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SPRING 2020
NEWSLETTER
VOL. 2, NO. 4
THE ROCK WORKS REMOTELY
A screenshot of Colonial Williamsburg’s new, online interactive tour of the Governor’s Palace.
IN THIS ISSUE
The Rock works remotely:
p. 1-2
Did you know:
p. 2-4
Vodcast transcription project:
p. 5
Online lecture:
p. 5-6
Williamsburg postcards:
p. 6-14
Drone photography continues:
p. 15-16
Corporate accession:
p. 17-18
Community Photography Challenge
p. 19
Since Colonial Williamsburg’s closure to the public in March,
Rockefeller Library and Historical Research staff quickly transitioned to working from home: helping to support the creation of
online educational experiences, ensuring our colleagues have
access to critical research resources, and expanding the availability of digital content.
With Colonial Williamsburg’s increasing reliance on using 21st-century technology to tell our 18th-century story, staff
pivoted to adapt services to meet new demands. With the help
of our IT colleagues and vendors, we first worked to ensure uninterrupted access to our subscription research databases for
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�THE ROCK WORKS REMOTELY
(continued)
Foundation employees. And because the need for information from our collections never ceases, staff worked within the imposed safety restrictions to fulfill numerous internal reference requests including shop drawings, building and site information,
and information on key events in CW’s history. Library staff has also continued to process image order and rights and reproductions requests from external researchers, and our historians have continued to provide their expertise to support CW’s historic
interpreters.
To help satisfy the Foundation’s virtual audiences, Digital History staff developed 360° virtual tours of the Governor’s
Palace and Art Museum galleries, allowing visitors to experience one of our iconic buildings and several art exhibitions without
having to travel to Williamsburg. Additionally, our historians contributed several educational pieces to the CW Blog, such as Out
of Adversity: The Smallpox Census, Researching 40 Years of African American Interpretation, and CW Historians’ Guide to
Writing Historical Fiction. Staff also focused on increasing our social media presence by producing daily posts for our own Facebook page. Content has included regular features such as Online Research for Homebound Historians and Document of the Day,
celebrations of events such as National Photography Month, and posts using resources from library, archival, and media collections to highlight special moments and people from CW’s past. In addition to creating our own content, staff have worked hard
to meet the demand for photo, audio, and video resources to support all of CW’s social media activities, including shooting
drone and still photography. We also partnered with the Williamsburg Regional Public Library to present a ZOOM talk centered
on the making and restoring of the 1956 classic Williamsburg: The Story of a Patriot, which proved so popular an additional session was added. All of these projects are part of an ongoing initiative to engage CW’s audiences in new and innovative ways.
Beyond maintaining library services where possible and participating in CW’s virtual outreach, our staff have also
worked creatively, using the time to initiate a number of projects that could be carried out remotely by colleagues unable to
perform their primary work duties. These projects included transcribing manuscript collections and newly purchased Virginia
Gazettes and will benefit all library researchers. We also increased the digital content available through our library website, most
notably our collection of digitized CW publications. The Foundation’s long running newsletter, the CW News, encompasses over
1800 issues dating from 1940 to 2020 and offers an unparalleled look into the history of Colonial Williamsburg and the Restoration. It can now be viewed in full at: https://cwfpublications.omeka.net/collections/show/10.
So, this has been anything but a quiet time for Rockefeller Library and Historical Research and Digital History staff and
we look forward to welcoming our colleagues and visitors back to The Rock soon!
Our social media engagement grows daily as does our number of followers -- Please Join the Rockefeller Library & Historical Research Facebook group for continued regular updates from the library, peeks into our collections, and the research of
our historical research staff.
DID YOU KNOW?
The Merci Train was sent by France to the United States as a thank you for the food the United States provided in 1947 to
France and other European nations on the American Friendship Train. The Merci Train, or French Gratitude Train as it was
sometimes called, arrived in February 1949 aboard the French ship Magellan. It contained 49 boxcar loads of gifts, one boxcar
for each of the then 48 states and the other one to be divided between the District of Columbia and the Territory of Hawaii.
Upon arrival, the boxcars were sent to the respective states which often had special celebrations to welcome them. A large
number of the gift filled boxcars were exhibited and many remained on display by the states following the disbursement of their
contents. Such was the case with the Virginia boxcar, which was sent to the Virginia War Museum in Newport News to be displayed permanently after the objects had been assigned.
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�DID YOU KNOW?
(continued)
Colonial Williamsburg President Kenneth Chorley (left) and Coach Consultant Colonel Paul H. Downing (right) examine and
discuss the so-called "Gratitude Train Diligence," (or Chariot) also known as the "Merci Train”.
The 49 boxcars contained thousands of treasures from the French citizens and included items such as jewelry, swords,
dolls, trees, books, glass, seals, tapestries, furniture, paintings, a 1777 Houdon bust of Benjamin Franklin, a bust of Thomas
Jefferson, lace, a vial of holy water from Lourdes and even a bridal gown for an American bride. Certain items were designed for
museums while others were considered for individuals and sometimes came with notes. However, some states chose not to give
articles to individuals but to various in-state museums, libraries, and repositories so that they could be viewed by the public.
The Virginia boxcar full of gifts arrived in Richmond and was on display for several days at Thalhimers and Miller &
Rhoads department stores. Governor Tuck appointed a committee of five to decide where the gifts would be sent. One of the
gifts for Virginia was a Louis XV period chariot built circa 1750. This coach was chosen for the Merci Train by Jacques Robiquet,
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�DID YOU KNOW?
(continued)
Honorary Curator of National Museums. At one time, the chariot had been stored in pieces in a warehouse outside Paris.
The elaborate two-passenger carriage was adorned with cherubs and gilt and lined with red damask. It was sent to Colonial Williamsburg and intended for permanent display. It arrived on February 21, 1949 sight unseen and was promptly put in storage. It was felt the coach could not be properly exhibited until the Palace stables were reconstructed and was too ornate to be
used except for formal events. In 1949, the cost of restoring the elegant vehicle was estimated at over $4,400. For various reasons, it was decided not to restore the chariot at that time. A 1952 Colonial Williamsburg photo shows the carriage departing
from the west gate of the Capitol to proceed down Duke of Gloucester Street. In 1953 it was being stored without benefit of
repairs or maintenance due to its uncertain future and by early 1954 Colonial Williamsburg leadership suggested either gifting it
or loaning it. After researching the carriage, it was determined it was “not suitable for display or use in Colonial Williamsburg for
reasons of authenticity.” In 1957, after approval from the Commonwealth of Virginia’s Department of Conservation and Development, it was transferred to Luray Caverns. he carriage was to be used for exhibit purposes and could be recalled by the Department of Conservation and Development at any time. The carriage is currently displayed at the Car and Carriage Caravan Museum
which is part of Luray Caverns.
The carriage on display at the Car & Carriage Caravan Museum (Courtesy of Luray Caverns, VA).
Courtesy of Luray Caverns, VA
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�VODCAST TRANSCRIPTION PROJECT BEGINS
The introductory screen of a Colonial Williamsburg vodcast from the “Colonial Williamsburg Past & Present” series.
The Rockefeller Library’s Media Collections group has started a project to produce written transcripts for the extensive collection
of “vodcasts” in our archive. Vodcasts are short videos intended for internet viewing, and were created on a variety of topics,
from colonial history to the Restoration to new exhibits in the Art Museums of Colonial Williamsburg. Some of these are available
on YouTube, but since the transition to a new website this spring the bulk are now stored in digital archives. We would love to
have them more available online again, but to make them more accessible to the hearing-impaired we need to have transcripts!
This April, a project was initiated to begin transcribing these videos. In a collaboration between Colonial Williamsburg
employees and Rockefeller Library volunteers, accurate word-for-word transcripts are being produced. As of late May, 47 transcripts have been created, making more than three and a half hours’ worth of video accessible. Believe it or not, this is only a
fraction of the work to be done, but we are excited to have it well underway!
COLLABORATION WITH WILLIAMBURG REGIONAL LIBRARY AND WILLIAM & MARY FOR ONLINE LECTURE
If you have been following our newsletter, you’ll know that the Rockefeller Library has been collaborating with the local public
library system, the Williamsburg Regional Library, to present interesting programs for the public. In the inaugural lecture, Marianne Martin and Tracey Gulden presented a much-lauded talk on the history Merchants Square. This past fall, Jenna Simpson
spoke about the history, legacy, and restoration of the film Williamsburg: The Story of a Patriot. The Patriot talk was scheduled for
an encore performance at the public library in March – but alas, coronavirus closures forced its cancellation.
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�COLLABORATION WITH WILLIAMBURG REGIONAL LIBRARY AND WILLIAM & MARY FOR ONLINE LECTURE
(continued)
Undaunted by the possible technical challenges and seeking to continue public outreach through these difficult times,
the libraries decided to move the Patriot talk online, through the Williamsburg Regional Library’s Zoom account. This first internet presentation was given on April 27 – and the 100-viewer limit was reached within minutes of the program’s start time.
Facing disappointment from many eager viewers who were unable to log in due to the great demand, an encore of the encore
was presented on May 11. The College of William & Mary generously hosted the May presentation through their Zoom, allowing for more viewers, so no one was left out!
The Zoom program allowed Simpson to show the movie before presenting her talk and slides, and attendees were
able to submit questions through a “chat” function. The experiment has been deemed a success, and the libraries are considering collaborating on future topics through this platform!
“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
Most of us recall sending or receiving postcards from far away
locales and treasuring the memories they hold of experiencing
a new culture, place, or insight into history. Postcards played
an important role in promoting Williamsburg’s historic sites as
recreational travel and tourism developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries throughout the United
States. When postcards emerged as a souvenir format in the
1890s, Williamsburg quickly became a featured destination.
Once Colonial Williamsburg opened as an official historic site in
the 1930s, postcards became a product sold by both the museum and local businesses to satisfy tourists’ desire to share their
travels. In celebration of National Postcard Month, the Rockefeller Library is pleased to share some highlights from its collection of over one thousand postcards.
During what is known as the Pioneer Era from 18701898, the first form of postcard, featuring an illustration on one
side and an undivided back on the other, did not allow the
sender to include a note, unless it was written across a portion
of the image on the front. Most pioneering postcard formats
served as advertisements up until the 1893 Columbia Exposition, when postcards first appeared as souvenirs for Exposition
visitors to purchase.
The Private Mailing Card Era from 1898-1901 is characterized by cards printed with the notice "Private Mailing Card
Authorized by Act of Congress on May 19, 1898." Backs of the
cards remained undivided and purchasers could mail the cards
for a cost of one cent. Several examples of postcards from this
Old Powder Horn, Detroit Photographic Company,
ca.1898
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�“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
(continued)
Duke of Gloucester Street, Detroit Photographic Company, ca.1898 .
The address side of Duke of Gloucester Street, Detroit Photographic Company, ca.1898 .
7
�“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
(continued)
Old Powder Horn and Nathaniel Bacon Window, United States Congress, ca.1900
The address side of Old Powder Horn and Nathaniel Bacon Window, United States Congress,
ca.1900.
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�“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
(continued)
era are present in the collection. They feature places around Williamsburg with historic associations such as the Everard House,
the site of First Theater, the Debtor’s Prison and the Powder Magazine.
By the time the Jamestown Exposition took place in 1907, postcard production had entered the Divided Back Era,
which continued until 1915. Modified postcard backs offered a segment on the left side for senders to pen a brief message.
Production of cards gradually shifted to more American printers. The Jamestown Exposition provided a strong impetus for promotion of other historic sites that attendees might also stop at along the way. A series of postcards commemorating Williamsburg area historic sites in conjunction with the 1907 celebration are excellent examples of very early divided back cards.
Washington’s Headquarters [George Wythe House], Williamsburg, Virginia, Jamestown
Amusement and Vending Co., Inc., 1907
The Early Modern Era between 1916-1930 led to an increase in production of souvenir cards relating to the Williamsburg area. One type of format popular in this period is the "White Border Card" characterized by a view surrounded with a white
border. Real photo cards also began to appear that featured photographs, rather than prints, of local surroundings. In the era
before Colonial Williamsburg operated official gift shops, tourists counted on the Cole News Shop as their source for maps, postcards, travel guides, and souvenirs. The proprietor, Mr. Henry Dennison Cole, produced his own postcards of historic sites in the
area being restored by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities and other groups of preservation minded citizens.
Once Colonial Williamsburg opened a core group of exhibition buildings to the public in the early 1930s, a new era
dawned in which the museum began production of official postcards as souvenirs for visitors. Photographs by F.S. Lincoln, an
architectural photographer hired on a contract basis in 1935 to take some of the first promotional photos of Colonial Williamsburg exhibition buildings, appeared on several real photo postcards issued in the late 1930s. Both examples of postcards bearing
his photos, as well as his actual photograph collection, reside at the Rockefeller Library.
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�“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
(continued)
The address side of Washington’s Headquarters [George Wythe House], Williamsburg, Virginia, Jamestown Amusement and Vending Co., Inc., 1907
Henry Dennison Cole in doorway of Cole News Shop on site of today’s Taliaferro-Cole
Shop, 1928, Clyde Holmes Photograph Collection.
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�“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
(continued)
Postcards on display inside Cole News Shop, Frank Nivison Photograph Collection.
Old Masonic Lodge, published by H.D. Cole.
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�“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
(continued)
The Albertype Company of Brooklyn, New York, produced one of the earliest official postcard series highlighting Colonial
Williamsburg exhibition buildings, costumed interpreters, Williamsburg Inn and Lodge, and Merchants Square. In addition to
holding numerous examples of Albertype cards, the Rockefeller Library also houses the corresponding photographic prints used
to generate the postcards. Albertype cards are characterized by sepia toned images that show exterior and interior views of exhibition buildings, as well as some of the earliest scenes of African Americans in costume demonstrating colonial cooking techniques.
Revolutionary Burying Grounds in Governor’s Palace Gardens, F.S. Lincoln, late 1930s.
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�“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
(continued)
The Reconstructed Governor’s Palace, Williamsburg, Virginia, Albertype Company, late 1930s.
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�“WISH YOU WERE HERE”: WILLIAMSBURG POSTCARDS—THE EARLY DECADES
(continued)
Colonial Coach at Gates of the Governor’s Palace in Williamsburg, Albertype Company, late
1930s.
Want to view more postcards in the collection? Please visit the Rockefeller Library’s Visual Resources Omeka site: https://
rocklib.omeka.net/items/browse?collection=15
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�DRONE PHOTOGRAPHY CONTINUES
Peyton Randolph House (Colonial Parkway at lower right).
Photo courtesy of Wayne Reynolds.
While Colonial Williamsburg has been closed, drone photography has continued! Wayne Reynolds, the Rockefeller Library’s volunteer photographer and drone pilot, and I ventured into the Historic Area on four occasions to photograph the town from the
air. The first flight occurred on March 27th. We went to Market Square and took aerial views of the Peyton Randolph House, the
Magazine and the Courthouse and captured stills and video footage. Wayne created the Library’s first ever drone video and saw it
posted on Colonial Williamsburg’s main Facebook page where it was viewed by over 20,000 people. Our second flight was April
29th back at the Governor’s Palace. You may remember that last year we photographed the rear gardens of the Palace from the
air - but without video. This time we shot video and included 360-degree views of the building plus flights down Palace Green.
Wayne created a second video with music from our Media Collections that was posted on the Library’s Facebook group page. Our
third flight on May 1st recorded the repaving of Duke of Gloucester Street at the Capitol end of town. Our fourth flight on May
18th was again at the Capitol where we shot 360-degree video of the Capitol to be included in a virtual tour of the building currently in development. Wayne created two more videos using footage from both trips and each are also posted on the Library’s
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�DRONE PHOTOGRAPHY CONTINUES
(continued)
Library’s Facebook group
page here: https://
www.facebook.com/
groups/
RockefellerLibrary/. You
do not have to have a
Facebook account to see
them – the page has been
made public and anyone
can view them at any
time. In the meantime,
you can see a few of the
stills included with this
article. What is up next?
We are currently planning
our next flight (pending
the weather) – location
TBD!
Governor’s Palace
Photo courtesy of Wayne Reynolds
Duke of Gloucester Street repaving project
Photo courtesy of Wayne Randolph
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�CORPORATE ACCESSION
In January 2020, Corporate Archives accessioned a scrapbook
that the Weavers had until then kept in their shop but wanted deposited in the archives for permanent safekeeping. The
book is covered in a dark green herringbone woolen fabric
that we suppose was woven there in the shop and is now a
bit worn around the edges. The scrapbook documents shop
activities through newspaper clippings and personal snapshots for the dates 1986-1987. Activities in addition to weaving include CW’s rare breeds program especially the sheep,
cotton growing and picking, flax breaking, spinning, dye days,
and a fashion program titled “Ballgowns to Bedgowns” held in
the Hennage Auditorium on September 26, 1986. Crucially,
many of the people in the photographs are identified in handwritten notations on the pages. Items like these are vital to
the archival documentation of the Trades at CW and their
involvement in many projects and programs across the Foundation. To view the scrapbook (when we reopen for business!), please send an email to rocklibrary@cwf.org or call
757-565-8510 to make an appointment.
Corporate Archives, Scrapbook of the Weaver's Shop covered in green woven herringbone
fabric, 1986-1987.
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�CORPORATE ACCESSION
(continued)
Corporate Archives, Scrapbook of the Weaver's Shop covered in green woven herringbone
fabric, 1986-1987.
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�THE COMMUNITY PHOTOGRAPHY CHALLENGE
May was National Photography Month and as such we launched our first ever “Community Photography Challenge” on the Library’s Facebook page. We asked the CW community – both locally and abroad – to help us decorate the walls of the Janice
McCoy Children’s Book Collection located on the Library’s second floor. If you have not heard of it before - it is a small but wonderful group of children's books dedicated to the memory of Janice McCoy, an interpreter in the Historic Area. Originally, we
envisioned this as a children’s photography challenge. However, due to the closure, we decided to expand it and asked folks to
send in images that illustrated the theme “Why I love Colonial Williamsburg”. Since the walls to be decorated were in a children's book area we asked folks to involve their children in the photos: having fun in previous visits or field trips. And if folks did
not have children then anything, they felt illustrated the theme. We posted the Challenge to our FB group and asked our colleague Nealla Champagne to send the information out to our fabulous CW volunteers. The responses were overwhelming!
Through FB and our volunteers, we received over 200 images of children, grandchildren, nieces and nephews, friends and family
all visiting and enjoying CW! Some e-mails also included wonderful stories of visits for anniversaries, birthdays, and holidays.
Especially touching were notes and photos from both Chris and Jerry McCoy whose mother and wife are commemorated with
this collection. Right now, we are hard at work printing and hanging the photos on the wall. We will post pics of the result on
our FB page and in the next edition of this newsletter when we are done. Many thanks to Nealla for helping get the word out
and to all our CW volunteers and friends of the Rockefeller Library -both near and far - for making this happen!
Janice McCoy Children’s Book Collection
The John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library Newsletter is a publication of Colonial Williamsburg’s John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library.
Vice President, Education, Research, and Historic Interpretation
Beth Kelly
Executive Director, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library
Carl Childs
Editor
Doug Mayo
Contributors
Carl Childs, Donna Cooke, Tracey Gulden, Marianne Martin,
Sarah Nerney and Jenna Simpson
To learn how you can help or for assistance, please call 757-220-7249; 757-565-8510 or email us at rocklibrary@cwf.org.
19
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library Newsletter
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library newsletter, volume 2, no. 4, Spring, 2020
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-06
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COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG’S PEOPLE AND PROGRAMS
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Colonial
Williamsburg
Reopens
Vol. 73, No. 3
JUNE 2020
Colonial Williamsburg took its biggest steps yet toward a “new normal” with the
reopening on June 14 of some Historic Area sites, along with the Art Museums of
Colonial Williamsburg and some Hospitality facilities that closed in March to limit
health risks posed by COVID-19.
President and CEO Cliff Fleet announced reopening details to employees and the
community on June 5, the day the state entered Phase 2 of Gov. Ralph Northam’s
“Forward Virginia” plan. Fleet’s message and details about the initial reopening are
available at emergency.cwf.org.
“Throughout this time, you’ve worked hard together through difficulties we could
never have imagined, and that I know have seemed overwhelming at times,” Fleet
wrote in his message to employees. “I am so proud of the way this organization continues to pull together to meet every challenge.”
Further resumption of Hospitality operations will depend on sustained business
demand. In addition to its extensive community food donations during the closure,
Hospitality’s food and beverage team operated The Cupboard Grab & Go at the
Williamsburg Lodge, offered curbside service at Sweet Tea & Barley and reopened
the Chowning’s Tavern garden during Phase 1.
By June 1, most merchant tenants in Colonial Williamsburg’s Merchants Square
had reopened, supported by the Foundation’s waiver of April rent and the city of
Williamsburg’s special zoning guidance allowing restaurant seating on closed streets
and parking areas. The Foundation and the city also teamed up to provide 40 new
outdoor dining table sets with umbrellas for public use in Merchants Square.
Some employees on administrative leave or furlough have been called back, and
additional employees are returning over time as operations expand. Those able to
work from home continue doing so. Colonial Williamsburg is also maintaining
health insurance coverage and other benefits for covered furloughed employees,
including continuation of rent waivers for furloughed employees living in Colonial
Williamsburg housing. Scaled pay reductions remain in place for salaried employees, including senior management.
Safe operations have required extensive new procedures and training before
employees return to work on-site. Mandatory training for employees and managers
ensure Foundation staff protect themselves, guests and the community as Foundation
operations resume over the coming weeks and months.
“Excited as we are to welcome back the public to these spaces, this will be a different experience for our guests, whom we will ask to work with us to protect everyone’s health and safety — theirs, and ours,” Fleet wrote.
In the interest of safety, public access to sites and programming is reduced, and
most programming is being held outdoors and limited to the state’s Phase 2 limit on
social gatherings. Guests and staff are required to wear face coverings while inside
Foundation-owned buildings, as well as adhering to social distancing.
Ticket prices are reduced given the scope of programming during the initial
reopening phase. The Foundation is encouraging online ticket purchases and digital
redemption via mobile device to limit use of paper tickets. Active annual passes,
including Good Neighbor passes, are valid during the initial reopening.
Foundation leadership continues to monitor risks and following government and
public health guidance with the goal of further resuming operations.
“Thank you for continuing to stand by Colonial Williamsburg, and each other,”
Fleet told colleagues. “I’m honored to join you in the noble work you are all doing,
and excited to see many more of you in person soon.”
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Digital Imaging Team in
Demand During Closure
If you see an image of an object from the Art Museums of Colonial
Williamsburg’s collection, the Museums, Preservation, and Historic
Resources’ digital imaging team probably had something to do with it.
The two-person team of photographer Jason Copes and Erin Lopater,
associate registrar for imaging, is responsible for photographing the
objects in the collection and managing that archive of images — no
small task for a collection that comprises more than 70,000 examples of
fine, decorative, mechanical and folk art.
This growing digital archive currently has nearly 200,000 images of
museum objects, architectural sites and collections, archaeological artifacts and Historic Area interiors. All images are archived, organized and
maintained so that they are retrievable internally on the Museum System
database, the Source and on the public-facing eMuseum.history.org.
“Through exceptional photography, principally of our decorative arts
and folk art collections but also of exhibitions, Historic Area sites and
installations, architecture and gardens, this team responds quickly, nimbly and accurately to support the work of so many departments in the
Foundation,” said Virginia Foster, director of collections programs and
operations.
Erin Lopater and Jason Copes comprise the Museums,
With the recent effort to create a more robust digital experience for
Preservation and Historic Resources digital imaging team. guests who are currently unable to visit because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the digital imaging team is in demand more than ever. Nearly every
social media post, blog article and webpage include at least one image, many of which the team is responsible for not only producing but maintaining in a way that makes them easily retrievable upon request. Because the public is now frequently directed
to the eMuseum site, the team is working to grow that database of images so more objects can be seen.
Copes, who has been with the Foundation for five years, and Lopater, who transferred from Historic Interiors and Collections
Care to this position in September, may have just recently started working together for Colonial Williamsburg but they have a
long history. Both worked at the Mariners’ Museum in Newport News, where their time overlapped for about five years. Copes
served as a photographer; Lopater handled image requests, mostly external.
For Colonial Williamsburg, the duo largely manage internal requests. They work closely with other Foundation staff who
handle the archiving of other types of images. Marianne Martin, visual resources librarian, and Tracey Gulden, media collections manager, are key points of contact for the team as requests for images pour in from around the Foundation, as well as
from outside scholars and media. Martin and Gulden maintain the hundreds of thousands of images that exist outside of the
scope of the digital imaging team’s purview.
Each new object acquired for the DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum
needs new photography. When a new exhibition is mounted in the museums or in the Historic Area, the photography for any
object included is reviewed and, as necessary, replaced. The same is true whenever an object is mentioned or featured in a publication or program. Along the way, the digital imaging team works with curators to find objects in the collection that have not
been reshot in decades. Currently, Copes and Lopater are coordinating with Tara Chicirda, curator of furniture, on a long list of
furniture pieces that need fresh photography.
“Our goal is to have as much updated photography as possible and to make sure that photography is accessible across the
Foundation and to the public,” Lopater said. “If someone reads about one of our objects or sees a photo of one somewhere, we
want that object available online in case they’re curious enough to search for more information.”
Copes shoots thousands of photos each year over the course of about 400 sessions, each one prompted by a specific request
that can come from just about anyone or anywhere around the Foundation: curators, conservators and registrars, who need
object images for research and documentation; interpreters, for use in a presentation; Publications, for inclusion in Trend &
Tradition or an upcoming book; and Development, for donor outreach materials, to name a few. Copes takes images from multiple angles of an object or exhibition to maximize the usefulness of the images.
“Objects are not always in the best condition when we acquire them,” Copes said. “Some objects may not be beautiful anymore in the traditional sense, but it’s my job to show them in their best light. Some objects are truly spectacular, and the goal is
to show them how they are. It’s about simple, straightforward, well-lit photos of the objects.”
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
YOUR
STORY:
Erin Lopater
For each issue of CW News, volunteer Chuck Reusing interviews one of our many talented
staff members to give us a sense, in their own words, of who they are, what they do and
why their work is important.
JOB TITLE: Associate Registrar for Imaging, Digital Imaging Team, Division of
Museums, Preservation, and Historic Resources
YEARS OF SERVICE: I have been in my current position since September of last
year, having transferred from the Historic Interiors and Collections Care team, which
I joined in June 2019. Before that, I was employed by The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation as coordinator in the Photo Services department.
JOB RESPONSIBILITIES: I manage and organize all of the vast number of digital
images that are available and archived in the Collections department. I receive many
requests regularly from Foundation staff asking for various digital images from our
collection of more than 70,000 objects. This includes staff from Research, Education,
Publications, Exhibitions, Social Media, Marketing, Development and Products, to
name a few. We have been especially busy in recent months due to the pandemic since
many of the Foundation’s endeavors have been made available on our website during
the closure of our public spaces. Many of our digital images have been used in this
online public outreach. Our office is in the DeWitt Wallace Collections and Conservation Building at the Bruton Heights School Education Center, and I am one of two staff
members on the digital imaging team.
We also receive external requests for digital images, including from scholars conducting historical research and writers from different publications. Through the years,
our colleagues have created a huge archive of images for The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation that continually needs to be added to, updated, organized and maintained.
A recent example is documenting the three-year expansion project at the Art Museums
of Colonial Williamsburg.
WHAT I DO TO IMPROVE THE GUEST EXPERIENCE: Most of our work is essentially behind the scenes, as we primarily
serve as a resource for other Colonial Williamsburg staff. However, many of our images are on the Colonial Williamsburg website and eMuseum, which are accessible to millions of people throughout the world. We have provided digital images for our
virtual tours that are now available on social media to potential guests and visitors who are not able to visit our sites during our
recent closure to the public.
Also, we support Foundation staff as they prepare for presentations and exhibitions at the many Foundation-sponsored events,
such as the annual Antiques Forum and Working Wood in the 18th Century conference. We also receive many requests for
images of Historic Area installations, sites, architecture and gardens.
MEMORABLE EXPERIENCE: While working toward my master’s degree in museum studies from Newcastle University in
Newcastle upon Tyne, England, I participated in a summer internship at the National Museum of
Ireland in Dublin. During my internship, I assisted with the preparation of an exhibition titled
“Medieval Ireland 1150–1550,” which is now a permanent exhibition. This was a special experience for me.
BIGGEST ACCOMPLISHMENT: My biggest accomplishment is knowing that the work I’m
doing reaches a global audience and contributes to the educational mission of Colonial
Williamsburg. As a relatively new employee, I have felt very welcomed by my colleagues and
feel fortunate to work with such a productive and positive group of professionals.
INTERESTS/HOBBIES: I create stained glass art in a variety of representational and abstract
designs. I have a workspace at home and a wonderful group of other stained-glass artists with
whom I regularly meet for camaraderie and inspiration. I also enjoy getting out on our beautiful
biking and walking trails in the area.
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Virtual Memorial Day
Commemoration Hits the Mark
Alyssa Elkins sings patriotic songs
as part of Colonial Williamsburg’s
virtual Memorial Day
commemoration.
