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A Virginia Gentleman' s
Library
As proposed by Thomas Jefferson to
Robert Skipwith in 1771 and now assembled in the Brush- Everard House,
Williamsburg, Virginia.
7
A
.
p
A
A,
01, ‘_,
P-:
COLONIAL
WILLIAMSBURG
1952
�Introduction
HEN
Robert
future
the brother-in-law of the
Mrs.
Skipwith,
Jefferson, asked the twenty-eight-yearold sage of Monticello for guidance in choosing books,
Jefferson obligingly promised to help him. On July 17,
1771,
Skipwith jogged his memory with a letter: " I would
have them suited," he wrote, " to the capacity of a common
reader who understands but little of the classicks and who
has not leisure for any intricate or tedious study. Let them
be improving and amusing."
In other words, Skipwith was
a forerunner of a familiar modern American, the busy man
of affairs whose activities leave him little time for reading.
He desired,
therefore,
to
absorb "
culture"
as painlessly
as
possible by reading the smallest number of well-selected
books.
Jefferson' s reply to Skipwith' s letter, and the list of 148
titles comprising 379 volumes which he enclosed, is reprinted
in full in
spending
this
no
pamphlet.
more
than £
Although Skipwith had in mind
25
or £
30, a bibliophile like Jeffer-
unsatisfied with a " partial choice," and so drew up
a catalogue
of books costing £ t o7: r o: o sterling in plain
bindings— a substantial sum even for a wealthy man- 2o per
son
was
cent more if " bound
elegantly," and 5o per cent more if
bound by the celebrated Baumgarten, a German bookbinder
in London noted for his use of marbled papers and marbled
edges.
Jefferson' s literary taste on the whole was excellent. In
compiling this list he not only included literary classics but
also some current literature and leading works of the day
on
science,
agriculture,
and government.
3
Yet,
despite
the
�ephemeral nature of much of the list, at least one- quarter
of the titles are still read by persons other than specialists.
Shakespeare,
Chaucer,
Butler
then
were,
as
now,
Spencer,
regarded
Milton,
Dryden,
as
English
classics.
and
Of
the eighteenth- century writers permanently added to their
number are Addison and Steele, Swift, Smollett, Richardson,
and
Goldsmith,
other
than
Sterne.
Greek
Montesquieu,
and
And of the Continental
Roman
Moliere,
authors,
writers
Fenelon,
and Voltaire continue to be read generally
today.
Practical works like Payne' s Observations
on Gardening
and Tull' s Horse-hoeing Husbandry have been superseded
by modern books relating to considerably changed conand
ditions,
so
have
the dictionaries
of
that
day— Bailey' s,
Johnson' s, and Owen' s.
Lawyers now need works other than Lord Kames' and
Cuningham' s, but they still
stone for sentimental reasons.
occasionally look into Black-
Tacitus, Caesar, Josephus, and Plutarch even yet occupy
an
important
place in historical
literature.
And though the
modern historian might justifiably ignore most of the other
listed under " History," there are several exceptions.
Robertson and Hume, as the founders of modern scientific
works
historiography, have much the same sentimental claim upon
the historian of today that Blackstone has upon the modern
lawyer.
Although few theologians now read Bishop Sherlock on
or
Future State, his basic ideas are still held by
orthodox Christians and reappear in current religious litera-
Death
ture.
lenged
And, of course, the Holy Bible occupies an unchalplace
today
no
less
than
in
1771.
Yet
despite
the
inclusion of the Bible and Bishop Sherlock, a notable feature
of Jefferson' s selection is its deficiency in theology. In a day
when no one was really educated without some knowledge
of the spiritual nature of man, Jefferson blithely ignored
4
•
�even
the
most
authentic
conclusions
of
Thus
theologians.
he showed none of the intellectual curiosity that characterized his attitude toward natural and political science, and
instead asserted
truth
than
that "
he whose
he who knows nothing is nearer the
mind
is filled
with
falsehoods
and
errors."
