24. After
a day' s debate, the volunteers decided to
send three riders to Williamsburg to see if
the capital needed military assistance. The
break up their bases, and to reassert royal
authority in the colony. On April 18- 19,
including
then
in
commander
town northwest
and
instigators, therefore
seditious
began
England
and
assumption,
dealing
was
ment thus
New
this
on
of 1775 were
military actions
logical extension of the same as-
British
simply
beginning
government
had
1774
the
panies had been drilling at Fredericksburg
time
to
Nicholas
on
com
colonies leading the protest against the
ministry occurred at almost the same
protect the colony' s treasury
in Williamsburg. ' I easurer
Robert Carter
men
came
of
outside
Magazine. At length, however, they grew
negligent, and on the evening of April 20
town
alarming
15
north
his "
miles
most
action was needed and sent them back to
by
tion
The
April 27. A number of independent
Peyton
Palace
city' s
the
arriving.
and
spokesmen.
escorted the delegation
in-
was
for the country' s defense." The crowd
calmed and chose Peyton Randolph
mayor
urgent
quiries about Williamsburg' s plight began
when
Grove.
As the Gazette reported, " the
As if that were not enough,
n
re-
of gunpowder from
Public Magazine.
the
to
seamen
powder but were unable to secure its actual
return.
On May 4, Carter Braxton, a moderate patriot, met Henry with the payment.
to
he
15 half barrels
move
20
of Williamsburg.
Eventually
intermediaries negotiated payment for the
force to
afterwards
his Excellency came to the said Waller'
House on some private business, . . .
whereupon
to
liberty
Tbwn in Ashes,
and that the Governor had desired him
communicate
and
s
attempting to
proclamation
forbid the meeting of the Second Virginia
Convention ( at which Patrick Henry gave
and John Randolph
the
Purdie
of 15
Dunmore'
about the
five men who told
of Burgesses about
House
in
published
along with
Gunpowder Incident
among
squad
a
Henry
colony.)
letter,
Dixon's Virginia Gazette in January 1775,
rumors
of a slave uprising and
Five Men Inform
Waller
instruction to in-
and securing of arms
stored
currently
detaining
their
The
Benjamin
this
ammunition
within
Burgesses
with
numbers
correspondence
was
from England
tation
Tea
In Decem-
region.
copy of his
Majesty' s Order in ( privy) Council, dated
October 19, 1774, which forbade all expor-
10
December
totaling nearly
colony' s interests
Williamsburg
Indians. Among
awaiting his return
Parliamentpasses
and
protect
try
1773
was
militia
the
Lt. Collins of H. M. S. Magda1'
dispatched
with two
after
tea
on
went west
successfully waging a brief campaign
and brokering a treaty with the Ohio coun-
repealed,
are
of 1774, Lord Dunmore,
in the Ohio
ber, he returned
Townshend duties
the
to
men
and daims
April 12
to
summer
governor of Virginia,
divisions of Virginia
1770
March
to the
Peyton
slaves, and reduce Williamsburg to ashes.
June 8
were
and
would
1768
April
hope
useful in
I
Ar
i
May
We
persuade the city's independent company
to disperse, an uneasy calm settled over
Williamsburg. It did not last. The next day,
Saturday, April 22, the governor deliberately let it be known that if any harm came
to Captain Foy or Lieutenant Collins, he
the
1767
Parliament
Independence.
After Governor Dunmore promised to
return the colony' s gunpowder if it were
I
March 18
and passes
to
STANDOFF
111111
It
repeals
From
AN UNEASY
A
1766
Parliament
independence.
guests.
d
22
Parliament
and
ming and enrich the experience of our
1765
March
specific
i
and
Acts
Currency
two
your efforts to support the program-
migration
Apri15
Parliament
on
you find these documents
ends colo-
1764prAllit
nial westward
format, the content
focuses
April 19 to 25, the Historic Area programming will present the story of the
Gunpowder Incident; from May 10 to
16, programming will focus on the
s,
French and Indian War
issue
Revolution
1763
February
our usual
of this
events. They are two of the most important events to take place in
Williamsburg duringthe march to
TO THE
LEADING
EVENTS
Unlike
tween
Adams to flee, and roused
and Patrick Henry to pay for the missing
gunpowder diverted a military confronta-
the
arms.
No
one
ington, but
tia
the
countryside—
knows
shots
later
at
farmers
minutemen—
of
to
fired first at Lex-
who
between the colonial mili-
and British troops
and
the
nearby
British found only
a
were
exchanged there
Concord,
few
supplies.
where
the
tion.
Carter
Braxton,
Nevertheless,
Richard
Dunmore
Corbin,
could
not
resist one parting shot: on May 6 he had
Henry virtually outlawed. In less than a
month,
the colonists'
world
Submitted
had changed.
by
Kevin Kelly]
�2
Spring 1775
1775
SPRING
News line
EVENTS LEADING
AMERICAN
TO THE
WHO GETS TO
PRELUDE TO INDEPENDENCE
WHEN?
THE FIFTH VIRGINIA CONVENTIONVOTE
1776- 1830: THE VOTE
REVOLUTION
in Philadelphia]
unanimously that the delegates appointed to represent
body to
colony in General Congress be instructed to propose to that respectable
declare the United Colonies free and independent states absolved from all allegiances
Resolved [
10
May
forces
American
Ticonderoga
capture
to
Fort
dependence
or
With
Second Continental Congress
these
begun
June 15
Thomas
George George Washington
of
commander commander
appointed
and
parliament
such declaration.
to
have taken the floor in
resolutions, openly questioning the " corn-
in
petency of America in so arduous a con-
the
change
in the hearts and
sentiments
of the
minds
June 17
tions
Battle of Bunker Hill
but
were
end
the
of
results
III declares
from
in open rebellion
colonies
December
the
31
British
ficially
troops
Virginia
Convention
declaring
resolution
the
passes
would
colonies
not
by
Independence
policies; thus
Conventions.
performed
they
a
Virginia' s resolution to the
Congress
June
of
Members
Conve
Convention
develop
of George
Mason
2
Continental Congress
adopts
Independence
due to
reconstituted
never
About
rum.
the
45
for
the
new
The
commonwealth
early April, captured letters to GoverEden of Maryland, revealing that a large
invasion force was on the way, provoked a
toward
ans
pushed
that
independence.
1776, John Page
many VirginiOn April 12,
Richard
to
wrote
Henry
Lee, " I think almost every man, except the
TYeasurer,
is willing to dedare for Indepenany doubt about
local sentiment regarding the issue, on April
of James City
24, 1776, the freeholders
dency."
In
there
case
was
Allen's ordinary and agreed
County
to instruct their delegates, the said TYeasurer
met at
Robert Carter
and William Norvell,
Nicholas
your utmost ability, in the next
Convention, towards dissolving the convex
to " exert
ion between America
and Great Britain, to-
tally, finally, and irrevocably."
There
less
was
outside
fifth
a
then
filed
dispersed
adopted
Virginia
to
vention
several
next
matters
real purpose,
vote
on
the
as
to
filed
Virginia'
as
state,
120- man
Their
discuss
to
for
or
against
the
considered
three
it
as
was
separate
ratified March 30, 1870.
Amendment
A
States
to
shall
State State on account
of the United
not
be denied
or
of sex.
Congress shall have the power to
enforce this article by appropriate
new
a common
to vote
abridged by the United States or by any
united
others
XIX
The right of a citizen
the
addition
legislation.
foe,
Passed June 5, 1919,
ratified August
26, 1920
y ,,
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a,
1a
"
i..
mob`
and
a
c
s'
over
resolutions
May 15 unanimously approved
on
be
f
and the
chair
have
an
t'
was
independence
shall
h --
form it would take. The Convention
what
against
Congress
had
on
governor.
joined by
The
711115, 11
4
question of innot so much
the
debate
be
a congress
N,
debated
The
to
2.
had been born
dedare independence
Cary took
body
dependence.
first elected
s
soon
under
to the
saw
The Convention periodically resolved itof the whole, where
self into a committee
Archibald
Section
to-
and deliberated
was
or abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of race, color, or
previous conditions of servitude.
establishing a republican form of government, the Convention chose Patrick Henry
from Great Britain.
upon
vote
final form of the document). In
of the
United States to vote shall not be denied
felt that the
who
XV
of citizens
of
soon-
objections
Jefferson,
right
out of
fate of loyalists.
however,
motion
a
the
over
The
power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Passed February 27, 1869,
it
1776,
of Virginia should
freeholders
Over the
Capitol.
of Virginia
6,
1.
