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Colonial Williamsburg Archaeological Reports
A Phase I Archaeological Assessment
of 504 S. England St. Williamsburg
Virginia, Block 45 Site AA
Eric Schweickart
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Department of Archaeology
P.O. Box 1776
Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-1776
March 2020
��A Phase I Archaeological Assessment
of 504 S. England St. Williamsburg
Virginia, Block 45 Site AA
By
Eric Schweickart
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Department of Archaeology
P.O. Box 1776
Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-1776
March 2020
i
�ii
�Management Summary
On Monday January 13th, 2020 the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Department of
Archaeology agreed to perform a phase I survey of the 504 S. England Street property in
Williamsburg, Virginia at the request of the Colonial Williamsburg Division of Finance. We
recommended the survey prior to the sale of the lot in accordance with the Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation’s Guidelines for Archaeological Preservation.
The field work was accomplished on January 30th and 31st 2020 by a crew of
archaeologists under the direction of Staff Archaeologist Eric Schweickart. The project area is
located within the boundaries of the Tazewell Hall property, a large estate constructed in the
early 1760s on the outskirts of Williamsburg which was continuously occupied until 1906.
Revolutionary War-era maps indicate that the project area may lay within the enclosed formal
gardens which were constructed by John Randolph and/or John Tazewell in the 18 th century. The
phase I investigation sought to determine the parcel’s potential for containing significant
archaeological resources.
The shovel test pit survey identified a light scatter of late 18 th- and early 19th-century
artifacts, as well as two 18th or early 19th century planting features, confirming that the parcel
was within the bounds of Tazewell Hall’s enclosed formal garden. Moreover, we found that the
archaeological deposits within this lot were remarkably intact despite the 20 th century
development of the lot. Therefore, we recommend that a Phase II archaeological field study be
conducted prior to the development of the lot to mitigate the destruction of significant
archaeological resource.
iii
�Contents
Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... iv
Chapter 1: Introduction and Project Description .......................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2: Historic Context .......................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 3: Research Design and Methods .................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 4: Results and Recommendations.................................................................................................... 8
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Appendix A: Archaeological Conservation Report .................................................................................... 17
Appendix B: Artifact Inventory .................................................................................................................. 18
Figures
Figure 1: Satellite imagery of project area. Project area boundaries marked in red. .................................... 1
Figure 2: Tazewell Hall property as depicted on the Frenchman’s Map (left) and Desandrouins Map
(right). ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3: 1906 plat map of the Colonial Extension subdivision (Edmonds 1906: 4). Block 8 Lot 1 marked
with red arrow. .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Figure 4: 1927 arial photo of Williamsburg, Virginia. Project area boundaries marked in red. ................... 5
Figure 5: 20th century building footprints based on 1939 fire insurance map. Test unit locations marked
with gray squares. ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 6: Photo of Jerome Casey House (Block 45, Building 27) prior to demolition. Image courtesy of
Bo Parrish. .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7: Excavation plan of site 45AA........................................................................................................ 7
Figure 9: Typical soil profile. ....................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 10: Harris matrix of master contexts at site 45AA. ........................................................................... 9
Figure 11: Profile maps of the shallow planting features in TU 7 (left) and TU 8 (right). Each layer is
labeled with its context number. ................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 12: Plan view photos of shallow planting features in TU 7 (left) and TU 8 (right)......................... 11
Figure 13: Distribution map of 18th and early 19th century artifacts found at site 45AA. ........................... 12
Figure 14: Copper alloy book clasp (top) and button (bottom) from the mid-late 19th century. ................. 13
iv
�Chapter 1: Introduction and Project Description
On January 30th 2020, archaeologists from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s
Department of Archaeology conducted a Phase I survey of a lot at 504 S. England Street prior to
its sale. The project area consists of lot 1 on Block 8 of the Colonial Extension Subdivision, as
depicted on the September 1906 survey conducted by A. Braxton Edmonds (1906: 4). This 50 ft.
north-south by 130 ft. east-west rectangular lot is bounded by Williamsburg Avenue to the north,
South England Street to the east, lot 2 on the south and lot 5 on the west (Figure 1). The survey
was completed in two days.
Figure 1: Satellite imagery of project area. Project area boundaries marked in red.
Excavations were recommended based on the proximity of the property to the original
location of Tazewell Hall, a large manor house and grounds constructed on the southern margins
of Williamsburg in the mid-18th century, and the lack of previous archaeological excavations in
the area. The project area is located approximately 600 feet south of the original location of
Tazewell Hall. The purpose of the survey was to identify if any archaeological resources are
present within the project area in order to make recommendations regarding the mitigation
required to prevent the destruction of significant historic resources should the property be
developed by any future owners.
The excavation was conducted by the CWF Department of Archaeology’s field crew
under the direct supervision of Staff Archaeologist Eric Schweickart and the general supervision
of Director of Archaeology Jack Gary. GIS Analyst Aaron Lovejoy helped lay in survey markers
1
�and create the ArcGIS geodatabase for the project. Artifact cataloging was performed by
Archaeological Technician Melissa Money and Archaeological Conservator Kate McEnroe
conserved and stabilized artifacts. All field notes, context records, drawings, and artifacts are
held at the Archaeological Collections Building, 303 North Botetourt Street, Williamsburg,
Virginia.
The project area is located on a relatively flat piece of land, about 20 meters above sea
level, between two drainage gullies on the Windsor Formation, an unconsolidated marine terrace
deposited in the lower Pleistocene or upper Pliocene (Virginia Division of Mineral Resources
2003). The soil in this area is categorized as part of the Slagle deposit, a fine-loamy, siliceous,
subactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults (United States Department of Agriculture 2011). This type
of soil is moderately well drained and ideal for agriculture (Hodges et al. 1985). Currently, the
majority of the property is open grassy lawn, though a moderately sized magnolia (Magnolia sp.)
tree is located about halfway along the northern boundary of the property and another moderately
sized tree is located in the northwest corner of the lot. Additionally, a 7-10 ft. strip of shrubs and
bushes have been maintained along the southern boundary of the project area.