Another remarkable feature of the list is its profusion of
When this form of literature was in its infancy and
many sober and pious people thought it wasteful to spend
time reading mere fiction, Jefferson
realized that novels
novels.
often contain a kernel of truth more effectively and persuasively
presented
were
at
they
Skipwith requested.
But
the
natural
eley,
than
once "
field
in
a
ponderous
improving
in which
obsolescence
In short,
treatise.
and amusing"—
is
most
just what
notable
is
The century that produced George BerkHume, and the Federalist papers made few
science.
David
comparable
contributions
natural science
to science.
list has more
Nothing in Jefferson' s
than an antiquarian
interest
today except Franklin' s celebrated treatise on electricity—
now perhaps the most costly collector' s item on the list. The
modern reader would be safer to entrust his religious in-
struction to the good Bishop Sherlock, his legal education to
Blackstone,
Hume,
Nourse'
and his historical learning to Robertson and
than to go under the knife of a practitioner of
s Compendium
of Physic &
Surgery or to receive
prescriptions based on Macqueer' s Elements of Chemistry.
In furnishing the Brush- Everard House to the period of
about 177o, Colonial Williamsburg was unable to discover
an inventory of the estate of Thomas Everard, and it is not
known
what books
he had in the house.
But since he was,
so far as we know, a typical Virginia gentlemen of his day,
Colonial Williamsburg has chosen to use Jefferson' s list of
5
�1771 as its guide in reassembling a gentleman' s library of
day. This decision was based on a suggestion by Dr.
the
Douglass Adair, Professor of History at the College of
William and Mary and editor of the William and Mary
Quarterly.
Through
their
use
of
libraries
such
as
this
one,
the
colonists were intellectually well prepared for the struggle
for independence
upon
the
when the war- clouds of revolution broke
North American
continent
in
1775.
Despite con-
flicting economic interests, small and poorly distributed industrial potential, and comparatively
intercolonial co- operation, the thirteen
little experience in
colonies
not
only
emerged successfully from the long and bitter war but
formed
ultimately
an
enduring
federal
union.
This
was
possible principally because the colonial leaders had read
widely and thought deeply about the principles of freedom
and government.
This was particularly true of Virginia, which with Massachusetts exerted the greatest influence of all the colonies in
colonial period.
Besides the military leadership of
George Washington, the Old Dominion contributed Patrick
the
Henry to be the firebrand of revolt, Richard Bland to
formulate a far- seeing theory of empire, Jefferson to pen
the Declaration of Independence, George Mason to enunciate the basic civil rights of the new commonwealth, and,
later James Madison to lay the foundation of political
science upon which the Federal Constitution was to rest.
It is interesting to note that, except in the political realm,
Virginia' s culture was largely absorptive rather than productive.
In this way it differed from the culture of New
England where Cotton Mather could publish no fewer than
45o
books
and
pamphlets
men of Virginia
in
a
single
loved their books
lifetime.
The gentle-
and often acquired
a
polished literary style, but they seldom ventured into print.
William Byrd II could write sprightly narratives of his
6
�journeys to the mines or of surveying the boundary line and,
perhaps, read them aloud to add to the merriment of his
guests, but to publish them for the common people to read
did not accord with his sense of propriety. To put it bluntly,
it
was
ungenteel.
In
this
respect,
subsequent
generations
have surely been the poorer for the sense of propriety of
the early Virginians.
In reassembling at the Brush-Everard House this colonial
equivalent
of " Dr. Eliot'
s
Five- Foot Shelf,"
Colonial
Wil-
liamsburg hopes to focus attention upon the kind of books
that
contributed
to the
thought
of the
rank
and
file
of
Virginia gentlemen on the eve of the Revolution.
ARTHUR
Research
Department
Colonial Williamsburg
7
PIERCE
MIDDLETON
�Robert Skipwith to Thomas Jefferson
17th July 1771.
Dear Sir
This I have left at the Forest to remind you of your
obliging promise and withal to guide you in your choice
of books for me, both as to the number and matter of them.
I would have them suited to the capacity of a common reader
who understands but little of the classicks and who has not
leisure
for any intricate
proving as well as
Hume' s history of
the short Roman
works.