Chaired
days the delegates
administration
such
in the
Amendment
Section
future
Charter.
for the
constitution
absent Thomas
second group waitand reentered as
Convention.
meet
such
fifth Virginia Conven-
July
on
commonwealth (
building,
the
a
by
Edmund Pendleton, it was the only Conthe
In
outrage
room,
ing
DILEMMA
burgesses
joined with
the
NICHOLAS'
general
former
ing Senators.
The Virginia
of Rights of Man and the Citi-
the time the
By
tion
There, the " Sevthe House chamber.
Continental Congress approvesinto
g
eral Members met, but did neither proceed
the Declaration
of Independence
of
as
a House
to Business, nor adjourn,
July 6
Burgesses." Edmund Pendleton stated simadopts a
Virginia Convention
ply that they" let that body die."
constitution
lations, except as to the Places of Chus-
pio-
federal Bill of Rights; the
in the United Nations
Rights
was
men
a
issued in the early days of the French
Revolution; and, more than a century and
half later, the Statement on Human
a
a
about
as
time by Law make or alter such Regu-
the
zen,
lack of quoof the morning of
middle
Monday, May 6, 1776,
4
and
the
as
Madison.
influence
to
was
Declaration
death"
or give me
Convention in Rich-
in October 1775
well
as
thereof; but the congress may at any
ringing
and
liberty
self- government
documents
House of Burgesses that had
a
been adjourned
for
Resolution
Virginia
the
Jul
heels of
the
individual
of
Dedaration
Declarationadershio
leThe
action
It contained
owed much to James
and generally provided for unified
in the impending crisis.
fifth Virginia
Convention met on
mond),
under the
ner of holding Elections for Senators
and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the Legislature
of Rights to be
first Declaration
in America.
right to
liberty
me
speech at the second
Virginia
the
of Rights
Give
mous "
fifth Virginia
the
next
the
statements
of
economic
embargos
phia, arranged
British goods, organized military preparations ( first promoted by Patrick Henry' s fa-
Continental
Section 4. The Times, Places and Man-
the
under
adopted
in Philadel-
that met
the
During
County
to
the
congresses
work
s
neering statement of religious freedom that
Richard Henry Lee presents
general
finished.
yet
The U. S. Constitution
Convention'
created
variety of
representatives
VOTING RIGHTS
the result.
was
of Fairfax
guidance
delegate George Mason, that body
month,
was
elected
not
was
an
king' s
EVOLUTION OF
Lee, preof the second
Henry
consideration
fifth Virginia
But the
British
the
House to become
the
allow
The Conventions
functions:
June 7
voting
rights did not change until 1830.
to
Continental Congress. The Declaration of
argue
for the Tea Party. It
to the burgesses that Dunmore
born the Virginia
Britain
be dosed
to
was
to contest the
arena
of Great
free and independent
sented it for the
retribution
was obvious
Fifth
Despite the new constitution,
Vir-
Independence
Richard
delegate,
senior
se-
of Burgesses in May 1774 for ofof Boston,
the city
port
ministry in
May1 S
a
supporting
whose
Boston
evacuate
in
gathered
dispute with Great
continuing
Governor Dunmore had dissolved
the House
1776
March 17
delegates
called Conventions to
meetings
Britain.
Quebec
at
elected
the
over
defeated
Colonists
1774,
Virginia had
across
of
ries
for
Resolution
the
Philadelphia, and on June 7 the colony' s
August
Since
George
King
Virginia Statutes at Large, 1762
sake
ginia
transition.
August 23
of unanimity.
Thomas
Nelson Jr. delivered
the
this
end, he added his support for
In the
test."
populace between 1765 and 1776. The Declaration
of Independence and military ac-
Army
person convicted in Great Britain or Ireland, during the time for which he is
transported, or any Negro, mulatto or
although such persons be free
In
holder
shall have a vote, or be permit
to poll, at any election of burgesses,
or capable of being elected."
the
and John Adams, the real
was
That no feme,
twenty- one, recusant, convict, or any
to
opposition
enacted,
sole or covert, infant under the age of
corporating portions of each. Only TteaRobert Carter Nicholas is known to
surer
was
and
We say consummated
for such notables
as
Jefferson
attitudes
And be it further
and that they give
of Great Britain
or
since,
revolution
Continental
the
crown
Revolution
the
words
consummated.
not
the
upon
of this Colony
the assent
Lake Champlain
on
10
May
July
IN VIRGINIA
this
1775
4.
9yY`
ver-
sion Pendleton had cobbled together by in-
certainty, however, about what Nicholas' rewould
sponse
sionate
be. Although
supporter
considered
opinion
was
A
means.
was
a
pashis
rights,
that the
with Great Britain could
drastic
he
of American
differences
be settled
by
less
known
for
his
man
strictest veracity and honour," he would be
unlikely to vote against his conscience.
When the Convention met in May, it
debated
two
a
for independence
resolution
days before
demonstrated
for
adopting it. Nicholas
his title to popularity by de-
finally
spising it" and did not vote for the resoluhis son- in- law Edmund
tion. He was,
Randolph
tency
wrote, "
of America in
Immediately
ever,
dubious
after
of the
so arduous
the
vote
was
a
compe-
contest."
how-
taken,
Nicholas stated that he" would
rise
or
VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS: LOOK FAMILIAR
A
OF RIGHTS
DECLARATION
good
people
Virginia in the
and their posterity,
dation
by the
of their
do pertain to
the basis and foun-
rights
as
of government.
Article
I.
equally
free
certain
made
exercise
That
and
inherent
all
men
are
by
independent,
Rights,
Nature
and
of which,
have
when
they enter into a State of Society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive, divest their
Posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and
liberty, with the means of acquiring and
possessing property, and pursuing and obtaming happiness and safety
fall with his country" and allowed himself
to be appointed a member of the committee
Article II. That all power is vested in, and
consequently derived from, the people, that
charged with writing a declaration of rights
and a plan of government for Virginia.
magistrates
are
and at all times
their trustees
and
Becoming
AMERICANS
amenable
to them.
secured
fectually
against
Nancy
able, and indefeasible
abolish
or
judged
Ann
Williamson,
2004
All images
are
The
editor
copy
The
graphic production
Williamsburg Foundation. All rights reserved.
unless otherwise
noted.
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
Colonial
property of
Diana Freedman,
in
their own Consent
any
inadequate
most
conductive
entitled
to
but
or
no
or
V. That
from
Members
legislative,
the
thereof
Judicative;
be
may
by
regular
Elections,
hath
and nature
a Right
to de
of his Accusa
Witnesses,
to call for Evidence
in his
Favour, and to a speedy Thal by an impartial Jury of his Vicinage, without whose
neither
unanimous
guilty, nor can he be compelled to give Ev-
Consent
he cannot
be found
idence against himself; that no Man be de-
prived of his Liberty except by the Law of
executive
the Land, or the Judgment
of his Peers.
separate
and that
restrained
private Station, return into that Body from which they
were
originally taken, and the Vacancies be
fixed Periods, be reduced to
a Man
the Cause
Legisla-
from Oppression, by feeling and participating the Burthens of the People, they should
supplied
and
hereditary.
the
or that of their Repre-
tion, to be confronted with the Accusers
of Public Services,
of the State should be
distinct
mand
Community,
Offices of Magistrate,
Judge to be
Prosecutions
Emolu-
descendible,
being
not
or deprived
Article VIII. That in all capital or criminal
be
of Men, is
separate
Privileges from the
the
or
set
or
shall
as
be taxed
sentatives so elected, nor bound by any law
to which they have not, in like Manner, assented, for the public Good.
or
public Weal.
to the
Man,
exclusive
in Consideration
Article
Manner
and cannot
of their Property for public Uses without
Right to reform, alter,
it, in such
Article IV. That
at
Production:
Mary
Suffrage,
of
contrary to these purposes, a Majority of the
Community hath an indubitable, inalien-
the
Milton
whenever
shall be found
Government
Danger
the
and,
Maladministration,
and
Willis
Cathy Hellier, Kevin Kelly, Rose McAphee,
Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz
to
ment to, the Community, have the Right of
and Powers
Contributors:
Bob Doares,
of Members
of the People,
nent common Interest with, and Attach-
capable
tor,
TODAY
of Interpretive' Training
Crevieaux- Gevertz, Anne
Elections
of producing the greatest Degree
of Happiness
and Safety, and is most ef-
or
ments
Editors:
Margot
g
VI. That
serve as Representatives
Assembly, ought to be free; and that all
Men, having sufficient Evidence of perma-
which
of the Department
Article
ought to
and Security of the People, Nation,
community, of all the various Modes and
ought
is a publication
or
Benefit, Pro-
common
tection,
servants,
by Cathy Hellier]
Submitted
Article III. The Government is,
be, instituted for the
Forms of Government, that is best which is
powers, which
sovereign
them
of
a
in which all
or
any Part of the former Members to be again
or ineligible, as the Laws may direct.
eligible,
[
Note: These protections
were not given to
enslaved people in Virginia; enslaved individuals
Courts
continued
to
be
tried
of Oyer and Terminer
in
lesser
without
the
benefit of a jury.]
