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THE MECHANICK’S ADVISER
February 11, 2022
Apothecary – Mark finished his second reproduction bandage, which was not a quick project. He is on the
home stretch for finishing his current level. Margaret has been busy looking at the Galt records. She found an
interesting account about a duel after the Revolution. The wounded party was expelled from William & Mary.
Note, this was not about a member of the Galt family.
Sharon has been proofing daybooks and ledger books. One individual had an entire month’s worth of
medical care that was not transferred from the daybook to the ledger. It is not unusual to find discrepancies
between the two, including details on dosing patients. Robin has been busy working on an upcoming
livestream that collaborates with Janea at the Millinery.
We have a pharmacy student from VCU joining us in November this year. The paperwork was finished,
and Sharon is listed as the official preceptor.
The Apothecary Shop will be open Tuesday through Saturday.
Armoury:
Blacksmith – Winter’s grasp seems to have slipped on this day, and the Anderson Forge has flung open
every door and window to accommodate this balmy February the 11th. The tally of tasks we have seen lately
in the forge: Alex and Broadus have hammered out a fair number of hinges, with work yet still to go on
completing more. Hoes are being forged most judiciously by Alex; soon, work will begin on repairing a plow
for Ed, as well. Broadus is beating away at various kitchen utensils and articles fit for pots and kettles alike,
namely, hooks and even a lid that he recycled from a former hoe Alex had relinquished to the task. Broadus
also has taken hold of a few trivets from our former Apprentice Jessie, buried underneath the bench he and
Owen inherited from the good sir, so he works diligently at forging new legs to make them complete. Owen
continues to forge parts for a rake. Aislinn has hasps on her plate and leatherworking pricking irons to
continue filing out teeth. Mark makes steady progress on a tiller for a large saw and finishing touches on a
couple of axes. Both Journeymen smiths, alongside of the Leatherworkers, have their hands full with mending
our Shop’s bellows from the second forge. The labor to bring that large bellows downstairs from the attic was
carried out by nearly all of us, as the bellows are quite cumbersome. Not wanting to damage the assembly, it
was lowered gingerly down through the attic’s bay doors by rope. The disassembly has parts resting across
the Shop, and Guests can watch the repairs’ progress as the forging work is carried out regularly at the front
fire. These repairs are necessary for the function of the forge, to increase above the capacity at which we
were reduced to previously. Having struggled to maintain an impressive supply of air to the fair, we welcome
this temporary subtraction of working forges in the Shop to see a wonderful improvement to the operation
once finished. Master Ken has continued to work on a large amount of socketed and tanged chisels and has a
drawknife also nearly finished. The Apprentice Silversmith, Megan, stopped by to learn from our arts and
mysteries, specifically the way we swing a hammer, to help further her skills. We would also be remiss not to
mention the generosity of the Foundry for giving us a cache of files they discovered in their shop. Take care to
stop by and say, “good day” and to repeat the fine words of smiths before I, “All’s well that falls well at the
foot of the anvil.”
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�At the foot of the anvil are parts for hinges,
hasps, a hoe, and the plate recycled to
become a pot lid.
Parts of the bellows disassembled
This is Aislinn's bench at present. We can see from the vice to the right: hammers, tomahawks, striking knives, files, pricking irons,
more files, and more striking knives.
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�An old saw tiller that Mark is copying
A view of Ken's bench with the drawknife and socketed chisels he
is working on, among many other tools he has made in the past.
The Blacksmith Shop will be open Daily.
Tinsmith – This week, Jenny held down the fort at the Tin Shop while Joel was home battling the
plague. Steve was working away from the Shop this week with a few different projects for ongoing orders,
including the large lantern for the Palmer House. Joel mixed up quite a bit of green paint for the Palmer
House lantern before his absence, so it sits ready to be used. While in quarantine, Joel has been working on
rewriting his apprenticeship paper for potential republishing. Jenny, meanwhile, has been making square tea
canisters as practice projects leading up to document boxes that are part of the apprenticeship skill
requirements. She has also continued her research on tinsmiths located in the southern colonies, with a
particular focus on Moravians in North Carolina, who were also importing and selling tinware. Her research
examining 18th-century merchant records for tinware for sale has also led to researching the shipping process
during the 18th century to determine the movement of English export tin to the colonies.
The Tin Shop will be open Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday.
Anthony Hay Shop:
Cabinetmaker – The Cabinetmakers are pushing ahead with their projects from this year’s conference.
Jeremy is focusing on the gallery portion of his desk, where the small drawers and pigeonholes are placed.