The average temperature of Williamsburg varies between 41⁰ F in the winter and 76⁰ F in
the summer. The average daily minimum in 30⁰ in the winter and the average daily maximum is
87⁰ in the summer. Williamsburg receives an average of 47 inches of precipitation annually, 55%
of which falls between April and September. On average, the sun shines about 70% of days and
the prevailing wind is from the southwest (Hodges et al. 1985).
Chapter 2: Historic Context
The project area is first mentioned in the documentary record in 1758, when Peyton
Randolph deeded to his brother, John Randolph:
90 acres, more or less, bounded as follows, on the North by a street called ___________
in the city of Williamsburg, East by the line of Philip Johnson, Esq. West by the bottom
running from Mr. Powers' spring, including the whole bottom, and on the South by Mrs.
Custis's Mill Pond (Southall Papers 1771).
Peyton likely inherited this land from his father, Sir John Randolph, a wealthy planter who
owned significant amounts of property in and around Williamsburg in the early 18 th century
(Stephenson 1946). The architectural, documentary and archaeological data all agree that neither
Peyton nor his father developed the 90-acre tract during their ownership of the land, but John
Randolph constructed a large manor house on it sometime between 1758 and 1762 (Samford et
al. 1986). John Randolph, like his brother, was an important man in Virginia politics. After
studying law in England, he returned to Virginia where he became a prominent attorney in
Williamsburg. Randolph sat on Williamsburg’s common council, was a Burgess at William and
Mary, and finally was appointed Attorney General of the Virginia Colony just prior to the
American Revolution (Stephenson 1946). Randolph’s loyalist leanings lead him to flee the
colony with his family in 1775.
2
�John Randolph was an ardent gardener, going so far as to write a book on the matter, A
Treatise on Gardening by A Citizen of Virginia, while in residence at Tazewell Hall. Both the
Frenchman’s Map and the Desandrouins Map (Figure 2) depict a large enclosed area to the south
of Randolph’s manor house which were likely the location of his extensive gardens.
Archaeological excavations conducted in 1985 directly south of the manner house uncovered a
series of planting holes, garden beds, ditches, fencelines and pathways which were located within
this enclosure (Samford et al. 1986). Both maps indicate the presence of at least one small
outbuilding in the southern portion of the enclosure near the head of a small ravine. While
neither map is very precise, the area of impact could be either within the enclosed area or near
the small outbuilding.
Figure 2: Tazewell Hall property as depicted on the Frenchman’s Map (left) and Desandrouins Map (right).
Peyton Randolph sold the property to John Tazewell after his brother fled to England.
John Tazewell was also a wealthy and influential attorney, with the wealth and influence
necessary to maintain the large house and grounds Randolph built. The property was held, intact,
by the Tazewell family for the next 50 years, though after Littleton Tazewell’s death in 1820 it
was only occupied by overseers and enslaved laborers (Stephenson 1946). Many of the garden
features identified by the archaeological excavations in 1986 dated to the early 19 th century,
suggesting that the gardens south of the house were maintained throughout the Tazewell’s
ownership of the property (Samford et al. 1986).
In 1835 William Tazewell sold the property to Alexander Dickie Galt, the superintendent
of the Eastern State Hospital. Galt made significant changes to both the manor house and the
surrounding formal grounds. It is not clear what gardens, if any, Galt maintained south of
Tazewell Hall. After Galt died in 1841, the property passed between a number of landowners
over the course of the second half of the 19th century (Samford et al. 1986). While oral history
3
�indicates that gardens were maintained to the south of the structure, a landscape of Williamsburg
from the south, drawn by an inmate of the Eastern State Hospital around the Civil War, shows
much of the area south of Tazewell Hall itself as plowed fields. Thus, the project area was likely
in the center of an agricultural field from as early as 1835 through 1906, when the property was
purchased by the Colonial Extension Company, Inc. and subdivided into individual lots (Figure
3).
Figure 3: 1906 plat map of the Colonial Extension subdivision (Edmonds 1906: 4). Block 8 Lot 1 marked with red arrow.
Following the sale of the property in 1906, Tazewell Hall was moved aside, England
Street was extended, and the property was divided into several blocks. While not every block
which was laid out was constructed, the entirety of Block 8 was jointly purchased by William A.
Bozarth and Charles Person in 1907 (James City Deeds and Land Records (JCDLR) 1907).
Neither Bozarth or Person lived on block 8, Bozarth built a house on block 5 of the Colonial
Extension and Person lived on Duke of Gloucester Street. Therefore, lot 1 on block 8 was likely
not developed until 1918 when it was purchased by Beverley Steel (JCDLR 1918). Beverly Steel
was born in Tazewell, Virginia in 1886. In 1910 he lived in Mercer, West Virginia where he
worked as a fireman for the railroads and met Ruby K. Little his future wife (United States
Federal Census 1910). In 1918 he moved to Williamsburg, married Ruby, and purchased Lot 1.
By 1920 he sold hardware and had two children, Brock and Betty (United States Federal Census
4
�1920). A 1927 aerial photograph of the property (Figure 4), taken a year before the Steel family
sold the lot to Jerome and Yancy Casey, shows a fairly large structure fronting on England street,
a small garage structure in the northwest corner of the lot, and a driveway extending from
Williamsburg Avenue south into the center of the lot. A Sanborn fire insurance map, drawn in
1939, indicates that the house had a footprint of about 1,140 square feet and the garage had a
footprint of around 340 square feet (Figure 5).