Nation Builder Joseph Feaster offers
invocations and a moment of silence
during the virtual commemoration
in his capacity as a U.S. Navy
chaplain candidate.
On Monday, May 25, Colonial Williamsburg debuted its first-ever virtual Memorial
Day commemoration on the Foundation’s social and web platforms. In less than 24
hours, the ceremony had been viewed more than 22,000 times on Facebook alone,
with positive feedback continuing to pour in from viewers across America, including
Alabama, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Florida and California.
Each Memorial Day, the Foundation offers a service for the community honoring
fallen military throughout America’s history. It is presented in partnership with the
Williamsburg Chapter of the Virginia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. Traditionally, the program involves a public procession and wreath laying at
various military resting sites in the Historic Area.
When it became evident that public gatherings over Memorial Day weekend would
be impossible due to COVID-19, Foundation staff found another way to commemorate Memorial Day and all it represents. In early April, the special events team began
rolling out plans to film in advance a ceremony that viewers from across the nation
could watch from home.
“We kept things simple and used this opportunity to do something completely new
while reaching a much broader audience than we ever have in years past, through
this virtual experience,” said Robert Currie, director of entertainment.
Bill Schermerhorn, creative director of signature events, designed the sequencing
of the program based on past Memorial Day commemorations.
The Governor’s Palace Revolutionary War cemetery, where 156 men and two
women were laid to rest after the Yorktown campaign of 1781, was chosen as the site
for the virtual commemoration. The program was filmed in short increments over
several weeks with strict physical distancing measures in place.
Colonial Williamsburg President and CEO Cliff Fleet delivered a preamble to the
ceremony from the Governor’s Palace entryway. Representatives of the Sons of the
American Revolution offered a presentation of wreaths at the cemetery. Alyssa Elkins,
a tavern performer, sang “God Bless America” and “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Military interpreters Justin Chapman and Dominic Giardino performed an 18th-century
musket salute. James Fore, sound technician, provided audio and sound support.
Some staff brought their outside interests to the effort. Layne Chappell, apprentice
pewterer and founder, filmed and edited the ceremony from start to finish. Joseph
Feaster, a Nation Builder who portrays young Gowan Pamphlet, offered invocations
and a moment of silence in his capacity as U.S. Navy chaplain candidate, lieutenant
junior grade.
Chappell edited the segments into a 12-minute program. The result was a moving
tribute that furthered Colonial Williamsburg’s mission and served as a reminder to
all Americans that the freedoms enjoyed through America’s unique system of governance are not free and must continue to be protected.
“Through the planning, performance and production of the video, [we] managed to
send out a little reminder that CW will always be able to find a way to talk with our
guests about America’s history, despite unexpected hurdles,” Chappell said.
As one Facebook commenter wrote, “This was a beautiful tribute to our fallen
heroes! Thank you so much. As a schoolteacher, I shared this with my students . . .
praying they will watch and understand the price paid for their freedom.”
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
CW Volunteers are the Life’s
Blood of Red Cross Blood Drives
Employee
volunteers who helped
administer Red Cross
blood drives on
May 1, 7 and 27
• Tina Bleakley
• Kathryn Brown
• Frances Burroughs
• Patricia Chrenka
• Bill Drewry
• Rachel Eiland
• Sherri Galentine
• Karen Hartman
• Sharon Hollands
• Rebecca Howard
• John King
• Jen “Bird” Losik
• Christine Macdonald
• Darrin McDonal
• Jaqui McDonald
• Felicity Meza-Luna
• Andrea Neidrich
• Julie Yates
Frances Burroughs, textile furnishings specialist in Collections, regularly donates
blood to the American Red Cross. Her father encouraged her to donate blood at a
young age, and she sees it as her civic duty to give back to her community.
Shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak in late February, Burroughs received a call
from a Red Cross case manager informing her that she might have been exposed to
the virus during a blood drive in Hampton Roads. She would need to self-isolate for
14 days. While Burroughs was cleared from quarantine with a clean bill of health, it
was during her self-isolation that she realized just how desperately the community
needed larger venues for blood drives.
“I knew then that I had to do something to help provide a larger location more conducive to social distancing and that could accommodate more donors,” she said.
When Burroughs shared the Red Cross’ need with Colonial Williamsburg leadership, the Foundation quickly stepped in to help. Within weeks, three blood drives
were arranged at the Woodlands Conference Center on May 1, 7 and 27. The conference space, unoccupied during the Foundation’s closure, allowed Red Cross staff and
donors to operate at safe distances. Employees from across the Foundation volunteered to staff the drives so that the Red Cross could focus its energy on collecting
blood. Some employees also donated blood to the effort.
Employee volunteer support was critical to ensuring safety procedures were
closely maintained throughout the day. Ahead of each drive, conference services and
volunteer staff helped to clean and set up the space according to social distancing
guidelines. Sandwiches made by the Hospitality staff were donated to accompany
snacks, water and juice boxes for Red Cross donors and employees. Foundation
employee volunteers staffed the check-in and registration table, tended to the refreshment table and took donors’ temperatures as they arrived for their pre-scheduled
appointments.
“The Woodlands blood drive was as organized and efficient as drives preCOVID-19,” said Burroughs. “I enjoyed the personal interaction, even from 6 feet
away. It was [my] favorite part of my volunteer time.”
John King, a historic orientation interpreter, signed up to volunteer at all three
drives. This was not King’s first time volunteering for the Red Cross. He previously
offered his services during the aftermath of 9/11 at one of the Red Cross’ largest
facilities in New York City.
“Service helps me to feel like I’m doing something productive and gives my spirit
a boost to assist those who are in need. I am very proud of how CW has responded to
[the pandemic] by giving service to our community,” he said.
The community impact of the drives far exceeded the Red Cross’ goals for the
events. Donation appointments were booked at capacity all three dates. The drives
raised a combined 184 units of blood to support the Red Cross’ lifesaving work,
exceeding the monthly goal by 34 units. Given that one unit of blood can help save or
sustain up to three lives, the Foundation drives could positively impact up to 552 lives.
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Golden
Horseshoe a
Respite for
Golfers
During
COVID-19
All of Colonial Williamsburg shared in the profound impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, yet one guest-facing group enjoyed a semblance of normalcy: The Golden
Horseshoe Golf Club.
Virginia is among the states that qualified its stay-at-home order to allow for outdoor exercise and golf course operation, so the Golden Horseshoe remained open to
offer recreation when it was needed most. The golf club has hosted more than 8,000
rounds of golf since the Foundation closed most public facilities in March.
It was still not business as usual.
Keeping employees, members and guests safe and helping slow the spread of the
virus required the golf staff to adapt their usual procedures in accordance with the
recommendations of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the
state of Virginia.
Marc Guiseppi is the general manager of the golf club. He said the procedures
included extensive sanitation of all shared equipment, removing as many common
touch points as possible, consolidating operations to one clubhouse and limiting the
number of tee times available to maintain social distance among golfers.
“Obviously, we missed out on the traveling golfers and group outings that drive
revenues in the spring, but we are very grateful to have a loyal membership that continues to support us during this difficult time,” he said. “It was also great to see a lot
of new faces from the local community enjoying the golf courses. So, while the pandemic definitely impacted us greatly, it was not to the same extent as some neighboring states that weren’t able to open their facilities until late May.”
While remaining open, the Golden Horseshoe has, like the rest of Colonial
Williamsburg, stepped deeper into the virtual realm to remain engaged with the golf
community. In addition to flyover videos of each hole available on the Colonial
Williamsburg Resorts website, the team has stepped up content available on the
Golden Horseshoe’s Facebook page and in emails to members and past guests.
“We also introduced some new methods to engage golfers during the stay-at-home
order,” said Guiseppi. “We launched an online golf shop so people can purchase
Golden Horseshoe merchandise with free shipping or curbside pickup, and our PGA
golf professionals posted golf tips on our new YouTube channel to help everyone
improve their game from home.”
When Virginia entered Phase 2 of the “Forward Virginia” plan, the golf club eased
some of the restrictions that were in place. The Gold Course Grill is now open for
lunch from Friday through Sunday, and the Gold Course lounge is available for takeaway beverages during the same time. Groups of up to 50 are now allowed to gather
with proper social distancing, creating opportunities for larger golf outings and
tournaments.
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Repurposed
Fabric
Protects
Employees,
Community
Colonial Williamsburg’s Costume
Design Center became an assembly
line for face coverings this spring.
Michael Ramsey works through a
stack of face coverings.
Face coverings may not have been an 18th-century style, but coverings with a colonial flair can be seen around Williamsburg, thanks to Colonial Williamsburg staff.
By mid-May, employees had created more than 3,000 face coverings, and they
have continued to produce nearly 500 a week. They donated 100 to Sentara healthcare workers with the rest being used on-site.
The face coverings are made with what Colonial Williamsburg’s Costume Design
Center has in stock, explained Brenda Rosseau, manager of the center. That means
no elastic. The linings and interior pockets are made of cotton muslin, which is covered in scrap cotton, mostly bits and pieces left over from making women’s attire.
Twill tape is used for the ties.
Beverly Prewitt, a cutter, draper and pattern maker, cut most of the face coverings.
A three-person team consisting of Rosseau, tailor Tina Charity and Clarissa Brinkley, supervisor for issuance and inventory, prepared unassembled kits. Employees
across the Foundation, including Costume Design Center staff, tradespeople, conservators and curators, put them together.
“This truly was a group effort,” said Rosseau. “Many, many people made this
happen.”
Melissa Mead puts her sewing skills
to work to prepare face coverings
for employees during the shutdown.
Olivia Ballard contemplates her next
stitch at her sewing machine.
Colonial Williamsburg donated 100 face coverings to Sentara health-care workers
during the height of the pandemic.
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Teacher
Institute
Fast-Tracks
Online
Learning
The Bob and Marion Wilson Teacher Institute is introducing two online programs
this summer. The new programs are a response to requests from teachers and part of
an effort to explore ways to provide professional development and resources. They
also fill a special need for teachers who can’t come to Williamsburg this summer
because COVID-19 forced the cancellation of the Institute’s on-site seminars.
Both online programs have sold out.
Adding online programming has been a strategic goal of the Institute since before
the virus forced the temporary closing of the Historic Area, according to Tab
Broyles, Colonial Williamsburg’s Peter L. and Patricia O. Frechette Director of
Teacher Development. The closing made it even more of a priority.
One of the programs focuses on applying Colonial Williamsburg methods of
teaching history in the classroom. Five webinars include segments on using primary
sources, learning history through storytelling and creating museum exhibits. Participants connect with Colonial Williamsburg experts, such as Jack Gary, director of
archaeology; Meredith Poole, senior staff archaeologist; Trish Balderson, manager of
special programs and visitor services for the Art Museums of Colonial Williamsburg; and Kelly Arehart, a Colonial Williamsburg historian. Participants also spend
time with character interpreters and master teachers, and Teacher Institute staff
members will help teachers find resources available through the Foundation.
“Nothing beats being on-site,” said Andy Engel, manager of program development
for the Teacher Institute. “But for teachers who can’t join us here, this is an opportunity to learn the same strategies and techniques they would on-site.”
The second program, which was filled within 24 hours, focuses on teaching about
slavery and race during the colonial and Revolutionary periods. It’s designed primarily for upper elementary and middle school teachers.
Stacy Hasselbacher Hernandez, coordinator-trainer for the Teacher Institute, said
that the program evolved from one she and Stephen Seals, Historic Area program
manager, have used for in-person workshops at various sites as well as from programs Engel did with the Chicago and New York City public school systems. It also
draws on lessons learned from 40 years of interpreting African American history in
the Historic Area.
Because of the complex and sensitive nature of the topic, the program requires a
greater time commitment than the methods program and involves readings and
activities beyond the live interactions with Colonial Williamsburg staff members.
“What we found doing in-person workshops is there was never enough time,” Hasselbacher Hernandez said. “We want to see if this online format allows us to go into
the depth teachers want.” And, Hasselbacher Hernandez added, “we want to try out
different techniques.”
Since 1989, the Teacher Institute has hosted more than 10,000 primary and secondary school educators for weeklong sessions and three-day themed seminars, immersing them in an interdisciplinary approach to teaching social studies with a focus on
American history.
“Tell me and I forget,
teach me and I may remember,
involve me and I learn.”
― Benjamin Franklin
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Virtual
Interpreter
Training
Sessions Keep
Staff Engaged
By Jeff Klee
Foundation scholars have reinvented staff training to keep interpreters on top of their
game during Colonial Williamsburg’s extended closure of public sites and social distancing due to COVID-19.
Every Friday afternoon three scholars from different disciplines within the Foundation deliver a live virtual presentation via Microsoft Teams about a Williamsburg
site or a relevant thematic subject. Up to 100 participants voluntarily attend the
weekly training sessions, which include subject matter experts like Meredith Poole,
Kelly Arehart, Jack Gary, Cathy Hellier, Amanda Keller, Angelika Kuettner, Kelly
Ladd-Kostro, Katie McKinney and Eric Schweickart
Recent presentations focused on the Governor’s Palace, the Custis excavations and
the subject of waste, which covered everything from household garbage to chamber
pots and privies. Each presentation is followed by a 30-minute question-and-answer
period that is both lively and informative. Having specialists from multiple disciplines allows participants to learn from each other, which contributes to the growth
of the Foundation’s shared store of knowledge about 18th-century Williamsburg.
Conversations among participants often continue after the presentation through
direct messaging and email. This commitment to learning illustrates the degree to
which Williamsburg is a fascinating subject of study for so many as well as the great
dedication of front-line staff.
Training sessions are recorded and archived, so staff who are unable to attend can
watch presentations at their own pace at https://cwfoundation.sharepoint.com/sites/
erhi/ResearchandInterpretiveEducation/SitePages/Virtual-Training-Content.aspx.
Editor’s note: Jeff Klee is among the subject matter experts who regularly present
at the virtual staff training sessions.
Though it is sad that CW was closed for so long, it is absolutely beautiful with all the
work done during this time. I watch the webcams several times a day and am so
happy to view all the beauty. Congratulations to everyone for their hard work, it will
be enjoyed by so many for years. Susan B. (June 23, 2020)
Guest
Feedback!
Guest comments are unsolicted and
received via CW’s online comment
card.
Wanted to comment on how great it was to spend our day at Colonial Williamsburg’s
“reopening.” The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Art Museum ladies were so inviting and
our time spent there totally enjoyable. Everywhere we walked the staff we met were
cheerful and a pleasure to speak with. One of your interpreters near the Milliner &
Tailor Shop was very much like a spring robin welcoming everyone in sight! It’s
great to have you back, even with the necessary precautions. Stan G. (June 15,
2020)
Wanted to give a shout out to Joe the weaver. Outstanding talk. Mr. Jefferson was
warm and informative. Valued his discussion on small pox. Interpreters in the palace and courthouse were superb especially lady on stairs at palace. Museum gift
shop staff off the scale helpful and bent over backwards to make the day perfect.
Will be back often. Ann V. (June 21, 2020)
I am an email subscriber and enjoy the newsletter from Colonial Williamsburg. My
late wife and I used to come nearly every year for a visit (from 1994 through 2007).
We also brought friends with us on many of our annual visits. Our experiences there
were always rewarding and instructive. Your recent newsletter with its virtual tour
of the Governor’s Palace and the recent births of the Leicester lambs was especially
noteworthy. Thank you for preserving our American past. When an opportunity
presents itself for me again to make a visit to CW, I will be very happy. Your newsletters and emails always give me a little view of that beautiful, historical area in Williamsburg and environs. Hope to see you soon! Michael P. (June 22, 2020)
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Graduation
Procession
On Thursday, June 11, Colonial
Williamsburg hosted a drive-through
graduation procession for
Williamsburg–James City County
high school seniors and their
families to safely celebrate their
accomplishment during COVID-19.
Seniors from Lafayette, Jamestown
and Warhill high schools “paraded”
through the Historic Area in their
decorated vehicles at 9 a.m., noon
and 3 p.m. respectively.
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Exploring
Colonial
Williamsburg’s
Past through
CW News
Digital
Archive
DoG Street
Receiving a
Much-Needed
Grooming
More than 1,800 issues of CW News dating
from 1940 to the present are now available
for viewing online, thanks to the work of
the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library staff.
The digitized collection offers an unparalleled look into the organizational history of
Colonial Williamsburg and the Restoration.
“You cannot underestimate the importance of CW News to employees during the
last eight decades. It’s one of the single best
resources for information on the history of
our organization,” said Carl Childs, executive director, research and education, and
Abby and George O’Neill Director of the
John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library.
When launched in 1940, the paper provided highlights of restoration initiatives,
guest programs and operational news. It
also played a significant role in memorializing employees’ professional and personal
achievements and significant events in their
lives.
November 1942 Issue
“CW News was the social media of its
time and reflected Colonial Williamsburg and its evolution both as a working and
social community,” Childs said.
Employees are invited to take a walk through Colonial Williamsburg’s history.
When using the CW News digital archive, Childs said, it is important to remember
that it reflects the realities of its time. Issues may contain language considered inappropriate today but was in common use in Virginia at the time. For example, columns in the 1940s issues included a “News of the Colored People” section. Separate
reporting of African American and white social events was indicative of the segregation that was the legal norm in Virginia at the time.
The CW News digital collection is available to the public and can be viewed in full
at https://cwfpublications.omeka.net/collections/show/10.
The Historic Area’s first street repaving in roughly two decades is underway.
The city project, conducted in close collaboration with the Foundation, began April
27 after preliminary patching of potholes and leveling.
Duke of Gloucester, Court, Blair, Francis, York and Waller streets have been resurfaced with asphalt in place to cure until it is covered with the more familiar aggregate this fall. Future phases include Nicholson Street and additional cross streets.
“We’re grateful to various members of our team who have supported the project,
and to our guests and neighbors for their patience,” said Vice President of Operations
Robert Underwood. “We’re especially appreciative of the city’s partnership, and for
helping inform the public that the current look is only temporary.”
The repaving is critical for safety and ease of travel for pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles and Coach and Livestock animals.
The part of Duke of Gloucester Street being repaved stretches approximately
three-quarters of a mile between Boundary and Blair streets. On his Oct. 20, 1934,
visit to the restored city, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called Duke of Gloucester
Street “the most historic avenue in America.”
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Remembering
Ann Lee
Saunders
Brown
Churchill Bell recipient Ann Lee Saunders Brown
“Determine never to be
idle. No person will have
occasion to complain of
the want of time, who
never loses any.
It is wonderful how much
may be done, if we are
always doing.”
― THOMAS JEFFERSON
In the 1940s, Ann Lee Saunders spent summers working in the Historic Area as an
interpreter. Later, she and her husband, Charles Brown, became generous supporters
of Colonial Williamsburg interpreters and programs. Ann Lee Saunders Brown died
this past winter at the age of 101.
Charles and Ann Lee Brown were awarded the Churchill Bell, Colonial Williamsburg’s highest honor, in 2004. Charles Brown, who had been a Colonial Williamsburg trustee and chairman of the board, was given the award posthumously. He died
in 2003.
Together the Browns created the Ann Lee Saunders Brown & Charles L. Brown
Endowment Fund for Improving the Teaching of History, and she funded a position
for interpreting Thomas Jefferson. She also served as a member of the Colonial Williamsburg President’s Council.
“Ann Lee Brown was a wonderful citizen of Colonial Williamsburg,” said Colin
Campbell, who as Colonial Williamsburg’s president and chairman at the time presented Brown with the bell. “Her appreciation for the history that was made here, for
the iconic leaders in the 18th century whose stories we tell and for the place — the
Historic Area — was reflected in her generosity to the Foundation.”
“She identified with Colonial Williamsburg and its employees and was beloved by
all who came to know her,” Campbell added.
Campbell noted that Brown not only supported Colonial Williamsburg’s interpreters but was herself a gifted storyteller. At gatherings of the Raleigh Tavern Society,
other members were inspired by her charm and her obvious affection for Colonial
Williamsburg.
Bill Barker, who portrayed Thomas Jefferson for Colonial Williamsburg until last
year, recalled that it was always a pleasure to converse with Ann Lee Brown.
“I will never forget her charming stories of her lifelong association with Colonial
Williamsburg and her deep regard for preserving the lessons of our nation’s history,”
said Barker. “Her kindness, grace and zeal for Colonial Williamsburg will ever
remain inspirational.”
An avid gardener, Ann Lee Brown’s gifts have benefited the Governor’s Palace
gardens as well as its ballroom. She also loved riding horses and supported Colonial
Williamsburg’s Coach and Livestock program.
An outstanding athlete as a youth — she was on the basketball, field hockey, tennis
and archery teams at Collegiate School for Girls in Richmond — Ann Lee Brown carried the Olympic torch through a stretch of Oregon on its way to Los Angeles in 1984.
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Davelin Forrest
Chief Human Resources Officer
Meet the
Senior
Leadership
Team
The next several issues of CW News
will introduce employees to Colonial
Williamsburg’s senior leadership
team. The senior leadership team is
responsible for directing the
Foundation’s overall strategy to
share America’s enduring story
Through five presidents, many different programs and
offerings, and the evolving needs of our guests, I have
seen quite a bit during my more than 30 years of service
here at the Foundation. I began my career with Colonial
Williamsburg in 1986 as a secretary B in the Department of Collections. My starting salary was $5.16 per
hour, and for me and my husband that was a lot of
money for our growing family. Like now, the global
economy faced uncertain times, and the opportunity to
learn at the Foundation was one I could not turn down.
A graduate of Kee Business College, I have held several executive-level administrative posts at the Foundation, eventually becoming CW’s first-ever chief of staff.
Today, as the chief human resources officer and a member of the Foundation’s senior
leadership team, I draw inspiration from the wonderful employees I serve. Helping
people, particularly those who do not feel seen or heard, is personally rewarding and
what I believe I have been called to do. Leading others is, first and foremost, about
service. Drawing upon my vast experience within the Foundation, my role is to support every employee to the very best of my ability.
When I’m not working, I love spending time with my family and catching a good
“Columbo” TV marathon.
Mark Hileman
General Counsel
I’ve been with Colonial Williamsburg since 2016. I am
a native Virginian, having grown up in Bath County,
one of the most rural areas in the state, and I attended
UVA for both undergraduate work and law school.
The general counsel is the chief legal officer of the
Foundation. Along with my colleague, Assistant General Counsel Hazel Wong, I’m responsible for handling the Foundation’s legal work and for providing
advice on a wide range of subjects to President Fleet,
the board of trustees and employees of the Foundation.
As general counsel, I really wear two hats: I am a legal advisor and a member of
the senior leadership team. As a lawyer, I ensure that the Foundation complies with
all laws and regulations. As a member of the leadership team, I also work to further
the Foundation’s strategic and business goals. This requires me to look at problems
from multiple points of view and to help find thoughtful and creative solutions.
I’ve always loved Virginia, but my career took me to other places for many years.
For example, before I joined the Foundation, I was general counsel for the Boston
Globe newspaper in Boston, Massachusetts, where my family and I lived for almost
two decades. Joining the Foundation was an opportunity to come home and to do
something meaningful with this portion of my career. It also played to my lifelong
love of history. It was truly a perfect fit.
Like many of my colleagues, I enjoy reading. My bookshelves are full of history,
especially American history and the history of ancient Rome. I also enjoy science
fiction and the occasional mystery. I’m a determined but very average golfer, and I
have contributed a lot of golf balls to the ponds on the Gold Course. My wife and I
also love to travel and hope to be able to resume doing so very soon.
�J U N E 2020
Online at http://intranet.cwf.org/CWNewsOnline_Archive.html
Jeffrey Duncan,
Vice President of Real Estate
Meet the
Senior
Leadership
Team
Originally from Tampa Bay, I spent six years in the
U.S. Navy and then attended Christopher Newport
University, where I received a bachelor’s degree in
accounting. I started my career in public accounting
with the CPA firm of Coopers & Lybrand in Norfolk,
Virginia. That experience led me to a role with
Colonial Williamsburg in 1987 as manager of general
accounting. Over the next 33 years at Colonial Williamsburg, I have had the privilege of serving in many
finance positions, including interim chief financial
officer. In 2016, I began my current role as vice president of real estate.
Working alongside three extremely talented directors, our team is responsible for
developing Colonial Williamsburg’s excess land that reaches from Interstate 64 to
Route 199, identifying commercial tenants and negotiating lease terms for Merchants Square businesses, managing and leasing nearly 100 Colonial Williamsburg
residences, developing product licensing opportunities, space planning and designing the interiors and exteriors of CW’s buildings, and managing our vendor contract
for the operation of CW’s shops in the Historic Area, the Visitor Center, the Art
Museums, the Williamsburg Lodge and Merchants Square.
Wearing my real estate hat requires working closely with the city of Williamsburg’s various boards and commissions, city council and staff to plan for future
property development and expansion, bringing new businesses to downtown Williamsburg, and creating new and exciting ways to attract shoppers and diners to
downtown Williamsburg — all for the benefit of the community and Colonial Williamsburg. I am always eager to pursue new opportunities that would enhance the
visibility, livability and attraction of the Greater Williamsburg area.
During my Colonial Williamsburg career, my family grew from two young children in 1987 to now four children and 10 (soon to be 12) grandchildren. Outside of
CW, my loves include family (of course), golf, reading, traveling and movies (especially Marvel).
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Colonial Williamsburg News is published by the Office of Internal Communications for Colonial Williamsburg employees. Send email correspondence to Kevin Crossett at
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Editors Catherine Whittenburg, x7726 and Kevin Crossett, x7286
Contributors Justin Addison, Katie Appel, Paul Aron, Emily Bollinger, Emily Campbell, Carl Childs, Kevin Crossett, Carol Gillam, Thomas Green, Tracey Gulden, Anna Cordle
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Text
COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS
A PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT OF THE RALEIGH
TAVERN BACK LOT, 17BD
Eric Schweickart
Jack Gary
Meredith Poole
Jack Gary
Principal Investigator
THE COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG FOUNDATION
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY
PO BOX 1776
WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA 23187-1776
JUNE 2020
��A Phase I Archaeological Assessment of
the Raleigh Tavern Back Lot, 17BD
By
Eric Schweickart
Jack Gary
Meredith Poole
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Department of Archaeology
P.O. Box 1776
Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-1776
June 2020
i
�ii
�Management Summary
In March 2020 the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s Department of Archaeology
undertook a Phase I archaeological survey (17BD) of the Raleigh Tavern property, with a
particular focus on the back lot and outbuildings located north of the reconstructed Raleigh
Tavern structure (Building 17-6A). The survey involved a Ground Penetrating Radar scan as
well as the excavation of 29 small test units across the survey area. Approximately 6,050
artifacts were recovered from 131 separate contexts identified during this survey. The major
findings of this project are:
1) The entire lot is covered with a thick layer of fill which appears to be associated with the
Reconstruction. Landscape changes in the 20th century generally involve filling, rather
than cutting into the ground surface. Therefore, most of the modern disturbances of the
ground surface, including structure foundations, landscaping and utility line installation,
only cut into modern fill, minimalizing the impact of modern development on the
archaeological resources of the survey area.
2) These filling episodes capped natural topsoil across most of the survey area, leaving large
swaths of undisturbed layers and features dating to the 19th, 18th and possibly 17th
centuries. The depth of the fill in the SE and SW quadrants of the back lot prevented the
full exploration of these areas, but some intact stratigraphy was identified in both areas.
3) A large, tavern-era midden at least 10 meters long and of unknown width, filled with
oyster shell, animal bone, ceramics and tobacco pipes was identified in the northeastern
quadrant and may extend as far north as the Raleigh Tavern Laundry building.
4) Three 1930s trenches were identified, and it was confirmed that the entirety of all three
pier structures were excavated down to sterile subsoil. However, features cutting into
subsoil were identified in the base of the 1930s excavation, indicating that archaeological
data survives even in the areas which were trenched prior to the reconstruction.