Article
XII. That the Freedom
of the Press
is one of the greatest Bulwarks of Liberty
and can never be restrained but by despotic
Governments.
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
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Title
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Becoming Americans Today, volume 3, number 3
Creator
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
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©2004
Description
An account of the resource
The Gunpowder Incident
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/45914/archive/files/30f07586e1e9b12e9aefcfa0064106cc.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=QNrLYnD1V67oACJe3JA2SDHoAarouljpoC0r-uxMh%7EiRrPiDyqgkcdTjp86giUI5m7Wto%7EqL3N7B%7E7vkvHJgf%7Ec6k3ozQqVqdPBloyYaOhcK-DQGanJBi9xLqhRbkPMwev1QUlOHf-J8J%7EpOTAYmgtVoa3edI378xQtJNRMTH5X0iEFu%7ExGz90YH4b0BHKPsm-0HTi7DXynlGcw0PG4b3OyPczMFAfGf8wXeS-Ixriq6GydrT0vjcFk3GfjPZni4Y4TIFRVzcOUAtswqVVhh15XFYeli5QKaxpxrJE4Yb1m-mKK6KZeSPe-6LIiLRGwwqXc5cT0Do8R2za3FVEN0vw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
9065cff50652e0e1e72fe16b47ec9643
PDF Text
Text
1
MAY, JUNE, JULY 1774
3 No. 3
Volume
THE INTERPRETER'
SOMERSET
WAR IN
tY a
WEST
• y
pii, 7
S NEWSPAPER
A
Ns4. ,. ''',, ., ---‘'?'
d
e)----,-„ ,, ,
Y,,` y
Y'
N.
.+.`
England =
MIDoes
Freedom
I MS
DAY
i
1,,,. ),
CASE:
,_..
1
1
auk
See " Prepare
War"
for
NO. 1 FOR
p. 2
DOWN ON THEIR KNEES"
Newsline
3, 1774
y
Governor' s Council
May
Hall
Summer of 1774 Challenges
x
4
I,,`
ban all British
to
ti
for
on other colonies
r
r• •• g
q//
k -k
- .
f,.
'•
l' I
IB
r-
v{
1
F
as
t `
t
'
governor and commander in chief
of the British army in America
19, 1774
of
x
L
4
rw
May20,
7ika
,'
Massachusetts
Z=ti--
capital
charged with
a
down
putting
mult
or
have
their
I
A. ,
crime,
a riot
r
J
or tu-
to another
Britain
Great
Actions taken in the capital cityofWilliamsburgin
p
Patrick Henry,
Jefferson,
Richard Henry Lee, Francis Light
others decide to in
foot Lee and
troduce
of
declare
resolution to
a
fasting,
a
and
humiliation
of
news
of Burgesses
1,
June
to observe
governed played
of
resolves
1774,
day
the
know about the genesis of this idea?
The General Assembly was in session
Ma y 26, 1774
An
printed,
and Lord Dunmore dissolves
Assembly
May 27, 1774
Eighty- nine
of Burgesses
meet
of
India
Company
peter
and
They
also
call for
delegates from each colony
meet
in a "
yearly
East
other
except salt-
goods
spices.
governend to the
an
and
tea
day
Raleigh
at the
a " shadow
They call for
importation
House
the
general
in
their
to
con-
Ball held
and prayer.
The conferees
printed
the
June 1 be set
ing,
Humiliation,
Great
an
end
Boston
to
all
Com-
called
Thomas Jeffer-
arrives
with
trade
convention
civil
devoutly
Nicholas
one
dis-
near
one
English
who remain
agree
in
to summon
August
Civil War. First
in
volumes
In
room."
of his
violation
London
right to
sole
Rushworth'
Passages
of
s
Historical
Collections
i1 /
Ya4
l;-
il
Gitc , -
dissolved
saying
ceived in such terms
of
nights
broadside
their
as
of the
the
c •,
x
11 /
1 ' Y
fix'
Y
by
in private
sessions
increase
George
to
County
Resolves
prepared by George Mason and George
Washington]
Trade
Call for an End to the Slave
RESOLVED
culties
that it is the Opinion
and Distress,
Rowe]
no Slaves
ought
on this Continent;
and we take this Oppor-
tunity of declaring our most earnest Wishes
to see an entire Stop for ever put to such a
wicked
cruel and unnatural
trade.
The Papers of George Mason, 1725- 1792,
ed. Robert A. Rutland,
the
City
Court
1774
Day of Fasting,
circa
North Carolina Press, 1970),
July 26, 1774
A meeting in Albemarle
Prayer at Bruton
on
207.
County adopts
Britain"
until the act blockingBoston
other
objectionable
It
p. 2
FAMILIES
40% of the population)
A
Personal
Master
Family Unit
Is Head of Household
acts
Convention
adopts
November
an
It is estimated that
of the
black population
was
free
1,
1774,
in 1770.
and
Har
were
re-
meets in
association
exportation
Great Britain after August
also
elects
10,
Peyton
to
1775. The
Randolph,
Richard Henry Lee, George Washington,
Henry, Richard Bland, Benjamin
Ben amin
Harrison and Edmund
Is Head of Household
Children Are Enslaved
Note:
approximately 5%
Commitment
Protection of the
Legally Binding Commitment
Family Unit Is Protected
No
and
Parish Church
Continued
1:
a resolution by Thomas Jefferson that went
beyond others in Virginia in urging" an immediate stop to all imports from Great
Convention
population]
Children Are Legitimate
Humiliation
et al.
Chapel Hill, N. C.: University of
The first Virginia
VALUES"
Husband
James
to be
August 1- 6, 1774
ENSLAVED
60% of
A
to
of
imported into any of the British Colonies
2...
iportation
FAMILIES
circa
slave trade
reports
of
resolves forbidding imof British goods or slaves after
1774
jury
from
of the balance
inWilliamsburg.
COLONIAL VIRGINIA
based on the Fairfax
in
1774FREE
1,
emigrants
natural right.
SNAPSHOT
FAMILY
call for end
June
useful
pealed. The resolution based its stand on
V I RG I N I A TODAY
as the
Governor' s Council
Effigy of Lord North burned
Richmond County
County
upon
74 ,
Nk
D
June 1774
Grand
[
an annual
House of
Linda
hears land disputes
June
other
bor and
Court,
Prince
resolu-
highly
reflect
Submitted
A
:: /
-';
and
con-
Beginning
P
before.
was
action "
1774
Meeting
June
call
and the Parliament."
in
State, Weighty Matters
l f
printed
governor
his Majesty
of
couple
a
Burgesses,
and
1659
a
Gripping
in eight
published
between
hatched
is
this Meeting, that during our present Diffi-
tion, the
of the
writers
Law, Remarkable Proceedings . . .
a
1 to dis-
of the Puritan
cuss trade restrictions
Caveat
Hun-
an
been
in that
turers
re-
was
Governor Dunmore took issue with the
burgesses'
Trade
trade against this Colony. . .
June 1774: The Fairfax County Resolves
vote
amongst
African
sions
above
not
unanimous: "
the
threatens
the
that
That
for avert-
which
rights."
after
appearing
dred Members."
alternatives.
library
in
present.
Europe from settling amongst us, and occa-
to
fast days in the colony. On May 26 he summoned the legislators to the very roomwhere
the idea had
the Council Chamber-
Private
on
our
long
sentient
group had a reason for meeting in
Council Chamber: they wanted " the
1701,
30, 1774
Williamsburg
not
nearly
son,
probably George Mason ( in town on
private business) and two or three others
worth,
Britain
The 25 burgesses
and Prayer,
heavy Calamity,
proposed
Day of Fast-
as a "
Destruction to
the
ing
of " the revolutionary precedents 6'
of the Puritans of that day," they
rummaged over" the works of John Rush-
arrival
of Correspondence
proposing
aside
At the Capitol in the empty Council Chamber, Patrick Henry, brothers Richard Henry
the
still
those
injurious to this Colony, obstructs the population of it by freemen, prevents manufac-
Nicholas
24, he
day, May
Resolved,
with
forms
s
May 29, 1774
May 13 letter from
mittee
resolution.
that
discuss the
Washington,
was among
A General Meeting of the Freeholders
and Inhabitants of Prince George' s County,
Virginia, the following Resolves were proposed and unanimously agreed to. . .
reli-
as
search
Capitol in honor
at the
the
of
tone"
agreed. The next
Lee,
George
MALT SLAVE TRADE!
in the
was
character
gious
solidarity with Bostonians on the
British aimed to dose the port.