Figure 4: 1927 arial photo of Williamsburg, Virginia. Project area boundaries marked in red.
In 1929, 13 months after purchasing the property, Jerome Casey sold the lot and house to
the Williamsburg Holding Corporation (JCDLR 1929). The Jerome Casey house (block 45
building 27) was rented out by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation until 1974 when a couple
purchased the life rights to the house. A photograph taken around this time shows that the house
was two stories with a one-story addition on the west and a porch on the front (Figure 6). CWF
demolished the house and garage in 1991 after buying out the life right to the lot, leaving the
property as a flat, grassy yard containing a few trees.
5
�Figure 5: 20th century building footprints based on 1939 fire insurance map. Test unit locations marked with gray squares.
Figure 6: Photo of Jerome Casey House (Block 45, Building 27) prior to demolition. Image courtesy of Bo Parrish.
6
�Chapter 3: Research Design and Methods
This survey consisted of 8 50 cm square test units excavated at an interval of 10 meters
apart (Figure 7). The northwest corner of each test unit was shot in with a total station, with the
rest of the corners located using measuring tapes. Two test units (1 and 5) were offset away from
the base of the large trees and assigned new coordinates. Each test unit was excavated
stratigraphically, and all soil was screened through 1/4” hardware mesh and artifacts were
separated by context. All strata were assigned a unique context number. Detailed descriptions of
the stratigraphy were recorded, including soil thickness, soil type and soil color for each unit. A
cover sheet was created for each test unit listing all of the context numbers assigned to the test
unit, a short description of each layer, and excavator’s notes describing what was found in each
test unit. Each test unit was excavated to clay subsoil or until further excavation was impeded by
roots. A split-spoon auger was driven into the base of each test unit to ensure that subsoil was
reached.
Figure 7: Excavation plan of site 45AA.
Once sterile subsoil was revealed at the bottom of the STP a photograph was taken
labeled “BASE”. At least one scale map of a wall profile of each test unit was drawn and a
profile map of each feature was drawn. If a potential feature was revealed, a photograph labeled
with the context number of the feature was taken at the top of the feature. Photos were
downloaded in RAW format from the camera, blurry or mislabeled photographs were deleted,
and the rest re-named 45AA_(unique ID #). A photo log was created, recording the photo name,
site, context number, date, shot type, photo board, direction, image subject, description, notes,
photographer, and camera.
7
�Soil samples were labeled with the context number, site, test unit number, northing and
easting, sample type, excavator, and excavation date, both on the bag and on a piece of flagging
tape which was placed inside the bag. The bag of artifacts from each completed context were
recorded on the bag log and checked into the lab at the end of the project. Most artifacts were
washed with water and soft toothbrushes to remove any remaining soil and placed in drying
racks to dry. Once dry, artifacts were sorted into groups by artifact type, a new bag was created
for each group and labeled with the context number, and all the bags were placed back into the
overall context bag. Each group of artifacts were cataloged separately into the CWF Department
of Archaeology’s E-Museum (EMu) database and given an additional identifier (beginning with AA, then -AB, etc.) which was appended onto the context number. Finally, a label containing the
full context number of each artifact group was placed inside the bag. Data from each context
record written in the field was entered into the EMu database and linked to the artifact data.
Objects requiring special handling, such as ferrous objects which do not appear to be
nails and copper-alloy artifacts, were identified during cataloging and separated from the rest of
their context in the lab to be sent on for conservation. Ferrous objects were x-rayed by the
archaeological conservator and the x-ray film was saved as a record of the object.
Chapter 4: Results and Recommendations
Results
The 35 separate contexts encountered within the 8 test units were classified into 10
master contexts, each representing a depositional event (Table 1). In general, each test unit
encountered one or more layers associated with the post 1906 development of the lot (MC# 1-6),
a layer of 19th century plowzone (MC# 7), which typically capped a transition to subsoil (MC#
10) but in some units sealed late 18th/early 19th century layers and features (MC# 8-9). The north
wall profile of TU 4 (Figure 9) represents a typical stratigraphic progression. A Harris matrix of
these master contexts (Figure 10) represents their temporal relationship to one another.
Table 1
Master
Context #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Description
Topsoil
Gravel Driveway Fill
Destruction Fill
20th C. Midden
Ash Pit
Brick Rubble
19th Century Plowzone
Buried Horizon
Shallow Features
Transition to Subsoil
Contexts
01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 07, 08, 24
13
09, 10, 12, 14
21
23
18
11, 16, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30
27
26, 33, 34
15, 17, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36
8
TPQ
1954
1946
1930
1925
1903
1885
1885
N/A
N/A
1775
�Figure 8: Typical soil profile.
Figure 9: Harris matrix of master contexts at site 45AA.
9
�Master Context (MC) 1 consisted of a thin (5-10 cm) layer of dark brown loamy topsoil
which was found in every test unit across the site. MC 2, gravel driveway fill, was only found in
TU 2 and consists of a roughly 10 cm thick layer of olive brown silt loam with pea gravel
inclusions which increased with depth. MC 3 was found in the four easternmost units of the site
(TU 3, 4, 7, 8) in and around the area of the 20th century house and represents a deposit of fill
associated with demolition activities in the late 20th century. This layer is between 15-20 cm
thick and consists of olive brown silty loam with pockets of sand. In TU 8 this layer included a
strip of redeposited clay potentially associated with the foundation of the Jerome Casey house.