5) A brick-rubble surface, apparently constructed in the late 19th century, was identified in
the courtyard between the Apollo room and the Kitchen. This surface sealed a series of
deposits and fills associated with the 18th and early 19th century use of this space. At
least one feature cutting subsoil was found in this area.
iii
�Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction and Project Description ............................................................................ 1
Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 2: Historic Context ............................................................................................................ 4
Period I: Middle Plantation ......................................................................................................... 5
Period II: Private Residence........................................................................................................ 5
Period III: Local Establishment .................................................................................................. 6
Period IV: Raleigh Tavern .......................................................................................................... 7
Period V: Raleigh Tavern in Decline .......................................................................................... 9
Period VI: Old Raleigh ............................................................................................................. 11
Period VII: Lane Store .............................................................................................................. 13
Period VIII: Initial Reconstruction ........................................................................................... 13
Period IX: Modern Reconstruction ........................................................................................... 14
Chapter 3: Previous Archaeology ................................................................................................. 15
17BA: Initial Cross Trenching .................................................................................................. 15
17BB: Gas Line Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 19
17BC: Porch Excavation ........................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 4: Field and Lab Methods................................................................................................ 24
Chapter 5: Results and Recommendations ................................................................................... 28
Results ....................................................................................................................................... 28
GPR Survey .......................................................................................................................... 28
Test Pit Survey ...................................................................................................................... 28
Historical Topography .......................................................................................................... 47
Tavern-Era Land Use ............................................................................................................ 49
Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 53
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 55
iv
�Figures
Figure 1: Raleigh Tavern excavation plan. ..................................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Frenchman's Map of Williamsburg (1781). Raleigh Tavern lot outlined in blue. Arrow
marks location of tavern stable. ...................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3: 1815 fire insurance map of the Raleigh Tavern. ........................................................... 12
Figure 4: Map of previous archaeological excavations. ............................................................... 16
Figure 5: 1929 site map showing the location of brick foundation associated with the Raleigh
Tavern structure. ........................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 6: 1930 Ragland trenching field map. ............................................................................... 19
Figure 7: Feature 33 exposed in the profile of the gas line trench along Nicolson St. ................. 20
Figure 8: Field map of western portion of 2016 excavation showing the two episodes of porch
piers. .............................................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 9: Photo of the eastern end of the 2016 excavation trench, showing the remains of the
early 18th century brick foundation sealing an earlier post hole, which cuts through the unlined
cellar fill. ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 10: Brick paving above marl layer. ................................................................................... 23
Figure 11: GPR timeslices. ........................................................................................................... 25
Figure 12: Location of test units at Raleigh Tavern site. .............................................................. 26
Figure 13: Raleigh Tavern survey Harris Matrix. ......................................................................... 30
Figure 14: 1929 Topographical map of the Raleigh Tavern lot.................................................... 32
Figure 15: Map of 20th century deposits with the difference between the elevation of the bottom
of construction fill and the estimated elevation on the 1929 topo map marked for each test unit.
....................................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 16: Window glass thickness histogram from MC 12. ....................................................... 35
Figure 17: NW Quadrant excavation map. ................................................................................... 36
Figure 18: Typical stratigraphic profile in NW quadrant. ............................................................ 36
Figure 19: Distribution maps of 18th C. and 19th C. nails and ceramics in MC 8. ...................... 38
Figure 20: Window Glass thickness histogram from TU 8 and 9. ............................................... 39
Figure 21: Marked tobacco pipe fragments from feature fill in TU 1. ......................................... 39
Figure 22: NE quadrant excavation map. ..................................................................................... 41
Figure 23: Typical stratigraphic profile in NE quadrant. .............................................................. 41
Figure 24: SW quadrant excavation map. ..................................................................................... 44
Figure 25: Typical stratigraphic profile in SW quadrant. ............................................................. 44
Figure 26: SE quadrant excavation map. ...................................................................................... 45
Figure 27: Typical stratigraphic profile in SE quadrant. .............................................................. 45
Figure 28: Courtyard excavation map........................................................................................... 46
Figure 29: Typical stratigraphic profile in the Courtyard. ............................................................ 46
Figure 30: Brick paving at base of 20th C. fill in TU 28. ............................................................. 48
Figure 31: Long profile with historic ground surfaces marked. ................................................... 48
Figure 32: Tavern-era deposits. .................................................................................................... 50
Figure 33: Relative frequency of popular serving-ware ceramic sherds in the Raleigh Tavern
assemblage. ................................................................................................................................... 53
v
�Tables
Table 1: Phases of Occpation of the Raleigh Tavern Property. ...................................................... 4
Table 2: Master Contexts .............................................................................................................. 29
Table 3: Artifact counts from MC 8 by test unit........................................................................... 35
Table 4: Artifacts recovered from sheet midden........................................................................... 42
Table 5: Raleigh Tavern Artifact Assemblage.............................................................................. 51
Table 6: Raleigh Tavern Ceramic Assemblage. ........................................................................... 52
vi
�Chapter 1: Introduction and Project Description
From March 16-27 2020, archaeologists from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s
Department of Archaeology conducted a survey of the Raleigh Tavern lot (colonial lot #54,
Block 17, Area B). The purpose of the excavation was to determine:
1) if any intact deposits of archaeological significance were preserved in the project area
2) if so, what are the nature and approximate extent of the intact deposits
3) what significant research questions can be answered through the archaeological
analysis of the intact deposits
The survey mostly focused on the open area delimited by the northern walls of the
Raleigh Tavern Dairy and Raleigh Tavern Laundry buildings (building #s 17-6E and 17-6G) to
the south, the lot boundaries to the east and west, and by Nicholson Street to the north (Figure 1).
This area is divided into four roughly equally-sized quadrants by a fence that runs north-south
from the northeastern corner of the Dairy to Nicholson Street, and a brick path that runs eastwest between these two enclosures. In total 29 test pits were excavated within this roughly 50 m
by 30 m area. Four additional units were placed in the courtyard between the northern extension
of the Raleigh Tavern and the Raleigh Tavern Kitchen (building #s 17-6A and 17-6F) to
determine the archaeological potential of this area.
The excavation was conducted by the CWF Department of Archaeology’s field crew
under the direct supervision of Staff Archaeologist Eric Schweickart and Director of
Archaeology Jack Gary. GIS Analyst Aaron Lovejoy helped lay in survey markers and test unit
locations and created the ArcGIS geodatabase for the project. Public outreach and digital
messaging for the project was coordinated by Public Archaeologist Crystal Castleberry. Artifact
processing and cataloging were performed by Archaeological Technician Melissa Money and
members of the field crew under her direction. Artifact stabilization and conservation was
performed by Archaeological Conservator Kate McEnroe. All field notes, context records,
drawings, and artifacts are held at the Archaeological Collections Building, 303 N. Botetourt
Street, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Environmental Setting
The city of Williamsburg is built on the Winsor Formation, an unconsolidated deposit of
silt and clay, with occasional sand/gravel inclusions, which stabilized in the late Pliocene and
early Pleistocene (Virginia Division of Mineral Resources 2003). The Winsor formation was
fluvially deposited in marine/closed bay/lagoon environments as the modern Chesapeake Bay
formed. The Slagle soil deposit covers the entire survey area. This soil is a fine-loamy, siliceous,
subactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults which mostly consists of flat, well-drained soils with a fine
sandy loam A horizon (United States Division of Agriculture 2011).
The Raleigh Tavern lot is set on mostly flat ground about 24.5 m above sea level (asl).
The ground level gradually slopes down to the north with an elevation of about 25.4 m asl along
the Duke of Glouchester Street and about 23.8 m asl along Nicholson Street. The lot is currently
mostly cleared of trees except for a few, small trees planted throughout the lot and three large
1
�Figure 1: Raleigh Tavern excavation plan.
2
�magnolia (Magnolia sp.) trees in the northeastern corner of the property. The northwest quadrant
is currently used as a parking lot and is paved with gravel. The northeast quadrant is used as a
picnic area and is paved with oyster shell. The southeast quadrant contains a small wooden
outbuilding (Raleigh Tavern Necessary House, Building # 17-6H) and a small ornamental garden
with a curving path and two planting beds. The southwest quadrant has been left as a grassy lawn
with scattered plantings. The courtyard area is totally paved with bricks except for a few planting
beds running along the sides of the Raleigh Tavern building.
Williamsburg, including the Raleigh Tavern site, receives 47 inches of rain and 7 inches
of snow on average per year. The wettest season is autumn, with an average 29% of the annual
precipitation falling between September and December. The climate is warm and temperate with
an average high temperature in July of 87.8 degrees and an average low temperature in January
of 30.0 degrees. An average of 26.7 days per year where the temperature reaches over 90 degrees
and an average of 64.6 days per year when the temperature falls below 32 degrees (National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2018).
3
�Chapter 2: Historic Context
The documentary record relating to the Raleigh Tavern property extends back well into
the 17 century, over a century prior to the first documented use of the name Raleigh Tavern to
describe the building on Lot 54. Over the course of the last four centuries or so, this particular
parcel of property has been used for a variety of different purposes, from a single piece of a
sprawling plantation to an interpretive space where Colonial Williamsburg’s guests can learn
about the lives of the founding fathers. The nature of the use of this property effected the type of
people who occupied it, what activities took place on it, and the type of structures and landscape
features which were built upon it. To provide some structure for this chapter, I have divided the
history of this property into nine periods, each associated with a different set of uses, occupants,
and structures (Table 1). Each of these different uses effected the nature of the archaeological
record at this site. In chapter 5, I will discuss how the results of the archaeological survey of this
property line up with each of these periods of use, and which questions, left unanswered by the
documentary record, have the greatest potential for being answered by a more intensive
archaeological analysis.
th
Table 1: Phases of Occpation of the Raleigh Tavern Property.
PERIOD
DATE
RANGE
DESCRIPTION
STRUCTURES
I
1638-1708
Part of Middle Plantation, possibly owned
by John Page
II
1708-1717
A domestic house in the new capital
III
1717-1742
First tavern on the lot, fewer amenities
though still used as a place of business
while in the Capitol
IV
1742-1782
Name changed to Raleigh Tavern, Center
of public life in Williamsburg and meeting
place of political elites
1782-1822
Continues to be a center of public life in
Williamsburg though it no longer hosts
politicians from the broader Virginian
community
Outbuildings associated with Page’s
ownership
At least one "good house" and post-inground outbuilding
Tavern structure along Duke of
Gloucester Street, Stable, Garden,
Dairy?
Tavern structure at maximum extent
including north wing and front porch,
three nearby outbuildings and one
store(?) on the back street, stable
moved to nearby enclosed pasture
Tavern structure stays mostly intact,
porch reconstructed, yard and garden
enclosed, off-site pasture and stable,
kitchen and laundry only insured
outbuildings, laundry demolished?
VI
1822-1859
Tavern changes hands many times in quick
succession. Rooms in the structure are
used for different purposes (Girls school,
town meetings, college lectures)
VII
1859-1928
Tavern burns down lot is re-purposed as a
large brick store
VIII
1928-1952
Store is removed and tavern structure is
reconstructed and used as a dining facility
IX
1950present
V
Tavern is re-interpreted and tours are
offered of interior
4
Tavern structure stays mostly intact,
tenpin ally, stable and "house for the
help" noted
Tavern building totally demolished,
brick store built in its place, three pier
set buildings in back of lot
Re-constructed tavern, modern kitchen
attached to north wing of tavern
Modern kitchen removed, bakehouse,
laundry, dairy, and necessary
constructed
�Period I: Middle Plantation
In 1669 John Page acquired 190 acres of land in Middle Plantation, including the area
that would become block 17 (McCartney 2000). This property was originally part of Richard
Popeley’s 1638 patent, and was purchased by George Lake in 1642 before Page secured
ownership over it (McCartney and Kiddle 1996). While it is unlikely that Popeley ever actually
developed his land in Middle Plantation, the location and extent of Lake’s improvements to the
property are unknown. However, 150 of the 190 acres Page acquired in 1669 had reverted to the
Crown’s control after Lake’s death, suggesting that the majority of the property was untouched
prior to the Page ownership (McCartney 2000)
Page and his decedents, who retained control of the property until Williamsburg’s
founding in 1699, were therefore the first property owners to significantly alter large portions of
this area by clearing agricultural fields and building structures. Page’s manor house has been
identified and excavated near the Bruton Heights complex, approximately 600 m north of the
Raleigh Tavern lot (Metz et al. 1998) There is no documentary evidence of any 17 th century
development on the Raleigh Tavern lot in particular, however, in 1705 the Virginia council
demolished four structures and an oven owned by John Page (the original Page’s grandson)
which stood in the middle of the newly-created Duke of Gloucester Street (McCartney 2000). It
is likely that an unlined cellar, identified during the excavation of the Raleigh Tavern porch,
which extended south and east from the southeast corner of the modern tavern structure towards
the street, may have been part of one of these structures (Kostro 2016). If so, it is possible that
other Page-era deposits are preserved on the Raleigh Tavern lot.
Period II: Private Residence
The first documented owner of lot 54 was Richard Bland, who acquired the property in
1708 and by 1710 had constructed the structure and/or structures on the lot which fit the
requirements laid out by the Trustees of the City of Williamsburg (McWilliams 1941). At the
time, lot owners were required to build a “good house” which fronted on Duke of Gloucester
Street, was further than 6 ft. from the street, was built in line with neighboring structures, and
was at least 20 ft. by 30 ft. in size (Hening 1823: 423). Bland seems to have owned the property
for a relatively short time, because by 1712 John Sarjanton was recorded to be living on lot 54.
Sarjanton also moved on fairly quickly, and by 1713 Daniel Blewit owned the property, though
the occupant during his tenure is unknown. By 1715 Thomas Jones had acquired the property,
but it is not clear if he lived there because he began operating a tavern there in 1717 (CWF
Digital History Center [DHC] 2008).
An architectural analysis of the Raleigh Tavern structure indicates that the western
portion of the tavern facing the street was the first portion of the building to be constructed
(Wenger 1989). This structure, standing alone, consists of a two-room hall chamber structure
with a central fireplace against the northern wall of the structure, a typical domestic layout for
late 17th and early 18th century structures in the Chesapeake (Carson et al. 1981). This portion of
the structure has been interpreted as Bland’s “good house.” However, this structure would have
only been 32 ft. by 17 ft. in size, smaller than the dimensions required by law. It is therefore
5
�likely that a porch foundation identified under the northern wing of the Raleigh Tavern structure
was constructed at this time. If this porch extended along the entire northern wall of the early
18th century house then it would have increased the size of the structure to be large enough to fit
the 30 ft. by 20 ft. requirements (CWF DHC 2008).
The 2016 porch excavations revealed two post holes aligned with the southern wall of the
Raleigh Tavern in the far eastern portion of the site. These posts appear to have supported the
southern wall of a post-in-ground structure dating to the early 18 th century (Kostro 2016). This
post-set structure was almost certainly constructed during this period as either a house or an
outbuilding, since it conforms to the requirements for the placement of structures on Duke of
Gloucester Street. The layout and use of the rest of the lot during the domestic period of this lot’s
use is unknown.
Period III: Local Establishment
In 1717 Thomas Jones acquired the lot and began to use it as a tavern, creating an
establishment which would continue to operate on the property for almost 150 years (Gibbs
1974). Henry Bowcock was the first tavernkeeper at the tavern, which would not come to be
known as the Raleigh until the middle of the century. He kept his position from 1717 until his
death in 1729, whereupon his wife, Mary, took over the job. In 1731 Mary married Henry
Wetherburn and he began his tenure as tavernkeeper (Gibbs 1974). Thomas Jones owned the
property until at least 1735, though by the time it was sold to merchant shareholders in 1742
John Blair had acquired the property (McWilliams 1941).
The documentary record has little to say about the types of activities that took place in the
early tavern on lot 54 in Williamsburg. Travelers in early 18 th century Virginia noted that there
were no strict divisions between ordinaries, taverns, inns and public houses in the state, all of
these establishments provided food, drink, lodging, stabling, and conversation to the extent that
they were able (CWF Department of Research 1990). It is therefore reasonable to suspect that the
tavern on lot 54 provided the same services, particularly to those who visited the Capitol
regularly to participate in the colonial court and/or government. The only specific mention of the
tavern comes from a note in the court records of Goochland County that in 1736 William
Randolph sold Peter Jefferson 200 acres of land for "Henry Wetherburn's biggest bowl of arrack
punch." (McWilliams 1941). Thus, it appears that the Raleigh Tavern’s reputation as a place for
wheeling and dealing amongst merchants and landowners precedes its name as an establishment.
Sometime in the early 18th century, either during Bland’s ownership of the property or
while Henry Bowcock was the tavernkeeper, the posts supporting the eastern structure were
sawn off at ground level and a brick foundation was laid on top of them (Kostro 2016). This
foundation appears to demarcate the southern wall of a 20’ by 15.5’ one room structure with a
hearth in the northwestern corner. While earlier scholars have interpreted this room as a late 18 th
century addition stepped back from the street based on how the structure appears on the
Frenchman’s Map (Wenger 1989), the archaeological evidence suggests that the map was
mistaken in this case. This construction episode may have been associated with the
transformation of the property from a private residence to a tavern, as the post-in ground
outbuilding was renovated into a dwelling for the tavernkeeper.
6
�Between 1933 and 1935, soon after Henry Wetherburn took the job of tavernkeeper,
house carpenter James Wray was hired to do a significant amount of work on the tavern. This
period of construction likely corresponds to the addition of the eastern wing of the Raleigh
Tavern (Wenger 1989). This long, one room thick addition likely contained the dining room on
the first floor and rooms to rent on the second floor (Leviner 1990), significantly increasing the
number of patrons that the tavern could serve.
The documentary evidence for the use of the back lot during this period is also quite
scant. In 1733, while working on the eastern wing of the tavern, James Wray billed Jones for
repairing a stable and enclosing a garden (CWF DHC 2008). Between 1737 and 1739 Henry
Wetherburn placed three advertisements in the Virginia Gazette for lost or stolen horses, and
three advertisements from others mentioned Wetherburn as someone who people could return
horses to. While the advertisements do not make it clear if Wetherburn was acting in his capacity
as a tavernkeeper when receiving strayed horses, the tavern would have needed a stable to
operate. The location of the tavern’s stable is unknown, but it is certain that it had one.
Two brick foundations, one of a 12 ft. by 12 ft. structure and one wall about 10 ft. long
and made from compass bricks, were uncovered beneath the foundations of northern wing of the
tavern prior to its reconstruction in 1930 (Figure 5). Given their location, these two outbuildings
must have been associated with this period of the site’s occupation. The 12 ft. square structure is
hypothesized to be a dairy since its floor was paved with bricks and was found ~ 4 ft. below
1929 ground surface.
Period IV: Raleigh Tavern
In 1742 a group of merchants pooled their resources to buy the tavern, and by 1745 they
had changed the name of the establishment to the Raleigh Tavern (McWilliams 1941). The
shareholders appear to have kept Wetherburn on as the tavernkeeper throughout their tenure as
owners of the lot. In 1749, Alexander Finnie took over as both tavernkeeper and, for a short
period, owner of the tavern. In 1752 Finnie announced his intention to sell the Raleigh Tavern
and move to England. While he did sell the property to John Chiswell and Dr. George Gilmer, he
seems to have stayed on as tavernkeeper until 1763, when Chiswell and Gilmer sold the tavern to
William Trebell. Trebell began a streak of owner-occupiers at the Raleigh Tavern. Anthony Hay
was both owner and tavernkeeper from 1767 until his death in 1770, and James Southall
continued the tradition from 1771-1793 (Gibbs 1974).
The Raleigh Tavern was one of the centers of public life in colonial Williamsburg.
Visitors to town for the General Assembly meetings and court days stayed in the rooms at the
tavern. When the Cherokee sent emissaries to meet with the Governor of Virginia in 1751, they
stayed in the Raleigh Tavern (Gibbs 1974). Members of Virginia’s elite dined in the private
dining rooms and danced at the balls held in the Apollo and Daphne Rooms. Students, soldiers,
planters and politicians all drank, conversed, gambled, and made deals in the barroom and
billiardroom (Leviner 1990). Auctions took place on the porch and front steps of the Raleigh
Tavern where members of the public purchased everything from lottery tickets to human chattel
(Gibs 1974). However, the tavern was also a private place. The tavernkeeper, along with their
family and the cooks, barkeepers, curriers, waiters and housekeepers (either enslaved or free)
7
�necessary to ensure the smooth running of the establishment may have lived at the tavern full
time. Documentary accounts indicate that all of the keepers of the Raleigh Tavern during this
period owned at least one enslaved laborer (CWF Department of Research n. d.). While there
were apartments for the Tavernkeeper and their family in the Raleigh Tavern, other members of
the tavern staff likely lived in the cellars and detached outbuildings (Leviner 1990).
The tavern structure continued to expand throughout this period. The northern wing of
the tavern, containing both the Apollo and Daphne ballrooms, appears to have been added in the
late 1740s or early 1750s, as it is first mentioned in the documentary record in 1751
(McWilliams 1941). It is possible that the northernmost room of this wing was an earlier
construction which was attached to the tavern by the long extension containing the ballrooms,
but the architectural evidence of such a scenario is inconclusive (Wenger 1989). Sometime
between the completion of the north wing and Anthony Hay’s death in 1770 a shed containing
three separate rooms was added to the northern side of the tavern. Additionally, at some point
during the mid-18th century, but definitely before 1773, a porch built on brick piers was added to
the southern wall of the Raleigh Tavern facing the street (Kostro 2016, Klee 2017).
During this period the documentary record begins to provide some information about the
use of the back lot. In 1751 Alexander Finnie purchased a roughly 20-acre parcel of property
north of town which was used for the stabling of horses and wheeled vehicles owned by the
Raleigh Tavern’s clientele until 1820 (McWilliams 1941). Thus, this area ceased to function
primarily as a stable for the horses of the visitors at this time. In a letter to her brother in 1767,
Sarah Trebell, the tavernkeeper’s wife, mentions that after purchasing the Raleigh Tavern from
her husband, Anthony Hay “made a nursery of Jamies Shop” (Leviner 1990). Written records
allude to the presence of both a shop and a nursery on the Raleigh Tavern lot throughout this
period. An advertisement in the Virginia Gazette in 1774 mentions that Thomas Skinner, a
shoemaker, opened up a shop “at the back of Raleigh Tavern” (Ragland 1930), while Humphrey
Harwood billed James Southall for whitewashing and repairing one room in a nursery in 1779
(Leviner 1990). It is not clear whether either of these operations would have taken place in a
particular room in the tavern structure or in an outbuilding, or why a tavern would need a
dedicated nursery. In addition to the nursery, Harwood mentions a barn, dairy, kitchen, laundry
and “House & Nessacary” in his accounts with Southall, though these buildings were not
necessarily all separate outbuildings, and some of them could have been located on other
properties owned by Southall (McWilliams 1941).
The Frenchman’s Map, a map of Williamsburg made by a surveyor with the French
military during their occupation of town in 1781-2, shows four detached outbuildings behind the
Raleigh Tavern (Figure 2). Two buildings built along the eastern edge of the lot paralleling the
northern wing of the tavern, one building directly northeast of the northern wing of the tavern,
and one small structure in the very northeast corner of the lot fronting on Nicholson Street. The
excavations in 1929 uncovered the foundations of the southernmost building along the eastern
edge of the property, which was interpreted as a kitchen based on the size of the hearth base
(Ragland 1930). A single foundation wall was all that remained of the building to the north, and
no evidence of the building off the northeastern corner of the north wing was found
8
�Figure 2: Frenchman's Map of Williamsburg (1781). Raleigh Tavern lot outlined in blue. Arrow marks location of tavern stable.
archaeologically. The brick foundations of a 12 ft. by 16 ft. structure, likely the remains of the
outbuilding on Nicolson Street, were found in the northwest corner of the neighboring Alexander
Craig lot when it was crosstrenched in 1939-40 (Duke 1941)
Period V: Raleigh Tavern in Decline
Following the American Revolution and the relocation of the capitol to Richmond, the
need for taverns in Williamsburg declined (CWF Department of Research 1990). Nevertheless,
the Raleigh Tavern continued to thrive as a business for decades after it lost its political
significance. In 1793 Southall decided to retire from tavernkeeping and leased the tavern to
Gabriel Maupin. Five years later, in 1797, Southall or his heirs rented the tavern to Louis Pagand
(McWilliams 1941). Soon afterward, Phillip Moody began to operate the tavern and purchased
the property in 1803, before leasing it to John Coke in 1805. After Moody’s death in 1807, the
property was inherited by his daughter Maria and her husband William Crump. John Coke
appears to have continued to lease the property until 1813, when Crump began to lease it to
9
�William McCandlish, who operated the tavern for a few years before buying it outright in 1818
(McWilliams 1941). McCandlish seems to have regret his purchase, as he tried to sell the
Raleigh by 1820, though he only succeeded in selling the pasture and stable that year. It was not
until 1822 that Richard Allen purchased the Tavern from McCandlish (McWilliams 1941).
While the Raleigh Tavern ceased to be the setting for members of Virginia’s gentry to
gather when the general assembly was in session after the Revolution, its relevance within
Williasmburg’s social scene continued unabated. The townsfolk continued to gather in the tavern
to eat, drink, play games, and converse. Individuals traveling to town, such as students attending
the college or citizens who had business at the city or county courts, often sought out the tavern
as a place to find room and board (McWilliams 1941, McCartney and Kiddle 1996). The Apollo
Room continued to be the setting for balls put on by the tavern keeper or members of town,
meetings for local clubs and citizens groups, and extraordinary events such as the trial of a ship
and cargo sized in 1812 (Norfolk Gazette and Publick Ledger 1812:3, CWF Department of
Research 1990). Public sales and auctions continued to take place on the front porch of the
Raleigh throughout this period. The Enquirer, a newspaper printed in Richmond from 1807
through the Civil War, carried advertisements for property to be sold at public auction on the
steps of the Raleigh Tavern from 1807 to 1826. During the 1780s between nine or ten adult
enslaved laborers lived and worked at the tavern (CWF Department of Research n. d.). A visitor
in 1784 reported that he was served by “[b]lack cooks, butlers, and chambermaids” during his
stay at the tavern (CWF Department of Research 1990). James Southall and his family lived at
the tavern during his tenure as tavernkeeper and a free bartender likely lived on the lot as well
(McWilliams 1941).
The architecture of the Raleigh Tavern building seems to have only gone through minor
changes during this period. Most of the work noted by Humphry Harwood in his account book
during this time period is primarily maintenance rather than construction. He does however
mention whitewashing a “new room” in 1786 and rebuilding the porch in 1791. The exact
location of the new room is currently unknown, but the archaeological evidence suggests that the
new porch was longer than the one it replaced, stretching along the full 80 ft. south wall of the
tavern structure (Klee 2017). An insurance map indicates that by 1796 the shed addition on the
northern side of the east wing had either been demolished or turned into an open porch (Wenger
1989). Documentary records suggest that a fire on Williamsburg’s main street may have effected
the Raleigh Tavern in 1810 (Petersburg Intelligencer 1810:3), but if so it was either confined to
the outbuildings or quickly repaired since there is no evidence of a significant disruption in
tavern business during this time.
While the tavern building stayed fairly static during this period, the back lot seems to
have gone through significant changes during this period. Harwood records repairs to a kitchen
and necessary in his account book during this period, but there is no mention of a barn, dairy or
nursery/shop in the documentary record from the late 18 th and early 19th centuries (McWilliams
1941). When Southall advertised the tavern for rent in 1793 he mentions an ice house, in addition
to “every other house necessary for the entertainment of man and horse.” Additionally, in the
advertisement for a new lessee in 1797 he mentions that the yard and garden are “just newly
10
�enclosed” and the “houses will be put in necessary repair as soon as possible” (CWF Department
of Research 1990). The “houses” Southall mentions could be a reference to quarters for enslaved
laborers, or he could just be referring to the outbuildings in general. The reference to the “yard
and garden” in 1793 is the earliest evidence of landscaping on the property, but the wording
seems to indicate that these features had existed for some time prior to Southall’s decision to rent
out the tavern. Three insurance maps made during this time period (in 1796, 1806, and 1815)
include outbuildings associated with the tavern. The earliest one includes both a kitchen and a
laundry on the lot itself, as well as the stable on the pasture lot to the north of the city (Wenger
1989). The 1806 map only contains the kitchen and stable, so it is possible that the laundry
building was demolished during this period, although given the absence of other outbuildings
that are known to have existed on the property from the map, this demolition date is far from
certain. A 15 ft. by 20 ft. shed addition is shown on the eastern side of the kitchen in the 1806
map. The 1815 map (Figure 3) shows four outbuildings within 30 ft. of the main tavern structure,
the kitchen, a dairy standing in the location of the well, a small smokehouse north of the kitchen
and a larger, unlabeled structure along the western edge of the property.
The cross trenching of the lot in 1930 centered around three structures which were
standing at the time of the reconstruction B, C, and D (Figure 6). It was discovered that all three
of these buildings were standing on brick piers which were at least partially constructed with
“old bricks” and shell mortar, evidence that they were first constructed in the 18 th century
(Ragland 1930). Either they were constructed prior to 1781 and not included on the Frenchman’s
Map or they were built after the Revolution. Both of these options are entirely possible, but since
the buildings survived until the 20th century, unlike any of the outbuildings shown on the
Frenchman’s Map, and given the extensive construction activities which appear to have
happened on the back lot in the late 18th century, it is likely that these structures were first built
during this period.
Period VI: Old Raleigh
Between 1822 and December 1859, when the Raleigh Tavern structure burned to the
ground, the property changed hands often as its owners and operators struggled to keep the
increasingly indebted enterprise afloat. The establishment, during this period, was often referred
to as the “Old Raleigh” and increasingly relied upon a sense of nostalgia to attract business.
Richard Allen, Wade Mountforth, Benjamin Hansford, two men know as Bishop and Bragg, and
John Maupin were some of the owners of the Tavern in the 1820s 30s and 40s. In 1848 the
property was purchased by Parkes Slater, who owned the property throughout most of the 1850s.
At the time of the fire in 1859 the proprietor was named Blassingame (McWilliams 1941).