I am very
or
tedious
study.
Let them be im-
amusing and among the rest let there be
England, the new edition of Shakespear,
history you mentioned and all Sterne' s
fond of Bumgarden' s manner of binding
but can' t afford it unless Fingal or some of those new works
be bound up only after that manner; that one, Belisarius,
and some others of the kind I would have if bound in gold.
Let them amount to about five and twenty pounds sterling,
or, if you think proper, to thirty pounds.
With the list please to send me particular directions for
importing them, including the bookseller' s place of residence.
Your very hble servant,
ROBT. SKIPWITH
8
�Thomas
Jefferson
to Robert Skipwith
Monticello.
Aug.
3.
177 r.
I sat down with a design of executing your request to
form a catalogue of books amounting to about 3o. lib. sterl.
but could by no means satisfy myself with any partial choice
I could
Thinking therefore it might be as agreeable
make.
to you, I have framed such a general collection as I think
you would wish, and might in time find convenient, to procure.
Out of this you will chuse for yourself to the amount
you mentioned for the present year, and may hereafter as
shall be convenient proceed in completing the whole. A view
of the second column in this catalogue would I suppose
extort
dom!
a
Let
Peace to it' s wisface of gravity.
it. A little attention however to
awaken
from
smile
me
not
the
the nature of the human mind evinces
ments
of fiction
are
useful as well
well written,
as
that the entertain-
pleasant.
That they
every person feels who
pleasant
reads.
But wherein is it' s utility, asks the reverend sage,
when
are
big with the notion that nothing can be useful but the learned
lumber of Greek and Roman reading with which his head
is stored?
to fix us in
signal
act
I answer, every thing is useful which contributes
the principles
of charity
or
and practice
of gratitude,
virtue.
When any
for instance, is pre-
of
sented either to our sight or imagination, we are deeply
impressed with it' s beauty and feel a strong desire in ourselves
of
doing
charitable
and
grateful
also.
acts
On the
contrary when we see or read of any atrocious deed, we are
disgusted with it' s deformity and conceive an abhorrence of
Now every motion of this kind is an exercise of like
our
vice.
virtuous
limbs
of
dispositions;
the
body,
and
acquire
dispositions
strength
by
of
the
exercise.
mind,
But exercise
produces habit; and in the instance of which we speak, the
exercise being of the moral feelings, produces a habit of
9
�and acting virtuously.
We never reflect whether
story we read be truth or fiction.
If the painting be
thinking
the
lively, and a tolerable picture of nature, we are thrown into
a reverie,
from which if we awaken it is the fault of the
I appeal to every reader of feeling and sentiment
whether the fictitious murther of Duncan by Macbeth in
Shakespeare does not excite in him as great horror of
villainy, as the real one of Henry IV by Ravaillac as related
writer.
by Davila? And whether the fidelity of Nelson, and generosity of Blandford in Marmontel do not dilate his breast,
and elevate his sentiments as much as any similar incident
which
real
himself
history
better
a
covenant
to
copy
can
man
furnish?
while
he not in fact
them,
reading
fair
the
Does
example?
We
feel
and privately
neither
know
nor care whether Lawrence Sterne really went to France,
whether he was there accosted by the poor Franciscan, at
first rebuked him unkindly,
and then gave him a peace
offering;
case
we
or
are
the whole be not a fiction.
In either
sorrowful at the rebuke, andsecretly
Q
equallyyscetly
whether
resolve we will never do so: we are pleased with the sub-
sequent atonement, and view with emulation a soul candidly
it' s
acknowleging
fault,
and
making
a just
reparation.
Considering history as a moral exercise, her lessons would
be too unfrequent
if confined to real life.
Of those recorded
by historians few incidents have been attended with such
circumstances as to excite in any high degree this sympathetic
of
emotion
virtue.
We are therefore wisely framed to be
as warmly interested for a fictitious as for a real personage.
The spacious field of imagination is thus laid open to our
use, and lessons may be formed to illustrate and carry home
to
the
mind
moral
of life.