MC 4 is a 4-5 cm thick deposit of very dark greyish brown silt loam with coal and gravel
inclusions found exclusively in TU 5. The large number of early 20 th century artifacts associated
with this layer indicate that it is likely a sheet midden associated with the Person family or later
tenants. MC 5 consists of compacted very dark brown fill with ash and coal inclusions in a bowlshaped feature identified in the northeast corner of TU 5. This deposit appears to be associated
with the sheet midden which seals it. MC 6 consists of a layer of machine-made brick rubble
found in TU 7. While some marl was found in this layer, the lack of mortar suggests that these
bricks were associated with a paving rather than a structural foundation.
MC 7 consists of a light olive brown silty loam plowzone which was identified in every
unit other than TU 1 (which was stopped due to extensive root disturbances). In most units the
plowzone was only about 12-15 cm thick, but in TU 5 and 7 it was about 20-25 cm thick. MC 8
consisted of a 9 cm thick layer of olive brown silty loam mottled with pale brown silty sand. The
occasional brick flecking suggests that this layer represents a historic deposit, either a layer or a
feature, deep enough that the plow did not disturb it. MC 9 consisted of two shallow features
cutting into MC 10, one in TU 7 and one in TU 8 (Figure 11). Both features contained brick
inclusions, indicating that they were deposited after English colonization, but contained no other
artifacts, suggesting that they were filled early in the site’s occupation. The feature in TU 7
(context 45AA-00033) was circular in plan, about 3 cm deep, and was filled with an orange
sandy loam with brick and charcoal fragment inclusions (Figure 12). The feature in TU 8 was
linear or rectangular in plan, about 5 cm deep, and filled with an olive brown silty loam with
brick and charcoal flecking inclusions (Figure 12).
10
�Figure 10: Profile maps of the shallow planting features in TU 7 (left) and TU 8 (right). Each layer is labeled with its context
number.
Figure 11: Plan view photos of shallow planting features in TU 7 (left) and TU 8 (right).
11
�Analysis and Recommendations
Figure 12: Distribution map of 18th and early 19th century artifacts found at site 45AA.
Most of the test units contained a light scatter of 18 th and early 19th century artifacts in the
19 century plowzone layer (MC 7) including: hand-wrought nails, English delftware,
creamware, Stafforshire red sandy ware, black basalt stoneware, and English brown (Fulham)
stoneware. These artifacts were likely associated with the Randolph and/or Tazewell occupations
of Tazewell Hall and may be related to the small outbuilding depicted in the southern portion of
the property on the Frenchman’s Map and the Desandrouins Map (Figure 2). While no
architectural features pre-dating 1906 were identified in this survey, a distribution map of 18 th
and early 19th century artifacts (Figure 13) shows a concentration around TU 3 and 7. TU 3
contained a roughly even mixture of 18th century ceramics (3 sherds) and handwrought nails (4
pieces), whereas TU 7 contained many more ceramics (13 sherds) than nails (1 nail). The greater
relative abundance of architectural material in TU 3 suggest that this unit was closer to the
footprint of a structure whereas the dominance of domestic material in TU 7 may indicate the
presence of a sheet midden.
th
Only a few of the artifacts recovered during the survey were likely deposited in the
period between 1835 and 1906, when the area was used primarily as a plowed agricultural field.
12
�However, two copper alloy objects were found in plowzone which were made during this time.
One is a gothic-revival, Chippendale-style openwork book clasp or furniture hinge with a leadalloy coating, a design which was most popular in the late 19 th century (see Appendix A). The
other is a three-piece button with a stamped “Federal Eagle” design, which were commonly worn
on the uniforms of Union soldiers during the Civil War (Figure 14). It is unclear why either of
these unusual objects would have been deposited in a field hundreds of feet south of the
Tazewell Hall structure.
Figure 13: Copper alloy book clasp (top) and button (bottom) from the mid-late 19th century.
The vast majority of the artifacts recovered during this survey are associated with the 20 th
century occupation of lot 1 in block 8 of the Colonial Extension subdivision. Interestingly, while
the documentary record indicates that the property was occupied until 1990, most of the objects
recovered archaeologically appear to date to the first few decades of the 20 th century. The 20th
century midden (MC 4) and ash pit feature (MC 5) in TU 5 both appear to date to the Steel
ownership of the lot (1918-1928) or perhaps slightly later. Very little archaeological material was
13
�recovered during this survey which was deposited during the CWF ownership of the lot (1929present).
While many artifacts were found in the fill of the ash pit feature in TU 5, demonstrating
that it was filled sometime after 1903, no artifacts (other than brick fragments) were identified
from either of the shallow features in TUs 7 or 8, making their date of deposition more
speculative. However, given their stratigraphic position below plowzone and their similarity to
planting features closer to the Tazewell Hall structure (Samford et al. 1986), it is most likely that
these are the remnants of the Randolph/Tazewell era garden/orchard. The concentration of 18 th
century artifacts, the planting features, and the layer of untouched soil below plowzone in TU 7,
indicate that significant archaeological resources associated with 18 th century Williamsburg are
still preserved on the lot at 504 South England Street. Therefore, we recommend that a Phase II
archaeological field study be conducted prior to the development of the lot to evaluate the ability
of archaeological resources to provide new information about Williamsburg’s past.
14
�Bibliography
Edmonds, A. Braxton
1906 Survey of the Colonial Extension Subdivision. Platbook 2: 4. James City County Circuit
Court Archives, James City County Courthouse, Williamsburg, VA.
Hodges, Robert, Ben Sabo, David McCloy, and Kent Staples
1985 Soil Survey of James City and York Counties, and the City of Williamsburg, Virginia.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Washington, DC.