John is rounding the bend with his bookcase with most of the work done, and only some fitting and attaching
left. Bill has almost finished the carving sample from the Lodge 6 Masonic Chair and will be creating a frame
for the work to make it available for sale. Steve, one of our Volunteers, has been putting in a ton of work on a
small tool chest for the Harpsichord-makers, and is about to start work on the drawers. Looking forward, John
recently visited his next project - a drop-leaf dining table in the Collection. With the aid of his fellow
Cabinetmakers, he collected the needed information to make a good reproduction. More info coming soon!
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Jeremy’s desk
John’s bookcase
Bill’s carving
Steve’s toolchest
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Harpsichord-maker – The Harpsichord-makers are making good progress on the current spinet. The
veneer decoration has been installed on the jack rail (a strip that runs over the plucking mechanisms to govern
how far they can travel - and, to keep them from popping out of the instrument!). The moulding is cut and
starting to go in around the sound board and around the outside of the case. We are closer and closer to
installing the strings - soon! Sarah is preparing for her NAI training next week. She has made, installed, and
tried out a set of jacks. It is nice to see the success of your hard work, but hearing it, too, is a treat! Ed has
been continuing research on English harpsichord makers and their genealogy. Melanie has been studying
painted sound boards and the various techniques/materials used to do that decoration and preparing the
layout for the name board decoration on the current spinet. Changing temperatures and humidity have
meant adjustments to the Redstone harpsichord that our Musicians use for practice. We've been making trips
to work on the mechanisms that have been acting up. It’s to be expected after so much recent repair. We are
looking forward to doing another Hennage program in a few weeks, on March 16th.
Congratulations are in order again to Ed on becoming Master Harpsichord-maker. Trades & Skills
Director Ted (Boscana) brought by the beautiful certificate marking the accomplishment. We are so proud!
A friendly visitor on the jacks
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Melanie’s Jack rail sample veneer
Sara cutting dampers
The Cabinetmaker and Harpsichord-maker Shop will be open Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and
Saturday.
Brickmaker – This week saw the triumphant end of
one task in the old Brickyard: the once-foreboding
stacks of bricks from years past have been restacked to
move out. While the bulk of our work is done, there is
still some brick stacking to be finished before the yard
can be considered cleared.
In fashion news, we've received our new tool
totes, which you can find Master Josh modeling.
Otherwise, this week, we lended our hands, eyes, and
humors to the Carpenters for the raising and lowering
of several rafters which are now set aside. Once the
roof was broken down, work on setting the wall to
square and preparing the braces began. Apprentice
Nick found himself under the tutelage of Journeyman
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Carpenter Matt once again as he set on cutting a bird's mouth joint. While we offer help where we can, we've
found great success in bracing the wood while the Carpenters saw away.
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Carpenter – This past week, we finished up the roof trusses, which were completed with the installation of
a Clasped Purlin. It’s kind of an interesting element we don’t get to use much in the buildings in the city, but
since The Innermost House frame is rural, it was included.
We carefully took down the roof trusses with aid of our Brickmaker buddies and have started work on
the first of the four walls. We need to install the down bracing and studs to each wall. That will keep us busy
for the remainder of the project. We should be wrapping it up on Monday, February 21st.
Front wall assembly
Clasped purlins installed
Finished roof trusses
The Carpenter’s Yard will be open Monday through Saturday, weather permitting.
Colonial Garden –
The Colonial Garden continues to prepare for Spring. The composting pile of manure, an indispensable
element for the hot beds, has now been turned for the first time and (as the blithe Apprentice indicates)
evidences the desired warmth from ongoing organic decomposition.
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Pruning the Garden’s fruit trees is recently begun. The cutting of undesired branches, coupled with
directional training of the remaining branches along a trellis, fence, or wall, is called espalier. The result is an
orderly, two-dimensional tree pleasing to the eye while taking up but little space in the Garden. The results
are much on display once the fruit tree has bloomed. Many thanks to the Public Leather Works for a supply of
thongs with which we secure the branches.
A Seckel Pear (Prunis communis) before and after pruning
‘Tis a more perilous existence for other plants of the Garden. Witness the lamentable fate of this pot of
Tennis Ball Lettuce (Lactuna sativa). What were once promising seedlings are now but bits of stem! The
villain? A dastardly slug. The Gardeners respond to this threat with the placement of a dish of beer. Drawn
by the yeasty odors (much like an intemperate tavern-goer), the slug will crawl into the bowl and expire.
Sic semper limax!
The Colonial Garden will be open on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday, weather permitting.
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Cooper – The Cooper Shop is open Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday.