Discussion
and
doubtless
planning
of
impor-
to the
June 1774
Carter
his " grave &
more
in unison
of Burgesses,
House
show
benefit
suitable
He noted in his diary," Went to Church and
fasted All Day."
of
and
resolution
Nicholas to introduce the
of the Boston
summary]
Virginia Gazette. Several
and Francis Lightfoot
Order
rise
Robert
persuaded
implore the divine Interposition
the
of Lady Dunmore'
the
material they found there, the group
according to Jefferson) " cooked up" the
idea of calling for a day of general fasting
The
27, 1774
sermon
Williamsburg,
the
(
19,
May
Dixon
of
began immediately, but a secret meeting on
the evening of Monday, May 23, was key.
gress."
June
and
Purdie
16481 Digested in
account
an
gave
all"].
over
1618,
Anno
of King
with the Death of King
the
met to
a
progress of the civil war. Based on some of
younger burgesses determined to fashion a
Virginians
response that would both arouse
and
of
members
Tavern to form
ment."
the
Epitome [
Bill"
before
sometime
day
the
would be
James,
Ending . . . [
Time
of the Boston Port Act reached
news
1774,
is
and
we
Williamsburg
and prayer
The House' s resolution
Year
Charles the First,
do
and
seat in heaven: and his kingdom ruleth
Sixteenth
the
when
humiliation
fasting,
The struggles over how Virginians
the Revolution.
A " day of fasting, humiliation and prayer"
proclaimed by the House of Burgesses
the Port of Boston will be closed,
day
of
read,
tant occasion, was delivered by the Reverend Mr. Price, from the 103rd psalm, and
19th verse" ["
The Lord hath prepared his
out in the Capitol, Raleigh Tavern and Bruton Parish Church.
many Virginians into their parish
churches,
down on their knees and willing
to take short rations on June 1, 1774. What
24, 1774
The House
ated the coming
June and July 1774 con-
y
May,
conflict between the colonies and Britain and acceler-
tinued to define the growing
brought
prayer in response to the
the Boston Port Act
as a
M1' '' . , `
t'- ` .
trial moved
23, 1774
Thomas
May
,
r, '
l
.%
?
revenue, to
collecting
or
colony
May
w
1774
Many Virginians observe a day of fasting,
humiliation and prayer in accordance with
a May 24, 1774, resolution of the House of
Burgesses. June 1 was the day Parliament
closed Boston Harbor until the city paid for
the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party.
Rind's Virginia Gazette reported, " Every inhabitant of this city, and numbers from the
country, testified their gratitude, in the
most expressive manner, by attending the
worthy and patriotic SPEAKER at the
courthouse, and proceeding from thence,
with the utmost decency and decorum, to
the church, where prayers were accordingly
k
1
s.
officials
crown
while
May
p
s=
Wednesday, June 1,
' '• ,
of Justice Act, allowing
tion
day
l
31
A,
1774a
1
ff.III signs the Administra-
George
May
II
a
t,,
REPORT
1 ,
rTTTT..
•
r`
in Virginia
rives
EYEWITNESS
PI
4 _
s--
i
7--.
Port Act ar-
Boston
the
t'=-
of the Court System
Threat of the Committees of Safety
s(,: '
I
'
Uncertainty
0`
4
r
17, 1774
News
Uncertain Future
s
Breakdown
I
May
y.
Economic
Its;
u_
t
General Gage lands in Boston
Men Going West to Fight the Indians
g_
assistance
May
ju'
='
Faneuil
at
meeting
call
goods,
Threatening Relations with Britain
4,'?; '- •
meets
4.
resolve
MINDS?
4.;
13, 1774
Bostonians
WHAT' S ON PEOPLES'
:
meets
5- 26, 1774
General Assembly
May
See p. 3
1774
SUMMER
May
ONIAL WILLIAMSBURG
•
Pendleton
to
repre
sent Virginia in Congress.
John Selby, A Chronology of Virginia and
the War of Independence, 1763- 1783
Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of
Virginia,
1973).
�2
MAY, JUNE, JULY
1774
VIRGINIA'S SHADOW GOVERNMENT
Lord
When . . .
Dunmore
dismissed the assembly for dedaring a day of fast in support
of
on after hat city's fa-
ourst
NEWS
Tea
us
of
the
Party
December . . .
members
of
House
the
BUSINESS
previous
again
L'
Burgesses
y
thwarted the governor by adjourning to the Raleigh Tavern,
v
they formed another association
against
British
imwhere
ports and called for an annual
meeting of colonial delegates in
a" general congress...
to deliberate
on
measthose general
PREPARE FOR WAR,
which
ures
HOPE
When last
bances
white
PEACE
and Native
settlers
Dunmore
had
been
law
instructed
the
the
basis for defense against
happy
with this direction
the
Assembly provide
ingand
his
on
his
that
for recruit
togo
west— the
strategy. On
westward
another
set
lordship
preferred
means
force
a
equipping
governor decided
10,
by
invoke the inva-
from the legislators— for he
July
Lord
Not
as
the Indians.
the
dtwee-
and between
Americans,
he must
that
the
on
from this capital city to raise volunteers
from
militia in the western
counties
of Freder
ick, Berkeley and Dunmore. Prior to taking
his leave, he sent Col. Andrew Lewis, Bote
County, and his brother Col. Charles
Augusta
Lewis,
both
County,
of
members
House of Burgesses, posthaste to their
homes to begin raising militia in their respec
rive counties. Similar preparations are also
occurring in Fincastle County. Our governor
way" to deal with the recalcitrant natives is to
send a body of armed men directly into
Shawnee country, north of the Ohio.
the
By July 18, Dunmore arrived at Green
way Court ( Frederick County), home of
Lord Fairfax, and is using Greenway Court
and the neighboring town of Winchester as
bases for making preparations for future op
preparations could well last
lThese
into latelate August. When
forces
will
from
at
a
on
point
against the Indian
move
hostile.
it
aforementioned
the
converge
assembled,
fully
tribes
counties
Ohio River to
the
deemed to be
Lord Dunmore has concluded that
is" necessary
for
als
gress. . . .
A few days
ing in
regulation
natives]
a
by
plans abortive."
Nancy Milton and
Phil Shultz]
summoned
4,
1774,
proposal.
FROST
AND
f
on
consider
A well
the
The Bostonians
of the colony. In towns and
about two- thirds of the counties
of" Freeholders and
and hailed, albeit with
voted funds and
meetings
cil
well. Again
the
new
the
convene
for both the
from
Virginia' s
as
on
trade.
own
Some
northern
city and, when the Counassembly in early August, held elections for it as
an advantage
handed his opponents
by proroguing
had generally chosen the same repreand the assembly— most of whom, moreover, had been
convention
meetings
of the previous legislature— the extralegal convention gained legitimacy.
began to form to circumvent royal authority on one issue
A shadow
government
to
until the old
with
correspond
the
erwise
became the
regime
other
lature itself until the call for
received
having
the
in
colonies
a
ban
after
The assembly had established a committee
especially between sessions, but oth-
shadow.
of
moments
crisis,
little formal
had needed
in Virginia
opposition
organization
aside
from the legis-
British trade arrived. Virginia' s port towns acted first,
same day as Williamsburg.
Alexandria, Dum-
on
letter about the
circular
melancholy
Country give
Injury done by the late
a
the severest, at this
The
of the
neatest
and Sarcaenrt
Petticoats,
whit Do. For Wed-
dings, Satin and Queen Silk Shoes, Muslim,
Gause,
Catgut,
and
Wire,
worked
Linen,
Ribands, plain and ribbed Silk, Cotton and
Thread
Stockings,
small
Do.