James City Deeds and Land Records (JCDLR)
1907 Block 8. Deed Book, 10: 475. James City County Circuit Court Archives, James City
County Courthouse, Williamsburg, VA.
1918 Lot 1, Block 8. Deed Book, 8: 50. James City County Circuit Court Archives, James City
County Courthouse, Williamsburg, VA.
1928 Lot 1, Block 8. Deed Book 13: 343. James City County Circuit Court Archives, James
City County Courthouse, Williamsburg, VA.
Samford, Patricia, Gregory Brown and Ann Smart
1986 Williamsburg Lodge Tazewell Wing Archaeological Report, Block 44-1 Building 3K.
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library Research Report
Series, No. 1301. Williamsburg, VA.
Southall Papers
1771 Legal Cases and Estates, James City County. Folders 164 and 182, Tazewell Hall Estate,
1771-1850. Special Collections, Swem Library, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg,
VA.
Stephenson, Mary
1946 House History for Tazewell Hall, Block 44. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation Library Research Report Series, No. 1300. Williamsburg, VA
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
2011 Slagle series soil description. <https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/
OSD_Docs/S/SLAGLE.html>. Accessed 29 January 2020.
United States Federal Census
1910 Bluefield Ward 2, Mercer, West Virginia. Roll: T624_1689: 6A. Records of the Bureau of
the Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
15
�1920 Williamsburg, James City, Virginia. Roll: T625_1893: 11B. Records of the Bureau of the
Census, Record Group 29. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Virginia Division of Mineral Resources (VDMR)
2003 Digital Representation of the 1993 Geologic Map of Virginia, Publication 174. U. S.
Geological Service, Washington, DC.
16
�Appendix A: Archaeological Conservation Report
45AA – South England Street
Conservator: Kate McEnroe
Date Submitted: February 28, 2020
Summary
5 copper alloys were identified for treatment. 17 iron artifacts were selected for x-radiography
for identification; based on this information, no iron artifacts were selected for treatment.
Iron
17 iron artifacts were x-rayed. Based on the images, the fragment or artifact was identified or
recorded as an unidentified. No artifact was identified for treatment due to condition and/or
context. The iron artifacts were returned to ACB for cataloging and storage.
Copper Alloys
5 copper alloys were treated (Table 2). Before treatment images were taken, the surfaces were
cleaned mechanically with swabs, brushes, and skewers using ethanol as needed. Two artifacts
had corrosion products consistent with chloride contamination and were immersed in a corrosion
inhibitor solution for 24 hours. All were coated with an acrylic adhesive. After treatment images
were taken.
Table 2
Catalog #
45AA-00005-AL
45AA-00005-AM
45AA-00012-AY
45AA-00020-AQ
45AA-00020-AR
Object #
OBJ-45AA-00001
OBJ-45AA-00002
OBJ-45AA-00003
OBJ-45AA-00004
OBJ-45AA-00005
Description
Gasket
Unidentified
Fishing Weight
Book Clasp
Ammunition Cartridge
1 copper alloy (OBJ-45AA-00004) was analyzed using the portable XRF (x-ray fluorescence
spectrometer) to identify silver-colored metal visible on the surface. It was determined to be lead,
likely related to solder.
17
�Appendix B: Artifact Inventory
18
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00003
TPQ: 1885
Description: Topsoil
Based On: 45AA-00003-AA
45AA-00003-AA
1 Manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00003-AB
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
Context No.: 45AA-00005
TPQ: 1954
Description: Topsoil
Based On: 45AA-00005-AK
45AA-00005-AA
1 Porcellaneous, ceramic, indeterminate, painted overglaze,
polychrome
45AA-00005-AB
1 Ceramic, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00005-AC
1 Colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00005-AD
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate, applied
decoration, spanish red
45AA-00005-AE
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, container, indeterminate
45AA-00005-AF
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
45AA-00005-AG
4 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
45AA-00005-AH
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00005-AI
1 Iron alloy, sheet metal
45AA-00005-AJ
1 Iron alloy, washer, round
45AA-00005-AK
1 Copper alloy, washer, round
45AA-00005-AL
2 Copper alloy, gasket
45AA-00005-AM
1 Copper alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00005-AN
1 Rubber, processed, washer, indeterminate
OBJ-45AA-00002
Copper alloy, unidentified object
Context No.: 45AA-00007
TPQ: 1847
Description: Topsoil
Based On: 45AA-00007-AC
45AA-00007-AA
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00007-AB
1 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00007-AC
1 Ceramic, pipe, drainage (ceramic)
45AA-00007-AD
1 Coal
45AA-00007-AE
1 Unidentified inorganic, unidentified object, inorganic substance,
molded design
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 1 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00009
TPQ: 1903
Description: 25Y 5/3 silt loam
Based On: 45AA-00009-AC
45AA-00009-AA
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted underglaze, blue
45AA-00009-AB
1 Whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, press molded, molded
design
45AA-00009-AC
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, container, indeterminate,
machine-made, embossed
45AA-00009-AD
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00009-AE
7 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00009-AF
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00009-AG
1 Iron alloy, sheet metal
Context No.: 45AA-00010
TPQ: 1905
Description: Olive Brown
Based On: 45AA-00010-AE
45AA-00010-AA
1 Colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate, copper wheel
engraving
45AA-00010-AB
2 Colorless non-leaded glass, table glass
45AA-00010-AC
2 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00010-AD
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00010-AE
1 Colored glass, bottle, beer or pop, machine-made, green
45AA-00010-AF
1 Glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
45AA-00010-AG
4 Glass, window glass
45AA-00010-AH
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
45AA-00010-AI
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
45AA-00010-AJ
3 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00010-AK
1 Iron alloy, buckle, indeterminate, cast
45AA-00010-AL
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00010-AM