Engraver – Engraving has had a very busy couple of weeks. Lynn finished up some bottle tickets for the
Silversmiths. We assisted in a major clean out of the Foundry, sifting through 30+ years of clutter. They are
now on their way to a more organized Shop, and with some interesting finds, hopefully making some old items
new again.
We also had the pleasure of Engraving several items for Garland Wood's retirement. We sure will miss
him being around!
Last week, we welcomed a NIAHD Intern from William and Mary, Erica Collins! She will be with us a
couple of days each week studying Engraving history and methods. This week, she has already tried her hand
at drawing out lettering under William’s instruction.
William is working hard on his own lettering setup in copper and will be back on monograms this week.
He also has been helpful in doing most of the interpretation, while Lynn is working on several items for an
upcoming CW presentation.
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�The Engraving Shop will be open Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday.
Foodways – The Foodways Staff will be at the Palace Kitchen Sunday through Wednesday, and Saturday.
Foundry – The Foundry will be open Sunday, Monday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.
Gunsmith – In the Gunsmith Shop, the projects are moving along nicely. Richard has all the hardware
mounted to the rifle he's been working on, and the last few pieces that he inlet were the four-piece brass
patch box. The next step will be to make the catch and release components. The lid will have a spring to kick
it open when the release is pushed. It could be a push rod hidden inside the buttstock and sticking out of
either the top edge, which is called the "comb", or the bottom edge, called the "toe". The release could be
located numerous other places, sometimes hidden so it's not obvious that it's a release. Darrin has been
fitting the main springs to the two pistol lock plates, and Brad has been practicing his engraving this week.
We invite you to stop by our Shop for a visit.
The Gunsmith Shop will be open Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday.
Historic Farming – Looking at the pictures below, they do not
seem like much. Inside this box, though, is an archive of 18th-century
agricultural information from primary sources, which is extremely
important for the full understanding of Tidewater Virginia. Harold Gill
found these while he was doing research as the Trades Department
Historian in the 1980’s. The way that it was described to me is that every
time he saw something interesting on agriculture, he wrote it on a card.
These cards were copied and then organized by longtime Historic Farmer
(now retired), Wayne Randolph, in the 1990’s. It is the foundation of
what the Trade is built upon. This treasure trove of information is about
to be made available throughout the Foundation and beyond. Farming
Volunteer, Mike Cecere, who is himself an author of 17 books, is working
with Carl Childs and Sarah Nerney at the Rockefeller Library to digitize
this incredible resource!
The box of treasure!
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�An example of the treasure
Joinery – The Joinery will be open Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.
Military Programs – The Military Interpretation at the Guardhouse will not be held on Sunday,
February 13th.
Milliner and Mantua-maker – We are nearing the finale of our first CDC project! By the end of the
week, we'll have completed a dozen bedgowns that are destined to be added to inventory to be issued out
across ERHI. Our new Shop mascot, Van (who has arrived this week courtesy of Kate) has demonstrated his
heartfelt approval of this great achievement!
Our first Spring Workshop trial run was held on Thursday morning. Many thanks to our two
participants (read: voluntary guinea pigs!), Apothecary Margaret and Wigmaker Edith, for getting up early to
help us test-drive our pattern and instructions. They both left the session with sewing rolls nearly complete,
with just the binding left to finish them off. We hope they enjoyed the experience as much as we did!
Work continues on preparations for our March fashion lectures, with Edith's green linen gown ready
for its second fitting, and Barbie's silk gown nearing completion with just a couple of tweaks to get it just right
to match its 1774 fashion plate source. We're also starting work on a new
jacket and petticoat ensemble and a sash for a couple of our Actor Interpreter
friends for another upcoming March program. Preparations are also
underway with gown alterations and re-makes for both Kate and Silversmith
Megan for a "Lady Dunmore getting dressed" film shoot for the new Museum
textile gallery.
The Milliner will be open Sunday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday.
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Music – Greetings from The Governor’s Musick! March will see us in the Raleigh Tavern for our Women’s
History Month concerts. On March 16, 23, 26, and 30, we will be having lecture/concerts in the Apollo Room
at 1:00pm and 3:00pm, showcasing just a few of the remarkable women in music before 1800. Please join us
if you have a chance!
We continue to play in the Levanti Gallery in the Art Museums on Saturdays from 2:00-4:00pm. We
are also gearing up for our two upcoming evening concert series, with Spring-themed programing, in the
Governor’s Palace. Our two themes are “Nature’s Charms” and “Spring Madness.” We will be having two
concerts a week in April (Tuesdays and Saturdays), and we will return to our regular (pre-pandemic, anyway)
Tuesday night concerts in May. Right now, we’re going through repertory and after Brady and Karol finish NAI
training next week, rehearsals will be going full steam ahead.