Thus a lively and
lasting sense of filial duty is more effectually impressed on
every
rule
the mind of a son or daughter by reading King Lear, than
by all the dry volumes of ethics and divinity that ever were
written.
This
is
my
idea
of
IO
well-
written
Romance,
of
�Tragedy, Comedy,
the
speculation,
afford you much
given
the
under
of
only
the
will
head of Criticism,
Of Politicks
pleasure.
few
a
you
Poetry. — If you are fond of
and Epic
books
and Trade
books,
best
I have
as you would
probably chuse to be not unacquainted with those commercial
which
principles
wealth
bring
into
our
and
country,
the
constitutional security we have for the enjoiment of that
In Law I mention a few systematical
wealth.
books, as a
knowledge of the minutiae of that science is not necessary
for
a
Religion, History, Natural
I have followed the same plan in general.
philosophy,
But
In
gentleman.
private
of
the necessity
whence
this collection?
Come to the
new Rowanty, from which you may reach your hand to a
formed
library
on
extensive
more
a
Separated
plan.
from
each other but a few paces, the possessions of each would
be
open
be
the
A spring, centrically situated, might
There we should talk
s joy.
to the other.
of every evening'
scene
over the lessons of the day, or lose them in Musick, Chess,
of our family companions. The heart
the merriments
thus lightened, our pillows would be soft, and health and
or
long
attend
life would
the
happy
scene.
Come
then and
bring our dear Tibby with you; the first in your affections,
and second in mine. Offer prayers for
I pay continual
to which, tho' absent,
me too at that shrine
devotion.
In every
scheme of happiness she is placed in the fore- ground of the
picture, as the principal figure. Take that away, and it is no
picture
for
Bear my affections to Wintipock, cloathed
me.
in the warmest expressions of sincerity; and to yourself be
every human
Adieu.
felicity.
ENCLOSURE
FINE
Observations
Payne.
on
Pope'
ARTS
g
a r
d
e n
i
n
g.
painting.
Milton'
I2mo.
s
s
aldson.
3/
IT
18/
Odyssey.
Dryden'
on
Iliad.
-
5/
Webb' s essay
s
Virgil.
works.
15/
I2m0.
I2/
2 v. 8vo.
Edinburgh
1762.
Donto/
�Hoole'
Tasso.
s
Ossian
2
with
8vo.
V.
12mo.
Blair'
s
to/
Addison'
s
Otway' s
Rowe'
s
6
plays.
30/
I2mo.
18/
12mo.
Graves.
2
I2m0.
V.
12mo.
4
Home'
s
Mason'
s
works.
poetical
Terence.
I2mo.
3/
2
V.
I2mo.
6/
3
v.
I2m0.
9/
plays.
s
s works.
Garric'
Foote'
s
Constantia.
12mo.
V.
2
works.
works.
Eloisa.
s
3/
mo.
2 V.
Vicar
8vo.
4 v. 12 mo. 12/
of Wakefeild.
2
V.
I2m0.
by Dr. Goldsmith
Sidney Bidulph. 5 v. I2m0. 15/
Eng.
v,
4
Lady
12/
I2mo.
Julia
I2mo.
Emilius
Eng.
4
s
moral
I2m0.
Eng.
2
Tristam
V.
2 V.
I2m0.
Shandy.
v.
9
I2m0.
1. 7
by
6/
Smollett
4
Sentimental journey.
6/
v.
12/
Simple.
2
6/
9/
Quixot.
Mandeville.
6/
Almoran and Hamet.
I2/
tales.
Gil Blas. by Smollett.
12mo.
Sophia.
and
I2mo.
v.
Marmonel'
David
by Langhorne.
Belle assemblee.
10/
Don
2 v.
6/.
Rousseau'
V.
12mo.
Almena I2-
10/
dramatic
v.
6/
Solyman and
dramatic
s
8vo.
12mo. 6/
3/
Congreve'
12
works.
s
I. 16
2 V.
plays.
3 v.
9/
Feilding'
15/
Farquhar' s plays.
Steele'
21/
Fool of quality.
5/
Richardson.
v.
7
I2mo.
9/
Vanbrugh'
s
these are by
Grandison.