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00010-AN
1 Coal
Context No.: 45AA-00011
TPQ: 1805
Description: 2.5Y 5/4 Sandy Loam
Based On: 45AA-00011-AE
45AA-00011-AA
1 Pearlware, hollow form, transfer printed underglaze, blue
45AA-00011-AB
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00011-AC
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00011-AD
2 Glass, window glass
45AA-00011-AE
1 Iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machine-headed
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 2 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00011
TPQ: 1805
Description: 2.5Y 5/4 Sandy Loam
Based On: 45AA-00011-AE
45AA-00011-AF
4 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00011-AG
1 Iron alloy, washer, round
45AA-00011-AH
1 Iron alloy, sheet metal
Context No.: 45AA-00012
TPQ: 1930
Description: Mottled fill and silt loam
Based On: 45AA-00012-BC
45AA-00012-AA
1 Creamware, hollow form, painted underglaze, other color
45AA-00012-AB
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, shell edge, painted overglaze,
green
45AA-00012-AC
1 Manganese solarized glass, tumbler, machine-made, molded
design
45AA-00012-AD
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, bottle, indeterminate, machine-made
45AA-00012-AE
2 Colorless non-leaded glass, container, indeterminate, press
molded, molded design
45AA-00012-AF
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, container, indeterminate,
machine-made
45AA-00012-AG
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, bottle, indeterminate, two piece mold
45AA-00012-AH
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00012-AI
1 Colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machine-made, green
45AA-00012-AJ
1 Glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
45AA-00012-AK
3 Glass, window glass
45AA-00012-AL
1 Iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches, clinched
45AA-00012-AM
2 Iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
45AA-00012-AN
1 Iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched, hand-headed
45AA-00012-AO
1 Iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
45AA-00012-AP
1 Iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched, machine-headed
45AA-00012-AQ
1 Iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches
45AA-00012-AR
8 Iron alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
45AA-00012-AS
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches, clinched
45AA-00012-AT
4 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
45AA-00012-AU
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
45AA-00012-AV
13 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00012-AW
4 Iron alloy, sheet metal
45AA-00012-AX
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00012-AY
1 Copper alloy, weight, fishing, cast
45AA-00012-AZ
1 Brick, bricketage, machine-made
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 3 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00012
TPQ: 1930
Description: Mottled fill and silt loam
Based On: 45AA-00012-BC
45AA-00012-BA
1 Graphite, pencil, graphite
45AA-00012-BB
1 Plastic, plastic, indeterminate, red
45AA-00012-BC
1 Asbestos, processed, unidentified object
OBJ-45AA-00003
Copper alloy, weight, fishing, cast
Context No.: 45AA-00013
TPQ: 1946
Description: mixed fill
Based On: 45AA-00013-AJ
45AA-00013-AA
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00013-AB
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, bottle, indeterminate, vented mold
45AA-00013-AC
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00013-AD
1 Colored glass, container, indeterminate, green
45AA-00013-AE
3 Colored glass, container, indeterminate, machine-made, green
45AA-00013-AF
4 Colored glass, container, indeterminate, green
45AA-00013-AG
1 Colored glass, container, indeterminate, machine-made, amber
45AA-00013-AH
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
45AA-00013-AI
3 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00013-AJ
1 Vinyl, tape, electrical, black
Context No.: 45AA-00014
TPQ: 1906
Description: Olive brown silty loam
Based On: 45AA-00014-AC
45AA-00014-AA
1 Refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic, indeterminate
45AA-00014-AB
1 Manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00014-AC
1 Graphite, battery core, graphite
45AA-00014-AD
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
45AA-00014-AE
1 Iron alloy, knife, table
Context No.: 45AA-00016
TPQ: 1905
Description: Compact sandy loam
Based On: 45AA-00016-AD
45AA-00016-AA
1 Whiteware, plate, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00016-AB
1 Colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00016-AC
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00016-AD
3 Colored glass, container, indeterminate, machine-made, amber
45AA-00016-AE
3 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 4 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00016
TPQ: 1905
Description: Compact sandy loam
Based On: 45AA-00016-AD
45AA-00016-AF
7 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00016-AG
2 Iron alloy, snarge
45AA-00016-AH
1 Iron alloy, staple, wire
45AA-00016-AI
1 Iron alloy, sheet metal
Context No.: 45AA-00018
TPQ: 1885
Description: Brick rubble and Marl
Based On: 45AA-00018-AA
45AA-00018-AA
1 Manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00018-AB
1 Glass, window glass
45AA-00018-AC
6 Iron alloy, sheet metal
45AA-00018-AD
1 Oyster shell, shell (organic)
Context No.: 45AA-00019
TPQ: 1807
Description: Light olive brown silty loam
Based On: 45AA-00019-AF
45AA-00019-AA
1 English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00019-AB
1 Creamware, plate, press molded, bead and reel
45AA-00019-AC
1 Creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00019-AD
1 Creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, stamped
45AA-00019-AE
3 Creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00019-AF
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer printed underglaze,
stippled, blue
45AA-00019-AG
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded design
45AA-00019-AH
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00019-AI
1 Staffordshire red sandy ware, ceramic, indeterminate
45AA-00019-AJ
1 Black basalt, hollow form, engine-turned
45AA-00019-AK
1 English stoneware, indeterminate, hollow form, engine-turned
45AA-00019-AL
1 American brown stoneware, hollow form, undecorated
45AA-00019-AM
1 Colored glass, bottle, pharmaceutical, green
45AA-00019-AN
2 Colored glass, bottle, pharmaceutical, green