Brady is doing his usual magic with arranging music for the Spring programs: in 18th-century Virginia
and England, not having the “correct” instrumentation was not about to stop those who wanted to make
music. Instead, you evaluated the forces you had and made do. Publishers often printed simplified versions
of oratorio or opera arias for use at home. In fact, when the great composer Georg Philipp Telemann selfpublished his sacred cantatas, he almost certainly re-worked them for fewer instruments than when they were
originally performed in church. It served a very practical purpose: pieces for fewer instruments meant more
people would be able to play them and hence, more would buy the music.
Jenny is reading These Truths, which the author, Jill Lepore, describes as “an account of the origins,
course, and consequences of the American experiment.” Karol, similarly, has been reading Patriotic
Performances about how English theater performances were interpreted by their American audiences. So
much 18th-century English vocal music, like theater, dealt with issues of liberty, fidelity, and humanity; and
those concepts were viewed, and received, very differently in America and England. Amy has been busy with
the nuts and bolts of the upcoming concerts as well as playing whack-a-mole (metaphors deliberately mixed)
with issues that arise, including scheduling, figured bass realizations, and—this is true—wandering
publications. Hopefully, things are all straightened out, and in the coming weeks, she can enjoy the
music. And we hope that you, too, can all enjoy the music. Best wishes—
Printer and Bookbinder:
Printing Office – The Printing Office will be open Sunday. It will be closed February 14-25 for
annual maintenance.
Bindery – Good day from all of us at the Bookbindery!
Paste Books: Part 2
As promised, here is a brief tutorial on how to make your own paste book. You will need blank paper, a large
needle and thick thread, a bone folder, an awl, hammer, wooden board, paste made of flour and water, a
paint brush, and a sheet of thick decorative or paste-paper. Paste is made by bringing 1 part of flour to 6 parts
water to a simmer, whisking it the whole time, and boiling for 30 seconds. Cool before use. You will also need
waxed paper and a heavy flat board to place over the book while it dries.
Step 1: Fold a stack of paper directly down the middle. We use 25 sheets, though the size and
number of pages are of your choosing.
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Step 2: Hammer the fold to ensure a nice crease.
Step 3: Using a wooden board, create 3 holes through the centerfold of the sheets with an awl,
gently tapping it through with a hammer.
Step 4: Sew the book using a larger needle and thick thread. Start by pushing the needle out
through the middle hole from the inside to the outside of the book. Turn the needle around and
in through the right hole, then skip the middle hole and push the needle out through the hole
that is left of center. Finish by pushing the needle in through the middle hole. Trim the thread,
leaving enough to make a double knot. Take the two ends of the thread and make a double knot
around the thread that is lying flat down in the middle. Trim the two ends to a short length.
Finally, hammer the three holes, which will close them and flatten the thread.
Steps 5 and 6: Apply paste to the front surface of the paste-book,
making sure to put paste on the spine. Attach the paper over the
surface and smooth it with your hands or a bone folder. Turn the book
over and spread the paste over the back side of the book. Attach the
paper to the back, making sure to snug it over the spine to ensure
proper attachment.
Steps 7 and 8: Finally, put the book in between waxed papers, in between boards,
and into a press or under weights. Dry for at least a day. When dried, the
Bookbinders have the use of a press and plow to trim the edges. You can use a
scalpel or box-cutter at home, on top of a bit of cardboard, or protective mat
Some improvisation and imagination will be necessary if made in the home setting. If anyone experiments
with this tutorial at home, please let the Bookbinders know how it goes, and what improvisations you made to
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�make it work! Many thanks to the two best hand models in the colonies: Dale Dippre and Donald Mason.
Until Next Time!
The Bookbindery will be closed February 13-25 for annual maintenance.
Public Leather Works – The Public Leather Works are open Sunday. It will be closed February 14-25
for annual maintenance.
Shoemaker – The Shoemakers are open on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday at the Armoury.
Silversmith – Work continues on many projects at the Silversmith Shop, such as Chris’s teapot, Preston’s
small bowls, George’s cups, and Megan’s ingot. Bobbie has finished her miniature punch bowl, complete with
decorative chasing, and is ready to give it a final polish. Preston’s small bowls are coming along nicely and are
in the process of being chased with detail work. George has been working on many seamed cups and is also
working on sanding two halves of a cast silver handle for a large vessel. The halves need to meet perfectly
with each other and with the walls of the vessel in order for them to be successfully soldered together, so
careful sanding is crucial. Chris is working diligently on her teapot handle and hinge, as well as rounding out
some silver meat skewers with files. Megan is hammering her ingot into sheet and working on a pile of trade
silver jewelry.