As Williamsburg’s fortunes continued to decline over the course of the 19 th century, the
Raleigh Tavern played a smaller and smaller role in the town’s social scene. While the tavern
continued to play host to out of town travelers and provide entertainment, drinks and meals for
Williamsburg’s residents throughout this period, the tavern’s other functions changed
significantly (McWilliams 1941). The proprietors continued to throw large meals during holidays
and special occasions in the Apollo room, but these events were often the meal that ended the
evening rather than the main event itself (Richmond Enquirer 1834:3). After the loss of the stable
11
�Figure 3: 1815 fire insurance map of the Raleigh Tavern.
and pasture in the 1820s, the tavern had less room to store horses and wheeled vehicles,
decreasing the number of patrons it could support. Sometime in the mid-1820s, potentially
during a period when the tavern was between owners, the Raleigh Tavern ceased to be used for
public auctions, with the steps of the courthouse used instead (McCartney and Kiddle 1996). The
Apollo Room continued to be used for public meetings, banquets, college classes, and even
served as a polling place until 1854 when Mrs. Mariah F. Clopton opened a girls school, called
the Raleigh Institute, out of the Apollo room (Richmond Enquirer 1850:1, McWilliams 1941).
While the establishment continued to be frequented by townsfolk and students, some
individuals began to focus on the historic importance of the building in the context of the
revolution. Benson Lossing visited the tavern and sketched it as part of his publication The
Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution, and toasts made during the Fourth of July celebrations
held in the Apollo Room highlighted the historic events which had taken place in the room
(McWilliams 1941). Nevertheless, the property continued to be a domestic space, with enslaved
laborers still living on the property where they worked (Ragland 1930).
The Raleigh Tavern remained relatively the same, with no major architectural additions,
throughout this period. Renovations were untaken to the interior and south facade of the structure
when Slater purchased the property in 1848, directly before Lossing’s arrival. Both Lossing’s
illustration and oral histories from the 1850s depict a building essentially unchanged since the
mid-18th century (McWilliams 1941). The most significant change was the demolition of the
front porch along the south face of the structure during the 1848 renovations.
The extent to which this architectural stability was extended to the outbuildings is very
unclear. Certainly, following the loss of the pasture property, and associated stable, to the north a
new stable would have been necessary to acquire. According to an oral history, both a stable
building and a “house for the help” were located in the lot right before the civil war (Ragland
1930). Another account from the same time period mentions the presence of a “a tenpin alley”
12
�where students from the college bowled (McWilliams 1941). The three pier-set buildings
excavated in 1930 stood throughout the 19th century, but the rest of the outbuildings were either
demolished or burned as part of the fire.
Period VII: Lane Store
The Civil War financially devastated most of Williamsburg’s white residents, and the
struggles of reconstruction, wherein southern society was forced to renegotiate its basic tenants
following the abolition of slavery, left Williamsburg, like many southern towns, in little position
to grow or develop. However, in the 1880s and 1890s, the town began to flourish again as
northern capitol and a booming economy led to a spate of development in the downtown area
(McCartney and Kiddle 1996). In 1880 Levin Lane lived in Jamestown, Virginia and worked as
a farmer, but by 1900 he was able to take advantage of the rising tide and purchased a store on
Duke of Gloucester Street in Williamsburg (United States Federal Census [USFC] 1880, USFC
1900). By 1904 his son Levin Lane Jr. had purchased the lot next door and either bought or
constructed a store of his own. Both men sold their properties and stores to WAR Goodwin in
1928 so that the Raleigh Tavern could be reconstructed on its original foundations.
The Lane Jr. Store was built directly on top of the foundations of the eastern wing of the
Raleigh Tavern, with the tavern’s southern cellar wall serving as the Lane Jr. Store’s foundation.
This suggests that the Raleigh Tavern foundations were still visible when the new building was
constructed at least two decades later. The use of the back of the lot and the surviving pier-set
outbuildings are unknown at this time. However, only two of the pier set buildings (B and C) are
marked on the 1904 Sanborn Insurance Map of Williamsburg, with building D first appearing on
the 1921 map. Either the earlier map makers forgot to include building D or it was not standing
in the early 20th century.
Period VIII: Initial Reconstruction
In 1926 Dr. William A. R. Goodwin, supported financially by John D. Rockefeller Jr.,
began purchasing properties in Williamsburg’s historic town center and hiring architecture firms
to excavate and reconstruct the colonial structures that stood on their property. The Raleigh
Tavern lot was one of the earliest parcels of property Goodwin acquired due to the historic
significance of the tavern in the context of the American Revolution (McCartney and Kiddle
1996). On September 16, 1932, the reconstructed Raleigh Tavern opened to the public as
Williamsburg’s first exhibition building. While the possibility of using the tavern as a hotel was
raised, it was ultimately decided that the building would be used as a museum gallery (Watkins
2014). In the early phase of the restoration the focus of the interpretation of both the tavern and
the city, was principally on the space as a place where the great men of the American Revolution
gathered to discuss politics. While authenticity was an important aspect of Colonial
Williamsburg’s initial approach to restoration, it tended to be applied specifically to authentic
architecture, furniture, and clothing rather than attempting to recreate the mundane tasks of
everyday life (Watkins 2014, Moon 2016).
As such, while the tavern structure itself was reconstructed according to the documentary
and archaeological evidence, none of its associated outbuildings were deemed necessary for an
authentic understanding of the place. Instead, a small support structure was built in the northeast
13
�corner of the lot, partially on top of the footprint of building D. The tavern itself even included
some significant architectural liberties including a north wing extension that housed a modern
kitchen (Figure 4). While this addition is no longer part of the landscape at the Raleigh, its
construction and removal are likely to have had a significant impact on the survival of
archaeological deposits north and west of the tavern.
Period IX: Modern Reconstruction
Over time, Colonial Williamsburg’s institutional mission began to evolve, and the
historic trades became a more important aspect of the foundation’s mission. While the first shops
opened in the historic area were part of the initial attempt by the institution to monetize the
production of replicas, they soon proved to be one of the most popular attractions of the museum
(Watkins 2014). The first historic trades to be established were associated with crafts which
produced romanticized objects such as furniture, jewelry and wrought iron which invoked a
“simpler” era when a craftsman’s hands, rather than a machine, shaped and formed the raw
materials (Moon 2016). However, as the town and museum boomed following the end of the
second World War, shops of all varieties began to open up in recently reconstructed structures.
To that end, plans were made to reconstruct a bakery which would allow visitors to see how 18 th
century bakers plied their craft (History News 1953). Since the Raleigh Tavern kitchen had
already been located, the property was slated for reinterpretation to include a working bakery.
In preparation for the reinterpretation of the Raleigh Tavern, the 16’11 ¼” x 15’ 3 ½”
brick foundations of the structure marked on the early 19 th century fire insurance maps was reexcavated. In order to provide the room necessary for the bakery exhibit building, the
reconstructed kitchen and laundry structures were much larger than either the brick foundations
or the mapped building’s dimensions. Around the same time, the kitchen addition to the north
wing of the Raleigh Tavern, along with the hyphen connecting it with the tavern, was
reconsidered and removed. In its place, a square structure (the Raleigh Tavern Dairy) was placed
approximately in the location of an outbuilding on the Frenchman’s map. A small pier set
structure (the Raleigh Tavern Necessary) was also constructed about 10 ft. north of the laundry
outbuilding. Since the re-interpretation of the Raleigh Tavern in the 1950s very little construction
happened above ground until the archaeology and subsequent reconstruction of the front porch in
2016-2017.
14
�Chapter 3: Previous Archaeology
Three major excavations, along with two monitoring projects, have taken place on the
Raleigh Tavern property over the course of the last century. The earliest two excavation projects,
which were together assigned the site number 17BA, took place soon after the property was
acquired by Colonial Williamsburg, Inc. (as it was known at the time), and preceded the
reconstruction of the Raleigh Tavern and the integration of the property into the museum in the
early 20th century. The last excavation project, 17BC, took place in 2016, and involved the
excavation of the remains of the 18th century porch on the southern wall of the tavern building
(Figure 4). Additionally, archaeological monitors recorded the installation of gas lines on the
property in 1984-5 (17BB), and the installation of a speaker into the southern wall of the tavern
building in 2007 (unnamed).
17BA: Initial Cross Trenching
In late 1928, following excavation of the Capitol, hired laborers were dispatched to the
site of the Raleigh Tavern with instructions to find foundations on which to rebuild this iconic
structure. True to the time, architectural trenching was employed to recover this information.
Excavators traversed the lot with shovels, digging trenches which were intended to intercept and
expose brick foundations. In use until the late 1950s, trenching was quick and efficient as an
architectural tool, but it captured only the most sturdily built structures and, because artifacts
were not recovered in any systematic way, provided little information about building use or the
lives of those who occupied them.
Trenching for the Raleigh Tavern began late in 1928 and continued through 1929. The
results of this excavation are fragmentary and are recorded in the form of archaeological field
drawings and photographs. There is no detailed archaeological report. Both the field drawings
and photographs reveal that below-grade portions of the tavern’s western end, believed to date to
ca. 1717, survived largely intact. Lying outside of the Lane Store’s footprint, remains of this
portion of the Raleigh include a 29’3” x 14’4” cellar with interior partition, a street-facing
bulkhead, and a possible porch tower (Figure 5). The adjoining eastern rooms (constructed ca
1733-35), fared less well, being heavily damaged by redevelopment in the 19th century.
Although the north wall appears to have survived, the south wall, eastern tavern end, and interior
partitions uncovered during excavation are identified as “modern”, or “about 1860” construction
on the archaeological plan map. Archaeological evidence for the Raleigh’s north wing, in which
the Apollo Room was located, is limited. Bulkhead steps identifying the east side, partial remains
of a fireplace base, and extrapolated wall lines are all that remains of this 1751 addition.
The rear porch addition (ca 1750s) is represented by a fragmentary wall line overlying
several walks and steps belonging to the first period tavern (Figure 5). Finally, a building of
earlier construction, with a corner fireplace, appears on the archaeological drawing at the
Raleigh’s east end. Although incorporated into the reconstruction as the “ladies withdrawing
room”, this structure appears, based on superimposition by the north wall, to pre-date
construction of the Raleigh’s east wing.
15
�Figure 4: Map of previous archaeological excavations.
16
�Figure 5: 1929 site map showing the location of brick foundation associated with the Raleigh Tavern structure.
17
�Three other features of note were revealed in the 1928-29 excavation: the first was a
21’6” foundation, nearly square, that appeared near the northern extent of the Raleigh wing
(Apollo Room) addition. In the original reconstruction of the tavern, this evidence was
interpreted as part of that wing, but more likely represents the square outbuilding appearing on
the Frenchman’s Map. A second outbuilding, also appearing on the Frenchman’s Map, is
represented by a 27’2 ¼” long brick foundation in the “courtyard” formed by the tavern’s “L”
shape. Not fully exposed (no east wall was located), this building was not fully explored or
reconstructed until 1950. It apparently represents the southernmost of two outbuildings appearing
in this position on the Frenchman’s map. Later interpretation would identify it as a kitchen, a
designation reinforced by the presence of a third important feature, a brick well, just to the south.
The well, partially lined and measuring 4’ in diameter, is recorded as “probably 18th century.”
There is mention of a second well, however it is unknown where it is located on the site. The
wells were described as being cleaned out with the dirt sifted. It is unclear if the excavators went
all the way to the bottom of the wells.
In 1930, a second round of trenching on the site of the Raleigh Tavern focused on the
northern portion of the site in an effort to recover outbuildings. That work was completed by
October of the same year. A site map dated 9/8/1930 records five new structures (B-F), as well
as additional information about the kitchen (Figure 6). Descriptions of those buildings are as
follows:
OUTBUILDING "A": This building is interpreted as the kitchen for the tavern. The eastern wall
appears to have been impacted by the footers for the Lane Store. A single wall for a second
building was located just to the north of the kitchen. The reconstructed kitchen is significantly
larger than what was found archaeologically.
OUTBUILDING "B": A building was removed from this foundation by the "Restoration".
Foundation is built of old bricks with oyster shell mortar. Bricks vary in size and color. Some are
buff but more are red, and some are glazed.
OUTBUILDING "C": A building was removed from this foundation, and a shed from the
portion over the posts, by the "Restoration". Foundation 8" wide is built of modern red bricks (8"
x 4" x 2½"), superimposed on one footing course of old bricks, with the exception of S. E. corner
pier, which is built of old bricks entirely. No oyster shell mortar identified here.
OUTBUILDING "D": A building was removed from this foundation by the "Restoration".
Foundation piers 8" wide built of modern red bricks 8" x 4" x 2½" rest upon piers 13" wide built
of older bricks 9¼" x 4½" x 2 3/8", which is the size of the Palace bricks. The mortar is oyster
shell but quantity of shell particles is small.
OUTBUILDING "E": This foundation is old. Col. Lane, who formerly owned the lot has no
knowledge of any building standing on this site. Foundation walls, 8½" wide; are built of old
bricks, average size 8½" x 4" x 2 5/8" and oyster shell mortar. This building is not on the Raleigh
lot and has been reconstructed as the John Carter Stable.
18
�Figure 6: 1930 Ragland trenching field map.
OUTBUILDING "F": This is a foundation with walls 8" to 8½" wide, built of bricks, average
size 8" x 4" x 2 3/8". Red color and size of bricks and absence of indications of oyster shell
mortar does not suggest colonial building. In the west wall, eight stumps of posts, about 4" or 5"
in diameter were found. These posts are in line with fence posts still standing outside of this
foundation. This building is located on the lot to the west of Raleigh Tavern and likely not
associated with the tavern.
17BB: Gas Line Monitoring
In 1984 and 1985 archaeologists monitored the installation of a series of natural gas lines
into the Raleigh Tavern lot. The first line was installed along the southern margin of Nicholson
Street at the very northern edge of the Raleigh Tavern property line. Archaeological monitors
noted intermittent sections of what appeared to be intact 18th and/or 19th century stratigraphy in
the walls of the trench dug for this gas line. Additionally, a pit (Feature 33), roughly 7 ft. in
length and filled with artifacts and oyster shells (Figure 7), was identified in the walls of the gas
line trench just west of the boundary line between the Raleigh Tavern property and the
Alexander Craig lot to the east.
19
�Figure 7: Feature 33 exposed in the profile of the gas line trench along Nicolson St.
The second trench line led from the Unicorn’s Horn/John Carter store north before
veering east at a 45 degree angle to enter the Raleigh Tavern lot. The trench turned due north
again about 80 ft. north of the northern wall of the Raleigh Tavern and ran through the rest of the
lot to join up with the previously installed line running along Nicholson Street. Archaeological
monitors noted that the stratigraphy directly north of the Raleigh Tavern structure was disturbed
by the construction of the 1930s-50s kitchen wing and even identified brick foundations
associated with the structure. However, about 86 ft. north of the modern tavern structure they
identified intact stratigraphy which stretched all the way to the northern edge of the block. This
trench also uncovered two brick piers associated with the western wall of Outbuilding D which
ran along Nicholson Street and was demolished and mapped during the original 1930 trenching
excavations.
Finally, in 1985, a trench was excavated directly north from the north wall of the Raleigh
Tavern to meet up with the previously installed gas line. Additionally, a trench was excavated
east from this junction to the Raleigh Tavern Necessary House (Building 6H) where a gas meter
was installed. These trenches exposed more of the brick foundations to the 1930s-50s kitchen
wing. The E-W trench did not identify any definitively intact stratigraphy but it was only
excavated to about 1.3 ft. deep and subsoil was not encountered anywhere in the trenched area.
17BC: Porch Excavation
In 2007, archaeologists monitored the installation of a speaker into the southern façade of
the Raleigh Tavern. During this excavation they identified several 18th century layers and
features which were further explored during the 2016 excavations.
Excavations in 2016 uncovered a large area between the Raleigh Tavern structure and the
Duke of Gloucester Street in order to identify any remaining evidence of the series of porches
which were added onto the front of the building. While the area was significantly impacted by
20
�previous archaeology, construction activities, and many utility lines, excavators found several
areas of intact stratigraphy and features which provided significant information both about the
nature and timing of porch construction as well as evidence of other construction activities on the
lot.
During this project the entire area between the south face of the reconstructed tavern and
the City of Williamsburg’s property boundary was excavated to subsoil. Architectural plan
drawings, based on the findings of excavators in 1928, indicated that several brick piers had been
identified in the area. Over the course of the 2016 excavations, these brick piers were uncovered
and it was discovered that the original excavation had only exposed the tops of these piers,
leaving several intact 18th century strata undisturbed including the ground surface during the
American Revolution. Additionally, earlier layers and features, pre-dating the late 18th century
construction of the porch were found intact except for where they had been cut through by utility
lines.
Re-examination of the brick piers identified two phases of porches on the south face of
the tavern. The first, in place by 1773, was 52 ft. wide and 7 ft. deep. The first porch was
supported by a series of three brick piers placed at roughly 7 ft. intervals extending both east and
west from the ~ 10 ft. wide, centrally-placed front steps. The western edge of this porch was
therefore placed along the eastern side of the bulkhead entrance to the tavern cellar (Figure 8).
Four of the pier bases for the first porch were still intact, two to the east of the front entrance to
the reconstructed building and two to the west. The two brick piers east of the front were roughly
1 ft. by 1 ft. in size and consisted of four full bricks placed in a spiral around a central half-brick.
One of the brick piers west of the front entrance was too damaged for the brick pattern to be
identified, but the other had a brick and a half added to the south of the spiral, perhaps as part of
a repair. Archaeologists noted a pavement of burned oyster shells and marl dating to the late 18 th
century in and around the first porch piers, which may have been constructed to prevent the
erosion from rain running off the porch roof.
This porch was replaced in 1791 with a new porch which was 80 ft. wide and 8 ft. deep
extending all the way across the southern side of the tavern structure. The second porch sat on
piers that were about 3 ft. by 1 ft. in size and about 5.5 feet apart. The eastern and western sides
of the 1791 porch had full brick foundations (Figure 5). The second porch was demolished by
1850 when a drawing of the structure was made.
Another fruitful area for excavations was to the east of the main section of the reconstructed
Raleigh Tavern, south of the “ladies withdrawing room.” The current reconstruction has this
room recessed from the eastern wing of the tavern in accordance with the structure’s appearance
on the Frenchman’s Map. However, two fragments of brick foundation aligned with the southern
façade of the rest of the tavern were identified in this area. This indicates that this room’s
southern wall was flush with the rest of the tavern. Two large, structural postholes were found
directly beneath the remains of this foundation wall. The artifacts found in these postholes
suggest that the post-in-ground building they were associated with was constructed in the early
18th century (Figure 7). When the building was demolished, the posts were sawn off at ground
21
�Figure 8: Field map of western portion of 2016 excavation showing the two episodes of porch piers.
level and a layer of clay was deposited on top of them to level the ground surface prior to the
construction of the brick structure (Kostro 2016).
One of the early-18th century postholes cut through the fill of an unlined cellar which was
mostly demolished during the construction of the cellar hole under the Raleigh Tavern’s eastern
wing (Figure 9). Since the building the cellar was associated with was not aligned with
Williamsburg’s street grid and was demolished prior to the construction of the early 18 th century
post-in-ground structure, it is likely that the buildings are related to the 17 th-century Middle
Plantation settlement.
Further south, outside the historic tavern structure, the excavators identified a small
remnant of a brick paving which was first uncovered during the 1930s excavation. These bricks
were placed on top of the marl paving which was placed around the edges of the first porch
(Figure 10). Since this area was underneath the second porch, it is therefore likely that the paving
was constructed sometime in the mid-19th century, after the second porch was demolished.
While the archaeological excavations that have taken place thus far on the Raleigh
Tavern lot have recovered a good deal of information about the size and location of the structures
that once stood on the property, and how they changed over time, they have provided little
insight into the people who occupied these structures and the activities which took place in this
historic place. However, the results of these earlier excavations indicate where the best places are
to look for the archaeological deposits which could be used to better understand this historic
place.
22
�Figure 9: Photo of the eastern end of the 2016 excavation trench, showing the remains of the early 18th century brick foundation
sealing an earlier post hole, which cuts through the unlined cellar fill.
Figure 10: Brick paving above marl layer.
23
�Chapter 4: Field and Lab Methods
David Givens, Director of Archaeology for Jamestown Rediscovery, performed a ground
penetrating radar (GPR) survey of the project area in late February, prior to the start of the field
work. On Feb. 21 a N-S baseline was laid out down the center of the back lot and data was
collected from the SE and NE quadrant. The survey was concluded on Feb. 27 th with data
collected from the SW and NW quadrants of the back lot. No geophysical survey took place in
the courtyard area. The GPR survey was conducted with a GSSI UtilityScan equipped with a 350
MHz antenna, and data was collected on transects set at 1 ft. intervals in a unidirectional pattern.
The GPR data was exported and processed using the RADAN software suite and at least two
time slices from each quadrant, selected judgmentally, were exported as JPG images (Figure 11).
On March 11th, Thomas Higgins with the William and Mary Center for Archaeological
Research (WMCAR) took GPS points, using a Trimble Geo 7X, on two of the nails placed along
the baseline during the GPR survey. These points were postprocessed using Trimble software
and converted into Virginia State Plane coordinates using ArcGIS. The points were then
converted into CW local grid coordinates using a formula derived from the Custis Square grid
points (Table). These two points (one in the center of the back lot and one along fence marking
the northern boundary of the lot) were used as the primary datum and backsite for the survey. A
more permanent datum nail was placed in the NW corner of the gravel parking lot and a mark
was made in the northern edge of the manhole across Nicolson St. from the Raleigh Tavern
property. All the points saved in the Total Station were downloaded into a .csv file and archived
on the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s archaeology drive.
This survey consisted of 29 50 cm square test units placed judgmentally in five survey
areas (Figure 12). Some units were placed along major grid lines while others were placed near
geophysical anomalies or areas where previous excavations indicated had a high potential of
undisturbed stratigraphy. The northwest corner of each test unit was shot in with a total station,
with the rest of the corners located using measuring tapes. Some test units were offset to avoid
marked utilities and assigned new coordinates. Each test unit was excavated stratigraphically,
and soil was usually screened through 1/4” hardware mesh and artifacts were separated by
context. All strata were assigned a unique context number. Soil samples, consisting of 3 mm by 4
mm bags of soil, were retained from layers deemed particularly significant. Detailed descriptions
of the stratigraphy were recorded, including soil thickness, soil type and soil color for each unit.
A cover sheet was created for each test unit listing all of the context numbers assigned to the test
unit, a short description of each layer, and excavator’s notes describing what was found in each
test unit. Each test unit was excavated to clay subsoil or until further excavation was impeded by
roots. A split-spoon auger was driven into the base of each test unit to ensure that subsoil was
reached.
Once sterile subsoil was revealed at the bottom of the STP a photograph was taken
labeled “BASE”. At least one scale map of a wall profile of each test unit was drawn as well as a
profile map of the base of any unit with unexcavated features in it. Other photos were taken
judgmentally to record significant features or layers. Photos were downloaded in RAW format
24
�Figure 11: GPR timeslices.
25
�Figure 12: Location of test units at Raleigh Tavern site.
26
�from the camera, blurry or mislabeled photographs were deleted, and the rest re-named
17BD_(unique ID #). A photo log was created, recording the photo name, site, context number,
date, shot type, photo board, direction, image subject, description, notes, photographer, and
camera.
Soil samples were labeled with the context number, site, test unit number, northing and
easting, sample type, excavator, and excavation date. The bag of artifacts from each completed
context were recorded on the bag log and checked into the lab at the end of the project. Most
artifacts were washed with water and soft toothbrushes to remove any remaining soil and placed
in drying racks to dry. Once dry, artifacts were sorted into groups by artifact type, a new bag was
created for each group and labeled with the context number, and all the bags were placed back
into the overall context bag. Each group of artifacts were cataloged separately into the CWF
Department of Archaeology’s E-Museum (EMu) database and given an additional identifier
(beginning with -AA, then -AB, etc.) which was appended onto the context number. Finally, a
label containing the full context number of each artifact group was placed inside the bag. Data
from each context record written in the field was entered into the EMu database and linked to the
artifact data.
Objects requiring special handling, such as ferrous objects which do not appear to be
nails and copper-alloy artifacts, were identified during cataloging and separated from the rest of
their context in the lab to be sent on for conservation. Ferrous objects were x-rayed by the
archaeological conservator and the x-ray film was saved as a record of the object.
27
�Chapter 5: Results and Recommendations
Drawing upon the results of the GPR survey, the soil profiles exposed during the test pit
excavation, and the artifacts recovered from the survey, we were able to determine that:
1) Construction activities associated with the reconstruction and reinterpretation of the
Raleigh Tavern have primarily raised, rather than lowered, the ground surface, preserving
the pre-reconstruction stratigraphy under a thick layer of construction fill.
2) The archaeological cross-trenching campaign in 1930 excavated the interior of the
pier-set buildings and the >50 cm wide trenches down to subsoil, but left features cutting
subsoil intact.
3) Several intact 18th and early 19th century deposits have been preserved in the backlot,
including a large sheet midden, many small postholes or pit features, and an early-1700s
trash pit.
4) While the soil in the courtyard between the north wing of the Raleigh Tavern and the
reconstructed Kitchen was removed in the mid-19th century, earlier features cutting
subsoil have survived in this area as well. Additionally, stratigraphic layers survived in
the northern section of the courtyard, between the Raleigh Tavern Laundry and Dairy
structures.
Results
GPR Survey
The GPR time slices identified several anomalies, including the foundations of the 1930s
kitchen wing in the SW quadrant of the excavation. Three test pits (TUs 20, 22 and 29) were
placed to examine localized anomalies in the SE and SW quadrants of the back lot. All three pits
revealed that the anomalies were caused by 20th century utilities.
Test Pit Survey
Of the 29 excavated units, five (TUs 15, 20, 22, 25 and 29) were stopped below topsoil
because they exposed a utility line. The remaining 24 test units contained 131 separate contexts
which were categorized into 17 master contexts (Table 2). The Harris Matrix of the master
context (Figure 13), along with the TPQ of the artifacts found in their associated contexts, shows
that 7 of the master contexts (MC 1-6, 12) were deposited in the 20 th century, while the other 10
were deposited earlier. While the 20th century contexts were similar across the entire site, each
area had its own unique pre-20th century stratigraphy. The 20th century contexts will be discussed
as a group across the entire lot while the earlier contexts will be discussed by more specific
location.
28
�Table 2: Master Contexts
MC
Description
TPQ
1
Modern
Landscaping/Topsoil
Modern
2
20th C. Construction
Fill
1930
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1928-30s
Archaeological
Backfill
Coal Deposit
Pre-Reconstruction
Topsoil
20th C. Utilities and
Planting Holes
Brick Rubble
Pavement
19th C. Mixed
Deposit
Sheet Midden
Transition to Subsoil
Subsoil
Oyster Shell Feature
18th C. Feature
Layer under Brick
Pavement
Marl Path
Layer under Marl
Path
Compact Mixed Soil
Contexts
001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006, 007, 027, 031, 042, 047,
048, 049, 057, 074, 080, 081, 096, 104, 106, 108, 110,
111
009, 010, 011, 012, 013, 015, 016, 017, 021, 025, 030,
032, 034, 036, 042, 045, 050, 051, 052, 054, 056, 058,
059, 061, 062, 069, 070, 078, 079, 082, 084, 087, 088,
089, 090, 091, 097, 098, 099, 100, 105, 107, 109, 112,
113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 123
1913
014, 020, 039, 071, 083, 102, 103, 118, 129
1885
060, 063, 072, 124, 127
1903
019, 026, 044, 067, 073, 086, 092, 119
1930
008, 034, 053, 055, 065, 066
1885
122, 125, 126
1885
018, 022, 029, 040, 046, 085, 095
1805
1807
N/A
1903
1720
068, 077, 093
023, 024, 041, 101
28
75
35
1830
128
N/A
130
1830
131
1805
037, 038, 064
29
�Figure 13: Raleigh Tavern survey Harris Matrix.
30
�20th Century Deposits
The 20th century contexts consisted of a thin layer of landscaping or topsoil (MC 1)
which sealed utility trenches and modern planting holes and a deep disturbance in the
northeastern corner of the enclosed yard (MC 6). The utility trenches cut into construction fill
(MC 2), which consisted of mixed layers of clay, gravel, redeposited topsoil, and brick rubble. In
some places the construction fill lay directly on top of backfill from the excavations in the 1930s
(MC 3), which typically consisted of mixed clumps of dark grey silty loam and redeposited
subsoil with large brick, mortar, coal, and shell inclusions. In areas which were not crosstrenched, the construction fill laid on top of a roughly 10 cm thick layer of dark grey silty loam
with few inclusions, which represented the topsoil build up in the late 19 th and early 20th
centuries across the site (MC 5).