45AA-00019-AO
1 Glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
45AA-00019-AP
1 Glass, window glass
45AA-00019-AQ
1 Iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
45AA-00019-AR
45AA-00019-AS
Monday, March 2, 2020
11 Iron alloy, sheet metal
1 Bog iron
Page 5 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00019
TPQ: 1807
Description: Light olive brown silty loam
45AA-00019-AT
Based On: 45AA-00019-AF
2 Clam shell, shell (organic)
Context No.: 45AA-00020
TPQ: 1885
Description: Compact
Based On: 45AA-00020-AJ
45AA-00020-AA
1 English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00020-AB
1 Creamware, plate, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00020-AC
2 Creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00020-AD
1 Whiteware, hollow form, molded design
45AA-00020-AE
1 Whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, handled, undecorated
45AA-00020-AF
1 Whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00020-AG
45AA-00020-AH
45AA-00020-AI
17 Colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
3 Colorless non-leaded glass, table glass
43 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00020-AJ
1 Manganese solarized glass, jar, burst-off and ground
45AA-00020-AK
1 Manganese solarized glass, jar
45AA-00020-AL
1 Glass, window glass
45AA-00020-AM
3 Iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
45AA-00020-AN
2 Iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches
45AA-00020-AO
5 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00020-AP
2 Iron alloy, lid, indeterminate
45AA-00020-AQ
1 Copper alloy, hinge, book, cast, molded design
45AA-00020-AR
1 Copper alloy, cartridge case, center fire, cast
45AA-00020-AS
2 Slate, pencil, slate
45AA-00020-AT
1 Slate
45AA-00020-AU
1 Oyster shell, shell (organic)
OBJ-45AA-00004
Copper alloy, hinge, book, cast, molded design
OBJ-45AA-00005
Copper alloy, cartridge case, center fire, cast
Context No.: 45AA-00021
TPQ: 1925
Description: Gravel spread
Based On: 45AA-00021-AX
45AA-00021-AA
1 Creamware, ceramic, indeterminate
45AA-00021-AB
1 Whiteware, plate, gilded, gold
45AA-00021-AC
1 Porcellaneous, plate, indeterminate, undecorated, other color
45AA-00021-AD
2 Colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 6 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00021
TPQ: 1925
Description: Gravel spread
Based On: 45AA-00021-AX
45AA-00021-AE
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00021-AF
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, container, indeterminate, embossed
45AA-00021-AG
4 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00021-AH
1 Colored glass, jar, machine-made, white
45AA-00021-AI
5 Colored glass, container, indeterminate, white
45AA-00021-AJ
1 Colored glass, bottle, pharmaceutical, two piece mold, amber
45AA-00021-AK
1 Colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
45AA-00021-AL
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches, clinched
45AA-00021-AM
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
45AA-00021-AN
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
45AA-00021-AO
45AA-00021-AP
10 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, over 4 inches, clinched
45AA-00021-AQ
20 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00021-AR
1 Iron alloy, caster, indeterminate, cast
45AA-00021-AS
1 Iron alloy, hinge, indeterminate, cast
45AA-00021-AT
1 Iron alloy, hinge, box, cast
45AA-00021-AU
1 Iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
45AA-00021-AV
1 Iron alloy, nut, square, cast
45AA-00021-AW
1 Iron alloy, washer, round, cast
45AA-00021-AX
1 Iron alloy, zipper, clothing, cast
45AA-00021-AY
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00021-AZ
2 Iron alloy, sheet metal
45AA-00021-BA
1 Iron alloy, screw, gimlet point, less than 2 inches, cast
45AA-00021-BB
1 Iron alloy, screw, indeterminate, 2 to 4 inches, cast
45AA-00021-BC
1 Copper alloy, rivet, indeterminate, cast
45AA-00021-BD
1 Copper alloy, zipper, clothing, machine-made
45AA-00021-BE
1 Copper alloy, hook, curtain
45AA-00021-BF
1 Brick, bricketage
45AA-00021-BG
3 Ceramic, pipe, drainage (ceramic)
45AA-00021-BH
1 Charcoal
45AA-00021-BI
1 Slag or clinker
45AA-00021-BJ
1 Shale, stone, unmodified
45AA-00021-BK
1 Slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
45AA-00021-BL
3 Bone, faunal specimen
45AA-00021-BM
2 Clam shell, fossil
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 7 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00022
TPQ: 1858
Description: Silty sandy loam
Based On: 45AA-00022-AG
45AA-00022-AA
1 Creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00022-AB
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00022-AC
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00022-AD
1 Fulham-type stoneware, hollow form, engobe
45AA-00022-AE
1 Iron alloy, tack, indeterminate
45AA-00022-AF
3 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00022-AG
1 Copper alloy, button, military, two piece, stamped design, molded
design
45AA-00022-AH
1 Oyster shell, shell (organic)
OBJ-45AA-00006
Copper alloy, button, military, two piece, stamped design, molded
design
Context No.: 45AA-00023
TPQ: 1903
Description: Ash deposit
Based On: 45AA-00023-AB
45AA-00023-AA
1 Porcellaneous, plate, indeterminate, pierced, painted overglaze,
pink
45AA-00023-AB
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, container, indeterminate, owen's
scar, molded design, embossed
45AA-00023-AC
1 Colorless non-leaded glass, container, indeterminate,
machine-made
45AA-00023-AD
2 Colorless non-leaded glass, container, indeterminate,
machine-made
45AA-00023-AE
1 Colored glass, container, indeterminate, machine-made, white
45AA-00023-AF
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
45AA-00023-AG
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
45AA-00023-AH
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
45AA-00023-AI
15 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00023-AJ
1 Iron alloy, nut, square, machine-made
45AA-00023-AK
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00023-AL
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00023-AM
3 Iron alloy, bottle closure, crown cap
45AA-00023-AN
2 Slag or clinker
45AA-00023-AO
4 Charcoal
45AA-00023-AP
1 Wood
45AA-00023-AQ
1 Shale, stone, unmodified
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 8 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00024
TPQ: 1885
Description: Topsoil
Based On: 45AA-00024-AA
45AA-00024-AA
1 Manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00024-AB