For Children,
Patent Net Aprons equal in Beauty to Joining Lace, Silk Gloves and Mits, Rolls and
Sword
Knots,
Boys Beaver
and Hussar Caps, Ladies Riding Hats, Feahers, and Whips, Childrens Sashes and Stays,
a large Quantity of Didsbury' s Shoes, Sheneal, fine Chip and Cane Hats, Fans,
Cloaks,
Gauze Handkerchiefs,
and Puffs,
Purses,
Pearl for Work, Tureen,
Bags
Punch,
of the
dian
colonies,
plained. By
ick, Norfolk,
boycott
as
shall
as . . .
the time the
appear
convention
and Stafford— had
for
sentiment
once
also
more
most
and effectual,"
expedient
met, at
least five
counties—
as
one
committee
Dunmore, Fairfax,
ex-
Freder-
responsibility of enforcing a
adopting that strategy against the British grew.
John E. Selby, The Revolution
in Virginia, 1775- 1783
given their
the
committees
Colonial
Va.:
Williamsburg,
1988), 8- 10.
Williamsburg,
Pinchbeck
Buckles,
Plate
Pans,
Salts,
Silver
Shovels,
Do.
Tea
as a
Port
till Satisfaction
is
made,
meets
with
Opposition."
no
Cushing, March 22,
to Thomas
1774,
in Albert Smyth, ed.,
Writings of Benjamin Franklin ( New York, 1906), 6: 223.
and
Knee,
Snuffers
and
Tea
Snuff
Tongs,
Salt
Do. Coral and Bells, Paste, Marca-
site, Pearl, and Bed Necklaces and Earrings,
Gold Wires, Silver bowed Scissors and Silver
tipped
Sheaths,
Cases,
Boston
Shoe
Spoons,
Lancet
and Keys, Combs,
Benjamin Franklin reported from London that " the violent Destruction of the Tea seems to have
united all Parties here against our Province, so that the Bill now brought into parliament for shut-
both
Paste, Garnet, Gold and Black Stock Do. In-
Paste
Freemason
Sprigs
Irish Wafers,
and
Cases, Watch
Chains
Pocket Books and Etwee
and
Pins,
other
Tboth
Brooches,
Brushes,
fine
Sword Canes and Pen Knives,
black Bags and Roses, black Pins,
Stay
Hooks, Thimbles, Silver Shoe Clasps, Fruit
Knives, Dolls and other Tbys with many
other articles to numerous to insert.
12.
of
the
C. RATHELL
of
N. B. At the same Place may be had an exceeding fine SILVER WATCH, capped and
which
Frost,
runs on Diamonds;
is
Wheat
was
also a beautiful
GOLD
WATCH, with Gold Hands, and an engraved
4
greatly injured every Where, and in some
Places ruined; the same may be said of the
Tobacco Plants. The Corn, which
Assortment
and Pap Ladles, Stone, Silver, Gilt, and
Season of the Year,
forward
chosen
fries, Fredericksburg, Norfolk, and Portsmouth, followed by some of the county meetings,
to communicate"
their sentiments
on the present...
formed committees
of correspondence
Alarming situation of America" and" to take such steps for... the establishment of the rights
Franklin
Description
the
the Raleigh
Goods, consisting of fine Thread and Blond
Lace, white Satin and Lustring, blue Satin
Curls, Tambour
members
another
opposite
May
Parts
various
remembered.
cause
restrictions
new
a
governor inadvertently
before it met. Since local
session
sentatives
in detail, the idea of
Man
the Excise
Paying
for the beleaguered
supplies
Dunmore to
persuaded
endorsed Boston' s
inhabitants"
other
differences
some
at her Store
in Williamsburg, on reasonable Terms, for
ready Money only
rest
meetings
Buying Respectability . . .
Subscriber,
..
en-
from
response
1774
Just Imported from London, and sold by the
the
DROUGHT
WILLIAMSBURG,
ACCOUNTS
Thursday, May19,
j
r
call received
The
husiastic
to
on the
Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
Virginia
g
conven
in Williamsburg
tion to meet
August 1,
a
about
now
in Norfolk.
Twenty- five burgesses still in the
vicinity
Burthen
ROBERT GRAY, 6- Co.
a cir-
urging a halt to exports to Great
Britain as well as imports
ting up
ever
sr.
letter arrived from Boston
cular
Hamilton,
Stocks, and will be ready to take on Board
bythe first of June. For Terms, apply to me
pp y
their
render
Submitted
was
Raleigh Tavern,
the
antine
Brigantine
300 Hogsheads, a new Vessel
the meet-
after
to
and
federacy
to Ft. Dun-
p ro p os
Con-
Continental
a
THE
1
put matters under the best
. . .
and give the enemies [ the
blow that would break the Con-
Pitt)
more (
to go in person
or the West Indies,
resolution
was one of the earliest
the
believes that the" shortest and most effectual
This
require."
sights
the
tourt
To be let on CHARTER to any Part of Europe,
interests
of America may from time to
time
reported
we
in the west betwixt
burgesses
sion
FOR
united
the
'
R
Case.
1
UPI
Virginia
sit32111
gen-
i
Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
Thursday, May 12, 1774
G
erally come up is demolished in such a
Manner
out
upon
Taking Possession . .
shooty,
is
The
%
never
but must all be replanted.
of all Sorts, is destroyed
Fruit,
but
it is feared it will
that
again,
of all kinds,
Rivers; Vines,
the
ie.
Everywhere
yy
are
killed;
and many of the Forest ' frees have
received such Injury that their Leaves are
r
1A
V
i`
THE Subscriber intending to settle over the
Mountains,
little
Continued
June
6
III' s
birthday
13, 1774
Eggleston
General Court
and
terminer
meets
for oyer
y
than
James
passed by
s
borders
to
July
against
July
end
July
commands
expedition
in the
Shawnee
upper
Ohio
County
Resolves
call for
statute
fixing
expired with
fees for
quired: "
serious
courts
And
them
with
coincide
all
26, 1774
courts
British
halt British imports
Resolution
passed
to
popular movement to close
of justice in the colony, in order to
the
a
collection
creditors.
local
of
debt
Controversy
owed
arose
to
when
in James City County,
followed the General Court' s lead in adoptcourts,
as
temporary operating measure, the
usual schedule of fees from the expired bill.
ing,
County
courts
in the colony.
of the fee bill happened to
expiration
some
to slave trade
Albemarle
officers
implications for all
hinder
18, 1774
Fairfax
Virginia' s court
This
10, 1774
Dunmore
THE HOUSE
On April 12, 1774, the
for Continental
Peyton Randolph
elected
elections
Congress;
of all Sorts. There are
or the Subscriber
Gazette ( Purdie
and Dixon),
To be SOLD
Courthouse
as
a
In Rind' s Virginia Gazette, " A Querist"
in-
Now
have
I
ask
by
what
established
authority these
these
or to the Subscriber
Dunmore
Virginia Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
they have not taken upon
power of legislation?" Governor
played
inadvertently
into
the
in Charles City.
JUDITH B. ARMISTEAD
ordinances?
whether
the
and LOT in the back Street in
Williamsburg, now in the Possession of
Robert Highland. The terms may be known
by applying to James Shield in York County,
DISORDER IN THE COURT
Ohio
1774
July
City County
Parliament;
River
Delegate
to a
Thursday, May 12, 1774
time until 1775
Quebec'
subject
WILLIAM EGGLESTON
Virginia
June 22, 1774
extends
thereof
in Cumberland,
Governor' s Council meets; last
June-
100
session
Act
in
in Frederick.
June 15- 17, 1774
Quebec
Land
near 100 Acres of Low Ground very suitable for a Meadow, on which is great Abundance of fine Timber. The Purchaser may
know the Terms by applying to Joseph Eggle
ston in Amelia, adjoining the Land, Richard
p. 1
June 4, 1774
George
his
Dower)
of Fruit, and Cherries
1774
from
offer
Apple and Peach Orchard of the best Kinds
Virginia Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
Newsline
him
with a very good
Dwelling- House, and all necessary Houses,
lately repaired, an extraordinarily fine
turned black and withering, so that there is
a bad Prospect
of any Mast this Year.
12,
more
Widow' s
but
Thursday, May
makes
Amelia for Sale. There are near 800 Acres( a
Thursday, May 12, 1774
STOLEN
from
the
Palace,
about
four
hands of the popular politicians when he
dissolved the Assembly on May 26 before it
months ago, a BULL DOG of a dark brown
had
Breast,
a
chance
to enact
a
new
fee bill. The
ensuing confusion provided opportunity
later for local Committees of Safety to fill
the void and assume
political control.
Submitted
by
Bob Doares]
color,
with
some
White
on his Neck
had an Iron Collar, and answers
the Name
of Glasgow—
A Reward
and
to
of 20 s.
will be given upon his being brought to
the Post Office, Williamsburg.