In order to determine if any soil was removed from the surface before the construction fill
was dumped on to the lot, the elevations of the bottom of MC 2 was compared to a topographical
map of the property made in 1929, directly preceding the reconstruction of the property (Figure
14). In every unit that contained construction fill, the elevation of the bottom of the fill in the
NW corner of the unit was calculated by subtracting the thickness of the layers from the
elevation of the surface which was recorded using a total station. The estimated elevation of the
NW corner of the unit on the 1929 topo map was calculated by georeferencing the topo map
using ArcGIS and placing the NW corner points of the units on it. A correction was then applied
to these elevations to account for the difference between the elevation systems used. In most test
units, the elevation at the bottom of the construction fill was within 2 inches of the estimated
1929 elevation of the point (Figure 15). A few inches of soil may have been removed in the NE
corner of the property prior to the deposition of construction fill in post 1930. While TUs 4 and 5
were entirely disturbed by an early 20th century structure, the surrounding three TUs were all at
least .2 ft. deeper than would be expected from the 1929 topo map. The stratigraphy of TUs 9
and 10 confirms this theory as it is the only place in the site where construction fill lay directly
on the 19th C. mixed deposit (MC 8) without an intervening layer of topsoil (MC 5). Even in this
area, only a few inches of soil were removed during the re-construction, indicating that the
majority of the archaeological deposits at this site that were not impacted by the cross-trenching
or 20th century development are preserved.
Two contexts were identified in some test units which were deposited in the early 1900s
on top of the topsoil but beneath the construction fill, a layer of coal (MC 4) and a layer of oyster
shells (MC 12) (Figure 15). MC 4 was identified in TUs 13, 16, 24, and 27, and got thicker, with
larger chunks of coal, in the more southern units. A thin layer of ash was identified at the bottom
of this layer in TUs 13 and 16, which may have extended into TUs 24 and 27, but MC 4 was not
fully excavated in those layers. The topsoil beneath the ash layer layer in both TU 13 and 16
contained fragments of wine bottles manufactured using the turn paste method, which was not
invented until 1870. It is unclear what the ash is associated with but it and the coal on top of it
are associated with the time period when the Lane Store occupied the lot in the early 20 th
century. The coal deposit is likely the remnants of a large coal pile used to heat the store which
was spread throughout the backyard.
31
�Figure 14: 1929 Topographical map of the Raleigh Tavern lot.
32
�Figure 15: Map of 20th century deposits with the difference between the elevation of the bottom of construction fill and the
estimated elevation on the 1929 topo map marked for each test unit.
33
�The other early 20th century deposit is a ~20 cm thick layer of primarily oyster shells
found in TU 7. This test unit is unusual because the bottom of the construction fill (MC 2), which
was also the top of the oyster shell layer (MC 12), was about half a foot higher than the 1929
topographic map indicates. This suggests that this layer was deposited after the reconstruction
but before the main filling episodes. This oyster shell deposit also contained large amounts of
window glass and flat iron pieces which may be related to the reconstruction of the Raleigh
Tavern. By around 1810 almost all of the window glass in the United States began to be
manufactured using the crown method, which produced glass panes with much more consistent
thicknesses than earlier methods. Over the course of the 19 th and early 20th century, windows
installed in structures became larger requiring crown window glass manufacturers to gradually
increase the thickness of their glass (Weiland 2009). Moir (1983) calculated a regression formula
to predict the manufacturing date of window glass made between 1810 and 1920 based on its
thickness. A peak in window glass thickness can indicate episodes of construction and repair
when lots of window glass was purchased at once. The histogram of the window glass
thicknesses from this deposit are dominated by a peak around 1.8 mm (Figure 16). Glass of this
thickness would have been manufactured in the 1860s according to Moir’s formula, indicating
that this deposit is filled with glass installed in structures built to replace the ones which burned
in the 1859 fire which destroyed much of the block.
The pre-20th century deposits varied between the different areas of the site, indicating that
the back of the Raleigh Tavern lot was divided into several different activity areas in the 18 th and
19th centuries. In the following sections, the preserved archaeological deposits in each of the
quadrants will be discussed in turn.
NW Quadrant
Eight test units were excavated in the NW quadrant of the Raleigh Tavern back lot
(Figure 17). TU 15 was stopped beneath topsoil when a utility trench associated with a gas line
installed in 1984 was exposed. TU 3 only encountered 1930s backfill associated with the
excavations within the pier set building “D” under modern construction fill. TU 2 identified the
southern edge of the excavation. The rest of the units in this quadrant contained a 19 th century
mixed deposit (MC 8) beneath the buried topsoil (MC 5) (Figure 18). This layer was typically
about 10-15 cm thick, composed of dark grey silty loam with brick, mortar, and shell flecking.
The increase in inclusions was the only way to distinguish this layer from the buried topsoil
layer. The artifacts recovered from MC 8 included a mixture of artifacts with manufacturing
dates ranging from the early 18th century through the late 19th century, with fragments of
manganese solarized glass providing a TPQ of 1885. The mixed nature of the assemblage
suggests that it may have been disturbed, it is very thin for a plowzone, but perhaps it is the
remnants of the enclosed vegetable garden.
The distribution of artifacts within MC 8, (including where it extends into the NE
Quadrant in TUs 9 and 10) indicates a more intensive and generalized use of the area in the 18 th
century and a less intensive and more proscribed use of the NW quadrant of the back lot in the
19th century (Table 3). Ceramics which were primarily manufactured and/or imported in the 18 th
century, such as tin-enameled ware, white-salt glazed stoneware, Rhenish stoneware, and
34
�Figure 16: Window glass thickness histogram from MC 12.
Table 3: Artifact counts from MC 8 by test unit.
Test
Unit
18th C.
Ceramic
19th C.
Ceramic
Tobacco
Pipe
1
6
7
8
9
10
12
12
17
12
12
6
14
15
5
2
3
7
7
2
4
5
2
5
4
2
3
5
Wine
Bottle
Glass
16
22
15
12
21
31
10
35
Window
Glass
18th C. Nail
19th C.
Nail
6
21
21
36
11
20
12
5
2
4
13
15
3
2
1
4
2
5
17
4
1
�Figure 17: NW Quadrant excavation map.
Figure 18: Typical stratigraphic profile in NW quadrant.
36
�creamware, were recovered in relatively even quantities across the quadrant (Figure 19). In
comparison, fragments of 19th century ceramics, such as whiteware, American stoneware, and
European porcelain were less numerous and most concentrated in TUs 8 and 9, near pier set
structure D (Figure 19). Architectural materials, including window glass and nails, were also
concentrated near structure D, with this pattern holding for both the 18 th century hand wrought
nails and the 19th century machine cut nails (Figure 19). This is another line of evidence
suggesting that Structure D was originally constructed in the 18 th century.
An examination of window glass thickness from MC 8 in TUs 8 and 9 near structure D
reveals four peaks in the distribution, one around .95 mm, one around 1.4 mm, one around 1.8
mm, and one around 2.6 mm (Figure 20). The first and last peaks in the window glass
distribution associated with Building D were too thin and thick respectively to fall within the
1810-1920 date range, suggesting that they were not made using the crown method and are
possibly associated with the late 18th century structure in this area. The other two peaks indicate
that significant construction episodes took place around 1830 and 1863. The earlier of these
episodes falls near the beginning of Period V, when the Raleigh Tavern lost its place as a hub of
Williamsburg’s public life and the pasture and stable were sold off to another buyer. The later of
these episodes seems to correlate with the reconstruction of the property after the fire in 1859.
TUs 3, 6, and 12 came down on undisturbed silty clay subsoil (MC 11) which was topped with a
thin, mottled transitional layer (MC 10) except in areas that were excavated in the 1930s. The
gradual nature of the transition in this area suggests that the pre-reconstruction ground surface
was very stable and was not significantly altered by either natural or cultural forces in this
quadrant. Features cutting into subsoil were identified in TUs 1, 2, 7 and 8. The features in TUs 2
and 8 were sub-rectangular in plan and filled with a dark brown silty loam with few inclusions.
Neither of these features were excavated but they are likely postholes or small storage pits. The
features in TUs 1 and 7 extended beyond the boundaries of the test unit in all directions and were
not fully excavated, so it is unclear what their shape might have been or if they represent a
localized layer rather than a feature. The feature in TU 7 consisted of a dark grey silty loam and
an auger hole indicated that it was at least 10 cm deep, it was not excavated and therefore its date
of deposition is unknown.
The upper 10 cm of the feature in TU 1 (MC 13) was excavated, which consisted of a
brown loamy fill and contained ceramics dating to the first half of the 18 th century, numerous
tobacco pipe and wine glass fragments, and 43 pieces of animal bone. An auger hole indicates
that the feature extends at least another 8 cm into the ground, therefore the feature is at least 18
cm deep. Two tobacco pipe stem fragments with maker’s initials stamped into them were
recovered from MC 13 (Figure 21). One pipe fragment (AH) is stamped with the initials “GE”
inside a circle with a small equilateral cross beneath the letters. The top of this mark is broken
off. This makers mark was placed on the stem of the pipe on top of one of the mold seams, likely
on the top of the stem facing the smoker. The other fragment (AG), has a maker’s mark which
consists of the initials “W_” stamped into a circle with small floral designs above and below the
initials. Half of the mark, containing the second letter in the initials, is broken off. This mark was
37
�Figure 19: Distribution maps of 18th C. and 19th C. nails and ceramics in MC 8.
38
�Figure 20: Window Glass thickness histogram from TU 8 and 9.
Figure 21: Marked tobacco pipe fragments from feature fill in TU 1.
39
�placed on the back of the bowl of the pipe, a few centimeters below the rim, facing the smoker.
Both of these pipes were likely manufactured in the mid-18 th century based on their designs.
Stamped initials on pipe stems were most common between 1680 and 1780 in most of
England, with the notable exception of the Southeastern pipe makers in and around London,
where such marks were rarely applied to pipes (Higgins 2017). According to the list of pipe
makers compiled by Adrian Oswald (1975) only three craftsmen with the initials GE produced
tobacco pipes during this time period: George Efford, who lived in Exeter from 1710-1734,
Gabriel Evens, who lived in Chester in 1767, and George Ebbery, who lived in Bristol from
1721-1781. Of the three pipe makers, George Ebbery is the only one who is known to export his
wares to the American Colonies, which makes him the most likely of the three to have produced
this pipe. However, given the length of Ebbery’s operation, this probable identification does little
to narrow down the manufacturing date range of this artifact.
British pipe makers marked pipe bowls with small round stamps beginning in the 17 th
century and continuing into the 19th century. However, since the pipe bowl’s rim is finished
using the cutting method, which was most common after 1700, and the makers mark was
stamped rather than relief molded, the most common method in the 19 th century, this pipe was
likely manufactured sometime in the 18th century (Higgins 2017). Since the last letter of the
initials on the maker’s mark is illegible, it is not possible to determine who the pipe maker was
and narrow down the manufacturing date range any further.
NE Quadrant
Eight test units were excavated in the NE quadrant of the Raleigh Tavern back lot (Figure
22). The two northernmost test units (TU 4 and 5) encountered a very deep modern disturbance
directly below topsoil and therefore the archaeological potential of this area is unknown.
Trenches associated with the 1930s excavation were identified in TUs 10 and 11 and backfill
associated with the excavation of pier-set structure C was identified in TU 14. The trenches in
TU 10 and 11 extended all the way to subsoil, however they only impacted part of each test unit,
leaving intact stratigraphy in each of them. TU 14 was stopped to prevent damage to tree roots
before subsoil was reached.
The mixed 19th century deposit (MC 8) extended into the northern portion of the NW
quadrant. In both of the units where MC 8 was identified it was directly below construction fill
(MC 2), likely because the topsoil (MC 5) was removed in this area during the re-construction
(See Figure 13). Unlike the mixed deposit in the NW quadrant, this layer sealed a 5-10 cm thick
layer of compacted dark brown silty loam (MC 17) which was capped, in TU 10, with a thin
layer of brick rubble (Figure 23. No mortar was found with the rubble, but the bricks appear to
be handmade. This layer appears to have been capped in the early 19 th century, since most of the
ceramics found within it were manufactured in the 18 th century and the TPQ of 1805 was
provided by machine cut nails.
The mixed deposit does not appear to extend much further south than TU 10, because in
TU 11 the buried topsoil (MC 5) transitions to a layer of dark brown silty loam with significant
brick, mortar, and oyster shell inclusions (MC 9). The large amount and size of artifact and
40
�Figure 22: NE quadrant excavation map.
Figure 23: Typical stratigraphic profile in NE quadrant.
41
�animal bone fragments found in this layer indicates that it is likely a sheet midden, and the mid18th through early 19th century date range of the artifacts found within it suggests that it is related
to the operation of the Raleigh Tavern (Table 4). This layer was identified in TUs 11, 13 and 16
so it is at least 8 meters long, and auger holes suggest that it could be as much as 30 cm thick. In
all three units where the sheet midden was encountered only a few centimeters of the layer was
excavated before the unit was stopped, leaving most of the deposit intact.
The ceramic assemblage recovered from the midden mostly consists of dining wares,
with relatively few utilitarian ceramics and lots of serving wares in styles popular during the
second half of the 18th century. The most common artifact types from the midden were bones (24
fragments) and bottle glass (25 fragments), indicating the prevalence of eating and drinking
related objects within this assemblage. Thus, this sheet midden is filled with artifacts associated
with the Raleigh Tavern between 1742 and 1822, during the height of its popularity.
Table 4: Artifacts recovered from sheet midden.
Material
Artifact Type
Fragment Count
Ceramic
Flowerpot
5
Ceramic
Tobacco pipe
5
Ceramic
Chinese porcelain
5
Ceramic
Courseware
2
Ceramic
Creamware
10
Ceramic
English bone china
1
Ceramic
English delftware
1
Ceramic
English white salt-glazed stoneware
7
Ceramic English scratch blue white salt-glazed stoneware
2
Ceramic
Jackfield-type ware
1
Ceramic
Nottingham stoneware
2
Ceramic
Pearlware
4
Ceramic
Red-bodied slipware
1
Ceramic
Refined Agateware
1
Ceramic
Yorktown-type stoneware
1
Faunal
Bone
24
Glass
Colored glass
3
Glass
Colorless leaded glass
4
Glass
Bottle glass
25
Glass
Window glass
15
Metal
Nail, cut
3
Metal
Nail, indeterminate
11
Mineral
Shale
2
Mineral
Slate
1
42
�Only three units in this quadrant were excavated down to subsoil (TUs 5, 9, and 10), but
one of them, TU 9 contained a feature which cut subsoil. This feature was circular in plan and
was filled with a dark brown silty loam. It was left unexcavated but a complete white ball clay
tobacco pipe bowl was observed within the fill, indicating that it was filled in the 17 th or 18th
century.
SW Quadrant
Only three units were excavated in this quadrant since the majority of the area was
disturbed by the construction, and later destruction, of the kitchen wing in the mid-20 th century
(Figure 24). One unit (TU 20), placed to explore a GPR anomaly, uncovered a plastic utility box
directly below topsoil. While the other two test units (TU 18 and 22) exposed the 1929 ground
surface, neither reached pre-20th century layers due to the depth of 20th century construction fill
in this quadrant (Figure 25). In TU 18 the buried topsoil was significantly disturbed during the
construction of the kitchen wing, but only a small ~10 cm deep trench was excavated into topsoil
in TU 22. For now, all that can be definitely stated is that some archaeological deposits survived
the construction of the 1930s kitchen addition in the far western edge of this quadrant, but much
larger excavation blocks will need to be opened to expose these layers.
SE Quadrant
Six units were excavated in this quadrant, mostly in the small grassy yard in the center of
the area (Figure 26). Two units (TUs 21 and 29), placed to explore GPR anomalies, uncovered a
concrete utility pipe directly below topsoil. These units were not excavated any deeper. As in the
SW quadrant, the depth of construction fill prevented any of the units placed in this area from
being excavated to subsoil. Three units (TUs 17, 19 and 26) only revealed 1930s backfill beneath
construction fill. TUs 17 and 19 were placed within the footprint of pier-set structure B while TU
26 was within a north-south running test trench. Only trench backfill was identified in TU 26
indicating that the 1930s crosstrenches were at least 50 cm wide. An intact portion of the coal
deposit (MC 4) was identified at the very bottom of TU 24, and an auger hole identified between
30 and 40 centimeters of stratigraphy beneath the layer before hitting subsoil (Figure 27).
Therefore, as with the SW quadrant, all that this survey can determine is that some areas of intact
stratigraphy have survived in this area and that larger survey blocks will be necessary to explore
the deposits.
Courtyard
Four units were excavated in the courtyard area between the reconstructed buildings
(Figure 28). One unit (TU 25) uncovered a ceramic drain pipe directly under topsoil. The
stratigraphy of the remaining three test units varied depending on their relationship to the Tavern
structure. TU 27, located north of the tavern structure and adjacent to the reconstructed laundry,
was similar to TU 24, with the coal deposit (MC 4) sealed beneath a thick layer of construction
fill. A deposit of oyster shells underneath the coal layer prevented an auger from determining the
depth of the intact stratigraphy underneath the coal layer. The other two contained a unique
sequence of soil layers (Figure 29).
43
�Figure 24: SW quadrant excavation map.
Figure 25: Typical stratigraphic profile in SW quadrant.
44
�Figure 26: SE quadrant excavation map.
Figure 27: Typical stratigraphic profile in SE quadrant.
45
�Figure 28: Courtyard excavation map.
Figure 29: Typical stratigraphic profile in the Courtyard.
46
�The other two test units (TU 23 and 28) were excavated within the courtyard formed by
the northern and eastern wings of the Raleigh Tavern structure. Both of these units revealed a
pavement made of compacted brick rubble directly beneath 1930s construction fill (MC 7). In
TU 28 this pavement was made with brickbats laid in an irregular pattern and was left
undisturbed (Figure 30), but in TU 23 this layer was simply compacted brick rubble and was
excavated and screened. The rubble pavement was between 12 and 15 centimeters deep and
consisted of dark reddish brown sandy loam packed around brick bats and coal, mortar, and
oyster shell fragments. The artifacts found in the layer suggest that it was deposited sometime in
the late 19th century. Portions of this brick/rubble paving were noted in several places on the
1929 excavation plan, including in the courtyard, near the kitchen foundations, and in the area of
the front porch (Figure 5). Excavators in 1930 removed the brick paving from around the
kitchen, apparently because they discovered that it post-dated the brick foundations, and the
2016 porch excavations determined that the pavement in that area post-dated the demolition of
the porch in the mid-19th century. Thus, it is possible that the entire front of the lot was paved in
the late 19th century, after the Raleigh Tavern burned but before the Lane Store was constructed
on the property.
Beneath the brick pavement in TU 23, three thin, distinct layers were deposited on top of
cut subsoil. The upper layer consisted of dark brown sandy loam with much smaller brick,
mortar, charred wood, coal and shell inclusions than the pavement above (MC 14). The next
layer consisted of marl and burned shell (MC 15), while the last layer consisted of dark reddishbrown silty loam with brick, mortar, coal, and shell inclusions (MC 16). These layers all date to
the mid-19th century based on the artifacts they contain. Therefore, sometime in the mid-1800s,
the soil layers in the area between the Raleigh Tavern and the Kitchen were stripped, a new layer
of soil was deposited, and a marl pathway was constructed. This construction episode was
potentially part of the clean-up of the lot after the tavern burned in 1859. Perhaps a decade or
two later the entire lot was paved with brick rubble, which was soon removed to accommodate
the foundations of the Lane Store.
A feature cutting subsoil was identified in the base of TU 23. The feature was subrectangular in plan and filled with dark brown mottled soil and large brick chunks. An auger hole
indicated that the feature extended at least 10 cm below the base of the unit. While this feature
cannot be accurately dated beyond preceding the soil stripping in the mid-19 th century, it is
possible that it is part of a post-in-ground structure, given that another structure using the same
construction technique was identified on this lot.
Historical Topography
Comparing the modern topography to the 1929 map of the property demonstrates the
significance of the landfilling that has taken place on the Raleigh Tavern property over the last
century. Rather than gradually rising at a constant slope from Nicolson Street to Duke of
Gloucester Street, lot 54 used to lie almost entirely flat across its northern half before sloping up
at a steeper angle to a platform laying along the southern boundary of the property (Figure 14). A
long profile (Figure 31), showing the results of the archaeological excavations from north to
47
�Figure 30: Brick paving at base of 20th C. fill in TU 28.
Figure 31: Long profile with historic ground surfaces marked.
48
�south along the 2440 easting line, demonstrates how the topography flattens out in the NE
quadrant of the back lot. The elevation of the top of subsoil, where it was identified follows the
same slope as the 1929 ground surface, suggesting that the ground surface of the back lot had
been fairly stable for thousands of years before land filling began. Thus, during the operation of
the Raleigh Tavern, the northern half of the lot consisted of a large flat surface while the
courtyard area was more steeply sloped that it currently appears.
Tavern-Era Land Use
Intact stratigraphy and features cutting subsoil survive in the courtyard, SE and SW
quadrants, however due to the depth of the deposits larger excavations will be needed in order to
better understand how these areas were utilized during the tavern-era of the property. However,
this survey has provided evidence for some initial interpretations of tavern-era land use in the NE
and NW quadrants of the property (Figure 32). The modern fence line dividing the back lot into
two separate enclosures, which is based on the representation of the property on the Frenchman’s
Map (Figure 2), does appear to represent a real division, since the stratigraphic profile differs on
each side of the enclosure.
The soil layers in the western enclosure seem to have been churned up in the late 19 th
century, likely by gardening and/or plowing, and it is quite possible that this enclosure’s use as a
garden began as early as the 1730s. A concentration of hand-wrought nails indicates that a
structure was located at or near the pier-set structure D since the 18 th century. A cluster of
smaller features cutting subsoil were identified near structure D in the central northern portion of
the back lot, including at least one feature within the footprint of the pier-set structure,
suggesting that this portion of the lot was heavily used during the operation of the tavern. The
western edge of the lot contains two large features or layers filled with debris which may
represent barrow pits or localized midden deposits. Other than these deposits, however, this
portion of the property has fairly homogeneous stratigraphy and artifact distributions, indicating
that it was used for a single discrete function rather than being divided into separate use-areas.
The eastern enclosure, on the other hand, seems to have been divided into two areas in
the 18 and 19th centuries (Figure 32). The northern portion of the enclosure was covered with a
potentially garden-related mixed deposit in the mid to late 19 th century, similar to the one in the
western enclosure. However, unlike the other side of the property, this layer does not transition
gradually to subsoil, but lays on top of a fairly sterile, packed dirt surface which was capped with
brick rubble at some point in the early 19th century. This area may have been associated with the
“store” which was located behind Raleigh Tavern according to the documentary record.
According to the Frenchman’s Map, the fence line which marked the eastern boundary of the
Raleigh Tavern lot attached to the southeast corner of a small rectangular structure, which may
be the same building whose foundations were identified in the northwestern corner of the
Alexander Craig House lot (Figure 32). If so, then Raleigh tavern deposits may extend 10-15 ft.
east of the current fence line. The southern portion of the eastern enclosure was used as a large
sheet midden in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Since the midden deposits were not fully
excavated, it is not known if there are any earlier deposits in this area.
th
49
�Figure 32: Tavern-era deposits.
50
�The artifacts recovered during the Raleigh Tavern survey from contexts which were not
brought to the site as part of the landfilling operation (including all of the master contexts except
MC 1, 2, 6, and 12) fit the pattern of a tavern assemblage (Table 5). About 40% of the artifacts
recovered from the assemblage were made of glass, and almost 40% of the glass assemblage
consisted of wine bottle glass. Additionally, faunal remains made up about 16% of the site
assemblage, the third most common material type after glass and metal, and tobacco pipes were
fairly well represented at this site, making up about 15% of the ceramic assemblage. These types
of artifacts, associated with eating, drinking and smoking, tend to be particularly well
represented at tavern sites.
Table 5: Raleigh Tavern Artifact Assemblage.
MATERIAL
TYPE
GLASS
TYPE
METAL
TYPE
FAUNAL
TYPE
CERAMIC
TYPE
#
%
Glass
1239
40.6%
Colored
Container
Glass
#
%
137
11.1%
#
%
Copper
Alloy
7
0.9%
#
%
Bone
343
69.0%
Earthenware
#
%
79
16.8%
Metal
748
24.5%
Faunal
497
16.3%
Mineral
95
3.1%
Polymer
4
0.1%
Solarized
Container
Glass
Colorless
Leaded
Glass
Wine
Bottle
Glass
Windo
w Glass
32
2.6%
Colorless
Non-leaded
Container
Glass
51
4.1%
Ceramic
470
15.4%
79
6.4%
469
37.9%
471
38.0%
Iron Alloy
Nail
505
67.5%
Iron Alloy
234
31.3%
Lead
Alloy
2
0.3%
Shell
154
31.0%
Refined
Earthenware
179
38.1%
Stoneware
Porcelain
99
21.1%
39
8.3%
Tobacco
Pipe
68
14.5%
Misc.
6
1.3%
This finding is reinforced by the evidence from the ceramic assemblage. Breaking the ceramics
down by ware type shows the wide variety of 18 th century ceramics which were recovered from
the site (Table 6). The majority (24 of 29) of the ware types had manufacturing date ranges in the
18th century, with 8 distinct ware types identified at the site which were only made between 1720
and 1780. These different ware types were primarily made in dining ware forms, rather than
utilitarian forms, and the richness of ceramic types in the mid-to-late 18 th century speaks to the
51
�variety of dining activities which took place on this property at the time. A graph of the five most
commonly found wares, arranged according to their manufacturing date ranges with the earlier
ware types on the left and the later ware types on the right, show a distinct curve which matches
the rise and fall of the Tavern’s importance (Figure 33). The ware types which were most
popular in the mid-to-late 18th century, during the height of the Raleigh Tavern’s popularity,
were most frequently found during the survey, with earlier and later ceramic types found less
frequently. Therefore, the rate at which ceramic sherds were deposited in the Raleigh Tavern
back lot corresponds to the popularity and importance of the establishment within society.
Table 6: Raleigh Tavern Ceramic Assemblage.
Ware Type
Date Range
Sherd
Count
Midlands purple
North Midlands
slipware
Westerwald
stoneware
English delftware
Staffordshire red
sandy ware
Black-glazed
redware
Chinese porcelain
Fulham-type
stoneware
Staffordshire mottled
ware
Staffordshire brown
stoneware
Nottingham
stoneware
Yorktown-type
coarse earthenware
Yorktown-type
stoneware
English white saltglazed stoneware
Buckley ware
1600-1730
1
1600-1770
1
1600-1775
5
1600-1800
44
1600-1800
5
1600-1830
1
1660-1900
29
1665-1767
3
1680-1780
1
1700-1800
1
1700-1810
5
1720-1750
2
1720-1750
1
1720-1765
65
1720-1775
Date Range
Sherd
Count
Astbury-type ware
Refined Agate
1725-1775
1740-1775
2
3
Whieldon-type
variegated ware
Jackfield-type ware
Wedgwood green ware
1740-1775
1
1740-1780
1759-1775
2
1
Creamware
1762-1830
63
Pearlware
Yellowware
1775-1830
1780-1900
41
13
English bone china
1794-1900
6
Whiteware
1805-1900
39
American stoneware
1806-1900
13
Porcellaneous
1820-1900
2
Bennington/Rockingham
ware
Ironstone or white
granite ware
1830-1900
2
1842-1900
10
2
Ware Type
These analyses show that the majority of the artifacts deposited at the site seem to be
associated with the Raleigh Tavern, particularly during phases IV and V. Large scale excavation
of the lot will therefore provide significant amounts of material culture associated with the midto-late 18th century, when the Tavern was most heavily used as a space for political and
economic deal-making as well as an important node in Williamsburg’s social web.
52
�Figure 33: Relative frequency of popular serving-ware ceramic sherds in the Raleigh Tavern assemblage.
Recommendations
The results of this archaeological survey indicate that there is significant integrity to
archaeological deposits associated with the 18th, 19th, and 20th century history of the property.
These deposits have the ability to answer important questions about the Raleigh Tavern and
provide new data that can be used to better represent the physical and social dynamic of this
important place. Questions that can be addressed with continued archaeological research include:
-
-
-
How was space organized in the tavern’s back lot as it pertains to the labor of the
enslaved people involved with the activities needed to run the tavern? How and where
were gardens, work yards, spaces for horse care, and support structures? How did the
enslaved shape these spaces? How much was shaped by the white tavern keepers and
owners?
How was the space directly outside of the kitchen used? Are there deposits directly
associated with cooking and serving food in the courtyard area?
What were the removed outbuildings used for and were they associated with enslaved
people? Were these buildings quarters and if so what do the archaeological deposits
around them tell us about the personal lives of enslaved people living and working at
the tavern? What other outbuildings existed in the back lot?
Are there deposits that can provide information about the health and well-being of the
tavern’s patrons and residents (i.e. privies)?
53
�-
-
-
-
-
By investigating the middens what can we tell about the types of food being served in
the tavern? How are enslaved cooks and their skills and influences represented in the
food remains? Based on the trash in the middens how was the tavern furnished? How
does the food and material assemblage compare to other taverns in town?
What types of activities other than eating and drinking took place at the tavern? Is
there evidence of games or illicit activities in the back lot? Can differences in use of
space be seen between the front and back of the tavern?
Through the use of environmental analysis what types of plants were growing around
the tavern property? What did the landscape look like in regards to slopes and
vegetation?
What was the sequence of tavern construction and use? Was the small room on the
east end of the tavern really a part of the original building or did it belong to a
separate structure?
How has the landscape changed from the 17th century through the 20th century?