1 Glass, window glass
Context No.: 45AA-00025
TPQ: 1885
Description: Olive Brown sandy loam
Based On: 45AA-00025-AF
45AA-00025-AA
1 Whiteware, plate, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00025-AB
1 Chinese porcelain, saucer, painted underglaze, blue
45AA-00025-AC
1 Porcellaneous, ceramic, indeterminate, handled, press molded,
molded design
45AA-00025-AD
1 Porcellaneous, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00025-AE
2 Colorless non-leaded glass, bottle, indeterminate
45AA-00025-AF
1 Manganese solarized glass, bottle, indeterminate, embossed
45AA-00025-AG
1 Manganese solarized glass, jar
45AA-00025-AH
1 Manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00025-AI
1 Colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, brown
45AA-00025-AJ
9 Glass, window glass
45AA-00025-AK
5 Iron alloy, tack, indeterminate
45AA-00025-AL
5 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches, clinched
45AA-00025-AM
8 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
45AA-00025-AN
3 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
45AA-00025-AO
2 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
45AA-00025-AP
Iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machine-headed
45AA-00025-AQ
1 Iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
45AA-00025-AR
1 Iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machine-headed
45AA-00025-AS
2 Iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
45AA-00025-AT
33 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00025-AU
8 Iron alloy, sheet metal
45AA-00025-AV
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00025-AW
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00025-AX
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00025-AY
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00025-AZ
1 Iron alloy, unidentified object
45AA-00025-BA
1 Ceramic, flowerpot
45AA-00025-BB
1 Charcoal
45AA-00025-BC
2 Oyster shell, shell (organic)
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 9 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00029
TPQ:
Description: Transition to Subsoil
Based On:
45AA-00029-AA
1 Glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
45AA-00029-AB
1 Iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
Context No.: 45AA-00030
TPQ: 1921
Description: Sandy loam with inclusions
Based On: 45AA-00030-AE
45AA-00030-AA
1 Whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, handled, press molded,
gilded, gold
45AA-00030-AB
1 Whiteware, plate, indeterminate, press molded, molded design
45AA-00030-AC
1 Whiteware, hollow form, press molded, molded design
45AA-00030-AD
2 Whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00030-AE
1 Japanese porcelain, doll part, other, press molded, molded
design, painted underglaze, pink
45AA-00030-AF
1 Japanese porcelain, doll part, painted underglaze, pink
45AA-00030-AG
1 Ceramic, flowerpot
45AA-00030-AH
1 Colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00030-AI
4 Colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00030-AJ
1 Manganese solarized glass, bottle, indeterminate
45AA-00030-AK
3 Manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
45AA-00030-AL
1 Colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
45AA-00030-AM
1 Colored glass, flat glass, sand blasted, green
45AA-00030-AN
1 Glass, window glass
45AA-00030-AO
18 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
45AA-00030-AP
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches, clinched
45AA-00030-AQ
1 Iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
45AA-00030-AR
2 Iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
45AA-00030-AS
3 Iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches, clinched
45AA-00030-AT
37 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
45AA-00030-AU
1 Copper alloy, rivet, indeterminate, cast
45AA-00030-AV
1 Brick, bricketage
45AA-00030-AW
1 Coal
45AA-00030-AX
1 Charcoal
45AA-00030-AY
1 Slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
45AA-00030-AZ
1 Shale, stone, unmodified
45AA-00030-BA
1 Bone, faunal specimen
OBJ-45AA-00007
Monday, March 2, 2020
Copper alloy, rivet, indeterminate, cast
Page 10 of 11
�Artifact Inventory
Artifact ID
#Pcs
Description
Context No.: 45AA-00032
TPQ: 1775
Description: Mottled Transition to Sub
Based On: 45AA-00032-AA
45AA-00032-AA
1 Pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
45AA-00032-AB
1 Iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
Monday, March 2, 2020
Page 11 of 11
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Reports
Description
An account of the resource
<p>A collection of research reports from throughout the Foundation's history are available through this webpage. All Colonial Williamsburg research reports, whether in digital or hardcopy format, are discoverable through the Rockefeller Library's online catalog. Their contents reflect the evolution of scholarship over the decades. Given the long period over which these reports have been written, reports sometimes contradict or correct previous thinking due to the discovery of new evidence. Researchers should consult the full range of reports on a particular topic to ensure a thorough understanding of the most current interpretation.</p>
<p>Types of reports include:</p>
<p>Archaeological reports describe archaeological excavations. Reports predating 1960 share only the results of cross-trenching, rather than comprehensive excavation results.</p>
<p>Architectural reports discuss restored and reconstructed buildings.<br />Historical reports (house histories) incorporate primary and secondary sources into the discussion of individual properties and structures.</p>
<p>Interpretive reports clarify the way in which key buildings should be presented to visitors by Colonial Williamsburg's historical interpreters.</p>
<p>Topical reports outline specific areas of interest in 18th-century research.</p>
<p>Other research reports are discoverable at the following website that also has a keyword searchable option: <a href="https://research.colonialwilliamsburg.org/DigitalLibrary/research-reports/">Research Reports.</a></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Phase I Archaeological Assessment of 504 S. England St. Williamsburg, Virginia Block 45 Site AA
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Schweickart, Eric
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-03
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Department of Archaeology
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
pdf