Virginia Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
Thursday, May 12, 1774
�MAY, JUNE, JULY
3
1774
y
yF. .
FORUM
ti
SLAVERY
r
tw,
4:
1"''-
A.
ri4.
x :"
1'
N it,—
is
1Y
VW'
4
Letter
s
e
liai
j
10.-:-
Gevertz
-•,
r
-
solved
q
effigy of Lord North hanged& burnt"
David Wardrobe, Westmoreland Co., June 1774
An elegant
Gordon S. Wood
against the citiprotest British actions
of Boston. This occasion
in turn fur-
The American
zens
inflamed
Virginians
with British
tration
Our
with
the
putting
when it suits
events
right "
slave
it is
spin"
our
a
Pe-
manipulation.
responses
to the
rusing Virginians'
trade in " Halt Slave Trade!" ( p. 1),
that
was
on
cer-
purposes
not unknown
in
to Virginians
tainly
1774. Reacting to the perception that they
were
being " enslaved" by England, the
decried
colonists
unnatural
evil imposed
an
in fact,
as
British
the
laws
the
of
in Virginia
by Virby the king, weren' t
intentionally misrepresent-
created
were
slavery
and
ginians and approved
the
colonists
their
ing
omy?
the
in establishing a slave econwho
would understand
role
all,
After
and not
subtle
so
subtle
of slavery better than the
pointing
an
finger
a
attempt
from
deflect
to
for
Virginians
that
this
also
was
responsibility
a
as
issue to
help
you paint
Depending
of
or
free
being
protected
upon
enslaved,
by
status
family
law
the
was
de-
or
protection and support. Using
the information on the demographics
of
that
life and death ( p. 4)
children
and their
family
engage
Focusing
summer.
know
how
about
families
lived
framework
out
of
more
parents
lives
their
the
realities
India Company the exclusive
privilege
selling tea in America. Although the
North government
intended this Tea Act
of
onlyto
be
from
Company
final
this
we
diverse
the
within
of
of
series
only allowed
tention
ity of
life
and
will enrich
of
a means
once
the
it set off the
bankruptcy
For
explosions.
the act
existingtaxes
not
draw at-
to
radicals
unconstitutional-
to the
again
East India
savingthe
colonial
In
colonies.
the
the
in Boston
unloadingtheir
Thomas
Hutchinson,
to
to legislate
the House
without
of laws that
sion
Coercive
response,
setts
from
Harbor. "
of the tea is
firm, intrepid,
have
and
so
bold,
so
daring,
inflexible, and
important
so
exulted
ambitious
Braintree,
struction
all,"
young lawyer
Massachusetts. " This de-
an
so
it must
consequences,
and
so
ACROSS
2
he]
Unwary. . . . [
has been
He will
bound
for
Great
Britain,
from
the
he has of the late Determina-
tion of Somerset's Case.
Virginia Gazette ( Purdie and Dixon),
Thursday,
June 30, 1774
THE FAMOUS
were
legislature,
town
were
meetings
g
bythe
restricted,
and the governor' s power of appointing
sheriffs
The
who
royal officials
had
y
with capital offenses to be
been
charged
tried
in England
avoid
strengthened.
was
allowed
act
or
in
another
colony to
juries. The fourthgave
hostile
More than two years before Bacchus left
Augusta County, Lord Mansfield at the
Court of King's Bench in London handed
down
a unanimous
the
decision
m favor of James Somerset,
slave
brought
to
a
England
y
from the
in
Africa,
James •
was
ginia
t
colonies.
governor upper
be appointed
pp
to
now
SOMERSET CASE
the
of the Council,
royal governor rather than elected by the
America,
armyin
the
was
had
that Parliament
of
madegovernor
colony of Massachusetts.
These Coercive Acts were the last
They convinced Americans
no
once
more
straw.
and for all
right to
brought
to Vir-
by a slaver
in
r
1749.
There Charles Steuart, a Scots
p;
merchant living in Norfolk,
purchased him. Steuart afterwards moved
to Boston
service.
as a high
In
1769
official
he
in the customs
went
to
England
on
business, taking Somerset with him as a
personal servant. Steuart' s correspondence
indicates
that Somerset
served well and was
through London
alone,
streets
and the
ofg-
lish countryside, making deliveries and re
laying messages. On October 1, 1771, he
ran away, was recaptured and delivered to
Capt. John Knowles of the ship Ann and
Mary, who held him on board in irons. The
here
ship was bound for Jamaica, where the cap
rain
to
was
make
sell Somerset
The Somerset
laws for them than to tax them.
9
case
on
behalf.
St
began
ri
wr it
rit
when
4
Fighting
force
5
This hall
a
6
Virginia
Burgess meeting
for Dunmore' s expedition
15 Official
item
Day of Fasting
Williamsburg
from
legal
case
the
involving
fallout
party
L
A
London
Is
E
of
Quebec
ery. . . .
The case
in
s resolves
M
w
L
s
R
WARDEliSI
s
o
M[
Er F
RiR i
FIR
I
R
c
summer
for end
to
7
Helped"
L
M
E
A
D
H
H (
slave
F
I'
N'
CIAISITI
L
V
TIH
A
r iotat:
Introduced Day of Fasting Resolution
8
T
0
i
`"
o
A
R
T.
A
called
Q
E
N
trade
cook up"
M
f;©
N
This county'
E
May Assembly
plenty
F
these
from
DOWN
3
border
o
slave
for peaches
of the
southern
0
N
E
W
DI
I
ISITI
IM
E
0
T
NITIHIL
K
TIRIEIAls-
other suits in
this one had been
was
much
debated
in
Vir
ginia— both in the press and face- to- face;
for example," the affair of yr. Darned Villian
Somerseat came on the Carpet" during
dinner
at the
Council
and
Palace
other
for
members
distinguished
of the
visitors.
I
t
W
C of
Like several
designed and stage managed, very much
behind the scenes, by Granville Sharp, a
philanthropist, scholar and founder of the
English Society for the Abolition of Slav-
Bruton
of Massachusetts
14 Merchant governor
forming
at
Charles
against
tea
Homes need
yearly
Answers to the last puzzle
19 Controversial
1
England' s high court,
this
nonimportation
Andrew and Colonel
use
imprisonment.
for
Burgesses called
20 River
Palace
exempted
land disputes
hears
court
12 Western Virginia county
13 Attended Day of Fasting
town
leader of
16 Stolen from
17 One
11
Boston landmark
port
ber 28, 1772, to release Somerset from
Ruined early crops
10 This
Site of extralegal
24 Good
Y
Steuart seemed to be resigned to losing
Somerset
and concluded "
upon the whole,
every body seems to think it will go in
favouor of the negroe."
And indeed it did. Newsmongers
uIRIEfRI
Day of Fasting
Training
Mime-
diately spread the word that the decision
meant the end of slavery in England and
threatened
the
continuance
of the
institu-
tion in the English colonies. According to
Editors:
eyewitnesses, the Lord Chief Justice had said
Crevieaux- Gevertz
Margot
the
of habeas corpus* was granted on Novem-
23 Dissolved
of Interpretive
of Williams-
over
is the most
This
of
movement
22 Reported
Department
Members
using barracks. At the same time, Thomas
Gage, commander in chief of the British
into Boston
Vessel
Born
ings for the quartering of troops instead of
21 Expedition organized
TODAY
and reorganized
charter
ment:
agreements
is a publication
the
of Boston until the destroyed tea was
y
for. The second altered the Massachu
on
a group of patriarchs disguised as
dumped about £ 10, 000 worth of
18 Colonel
BecomingAMERICANS
the
as
16, 1773,
experience.
Have a great summer season!
be known
to
came
Acts. The first of these closed
Indians
tea
Pitt,
ten
ptrusted.
Somerset moved about freely, often
December
governor power to take
private build
the tea. In
landing
leave
re-
high,
We are now to
tirely." In 1774, Parliament passed a succes-
third
fam-
the
authority," Lord North told
of Commons, " or give it up en-
Governor
sell tea,
British
the
our
judges and
merchant
to
ships
tea.
s
lb
for the colonies."
establish
prevented
cargoes,
g
the right to
the
allow
the
stopped
pp
company'
were
whose
ily had been given
fused
throughout
colonists
landing
ships
excluded. The
were
alarm
severalports
from
ships
When tea
who
an
an
that would squarely confront
punishment
America with the issue of Parliament' s right
house,
spread
on
a
American traders
Act
Inches
He formerly be
used to waiting from his Infancy....