Many of the answers to these questions, in conjunction with research conducted by the
Foundation’s historians, curators, conservators, and interpreters, can provide the information
needed to re-envision the portrayal of 18th century life at the Raleigh Tavern. Archaeological
research also has the potential to provide new architectural information that may be used to more
accurately reconstruct the built environment of the tavern and its associated outbuildings.
Due to the historical significance of the Raleigh Tavern and the confirmed presence of
intact archaeological resources we recommend conducting an interdisciplinary archaeological
research initiative to fully explore the entire lot. We recommend that this initiative be a yearround multi-year program of excavation and research. A first step to this goal will be to develop
an archaeological research design that outlines the research questions to be addressed, the
methodologies for answering those questions, a timeline for work, and an associated budget.
54
�Bibliography
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1981 Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies. Winterthur Portfolio 16
(2/3): 135-196.
CWF Department of Research
1990 A Study of Taverns of Virginia in the Eighteenth-Century with Special Emphasis on
Taverns of Williamsburg. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, Research Report Series,
0164. Williamsburg, VA.
n.d.
Raleigh Tavern. Manuscript, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, VA.
CWF Digital History Center
2008 Raleigh Tavern Data. Manuscript, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg,
VA.
Duke, Francis
1941 Alexander Craig House Archaeological Report, Block 17 Building 5 Lot 55 Area G.
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, Research Report Series, 1345. Williamsburg, VA.
Gibbs, Patricia
1974 Raleigh Tavern. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, Research Report Series,
1349. Williamsburg, VA.
Hening, William Waller
1823 The Statues at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First
Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619, Vol. 3. Thomas Desilver, Philadelphia, PA.
Higgins, David
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1953 Pre-Revolutionary Bakery. History News, 9(1): 4
Klee, Jeffrey
2017 Raleigh Tavern Porch Evidence. Manuscript, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
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Kostro, Mark
2016 Raleigh Update. Manuscript, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, VA.
Leviner, Betty
55
�1990 Raleigh Tavern Historical Report, Block 17 Building 6A. Colonial Williamsburg
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McCartney, Martha
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Williamsburg, VA.
McWilliams, Mary
1941 Raleigh Tavern Historical Report, Block 17 Building 6A Lot 54. Colonial Williamsburg
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Moir, Randall
1982 Windows and pane fragments: Sources of chronological data for historic archaeologists.
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2016
MD.
Interpreting Food at Museums and Historic Sites. Rowman and Littlefield, Lantham,
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1812 Advertisement. Norfolk Gazette and Publick Ledger, 14 Feb:3. Norfolk, VA.
Oswald, Adrian
1975
Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist. British Archaeological Reports, 14(1).
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1818 No title. Petersburg Intelligencer, 20 July:3. Petersburg, VA.
Richmond Enquirer
56
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1850 Election Results. Enquirer, 30 April: 1. Richmond, VA.
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57
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
1
1
Context
5
11
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
1
2
1903 17BD-00011-AA
1 colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00011-AB
17BD-00011-AC
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00011-AF
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00011-AG
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00011-AH
2
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00011-AI
17BD-00011-AJ
17BD-00011-AK
2
1
17BD-00011-AE
21
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, crown cap,
green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00011-AD
1
1
1
1
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, over 4 inches
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
bone, faunal specimen
1885 17BD-00021-AA
2
17BD-00021-AB
1
17BD-00021-AC
1
17BD-00021-AD
1
17BD-00021-AE
1
17BD-00021-AF
1
17BD-00021-AG
1
17BD-00021-AH
1
17BD-00021-AI
1
17BD-00021-AJ
1
17BD-00021-AK
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, green
North Midlands slipware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
coarseware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, scratched and filled, painted
underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, plate,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Page 1 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00021-AL
1
17BD-00021-AM
1
17BD-00021-AN
1
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00021-AO
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00021-AP
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00021-AQ
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00021-AR
1
colorless leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00021-AS
7
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00021-AT
2
17BD-00021-AU
2
colorless non-leaded glass, bottle,
indeterminate
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00021-AV
1
17BD-00021-AW
1
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, pressed, molded design
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00021-AX
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, down-tooled
17BD-00021-AY
2
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00021-AZ
15
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00021-BA
4
glass, window glass
17BD-00021-BB
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00021-BC
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched
17BD-00021-BD
7
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00021-BE
17BD-00021-BF
17BD-00021-BG
4
1
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
copper alloy, tack, upholstery
brick, bricketage
17BD-00021-BH
1
coal
17BD-00021-BI
13
bone, faunal specimen
Page 2 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
1
Context
25
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
2
1885 17BD-00025-AA
1 colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00025-AB
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00025-AE
5
1
17BD-00025-AD
26
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00025-AC
1
1
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
1892 17BD-00026-AA
1
colorless leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00026-AB
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00026-AC
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00026-AD
1
17BD-00026-AE
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, embossed
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00026-AF
1
17BD-00026-AG
6
17BD-00026-AH
1
17BD-00026-AI
17BD-00026-AJ
17BD-00026-AK
2
2
2
17BD-00026-AL
1
17BD-00026-AM
3
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00026-AN
1
iron alloy, wire, indeterminate
17BD-00026-AO
2
iron alloy, wire, indeterminate
17BD-00026-AP
23
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00026-AQ
1
wood
17BD-00026-AR
3
bone, faunal specimen
Page 3 of 93
manganese solarized glass, container,
indeterminate, machine-made
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, crown cap,
green
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00026-AS
1
29
8
6
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1885 17BD-00029-AA
1
17BD-00029-AB
3
17BD-00029-AC
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
tin enamelled ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00029-AD
1
17BD-00029-AE
1
17BD-00029-AF
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00029-AG
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00029-AH
1
whiteware, lid, indeterminate, undecorated
17BD-00029-AI
1
17BD-00029-AJ
1
17BD-00029-AK
1
17BD-00029-AL
1
17BD-00029-AM
2
17BD-00029-AN
1
North Midlands slipware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Staffordshire red sandy ware, ceramic,
indeterminate
Staffordshire red sandy ware, ceramic,
indeterminate
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American blue and gray stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, blue
17BD-00029-AO
1
17BD-00029-AP
1
17BD-00029-AQ
1
17BD-00029-AR
1
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, molded
design
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00029-AS
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00029-AT
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
Page 4 of 93
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, plate, indeterminate, undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00029-AU
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00029-AX
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00029-AY
16
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00029-AZ
6
glass, window glass
17BD-00029-BA
1
17BD-00029-BB
3
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00029-BC
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00029-BD
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00029-BE
17BD-00029-BF
17BD-00029-BG
13
3
17BD-00029-AW
35
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00029-AV
1
1
6
21
7
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
bone, faunal specimen
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1720 17BD-00035-AA
1
17BD-00035-AB
1
17BD-00035-AC
1
17BD-00035-AD
1
17BD-00035-AE
1
17BD-00035-AF
1
17BD-00035-AG
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Refined Agate, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, cordoned
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, red
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, stamped
17BD-00035-AH
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, stamped
17BD-00035-AI
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00035-AJ
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
Page 5 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00035-AK
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00035-AL
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00035-AM
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00035-AN
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00035-AO
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, V-tooled
17BD-00035-AP
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, down-tooled
17BD-00035-AQ
22
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00035-AR
5
glass, window glass
17BD-00035-AS
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00035-AT
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00035-AU
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00035-AV
14
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00035-AW
1
shell plaster, plaster, architectural
17BD-00035-AX
1
bog iron
17BD-00035-AY
3
shale
17BD-00035-AZ
43
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00035-BA
7
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1
21
2
1885 OBJ-17BD-00005
copper alloy, tack, upholstery
2
2
69
71
2
3
1913 17BD-00071-AA
1
17BD-00071-AB
1
17BD-00071-AC
1
17BD-00071-AD
1
Page 6 of 93
creamware, plate, indeterminate, molded
design
Refined Agate, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design
Yorktown-type coarse earthenware, ceramic,
indeterminate
English bone china, hollow form, molded design
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00071-AE
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00071-AF
3
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00071-AG
4
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00071-AH
1
17BD-00071-AI
17BD-00071-AJ
17BD-00071-AK
1
12
4
manganese solarized glass, container,
indeterminate, molded design
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
17BD-00071-AL
17BD-00071-AM
1
1
iron alloy, unidentified object
copper alloy, pipe, plumbing or drainage
17BD-00071-AN
1
copper alloy, attachment plate
17BD-00071-AO
1
17BD-00071-AP
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00071-AQ
8
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00071-AR
1
plastic, package or wrap
OBJ-17BD-00009
OBJ-17BD-00010
3
3
3
6
10
12
1
2
2
copper alloy, pipe, plumbing or drainage
copper alloy, attachment plate
1913 17BD-00012-AA
1
17BD-00012-AB
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, cordoned
ceramic, pipe, drainage (ceramic)
17BD-00012-AC
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00012-AD
2
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00012-AE
3
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00012-AF
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00012-AG
4
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
Page 7 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00012-AH
3
1
2
1
copper alloy, sheet metal
oyster shell, shell (organic)
rubber, processed, unidentified object
17BD-00012-AL
17BD-00012-AM
20
iron alloy, wire, indeterminate
17BD-00012-AI
17BD-00012-AJ
17BD-00012-AK
3
1
1
1
plastic, package or wrap, blue
plastic, package or wrap, clear or uncolored
1805 17BD-00020-AA
1
17BD-00020-AB
1
17BD-00020-AC
2
17BD-00020-AD
1
17BD-00020-AE
1
17BD-00020-AF
2
17BD-00020-AG
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Astbury-type ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Westerwald stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, stamped, painted underglaze,
blue
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
Albany slip
ceramic, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
17BD-00020-AH
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00020-AI
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00020-AJ
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00020-AK
2
17BD-00020-AL
1
17BD-00020-AM
1
17BD-00020-AN
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, embossed
colorless non-leaded glass, container,
indeterminate
colorless non-leaded glass, container,
indeterminate
colorless non-leaded glass, flat glass
17BD-00020-AO
1
17BD-00020-AP
1
17BD-00020-AQ
2
Page 8 of 93
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, embossed,
amber
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00020-AR
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00020-AU
10
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00020-AV
15
glass, window glass
17BD-00020-AW
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00020-AX
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00020-AY
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00020-AZ
7
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00020-BA
1
coal
17BD-00020-BB
3
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
17BD-00020-BC
1
quartzite, debitage
17BD-00020-BD
10
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00020-BE
11
1
6
3
17BD-00020-AT
28
2
34
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, green
17BD-00020-AS
3
4
4
1
3
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1903 17BD-00034-AA
4
17BD-00034-AB
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00034-AC
1
whiteware, hollow form, molded design
17BD-00034-AD
1
17BD-00034-AE
1
17BD-00034-AF
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, transfer printed overglaze,
brown
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design, painted
underglaze, blue
Page 9 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00034-AG
1
17BD-00034-AH
1
17BD-00034-AI
1
17BD-00034-AJ
2
red-bodied slipware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
coarseware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00034-AK
4
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00034-AL
17BD-00034-AM
1
1
17BD-00034-AN
2
17BD-00034-AO
5
colorless non-leaded glass, table glass
colorless non-leaded glass, container,
indeterminate, machine-made, molded design,
embossed
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, machine-made
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00034-AP
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00034-AQ
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00034-AR
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00034-AS
3
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00034-AT
1
17BD-00034-AU
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, two piece
mold, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00034-AV
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00034-AW
7
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00034-AX
28
glass, window glass
17BD-00034-AY
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00034-AZ
1
17BD-00034-BA
1
17BD-00034-BB
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
Page 10 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00034-BC
6
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00034-BD
4
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00034-BE
17BD-00034-BF
17BD-00034-BG
1
1
1
iron alloy, bottle closure, crown cap
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
17BD-00034-BH
2
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00034-BI
17BD-00034-BJ
17BD-00034-BK
1
1
3
iron alloy, unidentified object
copper alloy, unidentified object
brick, bricketage
17BD-00034-BL
1
plaster, plaster, architectural, painted, white
17BD-00034-BM
1
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
17BD-00034-BN
5
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00034-BO
4
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00034-BP
1
ceramic, pipe, drainage (ceramic)
OBJ-17BD-00006
5
8
1
6
1600 17BD-00001-AA
1
black-glazed redware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00001-AB
5
1
copper alloy, unidentified object
1
glass, window glass
1930 17BD-00008-AA
1
17BD-00008-AB
4
17BD-00008-AC
1
17BD-00008-AD
1
17BD-00008-AE
4
17BD-00008-AF
1
17BD-00008-AG
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, plate, indeterminate, molded
design
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, plate, indeterminate, shell edge,
painted underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, purple
Page 11 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
17BD-00008-AH
1
17BD-00008-AI
1
17BD-00008-AJ
1
17BD-00008-AK
1
17BD-00008-AL
1
17BD-00008-AM
1
17BD-00008-AN
2
17BD-00008-AO
2
17BD-00008-AP
1
17BD-00008-AQ
1
17BD-00008-AR
1
17BD-00008-AS
1
17BD-00008-AT
1
17BD-00008-AU
1
17BD-00008-AV
1
17BD-00008-AW
1
17BD-00008-AX
1
17BD-00008-AY
2
17BD-00008-AZ
1
17BD-00008-BA
1
Page 12 of 93
Artifact Description
pearlware, hollow form, transfer printed
underglaze, stippled, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, slip
decorated, green
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, slip
decorated, brown
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
red-bodied slipware, hollow form, slip
decorated, yellow
coarse agate ware, ceramic, indeterminate
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, scratched and filled, debased,
painted underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, scratched and filled, painted
underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
black basalt, hollow form, engine-turned
Westerwald stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00008-BB
1
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, clear or uncolored
17BD-00008-BC
1
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, clear or uncolored
17BD-00008-BD
1
17BD-00008-BE
1
17BD-00008-BF
1
17BD-00008-BG
1
17BD-00008-BH
1
17BD-00008-BI
1
17BD-00008-BJ
3
Chinese porcelain, hollow form, painted
underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, hollow form, painted
underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, plate, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00008-BK
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00008-BL
1
17BD-00008-BM
1
colorless leaded glass, container,
indeterminate, molded design
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00008-BN
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00008-BO
2
17BD-00008-BP
1
colorless non-leaded glass, container,
indeterminate, machine-made, molded design,
embossed
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, molded design, embossed
17BD-00008-BQ
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, machine-made, molded design
17BD-00008-BR
10
colorless non-leaded glass, flat glass
17BD-00008-BS
10
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00008-BT
1
17BD-00008-BU
3
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, molded design
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
Page 13 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00008-BV
1
17BD-00008-BW
9
17BD-00008-BX
1
17BD-00008-BY
1
17BD-00008-BZ
17BD-00008-CA
6
1
17BD-00008-CB
1
17BD-00008-CC
1
17BD-00008-CD
2
colored glass, container, indeterminate,
embossed, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, molded
design, embossed, green
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, crown cap,
green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00008-CE
17BD-00008-CF
17BD-00008-CG
1
3
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, other color
17BD-00008-CH
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, down-tooled
17BD-00008-CI
1
17BD-00008-CJ
17BD-00008-CK
16
24
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, hand tooled
finish
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
17BD-00008-CL
17BD-00008-CM
1
2
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00008-CN
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00008-CO
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00008-CP
3
17BD-00008-CQ
1
17BD-00008-CR
2
17BD-00008-CS
17BD-00008-CT
17BD-00008-CU
6
3
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
iron alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
Page 14 of 93
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade, amber
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00008-CV
20
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00008-CW
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00008-CX
6
copper alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
17BD-00008-CY
1
copper alloy, coin, American, penny, embossed
17BD-00008-CZ
17BD-00008-DA
3
1
brick, bricketage
coal
17BD-00008-DB
10
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00008-DC
1
clam shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00008-DD
4
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00008-DE
1
asbestos, processed, tile, roofing
17BD-00008-DF
4
asbestos, processed, tile, indeterminate
OBJ-17BD-00001
5
6
6
23
4
9
10
1
2
copper alloy, coin, American, penny, embossed
1850 17BD-00009-AA
1
17BD-00009-AB
1
17BD-00009-AC
1
17BD-00009-AD
1
17BD-00009-AE
1
17BD-00009-AF
1
17BD-00009-AG
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00009-AH
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00009-AI
17BD-00009-AJ
1
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
Page 15 of 93
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, other color
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00009-AK
17BD-00009-AL
17BD-00009-AM
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
1
copper alloy, sheet metal, cut
2
slag or clinker
17BD-00009-AV
1
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00009-AW
4
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1850 17BD-00015-AA
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00015-AB
2
brick, bricketage
17BD-00016-AA
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00016-AB
5
9
17BD-00009-AU
19
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00009-AT
6
1
17BD-00009-AS
2
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00009-AR
16
1
17BD-00009-AQ
6
2
17BD-00009-AP
2
3
17BD-00009-AO
15
1
5
17BD-00009-AN
6
1
1
bone, faunal specimen
1885 17BD-00019-AA
1
17BD-00019-AB
1
tin enamelled ware, detached glaze, painted
underglaze, orange
tin enamelled ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00019-AC
1
whiteware, hollow form, undecorated
17BD-00019-AD
2
17BD-00019-AE
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Buckley ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00019-AF
1
Page 16 of 93
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, other
color
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00019-AG
1
17BD-00019-AH
1
17BD-00019-AI
1
17BD-00019-AJ
3
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00019-AK
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00019-AL
17BD-00019-AM
1
1
ceramic, marble, toy, unglazed
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00019-AN
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00019-AO
4
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00019-AP
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00019-AQ
1
glass, bottle, wine, cylindrical, turn paste
17BD-00019-AR
101 glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, turn paste
17BD-00019-AS
2
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00019-AT
36
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00019-AU
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00019-AV
13
glass, window glass
17BD-00019-AW
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00019-AX
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00019-AY
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00019-AZ
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00019-BA
1
17BD-00019-BB
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00019-BC
1
Page 17 of 93
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00019-BD
iron alloy, wire, indeterminate
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
5
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00019-BI
17BD-00019-BJ
17BD-00019-BK
97
1
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
iron alloy, unidentified object
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00019-BL
17BD-00019-BM
1
1
copper alloy, cartridge case, rim fire
brick, bricketage, hand-made
17BD-00019-BN
1
slag or clinker
17BD-00019-BO
13
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00019-BP
8
1
1
1
17BD-00019-BH
22
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00019-BE
17BD-00019-BF
17BD-00019-BG
6
26
4
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1830 17BD-00022-AA
6
17BD-00022-AB
3
17BD-00022-AC
1
17BD-00022-AD
1
17BD-00022-AE
3
17BD-00022-AF
1
17BD-00022-AG
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
red-bodied slipware, hollow form, slip
decorated, other color
Midlands purple, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00022-AH
1
17BD-00022-AI
1
17BD-00022-AJ
1
17BD-00022-AK
2
17BD-00022-AL
1
Page 18 of 93
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Nottingham stoneware, hollow form, cordoned
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00022-AM
17BD-00022-AN
1
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, cordoned
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00022-AQ
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00022-AR
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00022-AS
1
17BD-00022-AT
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00022-AU
1
17BD-00022-AV
8
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00022-AW
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00022-AX
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00022-AY
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00022-AZ
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00022-BA
2
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00022-BB
20
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00022-BC
20
glass, window glass
17BD-00022-BD
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00022-BE
17BD-00022-BF
17BD-00022-BG
1
1
12
brick, bricketage, salt glaze
chert, debitage
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00022-BH
10
1
17BD-00022-AP
24
1
17BD-00022-AO
6
1
3
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1762 17BD-00024-AA
1
tin enamelled ware, ceramic, indeterminate
Page 19 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00024-AB
1
17BD-00024-AC
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00024-AD
1
glass, window glass
6
9
2
1850 OBJ-17BD-00002
copper alloy, sheet metal, cut
7
62
2
1885 17BD-00062-AA
1
17BD-00062-AB
3
17BD-00062-AC
1
17BD-00062-AD
1
17BD-00062-AE
1
17BD-00062-AF
1
17BD-00062-AG
1
17BD-00062-AH
1
17BD-00062-AI
1
17BD-00062-AJ
1
17BD-00062-AK
1
17BD-00062-AL
3
17BD-00062-AM
1
17BD-00062-AN
1
manganese solarized glass, bottle,
indeterminate, crown cap
colored glass, canning jar, lid liner, embossed,
white
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00062-AO
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00062-AP
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00062-AQ
13
glass, window glass
Page 20 of 93
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, scratched and filled, debased,
painted underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, rouletted
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, platter or dish, painted
underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English soft paste porcelain, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design, painted
underglaze, blue
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00062-AR
17BD-00062-AS
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
1
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
17BD-00062-AV
1
copper alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
17BD-00062-AW
1
copper alloy, button, one piece, stamped
17BD-00062-AX
1
copper alloy, wire, indeterminate
17BD-00062-AY
3
brick, bricketage, machine-made
17BD-00062-AZ
1
quartzite, debitage
17BD-00062-BA
4
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00062-BB
12
9
17BD-00062-AU
75
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00062-AT
7
2
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1903 17BD-00075-AA
1
17BD-00075-AB
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, plate, indeterminate, undecorated
17BD-00075-AC
1
whiteware, hollow form, undecorated
17BD-00075-AD
1
17BD-00075-AE
1
17BD-00075-AF
2
17BD-00075-AG
1
17BD-00075-AH
1
17BD-00075-AI
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Bennington/Rockingham ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design, painted
underglaze, brown
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
Batavian
colorless leaded glass, tumbler, empontilled
17BD-00075-AJ
3
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00075-AK
12
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
Page 21 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00075-AL
2
17BD-00075-AM
7
manganese solarized glass, bottle,
indeterminate, crown cap
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00075-AN
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
17BD-00075-AO
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00075-AP
2
colored glass, container, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00075-AQ
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00075-AR
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00075-AS
3
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00075-AT
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00075-AU
105 glass, window glass
17BD-00075-AV
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00075-AW
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00075-AX
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00075-AY
3
17BD-00075-AZ
2
17BD-00075-BA
2
17BD-00075-BB
28
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00075-BC
30
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00075-BD
20
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00075-BE
17BD-00075-BF
17BD-00075-BG
1
5
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
iron alloy, sheet metal
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00075-BH
1
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00075-BI
1
copper alloy, washer, round
Page 22 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
17BD-00075-BJ
17BD-00075-BK
7
85
8
17BD-00075-BL
1844 17BD-00085-AA
17BD-00085-AB
17BD-00085-AC
17BD-00085-AD
3
1
Artifact Description
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
clam shell, shell (organic)
175 oyster shell, shell (organic)
4 creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
1 pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
1 whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
1 black-glazed redware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00085-AE
1
17BD-00085-AF
1
17BD-00085-AG
1
17BD-00085-AH
4
17BD-00085-AI
1
17BD-00085-AJ
1
17BD-00085-AK
1
17BD-00085-AL
1
17BD-00085-AM
1
17BD-00085-AN
2
Staffordshire mottled ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, incised
Staffordshire red sandy ware, ceramic,
indeterminate
coarseware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Westerwald stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, sprig molded, painted
underglaze, blue
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
porcellaneous, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00085-AO
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00085-AP
1
17BD-00085-AQ
1
17BD-00085-AR
1
17BD-00085-AS
6
ceramic, tobacco pipe, domestic nonChesapeake, undecorated
porcelain, button, one piece, Prosser molded,
white
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate,
molded design
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00085-AT
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
Page 23 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00085-AU
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00085-AV
15
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00085-AW
21
glass, window glass
17BD-00085-AX
3
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00085-AY
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00085-AZ
1
17BD-00085-BA
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00085-BB
7
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00085-BC
4
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00085-BD
17BD-00085-BE
17BD-00085-BF
17BD-00085-BG
7
62
2
copper alloy, bottle closure, wine bottle wire
6
1
1
1885 OBJ-17BD-00007
bone, faunal specimen
oyster shell, shell (organic)
unidentified organic
copper alloy, button, one piece, stamped
OBJ-17BD-00008
copper alloy, wire, indeterminate
7
75
12
1903 OBJ-17BD-00011
copper alloy, washer, round
8
8
31
32
1
2
1850 17BD-00032-AA
1
tin enamelled ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00032-AB
1
17BD-00032-AC
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, hand tooled
finish
glass, window glass
17BD-00032-AD
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00032-AE
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00032-AF
4
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00032-AG
3
oyster shell, shell (organic)
Page 24 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
8
Context
36
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
2
1903 17BD-00036-AA
1 pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00036-AB
1 yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00036-AC
1 refined earthenware, indeterminate, hollow
form, painted underglaze, green
17BD-00036-AD
2 colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00036-AE
1
2
1
11
2
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00036-AN
2
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1850 17BD-00042-AA
1
17BD-00042-AB
1
English bone china, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00042-AC
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00042-AD
5
1
colored glass, container, indeterminate,
machine-made
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00036-AL
17BD-00036-AM
44
1
17BD-00036-AI
17BD-00036-AJ
17BD-00036-AK
8
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00036-AH
2
1
17BD-00036-AG
42
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00036-AF
8
2
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
1903 17BD-00044-AA
1
ceramic, marble, toy
17BD-00044-AB
1
17BD-00044-AC
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, machine-made
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00044-AD
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00044-AE
25
glass, window glass
17BD-00044-AF
6
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
Page 25 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00044-AG
46
8
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00044-AH
8
4
2
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1885 17BD-00046-AA
1
17BD-00046-AB
4
17BD-00046-AC
1
17BD-00046-AD
1
17BD-00046-AE
1
17BD-00046-AF
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
tin enamelled ware, detached glaze,
undecorated
Wedgwood green ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design, painted
underglaze, green
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, linear, black
creamware, hollow form, undecorated
17BD-00046-AG
2
17BD-00046-AH
1
17BD-00046-AI
1
17BD-00046-AJ
1
17BD-00046-AK
1
17BD-00046-AL
4
17BD-00046-AM
1
17BD-00046-AN
2
17BD-00046-AO
1
17BD-00046-AP
1
17BD-00046-AQ
1
17BD-00046-AR
1
17BD-00046-AS
1
Page 26 of 93
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, plate, indeterminate, shell edge,
painted underglaze, green
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
pearlware, plate, indeterminate, undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate, annular,
polychrome
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00046-AT
1
17BD-00046-AU
2
English bone china, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00046-AV
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00046-AW
1
17BD-00046-AX
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, domestic nonChesapeake, undecorated
colorless leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00046-AY
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00046-AZ
1
colorless non-leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00046-BA
2
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00046-BB
1
17BD-00046-BC
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00046-BD
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00046-BE
17BD-00046-BF
17BD-00046-BG
1
11
36
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
17BD-00046-BH
1
17BD-00046-BI
7
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00046-BJ
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00046-BK
3
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00046-BL
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched
17BD-00046-BM
1
17BD-00046-BN
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00046-BO
1
17BD-00046-BP
39
Page 27 of 93
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00046-BQ
5
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1930 17BD-00017-AA
1
1
17BD-00017-AC
1
17BD-00017-AD
1
whiteware, hollow form, transfer printed
underglaze, stippled, green
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00017-AE
1
colorless leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00017-AF
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00017-AG
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00017-AH
2
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00017-AI
17BD-00017-AJ
17BD-00017-AK
3
8
1
17BD-00017-AL
17BD-00017-AM
9
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00017-AN
3
copper alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
17BD-00017-AO
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00017-AP
2
13
bog iron
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
unidentified stone or mineral, stone,
unmodified
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00017-AB
30
1
4
1
17BD-00046-BW
9
coal
17BD-00046-BV
1
2
1
17BD-00046-BS
17BD-00046-BT
17BD-00046-BU
7
17
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00046-BR
9
9
9
1
asbestos, processed, tile, indeterminate
1805 17BD-00030-AA
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Page 28 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00030-AB
17BD-00030-AC
1
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
Chinese porcelain, plate, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, mold blown
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00030-AF
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00030-AG
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00030-AH
3
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00030-AI
17BD-00030-AJ
1
1
17BD-00030-AK
25
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00030-AL
17BD-00030-AM
1
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
bog iron
17BD-00030-AN
1
shale
17BD-00030-AO
1
chert, debitage
17BD-00030-AP
8
1
17BD-00030-AE
40
1
17BD-00030-AD
9
1
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1885 17BD-00040-AA
1
17BD-00040-AB
1
17BD-00040-AC
1
17BD-00040-AD
2
17BD-00040-AE
1
17BD-00040-AF
1
17BD-00040-AG
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate, slip
decorated, blue
ironstone or white granite ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
coarse agate ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00040-AH
1
Page 29 of 93
English white salt-glazed stoneware, plate,
indeterminate, undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00040-AI
1
17BD-00040-AJ
1
17BD-00040-AK
1
17BD-00040-AL
1
17BD-00040-AM
1
17BD-00040-AN
1
17BD-00040-AO
1
17BD-00040-AP
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
Albany slip
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00040-AQ
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00040-AR
1
17BD-00040-AS
1
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
colorless leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00040-AT
7
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00040-AU
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00040-AV
2
17BD-00040-AW
3
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, molded design
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00040-AX
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00040-AY
5
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00040-AZ
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00040-BA
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, turn paste
17BD-00040-BB
1
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00040-BC
20