Bobbie’s miniature punch bowl
George’s cast handles on the sanding board
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Ready for a final polish
The handle halves against the vessel wall
Volume 8, Issue 5
�Preston’s small bowls in various stages
Chris’s meat skewers in various stages
Megan’s piles of trade silver ready to be filed, then polished and engraved
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�The Silversmith Shop will be open Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday.
Tailor – The Tailor Shop will be open Sunday, Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. On Wednesday,
February 16th, at 4:00pm in the Hennage Auditorium, the Tailors will present “Clothing Enslaved
People in Eighteenth-century Virginia." This lecture will explore some of the complex relationships
between apparel, labor, identity, and enslavement.
Weaving, Spinning, and Dyeing – The yarn orders for an upcoming project have begun pouring in!
Pictured here is one of the cones of yarn in our most recent order, which contained over 23,000 yards of yarn.
Color, size, fiber, and strength are some of the qualities taken into consideration when we order our yarn, and
as always, quantity is right at the top of the list. Before any project can be warped on one of our looms, it
must be completely planned out and designed. Before the first pass of the shuttle is ever thrown, the entire
project is drafted out and calculated on one of our worksheets. If you ever sat in math class thinking that you
were never going to use what you were learning, weaving wouldn't be the career for you!
The Weaving Shop will be open on Monday, Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday.
Wheelwright – Cold mornings in the Deane Shop again, but nothing a little lathe work can’t fix. Master
Wheelwright Paul demonstrated to Apprentice Murphy how to power the great wheel of the Shop’s lathe and
continues work on his cannon wheel spokes. He has selected some elm to serve as robust fellies for the
project. Apprentice Joel finished turning a pair of rush light bases for the Anderson Armoury and is now
working on adjusting the tenon of his repaired wheelbarrow leg. Murphy received his next assignment: three
wooden mallets for the Brickmakers. He is currently planing elm for the mallet heads. The Wheelwrights have
also been taking care of some early spring cleaning over the past two weeks: organizing material in the attic
space, making room for vehicles in the shed behind the Deane, and moving a second bench into the upper half
of the Shop.
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�The Wheelwright Shop will be open Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday.
Wigmaker – This week, Edith has altered her plans concerning the base for Robert Weathers’ wig. She has
decided to pause in the hand knotted base because of the number of hours involved in its construction and
will be using a machine-woven netting instead. Benton has begun weaving hair for Robert's wig and has
many, many hours of weaving ahead of him. Debbie has nearly completed the alteration to Mike McCarty's
wig and will try to figure out what's next. She has also been combing through Shop files that have been long
forgotten in storage and has found a wealth of old Shop photos and documents that are nearly as old as she is!
There will be a good deal of shredding and recycling in the coming weeks. Maintenance continues and, as
usual, please don't hesitate to reach out to us for any of your tonsorial needs or questions.
The Wig Shop will be open on Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday.
The Mechanick’s Adviser is a publication of the Colonial Williamsburg Department of Historic Trades & Skills.
Editor: Shari Monaco
Contributors: Apothecary – Robin Kipps, Armoury – Owen Kelsey (Blacksmith) and Jenny Lynn (Tinsmith),
Anthony Hay Shop – John Peeler (Cabinetmaker) and Melanie Belongia (Harpsichord-maker), Brickmaker –
Madeleine Bolton, Carpenter – Matt Sanbury, Colonial Garden – Marc Nucup, Engraver – Lynn Zelesnikar,
Gunsmith – Darrin McDonal, Historic Farming – Ed Schultz, Milliner and Mantua-maker – Rebecca Godzic,
Music – Karol Steadman, Printer and Bookbinder – Barbara Swanson (Bindery), Silversmith – Megan Cantwell,
Weaving, Spinning, and Dyeing – Joseph Wixted, Wheelwright – Joel Morris, Wigmaker – Debbie Turpin
Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Volume 8, Issue 5
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Mechanick's Adviser
Description
An account of the resource
The Mechanick’s Adviser is a weekly newsletter produced by the Colonial Williamsburg Department of Historic Trades and Skills beginning in September 2015 and continuing to the present. The word “mechanick” is an alternative spelling of “mechanic” and is used here in the more archaic sense meaning a skilled tradesperson or artisan. Some weeks the newsletter was not produced and there is a significant months-long gap in the 2020 newsletters reflecting the pandemic-related limitations and closures of the department. The newsletter relates employee news and the current work projects and research of the various trades’ shops belonging to the department as well as other groups described as “skills” including military, music, and dance programs.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Mechanick's Adviser. Volume 8, number 5, February 11, 2022
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Department of Historic Trades and Skills
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2022-02-11