Knowledge
right.
was
or seven
active people in Great Britain clamored for
paid
Tea
it
consider
history"
Adams
but it alsoport
tea,
on
but
t
can'
impose
Boston Tea Party was the ultimate outrage.
Angry officials and many of the politically
company togrant monopop
Y
p
selling tea to favored colonial merchants— a
that angered
those
provision
the
you
what
on
Williamsburg' s
death in 18th- century Virginia
their
help
can
provided the occaby granting the
confrontation
thismagnificent
John Adams,
family
your
your
and supported
a
in
on
picture of
a
life in 1774.
away
system
morally wrong?
family life,
from
politics to
is information to draw
there
nied
of
exploiting
recognized
some
Shifting
In
advantage
Britain,
at
37- 38.
I
that
in
epocha
East
from
mechanisms
slave owners?
political
the
to
addition
for
sion
gpermitted
lies for
by
them
upon
cruel
in Virginia
slaves
Since,
government.
wicked
the "
of
trade"
History
Library 2002),
1773, Parliament
In
continues
political
about
New York: Modern
(
A
and their frus-
authority.
summary
thought
by increasing
of Bostonians
their support
lasting,
Revolution:
six
probably endeavour to pass for a Freeman. . . and attempt to get on Board some
ENGLAND ACTS AND REACTS
of the House of Burgesses
members
Feet
burg, and I imagine is gone there under
Pretence of my sending him upon Business. . . .
he is a cunning, artful, sensible
Fellow, and very capable of forging a Tale to
S°-
Crevieaux-
five
strong and well made. . .
longed to Doctor George
I
i,
begins with the Day of Fasting, Hu
miliation
and Prayer observed by the dis-
clear
Age,
i •
t-
A SUMMER SUMMARY
ther
r
sir •,
w.,
s
18, 1774
'
County, June
Run away. . . from the Subscriber, a Negro
Man named BACCHUS,
about 30 Years of
'`'
from. . .
Margot
to
" tf
j
lls,
r
1
py^;,
Augusta
r
only that black slaves, while in England,
Anne Willis
could not be forced to leave. Legal historians
have studied this case carefully, and the
Contributors:
most
Bob Doares, Kevin Kelly,
Carl Lounsbury,
Nancy
11111•••• •
Rose McAphee,
Milton,
Lou
Powers,
II
il
II
IN
Linda Rowe, Phil Shultz,
Kristin
Spivey,
Lorena Walsh,
Bill Weldon
U
111111,
1•
NI •
®••••••
Diana
Ann
Williamson, copy
Freedman,
forestall
m 2004 The Colonial Williamsburg
All
rights
All images
The Colonial
are
reserved
property of
Williamsburg
unless
Foundation.
otherwise
Foundation,
noted.
U •
III
UUUUU••
••••••
in these
summarizes
matters
the Court' s
corpus
was available
such seizure,
to the slave
deportation,
to
and sale."
We can never know exactly what Bacchus learned about the pros and cons of
England ( and the purity of its air) from Dr.
Pitt, but he was in a position to learn quite
editor
graphic production
specialist
M. Wiecek
decision this way:" Read strictly and technically, the holding of Somerset was limited to
two points: a master could not seize a slave
in England and detain him preparatory to
sending him out of the realm to be sold, and
habeas
Production:
Mary
respected
William
•
a lot. Like James
1111•••••••
Somerset
Bacchus
was a
body servant and waiting man. Personal
servants by their very job descriptions were
well placed to their masters' political views,
to overhear conversations and plans, and to
acquire
valuable
information
of all
Continued
sorts.
on
p. 4
�MAY, JUNE,
JULY
1774
BLACK AND WHITE FAMILY LIFE
Many of our guests this late spring and summer will be families, and this
demographic information may be helpful as you interpret the nature of
family life in Williamsburg in 1774.
LIFE
WEATHER
Family Life for Colonial Virginians, 1750- 75
FREE VIRGINIANS
REMARKS
ENSLAVED
VIRGINIANS
STATUS
Legal
OF
legal
No
marriages
A legally recognized
marriage was necessary for
marriages
MARRIAGE
Society protected and
Masters
reinforced all legal
husbands
There
marriages.
was
and
no
could
and
top and
worm,
manure,
*
AVERAGE
sucker
AGE
around
ground,
Age
Cart
support
About
a
and
teens
at that
the
not
AVERAGE
SIZE
of 6- 8 children
of about
Average
born
OF FAMILIES
usually
5th
Average
born(
alive out
of 6- 7 children
of
This
unknown)
reproductive
and veal for
mutton
to
sale
OF
of children who
lived through infancy
''
A
to' A
enslaved
21 years.**
to
children
25th
to
up
15
age
Birth interval averaged
PATTERNS
Births
2- 2h years.
BIRTH
FOOD
and
Doors
for most
averaged every 2h
years.
window
death could shorten
intervals between births.
Mosquito
Furniture
longer
of
STATUS
and stored.
moved to passage to enjoy
often
Children
Make
wine,
beans,
carrots,
Food
and
Preservation:
onions,
melons,
DURATION
OF
could be broken
Marriage
artichokes,
meat
raw
the
on
the
unless
in
cuts
day
a
are
CHILD
REARING
Two- parent
Children
two.
or
the
were
animal will
whole
their
norm.
knew
often
with
problem
and
Making
Brickmaking:
wet
in late
Good
AVERAGE
when
AGE
Virginians
OF DEATH
work;
to
months
bricks needed be kept moist
age
21
laying.
lived
who
lived
on
into
average
some
wives,
11th
during dry
wet
These
*
invalidate
not
season.
Carpentry and Joinery: If working by
day, longer hours; 15 hours sun, 13 hours
work
Carl Lounsbury]
**
are average,
statistics
the
both
households
27th
figures
comprehensive
Given
available.
the
statistical
of
nature
measure,
a wide
of actual experiences
early death and old age)
are included.
but
average,
the
median.
does
average
not
their
Louden &
wheat&
rie
24th of May, & then but a
most of the time
the
shower, &
I am afraid this mist is nothing more
than a most injurious dry weather
sign in which the earth is giving up
it can supposed
now running. ( Carter)
July 1774
14th
After school with Ben I rode out the
day is warm, Er the ground grows to
be very dry—I was not a little surprised to see corn out in tassel— but
Rutmans
of Middlesex County, from a possible estimate
could have been a male infant mortality rate
study
in
to have after a drowth of 34 days
Individual experiences
varied widely. That fact does
the individual variant unreal, either.
make
that there
that
what little moisture
deterof 1, 727 male births, the
high as 38 percent. These figures are
Data on age at death for those dying under age
extremely difficult to estimate. As the Rutmans argue,"
15 are so weak as to be virtually unusable.
Infants undoubtedly appeared and disappeared, their life spans
measured in days without impressing either their birth or death on the records from which we draw"( 45).
In
mined
the
since windy. ( Fithian)
on
plantations.
range
and
in
peaches
It is alarming to observe how hard&
dusty the country is, towards
evening some clouds arose Er looked
promisingg in the West, but they
P
bring no rain— No rain has fell here
scant
their
mean
I am told
since
to
surfaces
than
The
Fithian)
are
the
here
are cut off, so interily that the owners mow it down for fodder! ( Philip
recognized
No
to
fatal
colonies.
other upper counties...
partners.
early 50s.
Must keepmortar
Manufacture:
prevent drying out.
Plastering: Need to keep
wetter
And
marriage
relationships.
parent
duringtwosmall
summer.
Bricklaying:
Mortar
spouses
their
households, whereas i4 of
enslaved children lived in
burning
weather
separate
a
here, except on farms lying near the
Potowmack are wholly destroy' d,...
4—% of enslaved children
lived in two- parent
drying of green bricks; in rural areas bricks
made
some
abandoned
legal
the
and
northern
children alone. On
large plantations,
BUILDING TRADES
brick;
severe
Enslaved women often
raised their young
households
grandparents.
Leath]
Robert
although
average.
family
in
to
husbands and
spoils
served
had
authority
but
yet
day cool and agreeable. . . . The
ground is very dry, the frost of the
fourth of May has been much more
In actuality
considered
rain
The
enslaved father were bound
out for 30 years by law.
status
not
were
Masters
only by death.
Marriages lasted 20- 30
MARRIAGE
years
because
smaller
only
eaten
slave
their
legitimate.
preserve fruits, dry fruits
of humidity; pick and dry
weather,
summertime
be
inherited
mothers
mothers'
rapidly and must be cooked and eaten up
quickly,
Children born of a free
white
woman
and an
Children of enslaved
legitimate and could
etc.