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00040-BD
11
glass, window glass
Page 30 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00040-BE
1
17BD-00040-BF
8
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00040-BG
6
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00040-BH
1
17BD-00040-BI
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched
17BD-00040-BJ
5
17BD-00040-BK
4
17BD-00040-BL
3
17BD-00040-BM
1
17BD-00040-BN
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00040-BO
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00040-BP
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00040-BQ
56
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00040-BR
11
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00040-BS
17BD-00040-BT
17BD-00040-BU
1
1
4
iron alloy, unidentified object
brick, bricketage, hand-made, salt glaze
brick, bricketage
17BD-00040-BV
9
coal
17BD-00040-BW
1
slag or clinker
17BD-00040-BX
1
shale
17BD-00040-BY
17BD-00040-BZ
17BD-00040-CA
2
1
17
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
chert, stone, unmodified
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00040-CB
1
clam shell, shell (organic)
Page 31 of 93
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00040-CC
2
glass, window glass
1
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
1
1
17BD-00064-AI
17BD-00064-AJ
1893 17BD-00003-AA
1
1
1
1
17BD-00003-AC
1
17BD-00003-AD
1
17BD-00003-AE
2
3
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00003-AB
13
14
1
17BD-00064-AH
10
10
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00064-AG
1
1
17BD-00064-AF
3
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00064-AE
10
1
17BD-00064-AD
17
1805 17BD-00064-AA
17BD-00064-AC
64
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00064-AB
9
7
1
1913 17BD-00014-AA
1
17BD-00014-AB
1
17BD-00014-AC
3
17BD-00014-AD
1
17BD-00014-AE
1
17BD-00014-AF
1
Page 32 of 93
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
brick, bricketage
bone, faunal specimen
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate, annular,
blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design
porcelain, button, one piece, Prosser molded,
blue
manganese solarized glass, jar, burst-off and
ground
glass, window glass
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, shell edge,
painted underglaze, green
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00014-AG
1
Bennington/Rockingham ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, brown
17BD-00014-AH
1
Buckley ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00014-AI
1
17BD-00014-AJ
2
17BD-00014-AK
1
17BD-00014-AL
1
17BD-00014-AM
1
17BD-00014-AN
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, bead and reel
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
engobe, other color
Chinese porcelain, hollow form, painted
overglaze, red
porcelain, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, Applied Decoration, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00014-AO
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00014-AP
4
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00014-AQ
1
17BD-00014-AR
1
17BD-00014-AS
1
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, machine-made
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, two piece
mold, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00014-AT
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00014-AU
4
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00014-AV
12
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00014-AW
1
glass, bottle, case, indeterminate
17BD-00014-AX
16
glass, window glass
17BD-00014-AY
3
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00014-AZ
2
17BD-00014-BA
1
17BD-00014-BB
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches,
clinched
Page 33 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00014-BC
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, over 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00014-BF
17BD-00014-BG
1
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, over 4 inches
iron alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
17BD-00014-BH
5
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00014-BI
17BD-00014-BJ
17BD-00014-BK
1
1
1
iron alloy, snarge
iron alloy, sheet metal
mortar, mortar, architectural
17BD-00014-BL
17BD-00014-BM
1
1
mortar, mortar, architectural
quartzite, debitage
17BD-00014-BN
21
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00014-BO
18
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00014-BP
8
3
17BD-00014-BE
18
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00014-BD
10
1
1
plastic, package or wrap, blue
1828 17BD-00018-AA
1
17BD-00018-AB
1
17BD-00018-AC
1
17BD-00018-AD
3
17BD-00018-AE
1
17BD-00018-AF
1
17BD-00018-AG
1
17BD-00018-AH
1
17BD-00018-AI
1
English delftware, hollow form, painted
underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, brown
17BD-00018-AJ
1
Page 34 of 93
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00018-AK
1
17BD-00018-AL
1
17BD-00018-AM
1
17BD-00018-AN
1
17BD-00018-AO
1
17BD-00018-AP
1
17BD-00018-AQ
1
17BD-00018-AR
1
17BD-00018-AS
1
17BD-00018-AT
1
17BD-00018-AU
1
17BD-00018-AV
1
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00018-AW
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00018-AX
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00018-AY
1
colorless leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00018-AZ
3
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00018-BA
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00018-BB
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00018-BC
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00018-BD
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, down-tooled
17BD-00018-BE
17BD-00018-BF
2
28
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
Page 35 of 93
Yorktown-type coarse earthenware, ceramic,
indeterminate
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, scratched and filled, painted
underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, plate,
indeterminate, bead and reel
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Fulham-type stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, cordoned, painted underglaze,
purple
Fulham-type stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, engobe
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, polychrome
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00018-BG
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
1
17BD-00018-BJ
1
17BD-00018-BK
2
17BD-00018-BL
17BD-00018-BM
10
4
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00018-BN
1
copper alloy, attachment plate
17BD-00018-BO
1
lead alloy, shot, indeterminate
17BD-00018-BP
1
brick, bricketage, hand-made, salt glaze
17BD-00018-BQ
2
brick, bricketage, hand-made
17BD-00018-BR
4
coal
17BD-00018-BS
17BD-00018-BT
17BD-00018-BU
2
1
42
shale
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00018-BV
2
clam shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00018-BW
17
3
17BD-00018-BI
37
glass, window glass
17BD-00018-BH
10
20
23
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1650 17BD-00037-AA
1
17BD-00037-AB
1
17BD-00037-AC
1
17BD-00037-AD
3
Chinese porcelain, plate, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, polychrome
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, red
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00037-AE
2
glass, window glass
17BD-00037-AF
1
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00037-AG
1
bone, faunal specimen
Page 36 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
10
Context
38
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
17
1805 17BD-00038-AA
1 tin enamelled ware, detached glaze,
undecorated
17BD-00038-AB
1 whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00038-AC
1 English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
17BD-00038-AD
1 glass, window glass
17BD-00038-AE
17BD-00038-AF
41
18
10
5
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00038-AG
10
10
1
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
45
1
lead alloy, shot, indeterminate
2
17BD-00043-AA
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00043-AB
11
43
copper alloy, attachment plate
OBJ-17BD-00004
11
1828 OBJ-17BD-00003
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
1775 17BD-00045-AA
1
17BD-00045-AB
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00045-AC
1
17BD-00045-AD
1
17BD-00045-AE
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
colorless non-leaded glass, bottle,
indeterminate
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00045-AF
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00045-AG
1
17BD-00045-AH
1
colored glass, bottle, pharmaceutical, hand
tooled finish, green
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00045-AI
17BD-00045-AJ
17BD-00045-AK
8
1
2
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00045-AL
1
brick, bricketage
Page 37 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
11
Context
56
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
2
1840 17BD-00056-AA
1 pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
17BD-00056-AB
1 porcelain, button, one piece, Prosser molded,
white
17BD-00056-AC
2 glass, window glass
17BD-00056-AD
17BD-00056-AE
6
2
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00065-AA
1
1
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
coarseware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
2
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00065-AF
66
76
3
17BD-00065-AE
11
11
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00065-AD
6
1
17BD-00065-AC
65
2
17BD-00061-AA
17BD-00065-AB
11
61
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00061-AB
11
1
1
bone, faunal specimen
1885 17BD-00076-AA
1
17BD-00076-AB
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00076-AC
1
17BD-00076-AD
1
17BD-00076-AE
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00076-AF
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00076-AG
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00076-AH
2
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, two piece mold
Page 38 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00076-AI
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
18
5
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
17BD-00076-AN
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00076-AO
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00076-AP
1
17BD-00076-AQ
4
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00076-AR
8
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00076-AS
3
1
1
17BD-00076-AL
17BD-00076-AM
83
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00076-AJ
17BD-00076-AK
11
1
2
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1850 17BD-00083-AA
1
17BD-00083-AB
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design
creamware, hollow form, undecorated
17BD-00083-AC
5
17BD-00083-AD
1
17BD-00083-AE
1
17BD-00083-AF
1
17BD-00083-AG
1
17BD-00083-AH
1
17BD-00083-AI
1
17BD-00083-AJ
1
17BD-00083-AK
4
17BD-00083-AL
1
Page 39 of 93
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, polychrome
English white salt-glazed stoneware, plate,
indeterminate, barleycorn
English white salt-glazed stoneware, plate,
indeterminate, molded design
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, bead and reel
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Staffordshire brown stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00083-AM
1
17BD-00083-AN
1
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00083-AO
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00083-AP
1
17BD-00083-AQ
3
colorless leaded glass, bottle, indeterminate,
molded design
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00083-AR
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00083-AS
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00083-AT
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, down-tooled
17BD-00083-AU
1
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00083-AV
8
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00083-AW
4
glass, window glass
17BD-00083-AX
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00083-AY
1
17BD-00083-AZ
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00083-BA
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00083-BB
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00083-BC
3
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00083-BD
1
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00083-BE
17BD-00083-BF
17BD-00083-BG
1
1
1
iron alloy, unidentified object
brick, bricketage
plaster, plaster, architectural
17BD-00083-BH
1
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
17BD-00083-BI
17BD-00083-BJ
24
11
bone, faunal specimen
oyster shell, shell (organic)
Page 40 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
11
Context
86
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
5
1805 17BD-00086-AA
1 English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00086-AB
2 creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00086-AC
1 English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, cordoned
17BD-00086-AD
1 English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
17BD-00086-AE
1 colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00086-AF
glass, window glass
1
17BD-00086-AI
17BD-00086-AJ
17BD-00086-AK
4
3
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, sheet metal
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00086-AL
17BD-00086-AM
9
1
17BD-00086-AH
93
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00086-AG
11
1
1
3
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
bone, faunal specimen
1805 17BD-00093-AA
1
17BD-00093-AB
1
17BD-00093-AC
1
17BD-00093-AD
1
17BD-00093-AE
3
17BD-00093-AF
1
17BD-00093-AG
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design, painted underglaze, blue
Refined Agate, ceramic, indeterminate, engineturned, slip decorated, white
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Nottingham stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, cordoned
English bone china, hollow form, molded
design, painted overglaze, clear or uncolored
17BD-00093-AH
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00093-AI
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00093-AJ
17BD-00093-AK
4
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, bottle, case, indeterminate
Page 41 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00093-AL
17BD-00093-AM
17BD-00093-AN
1
2
12
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00093-AP
57
58
1
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
shale
17BD-00093-AO
12
12
2
1
2
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1907 17BD-00058-AA
1
17BD-00058-AB
1
17BD-00058-AC
1
17BD-00058-AD
1
17BD-00058-AE
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, polychrome
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00058-AF
1
17BD-00058-AG
1
17BD-00058-AH
1
17BD-00058-AI
1
17BD-00058-AJ
1
17BD-00058-AK
1
17BD-00058-AL
1
17BD-00058-AM
1
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00058-AN
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00058-AO
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00058-AP
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
Page 42 of 93
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Bennington/Rockingham ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, brown
English white salt-glazed stoneware, plate,
indeterminate, barleycorn
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Staffordshire brown stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American blue and gray stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, blue
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00058-AQ
glass, window glass
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00058-AT
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, over 4 inches
17BD-00058-AU
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00058-AV
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00058-AW
3
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00058-AX
1
slag or clinker
17BD-00058-AY
1
chert, debitage
17BD-00058-AZ
1
quartzite, debitage
17BD-00058-BA
1
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00058-BB
1
coral, fossil
17BD-00058-BC
3
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00058-BD
2
3
17BD-00058-AS
70
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00058-AR
12
3
3
1903 17BD-00070-AA
1
plastic, plastic, indeterminate, blonde or
caramel-colored
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
molded design, painted underglaze, blue
17BD-00070-AB
1
17BD-00070-AC
1
17BD-00070-AD
1
17BD-00070-AE
2
17BD-00070-AF
1
17BD-00070-AG
1
17BD-00070-AH
1
Page 43 of 93
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, shell edge,
painted underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
whiteware, hollow form, molded design
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00070-AI
17BD-00070-AJ
1
1
17BD-00070-AK
1
17BD-00070-AL
1
17BD-00070-AM
1
17BD-00070-AN
1
17BD-00070-AO
1
17BD-00070-AP
4
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, embossed
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, machine-made
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00070-AQ
10
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00070-AR
1
17BD-00070-AS
1
17BD-00070-AT
2
manganese solarized glass, bottle,
pharmaceutical, two piece mold
manganese solarized glass, bottle,
indeterminate
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00070-AU
6
glass, window glass
17BD-00070-AV
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00070-AW
1
17BD-00070-AX
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00070-AY
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00070-AZ
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00070-BA
6
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00070-BB
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00070-BC
1
copper alloy, pin, straight, machine-headed
17BD-00070-BD
2
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00070-BE
3
shell, shell (organic)
Page 44 of 93
whiteware, hollow form, undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Native American ceramic, quartz tempered,
ceramic, indeterminate, coil built
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
12
Context
78
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
2
1850 17BD-00078-AA
1 iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
17BD-00078-AB
1 copper alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
17BD-00078-AC
1885 17BD-00092-AA
1
2
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
1
glass, window glass
1
6
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
2
iron alloy, wire, indeterminate
17BD-00092-AG
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00092-AH
8
mortar, mortar, architectural
17BD-00092-AF
95
1
17BD-00092-AE
12
plaster, plaster, architectural, painted, white
17BD-00092-AD
5
1
17BD-00092-AC
92
4
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00092-AB
12
2
17BD-00091-AD
2
1805 17BD-00091-AA
17BD-00091-AC
91
copper alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00091-AB
12
1
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1840 17BD-00095-AA
1
17BD-00095-AB
1
17BD-00095-AC
1
17BD-00095-AD
8
17BD-00095-AE
5
17BD-00095-AF
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Whieldon-type variegated ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze,
polychrome
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, feather
edge
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, hollow form, flow blue, blue
17BD-00095-AG
1
Page 45 of 93
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00095-AH
17BD-00095-AI
1
17BD-00095-AL
1
17BD-00095-AM
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Westerwald stoneware, hollow form, molded
design, painted underglaze, blue
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00095-AN
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00095-AO
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00095-AP
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00095-AQ
2
17BD-00095-AR
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, molded
design, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00095-AS
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00095-AT
10
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00095-AU
12
glass, window glass
17BD-00095-AV
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00095-AW
1
17BD-00095-AX
4
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00095-AY
8
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00095-AZ
10
3
17BD-00095-AK
101
1
17BD-00095-AJ
12
1
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1807 17BD-00101-AA
2
17BD-00101-AB
1
17BD-00101-AC
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, Applied
Decoration, polychrome
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
Page 46 of 93
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
refined earthenware, ceramic, indeterminate,
Applied Decoration, polychrome
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00101-AD
17BD-00101-AE
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, plate, indeterminate, molded
design
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, transfer printed underglaze,
stippled, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00101-AK
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00101-AL
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00101-AM
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00101-AN
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00101-AO
5
glass, window glass
17BD-00101-AP
2
17BD-00101-AQ
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
shale
17BD-00101-AR
7
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00101-AS
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00049-AA
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00049-AB
2
1
17BD-00101-AJ
50
1
17BD-00101-AI
13
1
17BD-00101-AH
1
1
17BD-00101-AG
49
1
17BD-00101-AF
13
1
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
1886 17BD-00050-AA
1
17BD-00050-AB
1
pearlware, hollow form, painted underglaze,
blue
Bennington/Rockingham ware, lid,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, brown
17BD-00050-AC
1
Page 47 of 93
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00050-AD
7
glass, window glass
1
17BD-00050-AJ
17BD-00050-AK
1
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
1850 17BD-00052-AA
1
17BD-00052-AB
2
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
glass, window glass
17BD-00052-AC
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00052-AD
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00052-AE
6
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00050-AI
53
54
1
17BD-00050-AH
13
13
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, molded
design, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00050-AG
2
1
17BD-00050-AF
52
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
17BD-00050-AE
13
1
2
iron alloy, sheet metal
1885 17BD-00054-AA
1
17BD-00054-AB
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00054-AC
1
17BD-00054-AD
1
17BD-00054-AE
1
17BD-00054-AF
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, embossed,
amber
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00054-AG
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00054-AH
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00054-AI
17BD-00054-AJ
4
1
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
Page 48 of 93
colorless non-leaded glass, container,
indeterminate
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00054-AK
1
bone, faunal specimen
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1885 17BD-00059-AA
1
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00059-AC
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00059-AD
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00059-AE
2
glass, window glass
17BD-00059-AF
1
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00059-AG
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00059-AH
4
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
17BD-00059-AB
60
1
17BD-00054-AP
13
iron alloy, sheet metal
brick, bricketage
17BD-00054-AO
6
2
1
2
17BD-00054-AN
55
59
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00054-AL
17BD-00054-AM
13
13
6
1
bone, faunal specimen
1813 17BD-00060-AA
1
17BD-00060-AB
1
17BD-00060-AC
2
17BD-00060-AD
1
17BD-00060-AE
2
whiteware, plate, indeterminate, shell edge,
painted underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ironstone or white granite ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
coarse earthenware, ceramic, indeterminate,
engobe, brown
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00060-AF
4
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00060-AG
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00060-AH
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00060-AI
3
glass, window glass
Page 49 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00060-AJ
17BD-00060-AK
67
5
4
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00060-AL
17BD-00060-AM
13
1
1
2
iron alloy, sheet metal
bone, faunal specimen
1870 17BD-00067-AA
1
17BD-00067-AB
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00067-AC
1
17BD-00067-AD
1
17BD-00067-AE
1
17BD-00067-AF
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, plate,
indeterminate, barleycorn
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design
Nottingham stoneware, hollow form,
undecorated
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00067-AG
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00067-AH
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00067-AI
17BD-00067-AJ
17BD-00067-AK
7
9
1
glass, bottle, indeterminate, turn paste
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
17BD-00067-AL
4
17BD-00067-AM
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00067-AN
1
17BD-00067-AO
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00067-AP
12
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00067-AQ
3
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00067-AR
1
brick, bricketage
17BD-00067-AS
2
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
Page 50 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00067-AT
68
9
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00067-AU
13
3
1
charcoal
1805 17BD-00068-AA
1
creamware, plate, indeterminate, undecorated
17BD-00068-AB
1
17BD-00068-AC
5
17BD-00068-AD
1
17BD-00068-AE
3
17BD-00068-AF
1
17BD-00068-AG
1
17BD-00068-AH
2
17BD-00068-AI
1
17BD-00068-AJ
1
17BD-00068-AK
1
17BD-00068-AL
1
17BD-00068-AM
1
17BD-00068-AN
1
17BD-00068-AO
1
17BD-00068-AP
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Jackfield-type ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
red-bodied slipware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
coarseware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted, black
coarseware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, salt glaze
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, scratched and filled, painted
underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, scratched and filled, painted
underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design
Nottingham stoneware, hollow form,
undecorated
Yorktown-type stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, engobe
porcelain, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00068-AQ
3
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00068-AR
1
colorless leaded glass, bottle, indeterminate
17BD-00068-AS
1
colorless leaded glass, flat glass
Page 51 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
17BD-00068-AT
Artifact Description
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00068-AU
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
9
glass, window glass
17BD-00068-AX
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched
17BD-00068-AY
1
17BD-00068-AZ
9
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00068-BA
1
brick, bricketage, hand-made
17BD-00068-BB
2
coal
17BD-00068-BC
1
shale
17BD-00068-BD
1
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
17BD-00068-BE
17BD-00068-BF
17BD-00068-BG
1
18
17BD-00068-AW
27
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00068-AV
14
1
12
1
7
bone, faunal specimen
clam shell, shell (organic)
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1775 17BD-00027-AA
1
17BD-00027-AB
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Buckley ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00027-AC
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00027-AD
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00027-AE
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00027-AF
5
glass, window glass
17BD-00027-AG
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00027-AH
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00027-AI
17BD-00027-AJ
1
4
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, snarge
Page 52 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00027-AK
1
3
1
1
17BD-00033-AD
1
17BD-00033-AE
1
bone, faunal specimen
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, black
ironstone or white granite ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design
Jackfield-type ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
molded design
colono ware, ceramic, indeterminate, coil built
17BD-00033-AF
2
17BD-00027-AL
1885 17BD-00033-AA
17BD-00033-AC
33
brick, bricketage, hand-made, salt glaze
17BD-00033-AB
14
1
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00033-AG
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00033-AH
3
3
1
2
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00033-AL
17BD-00033-AM
39
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00033-AI
17BD-00033-AJ
17BD-00033-AK
14
1
3
2
iron alloy, sheet metal
clam shell, shell (organic)
1850 17BD-00039-AA
1
17BD-00039-AB
1
17BD-00039-AC
1
17BD-00039-AD
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate, slip cast,
molded design
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00039-AE
1
17BD-00039-AF
1
17BD-00039-AG
1
17BD-00039-AH
1
17BD-00039-AI
1
Page 53 of 93
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
porcelain, button, one piece, Prosser molded,
white
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00039-AJ
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00039-AK
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00039-AL
17BD-00039-AM
1
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, turn paste
17BD-00039-AN
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00039-AO
5
glass, window glass
17BD-00039-AP
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00039-AQ
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00039-AR
2
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00039-AS
2
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00039-AT
4
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00039-AU
1
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00039-AV
1
iron alloy, key, indeterminate
17BD-00039-AW
1
slag or clinker
17BD-00039-AX
1
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00039-AY
1
clam shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00039-AZ
7
oyster shell, shell (organic)
15
16
48
47
1
1
17BD-00047-AA
1
glass, window glass
16
51
2
1850 17BD-00051-AA
1
17BD-00051-AB
2
17BD-00051-AC
1
17BD-00051-AD
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, handled,
painted underglaze, brown
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Page 54 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00051-AE
17BD-00051-AF
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
1
17BD-00051-AI
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, enamelled, red
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00051-AJ
17BD-00051-AK
1
1
17BD-00051-AL
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
colored glass, bottle, pharmaceutical, two piece
mold, aqua
colored glass, bottle, pharmaceutical, aqua
17BD-00051-AM
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00051-AN
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00051-AO
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00051-AP
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00051-AQ
4
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00051-AR
14
glass, window glass
17BD-00051-AS
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00051-AT
2
17BD-00051-AU
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00051-AV
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00051-AW
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00051-AX
8
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00051-AY
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00051-AZ
4
1
17BD-00051-AH
63
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, cordoned
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00051-AG
16
1
1
shale
1885 17BD-00063-AA
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Page 55 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00063-AB
17BD-00063-AC
1
17BD-00063-AF
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, black
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ironstone or white granite ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
Albany slip
ceramic, flowerpot, molded design
17BD-00063-AG
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00063-AH
1
17BD-00063-AI
2
17BD-00063-AJ
1
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, embossed
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, molded design
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00063-AK
7
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00063-AL
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00063-AM
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00063-AN
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00063-AO
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00063-AP
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00063-AQ
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00063-AR
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00063-AS
2
glass, window glass
17BD-00063-AT
1
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00063-AU
1
coal
17BD-00063-AV
4
4
17BD-00063-AE
72
2
17BD-00063-AD
16
1
4
bone, faunal specimen
1885 17BD-00072-AA
1
ironstone or white granite ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Page 56 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00072-AB
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
17BD-00072-AE
1
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00072-AF
2
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00072-AG
1
coal
17BD-00072-AH
5
1
17BD-00072-AD
73
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00072-AC
16
1
1
quartzite, debitage
17BD-00072-AI
1870 17BD-00073-AA
1
1
17BD-00073-AB
1
17BD-00073-AC
1
rubber, processed, button, one piece
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
coarseware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00073-AD
1
17BD-00073-AE
1
17BD-00073-AF
2
17BD-00073-AG
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00073-AH
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00073-AI
1
17BD-00073-AJ
2
colored glass, container, indeterminate, other
color
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, turn paste
17BD-00073-AK
3
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00073-AL
17BD-00073-AM
2
1
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00073-AN
14
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00073-AO
2
iron alloy, sheet metal
Page 57 of 93
colorless non-leaded glass, container,
indeterminate
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00073-AP
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
1
sandstone, debitage
17BD-00073-AS
3
bone, faunal specimen
1762 17BD-00077-AA
3
17BD-00077-AB
1
17BD-00077-AC
1
17BD-00077-AD
1
17BD-00077-AE
1
17BD-00077-AF
1
17BD-00077-AG
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, hollow form, painted
underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, flowerpot, molded design
17BD-00077-AH
4
ceramic, flowerpot, undecorated
17BD-00077-AI
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00077-AJ
1
17BD-00077-AK
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00077-AL
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, down-tooled
17BD-00077-AM
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00077-AN
4
glass, window glass
17BD-00077-AO
2
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00077-AP
9
1
17BD-00073-AR
77
brick, bricketage
17BD-00073-AQ
16
1
2
coal
17
74
1
1850 17BD-00074-AA
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17
79
2
1885 17BD-00079-AA
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Page 58 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00079-AB
17BD-00079-AC
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00079-AF
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00079-AG
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
17BD-00079-AH
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, turn paste
17BD-00079-AI
17BD-00079-AJ
17BD-00079-AK
1
1
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, bottle, case, indeterminate
glass, window glass
17BD-00079-AL
1
17BD-00079-AM
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00079-AN
10
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00079-AO
2
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00079-AP
2
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
whiteware, hollow form, transfer printed
underglaze, blue
colorless leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00079-AE
90
1
17BD-00079-AD
17
1
4
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1930 17BD-00090-AA
1
17BD-00090-AB
2
17BD-00090-AC
1
17BD-00090-AD
1
17BD-00090-AE
3
17BD-00090-AF
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
pearlware, hollow form, transfer printed
underglaze, stippled, blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, hollow form, slip decorated, blue
17BD-00090-AG
1
17BD-00090-AH
1
Page 59 of 93
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00090-AI
1
17BD-00090-AJ
1
17BD-00090-AK
1
17BD-00090-AL
1
17BD-00090-AM
1
17BD-00090-AN
1
17BD-00090-AO
1
17BD-00090-AP
1
17BD-00090-AQ
1
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate, mocha,
polychrome
Staffordshire red sandy ware, ceramic,
indeterminate
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, bead and reel
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, undecorated
Fulham-type stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, engobe
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
porcellaneous, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00090-AR
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00090-AS
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00090-AT
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00090-AU
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
17BD-00090-AV
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00090-AW
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00090-AX
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00090-AY
4
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00090-AZ
3
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00090-BA
11
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00090-BB
20
glass, window glass
17BD-00090-BC
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00090-BD
6
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
Page 60 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00090-BE
17BD-00090-BF
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00090-BI
17BD-00090-BJ
17BD-00090-BK
28
1
1
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
iron alloy, bottle closure, crown cap
17BD-00090-BL
17BD-00090-BM
4
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
copper alloy, jewelry, ring
17BD-00090-BN
1
lead alloy, scrap
17BD-00090-BO
3
brick, bricketage
17BD-00090-BP
1
17BD-00090-BQ
1
shell plaster, plaster, architectural, painted,
white
mortar, mortar, architectural
17BD-00090-BR
1
bog iron
17BD-00090-BS
17BD-00090-BT
17BD-00090-BU
1
7
6
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
bone, faunal specimen
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00090-BV
2
asbestos, processed, tile, indeterminate
17BD-00090-BW
3
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00090-BH
103
2
17BD-00090-BG
17
1
1
bakelite, bakelite, indeterminate, green
1850 17BD-00103-AA
1
17BD-00103-AB
1
17BD-00103-AC
5
17BD-00103-AD
1
17BD-00103-AE
1
17BD-00103-AF
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
Astbury-type ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Page 61 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00103-AG
3
17BD-00103-AH
1
17BD-00103-AI
1
17BD-00103-AJ
1
17BD-00103-AK
1
17BD-00103-AL
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Nottingham stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, rouletted
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, hollow form, undecorated
17BD-00103-AM
2
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00103-AN
1
17BD-00103-AO
1
colorless leaded glass, table glass, molded
design
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00103-AP
3
17BD-00103-AQ
3
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, molded
design, blue
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00103-AR
9
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00103-AS
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00103-AT
30
glass, window glass
17BD-00103-AU
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00103-AV
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00103-AW
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00103-AX
1
17BD-00103-AY
5
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00103-AZ
4
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00103-BA
1
coal
17BD-00103-BB
7
bone, faunal specimen
Page 62 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
17BD-00103-BC
3
Artifact Description
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17
90
2
1930 OBJ-17BD-00012
18
80
1
1762 17BD-00080-AA
1
17BD-00080-AB
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
colorless non-leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00080-AC
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00080-AD
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1903 17BD-00084-AA
2
17BD-00084-AB
1
17BD-00084-AC
1
17BD-00084-AD
1
17BD-00084-AE
1
17BD-00084-AF
1
17BD-00084-AG
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, hollow form, painted underglaze,
blue