I2mo.
works.
Eng.
Eng.
Moliere.
v.
3
8 v. I2mo.
24/
3/
12mo.
plays.
s
Mallet'
I2mo. I2/
v.
4
v.
12/
Clarissa.
works.
2
Pamela. 4 v. 12mo.]
12/
Young' s
of a
6/
I2mo.
6/
v.
Smollett.
6/
guinea.
9/
are
written by
Adventures
3/
v.
works.
s
these
12/
Launcelot
I2mo.
v.
3
works.
Thompson'
6/
I2mo.
4v.
6/
12m0.
plays.
plays.
I2m0.
Peregrine Pickle.
Shakespear.
s
Dryden'
2 V.
criticisms.
Telemachus by Dodsley.
Capell'
Roderic Random.
5/
s
Fragments
2
V.
I2m0.
Edinburgh.
6/
I2
of
2
antient
2/
V.
I2m0.
poetry.
�Percy'
Percy'
Runic poems. 3/
reliques
of antient
s
s
lish
Percy'
2
peices.
Chaucer.
s
12mo.
Hogarth'
15/
I2mo.
Reid
3/
of
collection
poems.
4
v
s
s
Capell'
2
V.
I2m0.
Foulis.
12mo.
2
works.
v.
1.
£
s
s
mo.
on
Sidney
I2mo.
4
on
v.
4
5
I2mo.
3/
21
v.
4to. £
literary
Tatler.
5
8vo. £
s
1. 5
rise &
governmt.
fall of the
I2mo.
3/
2 v.
I. Io
correspondence.
5/
9
V.
v.
Guardian.
2
Freeholder.
I2mo.
v.
I2m0.
I2mo.
s
£
1.
7
RELIGION.
15/
I2m0.
Lyttleton'
I2mo.
12mo.
Petty' s Political arithmetic. 8vo.
9/
Spectator.
Belisarius.
s
5/
is/
4to.
Steuart' s Political oeconomy.
small 8vo.
v.
2 v.
8vo.
government.
government.
Montesquieu'
Roman
works.
s
TRADE.
Eng. 3/
Ld. Bolingbroke' s political works.
Warburton.
by
3. 3
v.
3/
6/
I2mo.
12/
Swift'
fol.
v.
I2mo.
prolusions.
Marmontel'
poems.
Hudibrass.
s
2
Montesquieu' s spirit of laws.
12/
Churchill'
Swift'
5/
dictionary.
POLITICKS,
3/
12
v.
4
works.
works.
I2mo.
8vo.
mind.
6/
Foulis.
Ld.
8vo.
s
Locke
s
beauty.
5/
6/
Pope'
human
the
on
Johnson'
5/
works.
Dryden'
of
analysis
3
poems.
Shenstone'
3
s
and beau-
5/
XI.'
ments.
of poems.
poems.
s
vo.
Smith' s theory of moral senti-
18/
works.
s
IC)/
5/
12/
Foulis.
Gay' s
v.
s collection
Ogilvie'
8
4. t0.
I2mo.
I2mo.
8vo.
v.
tiful.
6/
I2m0.
poems.
s
v.
Prior'
V.
6
s
Dodsley'
Gray'
Chinese
10/
Spencer.
Waller'
Pearch'
2
Burke on the sublime
Miscellaneous
s
T H E
ARTS
Ld. Kaim' s elements of criticism.
v
12/
I2mo.
6
4
ON
FINE
9/
Han Kiou Chouan.
s
Percy'
I2mo.
V.
3
poetry.
CRITICISM
Eng-
Locke' s conduct of the mind in
6/
search of truth.
3/
Persian
12mo.
3/
Xenophon' s memoirs of Socrates.
letters.
by Feilding.
3/
13
8vo.
5/
�Epictetus.
by
Carter.
Mrs.
2
Offices.
s
8vo.
Cicero'
by
Caesar
by Bladen.
Josephus. Eng. 1.
5/
Guthrie.
Tusculan questions.
Eng.
3/
Ld.
Bolingbroke' s
works.