In hot
legal
considered
a
4th
sugar-
because
oven
were
inherit property.
and
Gardening
of
marriage
OF
CHILDREN
No
rain.
June 1774
and/ or loss
sexual partner.
a
it
about 12 o'clock. ( Carter)
because of longer
nursing periods
ventilation.
cross
in
removed
curtains
A shew of rain yesterday noon made
me cut off all my hills for planting
sprinkle of about 10 minutes, very
fine to lay the dust, yet, as it is in
May and ever cool, so my hills were
cut off last night. I set into planting
Also, some AfricanAmerican women
had
intervals of 3 years or
netting added to bedsteads for protection
from insects. Gauze covers to protect looking glasses and expensive pictures. Carpets
and
and infant
Miscarriage
windows
ventilation.
nied in some places with violent
50% mortality rate for
PRESERVATION
open
showers in the afternoon accompa-
45).
age
Again misting in the morning with
should
HOUSEKEEPING
Housekee to
Housekeeping:
14th
the
hail. ( George Washington)
MORTALITY
wean
sale,
lived
kept
affect
ships,
P
CHILDREN
GARDENING/
years.
family size, as could
early death of a woman
butter
make
one
her
the
beforebefore
July— Kill beeves for
Y
to
Widowhood could
butter
make
fora
married
throughout
man
including miscarriages
and stillbirths)
June— Shear sheep, kill muttons
kill veal for
for sale, wean calves,
Livestock:
is
average
woman
the ice was hard enough
for a dog to walk on it; hard down 6
inches deep and icicles 5 or 6 out of
the ground. All the fruit killed. Appies, peaches, everything and abundance trees even black jacks turnt
quite black with frost. ( Carter)
children.
number
pregnancies
and so it did
I said yesterday there would be a
frost. . . .
father of
subsequent
10 pregnancies
and pumpkins
in the night it rained
this morning so much to stop my
hoes; and my overseer assures me it
had been snowing. ( Landon Carter)
The father of an enslaved
woman'
s first child was
tread and
*
May 1774
4th
Very cold. Yesterday noon we had
several showers, hasty and cold, and
30
age
her
for seed,
Sow turnips, plant peas and povegetables,
weed peas
sow
calves,
protection
for family life.
time established their own
homes within the quarter.
the
household.
tatoes,
kill
late
was
plow and harrow in
sow,
Vegetables:
marriage
to
ability
year' s crop to ships or
town, cut, bind and stack, sell straw
22)
age
no
Females usually had
their first child in their
determined by
often
last
in town, thresh
at
Males:
Early 20s
Females:
plant, weed with
and cart last year' s crop to town
Wheat:
Mid- 20s
Males:
AT MARRIAGE
was
support
or
plant and replows and hoes
Corn: Plow and hoe
There
inherit property.
parents at will.
Virginia.
Plant and replant, weed,
Tobacco:
legitimate and able to
from
children
divorce possible in
FARMING
children to be considered
separate
wives
as
the
tobacco
looks
dismal,
it
is
all
poor, much of it dead with the
drouth. ( Fithian)
Kelly, Lorena Walsh and Anne Willis
Source: Kevin
Case
Somerset
Continued
from
I! Q .,
yi
This is an important trait Bacchus and Som4,
had in
erset
From
around
beginning,
Somerset
the
myths
case;
pation spread from wishful thinking Angloabolitionists
to
English
Africans
and
about 22
towns,
wears
printing offices in the provincial
well as up and down the Eastern
Seaboard. Enslaved people both in England
and the Virginia
lieved
what
heard and be-
backcountry
heard;
they
believed
they
so
they acted on the information
their lives by daring to escape.
that
strongly
and risked
Somerset misconstrued
Its
a
in Virginia
repercussions
were
was
giant fiction.
and
elsewhere
greater than its legal reality.
habeas
Latin: "
corpus (
writ
of habeas
writ
and
Years of Age, stout and well set,
carried
Clothes. She
a
have
judicial
the
by
fil-
corpus.
set
her
with
white
several
formerly
the
deceased,
has been used to attend in
a
Stone,
Suits
prisoned
whether
lawfully
or
Property
at
informed
person is im
should be released
or
morning
has several Relations. Any
will secure the said Slave, so
she
I get her again,
shall have THREE
HARDIN
BURNLEY
POUNDS Reward.
Virginia
Gazette( Purdie and Dixon),
Thursday, May
12,
1774
FOR
A TRACT
imprisonment.
Land
in Amelia
County,
con-
taining 500 Acres, about four Miles below
fine
the COURTHOUSE. It is remarkable
for Grain,
and
will
bring good
lb-
Male,
Female,
cool
evening.
0! it is very hot— The wind itself
large
to
be heated. . . .
At seven I
white
thick
cloud
where
it
thunders— the corn is roll'd up with
Gazette( Purdie and Dixon),
the
heat&
Drouth!...
While
we were
drinking coffee the lightning, as it
began to grow dark, began to stream,
it was at some distance,
Buying Respectability . . .
and to be sold
imported,
Just
for
Rooms
for
HANGINGS
Stakingcases, &
forty percent
they have ever been sold in
Also a Quantity of ready made
than
cheaper
this Place.
SACKING
Bottoms of different
Sizes, Brass
Upholsters Tacks, Brass Casters for TaBrass
lies for Draw
Bed Screws of the best
(
but was in
awful. ( Fithian)
To be SOLD, on Friday the 27th Instant
May) before the Raleigh Tavern,
Eight Hundred Acres of very valuable
LAND lying in Kingston Parish, Gloucester
County, near New Point Comfort, which is
well
timbered
with
Pine
and
White
Oak.
Upon it there is a dwelling- house with two
Brick Chimnies,
all convenient
Houses,
one
of
Peach, and three Apple Orchards.— At the
same Time will be sold thirty likely Virginia
to
cover
the
Heads
Window Curtains,
etc.
born SLAVES.
GEORGE W. PLUMMER
JOSEPH KIDD
Virginia
bright&
Rings, Brass Hooks, Pul-
Caps
Up
cessant,
ready Money
of PAPER
only,
A NEAT Assortment
Ditto, small Brass
of LAND
the
was almost down Er was hid behind a
Thursday, May 19, 1774]
Kind,
SALE
from custody. A habeas corpus petition is a
petition filed with a court by a person who
objects to his own or another' s detention or
White,
rode out to the corn- field, the sun
William Marshall
bles and Bedsteads,
Possession . . .
enjoying
seems
applying to
nails,
Takirig
29th
with all necessary Houses. Any perinclinable to purchase may depend on
having a Bargain, and know the Terms by
son
Virginia
cool.
serene&
Fithian)
House
that
A
all
Hands,
York, and
Public
from her Infancy. She has been seen at sevRiver, but last at Capon James
tain William Acrill' s, in Charles City, where I
mandate
not that
it
bacco. The Plantation is in good Order for
Cropping, sufficient to work six or eight
of
a
termine
-
this
air
The afternoon extremely hot I
could not leave my room til the sun
had hid his flaming place behind the
earth. . . . the whole family seem to
n
of
eral Places
prison official ordering that an inmate
be brought to the court so the court can deto
with
was
Mr. James Mitchell,
am
release
of habeas
is
corpus
You
seek
often
I
fix' (
144,
Virginia . . .
Silver Earrings
Person that
body")— Prisoners
ing a petition for a
a.,-)
ti
HANOVER Tbwn, May 6, 1774
RUN away from the Subscriber, in March,
last, a likely Virginia born Wench BETTY,
ill- informed
as
Y+
The
be out Black,
lastingEnslaving
mythsproved more vivid and longer
Yt
than the truth. News of supposed emanci-
N
;> C
grew up
usual, the
as
to
-
6
common.
the
17th
p. 3
Gazette( Purdie and Dixon),
Thursday, May 19, 1774]
Virginia
Gazette ( Purdie
and Dixon),
Thursday, May
5,
1774
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Becoming Americans Today</em> was a newsletter developed by the Department of Interpretive Training for interpreters. Presented in a newspaper format loosely based on USA Today, it was developed to support programming by providing interpreters with the news that would have shaped the thoughts and lives of Williamsburg residents during the years interpreted in the Historic Area. It was considered a training material that combined diverse historical information in a readable contemporary format, utilizing headlines as a hook that interpreters could use to draw guests into the story. It was published 2002-2008.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Becoming Americans Today, volume 3, number 3
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[2004]
Description
An account of the resource
May, June, July, 1774