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
whiteware, plate, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, green
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Nottingham stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, incised
American blue and gray stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, blue
17BD-00084-AH
1
17BD-00084-AI
1
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00084-AJ
1
ceramic, ceramic, indeterminate, unglazed
17BD-00084-AK
4
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00084-AL
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00084-AM
1
17BD-00084-AN
8
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, two piece mold
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00084-AO
3
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00084-AP
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade, molded design, amber
18
84
2
copper alloy, jewelry, ring
Page 63 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00084-AQ
1
17BD-00084-AR
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade, amber
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00084-AS
1
colored glass, bottle, pharmaceutical, aqua
17BD-00084-AT
1
17BD-00084-AU
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00084-AV
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00084-AW
1
17BD-00084-AX
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, molded
design, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00084-AY
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00084-AZ
7
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00084-BA
14
glass, window glass
17BD-00084-BB
1
17BD-00084-BC
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00084-BD
5
17BD-00084-BE
4
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00084-BF
17BD-00084-BG
1
25
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00084-BH
1
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
17BD-00084-BI
17BD-00084-BJ
17BD-00084-BK
1
1
1
17BD-00084-BL
17BD-00084-BM
1
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
iron alloy, unidentified object
copper alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
copper alloy, unidentified object
brick, bricketage
17BD-00084-BN
3
slag or clinker
Page 64 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00084-BO
2
3
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00084-BQ
100
quartz, debitage
17BD-00084-BP
18
1
1
shell, fossil
1930 17BD-00100-AA
2
17BD-00100-AB
2
17BD-00100-AC
1
17BD-00100-AD
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, blue
17BD-00100-AE
1
17BD-00100-AF
1
17BD-00100-AG
2
17BD-00100-AH
1
17BD-00100-AI
1
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Westerwald stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design, painted
underglaze, blue
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00100-AJ
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00100-AK
2
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00100-AL
1
17BD-00100-AM
1
17BD-00100-AN
15
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, embossed
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, embossed
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00100-AO
1
17BD-00100-AP
1
17BD-00100-AQ
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00100-AR
11
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
Page 65 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00100-AS
17BD-00100-AT
4
glass, window glass
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
4
17BD-00100-AZ
8
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00100-BA
1
iron alloy, attachment plate
17BD-00100-BB
7
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00100-BC
1
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00100-BD
3
asbestos, processed, tile, indeterminate
17BD-00082-AA
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00082-AB
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00100-AY
87
2
17BD-00100-AX
19
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00100-AW
1
2
1
17BD-00100-AV
81
82
1
colored glass, container, indeterminate,
machine-made, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00100-AU
19
19
1
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
1903 17BD-00087-AA
1
17BD-00087-AB
1
17BD-00087-AC
1
17BD-00087-AD
2
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Yorktown-type coarse earthenware, ceramic,
indeterminate
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00087-AE
1
17BD-00087-AF
2
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, machine-made
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00087-AG
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00087-AH
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
Page 66 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00087-AI
17BD-00087-AJ
17BD-00087-AK
1
copper alloy, wire, electrical
1
brick, bricketage
3
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00087-AQ
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1807 17BD-00088-AA
1
17BD-00088-AB
1
17BD-00088-AC
1
whiteware, hollow form, transfer printed
underglaze, stippled, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00088-AD
3
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00088-AE
2
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00088-AF
15
glass, window glass
17BD-00088-AG
3
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00088-AH
2
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00087-AP
89
3
17BD-00087-AO
19
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00087-AN
2
1
17BD-00087-AM
88
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
colored glass, flat glass, green
17BD-00087-AL
19
3
3
1
4
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00088-AI
1885 17BD-00089-AA
4
1
17BD-00089-AB
1
17BD-00089-AC
1
17BD-00089-AD
1
17BD-00089-AE
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate, beaded,
slip decorated, blue
Fulham-type stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, engobe
colorless leaded glass, flat glass
17BD-00089-AF
2
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
Page 67 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00089-AG
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00089-AH
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, brown
17BD-00089-AI
17BD-00089-AJ
17BD-00089-AK
1
2
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00089-AL
1
17BD-00089-AM
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, two piece
mold, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00089-AN
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00089-AO
111 glass, window glass
17BD-00089-AP
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00089-AQ
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00089-AR
1
17BD-00089-AS
5
17BD-00089-AT
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00089-AU
3
17BD-00089-AV
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00089-AW
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00089-AX
18
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00089-AY
4
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00089-AZ
1
brick, bricketage
17BD-00089-BA
1
coal
17BD-00089-BB
1
quartz, debitage
17BD-00089-BC
1
bone, faunal specimen
Page 68 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
19
Context
97
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
2
1903 17BD-00097-AA
1 colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, machinemade, amber
17BD-00097-AB
1 colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00097-AC
19
98
2
1
glass, window glass
1930 17BD-00098-AA
1
17BD-00098-AB
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, hollow form, rouletted
17BD-00098-AC
2
17BD-00098-AD
1
17BD-00098-AE
1
17BD-00098-AF
1
17BD-00098-AG
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00098-AH
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00098-AI
1
17BD-00098-AJ
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate,
molded design
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00098-AK
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00098-AL
1
17BD-00098-AM
1
17BD-00098-AN
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00098-AO
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00098-AP
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00098-AQ
5
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00098-AR
6
glass, window glass
17BD-00098-AS
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
Page 69 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00098-AT
17BD-00098-AU
1
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
17BD-00098-AX
2
brick, bricketage
17BD-00098-AY
3
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00098-AZ
5
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00098-BA
3
4
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, handheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00098-AW
102
1
17BD-00098-AV
19
2
1
asbestos, processed, tile, indeterminate
1885 17BD-00102-AA
1
17BD-00102-AB
1
17BD-00102-AC
1
17BD-00102-AD
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
tin enamelled ware, detached glaze, painted
underglaze, blue
tin enamelled ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00102-AE
2
17BD-00102-AF
1
17BD-00102-AG
1
17BD-00102-AH
1
17BD-00102-AI
1
17BD-00102-AJ
1
17BD-00102-AK
1
17BD-00102-AL
1
17BD-00102-AM
1
Page 70 of 93
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, sponged,
blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ironstone or white granite ware, plate,
indeterminate, undecorated
ironstone or white granite ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Jackfield-type ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Bennington/Rockingham ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, brown
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00102-AN
1
17BD-00102-AO
1
17BD-00102-AP
1
17BD-00102-AQ
1
17BD-00102-AR
1
17BD-00102-AS
1
17BD-00102-AT
1
17BD-00102-AU
1
17BD-00102-AV
1
17BD-00102-AW
1
17BD-00102-AX
1
17BD-00102-AY
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, molded
design
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00102-AZ
4
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00102-BA
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00102-BB
1
colorless leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00102-BC
5
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00102-BD
1
17BD-00102-BE
1
colorless non-leaded glass, bottle,
indeterminate, two piece mold
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00102-BF
1
17BD-00102-BG
1
Page 71 of 93
English white salt-glazed stoneware, hollow
form, scratched and filled, painted underglaze,
blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, scratched and filled, painted
underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, molded design, painted
underglaze, blue
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, barleycorn
English white salt-glazed stoneware, plate,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Westerwald stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, polychrome
porcellaneous, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
porcelain, button, one piece, Prosser molded
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, embossed
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00102-BH
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00102-BI
5
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00102-BJ
17BD-00102-BK
1
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00102-BL
17BD-00102-BM
1
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00102-BN
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00102-BO
2
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00102-BP
25
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00102-BQ
85
glass, window glass
17BD-00102-BR
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00102-BS
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00102-BT
17BD-00102-BU
1
5
17BD-00102-BV
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, over 4 inches
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00102-BW
1
17BD-00102-BX
2
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00102-BY
17BD-00102-BZ
17BD-00102-CA
19
1
11
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, bottle closure, crown cap
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00102-CB
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00102-CC
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00102-CD
4
brick, bricketage
17BD-00102-CE
17BD-00102-CF
17BD-00102-CG
1
4
9
plaster, plaster, architectural
mortar, mortar, architectural
coal
Page 72 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00102-CH
2
shale
17BD-00102-CI
17BD-00102-CJ
17BD-00102-CK
2
25
1
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
bone, faunal specimen
shell, fossil
7
10
oyster shell, shell (organic)
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade, green
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, handled,
press molded, molded design
pearlware, hollow form, undecorated
22
96
1
17BD-00102-CL
1903 17BD-00096-AA
22
99
2
1903 17BD-00099-AA
2
17BD-00099-AB
1
17BD-00099-AC
1
17BD-00099-AD
2
17BD-00099-AE
1
17BD-00099-AF
1
17BD-00099-AG
1
17BD-00099-AH
1
17BD-00099-AI
1
17BD-00099-AJ
1
17BD-00099-AK
1
17BD-00099-AL
1
17BD-00099-AM
1
Staffordshire red sandy ware, ceramic,
indeterminate
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
porcelain, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00099-AN
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00099-AO
1
ceramic, flowerpot, undecorated
17BD-00099-AP
4
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00099-AQ
1
colorless non-leaded glass, bottle,
indeterminate, machine-made
Page 73 of 93
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Astbury-type ware, hollow form, cordoned
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00099-AR
1
colorless non-leaded glass, bottle,
indeterminate, machine-made, embossed
17BD-00099-AS
3
17BD-00099-AT
18
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, machine-made
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00099-AU
1
17BD-00099-AV
1
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, multi-piece mold
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00099-AW
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
17BD-00099-AX
1
17BD-00099-AY
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, machinemade, amber
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00099-AZ
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00099-BA
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00099-BB
2
17BD-00099-BC
5
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, machinemade, green
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00099-BD
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00099-BE
17BD-00099-BF
1
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, flat-tooled
17BD-00099-BG
1
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00099-BH
3
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00099-BI
17BD-00099-BJ
32
1
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00099-BK
5
17BD-00099-BL
17BD-00099-BM
2
2
17BD-00099-BN
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
Page 74 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00099-BO
17BD-00099-BP
1
1
1
iron alloy, unidentified object
iron alloy, unidentified object
copper alloy, tack, indeterminate
1
brick, bricketage
1
plaster, plaster, architectural
17BD-00099-BX
1
shale
17BD-00099-BY
17BD-00099-BZ
17BD-00099-CA
1
2
1
slate, tile, roofing
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
quartz, debitage
17BD-00099-CB
7
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00099-CC
6
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1762 17BD-00118-AA
1
17BD-00118-AB
1
17BD-00118-AC
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, embossed
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00118-AD
2
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00118-AE
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00118-AF
5
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
17BD-00099-BW
119
3
17BD-00099-BV
22
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00099-BS
17BD-00099-BT
17BD-00099-BU
3
18
17BD-00099-BR
118
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00099-BQ
22
2
2
glass, window glass
1850 17BD-00119-AA
3
17BD-00119-AB
5
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, machine-made
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00119-AC
2
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
Page 75 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
17BD-00119-AD
22
99
2
1
1903 OBJ-17BD-00013
3
1
17BD-00106-AD
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, engobe, brown
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00106-AE
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00106-AF
1
17BD-00106-AG
1
17BD-00106-AH
2
colorless non-leaded glass, glass,
indeterminate, molded design
manganese solarized glass, glass,
indeterminate, molded design
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00106-AI
17BD-00106-AJ
17BD-00106-AK
1
3
3
17BD-00106-AL
2
17BD-00106-AM
1
17BD-00106-AN
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
glass, window glass
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00106-AO
2
1
17BD-00106-AC
107
1
1885 17BD-00106-AA
17BD-00106-AB
23
106
iron alloy, nail, wire, over 4 inches
colorless non-leaded glass, bottle,
indeterminate, machine-made
copper alloy, tack, indeterminate
OBJ-17BD-00014
23
Artifact Description
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1850 17BD-00107-AA
1
17BD-00107-AB
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, brown
17BD-00107-AC
1
17BD-00107-AD
1
17BD-00107-AE
1
Page 76 of 93
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design, sponged, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00107-AF
1
17BD-00107-AG
1
17BD-00107-AH
1
17BD-00107-AI
1
17BD-00107-AJ
1
17BD-00107-AK
1
17BD-00107-AL
1
Westerwald stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, incised, painted underglaze,
blue
Fulham-type stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
American stoneware, hollow form,
undecorated
porcelain, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
ceramic, ceramic, indeterminate, undecorated
17BD-00107-AM
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00107-AN
3
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00107-AO
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00107-AP
1
17BD-00107-AQ
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, two piece
mold, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00107-AR
1
17BD-00107-AS
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, machinemade
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00107-AT
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00107-AU
2
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00107-AV
4
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00107-AW
9
glass, window glass
17BD-00107-AX
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00107-AY
11
17BD-00107-AZ
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
Page 77 of 93
ironstone or white granite ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, painted underglaze, blue
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00107-BA
17BD-00107-BB
1
copper alloy, cartridge case, indeterminate
1
1
copper alloy, sheet metal
slag or clinker
2
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
17BD-00107-BI
17BD-00107-BJ
17BD-00107-BK
1
1
4
bone, faunal specimen
oyster shell, fossil
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1805 17BD-00125-AA
1
17BD-00125-AB
3
refined earthenware, indeterminate, lid,
indeterminate
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00125-AC
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00125-AD
3
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00125-AE
3
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00125-AF
5
17BD-00125-AG
6
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00125-AH
7
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00107-BH
126
19
17BD-00107-BF
17BD-00107-BG
23
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00107-BE
7
1
17BD-00107-BD
125
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00107-BC
23
1
1
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00125-AI
17BD-00125-AJ
1885 17BD-00126-AA
2
1
1
17BD-00126-AB
1
17BD-00126-AC
2
17BD-00126-AD
1
coal
oyster shell, shell (organic)
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, painted
underglaze, green
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
Page 78 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00126-AE
1
17BD-00126-AF
1
17BD-00126-AG
2
American stoneware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English bone china, hollow form, undecorated
17BD-00126-AH
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00126-AI
2
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00126-AJ
17BD-00126-AK
1
4
manganese solarized glass, table glass
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00126-AL
17BD-00126-AM
1
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, green
17BD-00126-AN
3
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00126-AO
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00126-AP
3
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00126-AQ
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00126-AR
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate, embossed
17BD-00126-AS
6
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00126-AT
8
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00126-AU
52
glass, window glass
17BD-00126-AV
4
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00126-AW
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00126-AX
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00126-AY
1
17BD-00126-AZ
2
17BD-00126-BA
7
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches
Page 79 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00126-BB
17BD-00126-BC
iron alloy, sheet metal
8
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
copper alloy, bottle closure, wine bottle wire
17BD-00126-BG
1
brick, brick bat, hand-made
17BD-00126-BH
3
brick, bricketage
17BD-00126-BI
17BD-00126-BJ
17BD-00126-BK
2
10
4
plaster, plaster, architectural
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00126-BL
17BD-00126-BM
14
4
17BD-00126-BE
17BD-00126-BF
128
13
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00126-BD
23
1
1
5
shell, fossil
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1830 17BD-00128-AA
1
17BD-00128-AB
2
17BD-00128-AC
1
17BD-00128-AD
1
17BD-00128-AE
6
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate, slip
decorated, white
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
glass, window glass
17BD-00128-AF
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00128-AG
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00128-AH
1
17BD-00128-AI
17BD-00128-AJ
17BD-00128-AK
6
1
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, sheet metal
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00128-AL
17BD-00128-AM
2
2
plaster, plaster, architectural
coal
17BD-00128-AN
11
bone, faunal specimen
Page 80 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
23
Context
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
1
1
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
4
glass, window glass
1
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00131-AI
1959 17BD-00104-AA
1
5
shell plaster, plaster, architectural
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
1
iron alloy, wire, indeterminate
1
copper alloy, coin, American, penny, embossed
1913 17BD-00105-AA
1
17BD-00105-AB
1
colored glass, bead, press molded, molded
design, black
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00105-AC
2
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00105-AD
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00105-AE
8
glass, window glass
17BD-00105-AF
4
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00105-AG
2
5
17BD-00104-AC
109
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
English bone china, hollow form, undecorated
17BD-00104-AB
24
1
17BD-00131-AH
2
1830 17BD-00131-AA
17BD-00131-AG
105
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00131-AF
24
2
17BD-00131-AE
1
copper alloy, wire, indeterminate
17BD-00131-AD
104
1
17BD-00131-AC
24
glass, window glass
17BD-00131-AB
16
1
17BD-00130-AC
131
17BD-00130-AA
17BD-00130-AB
23
130
Master
Context
15
Appendix A: Finds List
1
plastic, package or wrap, polychrome
1930 17BD-00109-AA
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Page 81 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00109-AB
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00109-AE
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00109-AF
13
glass, window glass
17BD-00109-AG
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00109-AH
6
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00109-AI
17BD-00109-AJ
17BD-00109-AK
1
1
2
iron alloy, attachment plate
iron alloy, sheet metal
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00109-AL
17BD-00109-AM
2
1
17BD-00109-AD
114
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00109-AC
24
1
2
1
asbestos, processed, tile, indeterminate
shell mortar, mortar, architectural
1920 17BD-00114-AA
1
17BD-00114-AB
1
17BD-00114-AC
1
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
English bone china, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
porcellaneous, hollow form, undecorated
17BD-00114-AD
1
colorless non-leaded glass, flat glass
17BD-00114-AE
1
colored glass, ceramic, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00114-AF
1
17BD-00114-AG
1
17BD-00114-AH
1
17BD-00114-AI
17BD-00114-AJ
1
2
17BD-00114-AK
4
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, embossed,
aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, mold
blown, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00114-AL
1
Page 82 of 93
colored glass, bottle, pharmaceutical, two piece
mold, green
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00114-AM
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
5
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00114-AP
69
glass, window glass
17BD-00114-AQ
1
17BD-00114-AR
4
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches,
clinched
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00114-AS
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00114-AT
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00114-AU
3
17BD-00114-AV
3
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00114-AW
1
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00114-AX
30
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00114-AY
3
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00114-AZ
1
copper alloy, pen, fountain, nib
17BD-00114-BA
1
slate, stone, indeterminate, worked
17BD-00114-BB
1
quartz, debitage
17BD-00114-BC
1
shell, fossil
17BD-00114-BD
2
2
17BD-00114-AO
123
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00114-AN
24
1
2
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1850 17BD-00123-AA
1
17BD-00123-AB
1
17BD-00123-AC
1
17BD-00123-AD
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, shell edge,
painted underglaze, blue
pearlware, plate, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
coarseware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate
Page 83 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00123-AE
2
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00123-AF
1
17BD-00123-AG
1
colorless non-leaded glass, container,
indeterminate
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00123-AH
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed
17BD-00123-AI
17BD-00123-AJ
17BD-00123-AK
1
2
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00123-AL
1
colored glass, bottle, indeterminate, green
17BD-00123-AM
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00123-AN
1
glass, bottle, case, indeterminate
17BD-00123-AO
21
glass, window glass
17BD-00123-AP
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00123-AQ
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
17BD-00123-AR
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00123-AS
3
17BD-00123-AT
3
17BD-00123-AU
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00123-AV
8
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00123-AW
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00123-AX
1
copper alloy, wire, indeterminate
17BD-00123-AY
2
brick, bricketage, salt glaze
17BD-00123-AZ
1
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00123-BA
2
oyster shell, shell (organic)
Page 84 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
24
Context
124
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
4
1850 17BD-00124-AA
1 whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00124-AB
1 whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00124-AC
1 yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
cordoned, annular, polychrome
17BD-00124-AD
1 colorless leaded glass, lamp part, lamp
chimney, molded design
17BD-00124-AE
15 colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00124-AF
1
colorless non-leaded glass, table glass
17BD-00124-AG
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00124-AH
5
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00124-AI
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00124-AJ
17BD-00124-AK
1
1
17BD-00124-AL
1
17BD-00124-AM
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, mold
blown, amber
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, mold
blown, amber
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00124-AN
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00124-AO
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00124-AP
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00124-AQ
3
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00124-AR
3
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00124-AS
24
glass, window glass
17BD-00124-AT
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00124-AU
5
17BD-00124-AV
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, less than 2 inches
17BD-00124-AW
3
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
Page 85 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00124-AX
3
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00124-AY
1
copper alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00124-AZ
1
lead alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00124-BA
1
mortar, mortar, architectural
17BD-00124-BB
4
coal
17BD-00124-BC
1
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00124-BD
12
oyster shell, shell (organic)
24
104
1
1959 OBJ-17BD-00015
copper alloy, coin, American, penny, embossed
24
114
2
1920 OBJ-17BD-00016
copper alloy, pen, fountain, nib
26
26
108
113
1
2
1805 17BD-00113-AA
1
17BD-00113-AB
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00113-AC
1
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00113-AD
1
17BD-00113-AE
3
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, embossed,
green
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00113-AF
3
glass, window glass
17BD-00113-AG
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00113-AH
1
1790 17BD-00116-AA
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00116-AB
2
glass, window glass
17BD-00116-AC
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00116-AD
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
17BD-00116-AE
1
iron alloy, sheet metal
26
116
2
Page 86 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
26
Context
120
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
2
1903 17BD-00120-AA
1 English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, purple
17BD-00120-AB
1
17BD-00120-AC
2
17BD-00120-AD
1
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
tin enamelled ware, ceramic, indeterminate
17BD-00120-AE
1
creamware, plate, indeterminate, undecorated
17BD-00120-AF
2
17BD-00120-AG
1
17BD-00120-AH
1
17BD-00120-AI
1
17BD-00120-AJ
1
17BD-00120-AK
1
17BD-00120-AL
1
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
ironstone or white granite ware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
yellow ware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
porcelain, button, one piece, Prosser molded
17BD-00120-AM
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00120-AN
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00120-AO
1
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00120-AP
1
manganese solarized glass, bottle,
indeterminate, machine-made, embossed
17BD-00120-AQ
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00120-AR
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00120-AS
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00120-AT
1
glass, bottle, wine, dip molded
17BD-00120-AU
12
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
Page 87 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00120-AV
iron alloy, nail, wrought, less than 2 inches
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00120-AY
2
17BD-00120-AZ
3
17BD-00120-BA
2
17BD-00120-BB
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched,
machine-headed
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00120-BC
1
17BD-00120-BD
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00120-BE
17BD-00120-BF
17BD-00120-BG
5
1
1
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, attachment plate
copper alloy, hardware, indeterminate
17BD-00120-BH
3
6
17BD-00120-AX
129
glass, window glass
17BD-00120-AW
26
28
9
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00120-BI
1839 17BD-00129-AA
2
1
17BD-00129-AB
1
17BD-00129-AC
1
17BD-00129-AD
1
17BD-00129-AE
1
17BD-00129-AF
1
oyster shell, shell (organic)
English delftware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
Fulham-type stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Westerwald stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, sprig molded, painted
underglaze, blue
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00129-AG
1
colorless non-leaded glass, flat glass
17BD-00129-AH
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00129-AI
17BD-00129-AJ
3
9
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
glass, window glass
Page 88 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00129-AK
17BD-00129-AL
4
bone, faunal specimen
2
oyster shell, shell (organic)
17BD-00129-AR
1
rubber, processed, unidentified object
17BD-00112-AA
1
17BD-00112-AB
1
refined earthenware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, clear or uncolored
17BD-00112-AC
1
ceramic, tobacco pipe, imported, undecorated
17BD-00112-AD
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00112-AE
3
glass, window glass
17BD-00112-AF
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00112-AG
2
plaster, plaster, architectural
17BD-00129-AQ
117
1
17BD-00129-AP
27
1
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, 2 to 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, over 4 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00129-AO
1
2
1
17BD-00129-AN
110
112
1
17BD-00129-AM
27
27
2
1
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
1885 17BD-00117-AA
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, stippled, blue
17BD-00117-AB
1
17BD-00117-AC
1
stoneware, indeterminate, ceramic,
indeterminate, engobe
colorless leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00117-AD
1
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00117-AE
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00117-AF
1
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
Page 89 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00117-AG
2
3
17BD-00117-AI
17BD-00117-AJ
17BD-00117-AK
121
glass, window glass
17BD-00117-AH
27
5
1
1
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
1820 17BD-00121-AA
1
17BD-00121-AB
1
17BD-00121-AC
1
17BD-00121-AD
1
17BD-00121-AE
1
17BD-00121-AF
1
17BD-00121-AG
1
17BD-00121-AH
1
17BD-00121-AI
1
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted underglaze, blue
porcellaneous, ceramic, indeterminate, beaded
17BD-00121-AJ
17BD-00121-AK
1
1
porcelain, indeterminate, door knob
colorless non-leaded glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00121-AL
1
17BD-00121-AM
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, mold
blown, aqua
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00121-AN
3
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, aqua
17BD-00121-AO
2
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, green
17BD-00121-AP
10
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00121-AQ
40
glass, window glass
17BD-00121-AR
2
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
Page 90 of 93
creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
pearlware, hollow form, painted underglaze,
blue
pearlware, plate, indeterminate, transfer
printed underglaze, blue
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
local coarse earthenware, ceramic,
indeterminate
English white salt-glazed stoneware, ceramic,
indeterminate, undecorated
Chinese porcelain, ceramic, indeterminate,
painted overglaze, polychrome
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00121-AS
1
iron alloy, unidentified object
1
charcoal
17BD-00121-AY
3
bone, faunal specimen
17BD-00121-AZ
1
shell, button, one piece, worked
17BD-00121-BA
1
shell, button, one piece, worked
1885 17BD-00127-AA
1
17BD-00127-AB
1
17BD-00127-AC
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
refined earthenware, indeterminate, hollow
form
manganese solarized glass, glass, indeterminate
17BD-00127-AD
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, white
17BD-00127-AE
1
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, amber
17BD-00127-AF
2
glass, window glass
17BD-00127-AG
1
iron alloy, nail, wrought, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00127-AH
1
17BD-00127-AI
17BD-00127-AJ
17BD-00127-AK
1
1
3
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
iron alloy, strap, indeterminate
iron alloy, sheet metal
17BD-00127-AL
17BD-00127-AM
2
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00121-AX
121
1
17BD-00121-AW
27
6
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00121-AV
4
2
17BD-00121-AU
127
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, clinched
17BD-00121-AT
27
1
1
1
brick, bricketage
coal
1820 OBJ-17BD-00017
shell, button, one piece, worked
OBJ-17BD-00018
shell, button, one piece, worked
Page 91 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
28
Context
111
Appendix A: Finds List
Master
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
Context
1
1805 17BD-00111-AA
2 creamware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00111-AB
1 pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00111-AC
2 pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00111-AD
1 whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
17BD-00111-AE
1 glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00111-AF
1860 17BD-00115-AA
3
2
4
17BD-00115-AD
1
17BD-00115-AE
1
pearlware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate, molded
design
whiteware, ceramic, indeterminate,
undecorated
colored glass, glass, indeterminate, enamelled,
polychrome
glass, bottle, wine, indeterminate
17BD-00115-AF
5
glass, window glass
17BD-00115-AG
3
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches, clinched
17BD-00115-AH
3
iron alloy, nail, wire, 2 to 4 inches
17BD-00115-AI
17BD-00115-AJ
17BD-00115-AK
1
2
2
iron alloy, nail, wire, over 4 inches
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
copper alloy, nail, wire, roofing nail
17BD-00115-AL
17BD-00115-AM
7
iron alloy, sheet metal
iron alloy, unidentified object
iron alloy, unidentified object
17BD-00115-AC
122
1
1
1
17BD-00115-AB
28
2
iron alloy, nail, cut, less than 2 inches, machineheaded
iron alloy, nail, indeterminate, fragment
17BD-00111-AI
17BD-00111-AJ
17BD-00111-AK
2
1
17BD-00111-AH
115
glass, window glass
17BD-00111-AG
28
2
2
1
bone, faunal specimen
oyster shell, shell (organic)
1600 17BD-00122-AA
2
Staffordshire red sandy ware, ceramic,
indeterminate
Page 92 of 93
�17BD Raleigh Tavern Survey
Unit
Number
Context
Master
Context
Appendix A: Finds List
TPQ Catalog Number Count
Artifact Description
17BD-00122-AB
1
glass, window glass
17BD-00122-AC
1
bone, faunal specimen
Page 93 of 93
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Reports
Description
An account of the resource
<p>A collection of research reports from throughout the Foundation's history are available through this webpage. All Colonial Williamsburg research reports, whether in digital or hardcopy format, are discoverable through the Rockefeller Library's online catalog. Their contents reflect the evolution of scholarship over the decades. Given the long period over which these reports have been written, reports sometimes contradict or correct previous thinking due to the discovery of new evidence. Researchers should consult the full range of reports on a particular topic to ensure a thorough understanding of the most current interpretation.</p>
<p>Types of reports include:</p>
<p>Archaeological reports describe archaeological excavations. Reports predating 1960 share only the results of cross-trenching, rather than comprehensive excavation results.</p>
<p>Architectural reports discuss restored and reconstructed buildings.<br />Historical reports (house histories) incorporate primary and secondary sources into the discussion of individual properties and structures.</p>
<p>Interpretive reports clarify the way in which key buildings should be presented to visitors by Colonial Williamsburg's historical interpreters.</p>
<p>Topical reports outline specific areas of interest in 18th-century research.</p>
<p>Other research reports are discoverable at the following website that also has a keyword searchable option: <a href="https://research.colonialwilliamsburg.org/DigitalLibrary/research-reports/">Research Reports.</a></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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A Phase I Archaeological Assessment of the Raleigh Tavern Back Lot, 17BD
Subject
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Raleigh Tavern (Williamsburg, Va.)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Schweickart, Eric
Gary, Jack
Poole, Meredith M.
Publisher
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
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2020-06
Contributor
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Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Department of Archaeology
Format
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pdf