Hume'
Ld.
s essays.
y
Kaim'
8vo.
4
I2mo.
V.
I2/
by Langhorne.
of human life.
2/
chart.
Robertson' s
I2010.
v.
7
sermons.
Vth.
the
I. 1
Bossuet'
on
death.
Sherlock
on
a
8vo.
future
5/
state.
s
L
fol. £
1.
A
5/
Davila.
W
Hume'
Principles
s
of
MODERN.
History
v.
3
of
4to. £
Charles
3. 3
of France.
history
4 v.
Farneworth.
by
2
V.
I. I0.
history
s
of England.
8 v.
Clarendon' s history of the rebelCommentaries.
s
4
lion.
v.
6
8vo. £
v.
I. IO.
Robertson' s history of Scotland.
4to. £ 4.4
Cuningham'
s
Law
dictionary.
2
2
V.
Keith'
fol. £ 3
v.
Chrono-
15/
8vo. £ 2. 8.
equity.
1
Blackstone'
fol.
v.
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Kaim'
5
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Sherlock
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HISTORY.
s
of
Historical &
s
logical
Oeconomy
15/
5/
0
Dictionary.
s
Jeffery'
religion.
3/
Sterne'
8vo.
7. 10
6/
Philosophical
lives.
s
8vo. £
v.
Bayle'
12/
I2m0.
9/
1. 5
Natural
s
Eng.
Plutarch'
6
Philosophical
8vo. £
v.
5
12mo.
Vertot' s Revolutions
5/
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by Gordon.
by Gordon.
Tacitus
Antoninus by Collins. 3/
Seneca.
by L' Estrange. 8vo.
Cicero'
Sallust
V.
6/
I2mo.
s
8vo.
12/
history
of Virginia.
4to.
I2/
HISTORY.
Bible.
I E N
Stith'
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s
history of Virginia.
8vo.
NATURAL
Antient
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6/
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s
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NATURAL
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I. 19
history.
2
Nature displayed. Eng. 7v. I2m0.
Franklin on Electricity. 4to. io/
v.
Io/
(
PHILOSOPHY.
Macqueer' s elements
translation).
12/
try.
14
2
V.
8vo.
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Io/
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8vo. 4/
Tull'
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8vo.
Thompson'
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Millar'
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Gardener'
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I2m0.
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9/
MISCELLANEOUS
Ld. Lyttleton' s dialogues
natural
s
compendium
Surgery.
history.
Eng.
dead.
of
Nourse.
I2m0.
Voltaire'
1765.
Locke
Addison'
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Anson'
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travels.
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8vo.
8vo.
of the
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Physic &
3/
s
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4to.
2. 10
Buffon'
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Lady M. W. Montague' s letters.
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Duhamel'
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6/
Owen'
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6/
4
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Eng. £
Education.
Dict. of
8vo. £
4.
12mo.
arts &
3/
sciences.
2.
These books if bound quite plain will cost the prices
in this catalogue.
If bound elegantly, gilt, lettered,
and marbled on the leaves, they will cost 20. p. cent more.
affixed
If bound by Bumgarden in fine Marbled bindings, they will
cost so. p. cent more.
Apply to Thomas Waller, bookseller, Fleet-street London.
This
whole
catalogue
as
rated
here
comes
to £
Robert Skipwith' s letter to Thomas Jefferson and
the latter' s reply, including the book list, have been
reprinted by permission of the Princeton University
Press from The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. I,
pages 74- 75, 76- 81.
15
Io7. 10.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Miscellaneous Publications
Description
An account of the resource
Miscellaneous Publications is a collection of single publications of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation which were not issued in serial form or as part of a series. Please note that due to the age of some publications, the information presented does not always reflect the most recent research available or the most recent interpretive decisions about how to present a site or a building and its contents to the public. Researchers should not rely on these publications alone to understand the most recent interpretation of Colonial Williamsburg exhibition buildings and sites.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Virginia gentleman's library : as proposed by Thomas Jefferson to Robert Skipwith in 1771 and now assembled in the Brush-Everard House, Williamsburg, Virginia
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1952